Presentation on the theme "features of the higher nervous activity of man." Presentation "Features of higher nervous activity of a person Features of higher nervous activity of a man presentation

Elena Bereg In a word, a creature, an essence, an existing, an existence dies, the word replaces the universe. Everything is in the word. It itself is nothing. Elena Beach 1. Human speech consists of ........ 2 words. Words indicate ....... meaning 3. Grammar rules are needed for ........ single word binding

Distribute in the correct order the stages of the formation of inner speech, putting the Arabic numerals 1, 2, 3 next to them: Verbal replicas of the command go into the inner speech of the child. 3 The child himself pronounces the actions, as if giving instructions to himself. 2 Adults show the child the necessary actions and call them. 1

Cognitive processes Sensations Perceptions image on the basis of past experience Reflection of past experience or capture, preservation and reproduction of something Higher form of reflective activity, allowing to know the essence of objects and phenomena, their relationship, patterns

Laboratory work. “Studying the phenomenon of mutual induction of processes of excitation and inhibition” Consider the figure “vase - two profiles”. Find on it two black profiles facing each other, and a white vase. Look at the drawing "vase - two profiles." Find on it two black profiles facing each other, and a white vase. Why, when the vase is visible, the profiles disappear, and when we see the profiles, the image of the vase disappears? Why, when the vase is visible, profiles disappear, and when we see the profiles, the image of the vase disappears? Look at the picture “vase - two profiles” until the images begin to replace each other: either a vase or two profiles will be visible. Explain this phenomenon. Look at the picture “a vase - two profiles” until the images begin to replace each other: either a vase or two profiles will be visible. Explain this phenomenon.

Consider the drawing “nosy man and beggar.” Consider the drawing “nosy man and beggar”. In order to ensure stability of attention on the white profile with the least expenditures of nervous energy, it is necessary: \u200b\u200ba) to give alms to the beggar; b) hold the image with the help of volitional effort; c) give the "nosy person" to smell flowers, perfumes, ammonia; d) do nothing. Conclusion: what law did you encounter when doing laboratory work? What provides selective perception?

Memory Mechanical Logic ²-5²

By the duration of the preservation of the material Short-term (first seconds after the perception of the material) Operational (type of short-term, maintenance of actual actions) Example: reading, writing off Long-term (after repeated repetition and reproduction)

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The term “higher nervous activity” was first introduced into science by I. P. Pavlov, who considered it equivalent to the concept of mental activity. All forms of mental activity, including human thinking and consciousness, Pavlov considered elements of higher nervous activity. Willow n Petrovich Pavel (1849-1936)

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The difference between human GNI and animal GNI. A person in the process of his social and labor activity arises and reaches a high level of development of a fundamentally new signal system. The signal system is a system of conditioned and unconditionally reflex connections of the higher nervous system of animals (including humans) and the surrounding world. Distinguish between the first and second signal systems.

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The first signaling system is the conditioned reflex activity of the cerebral cortex, associated with the perception through receptors of immediate specific stimuli (signals) of the external world (light, color, sound, t ° ...).

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IP Pavlov wrote: This is the first signaling system of reality that we have in common with animals. ”

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second signaling system (signal of signals). conditioned-reflex activity of the cerebral cortex, associated with the perception of signals of any property (speech, gestures), and each of these signals has a correspondence in the I signal system and is able to close the reflex. According to I.P. Pavlov, an extraordinary addition to the mechanisms of nervous activity is the II signaling system, which arose as a result of human labor activity and the appearance of speech.

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Activity II of the signal system is manifested in speech conditioned reflexes. The word audible, pronounced (speech), visible (letter, alphabet of the deaf), tangible (alphabet of the blind) is a conditioned stimulus, a signal of specific environmental stimuli, that is, a “signal of signals”.

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“The word,” writes I.P. Pavlov, “constituted our second, special signaling system of reality, being a signal of the first signals.”

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The frontal lobes and brain centers of speech participate in the formation of reflexes of the II signal system.

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A special human feature of the GNI is associated with the II signaling system - the ability to distract and generalize signals coming through the 1st signaling system. The signal meaning of the word is not associated with simple sound combination, but with its semantic content. II signaling system provides abstract thinking in the form of inferences, concepts, and judgments.

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Features II signaling system. 1) Available only in humans. 2) The formation of conditioned reflexes on the basis of signal system I based on speech activity. 3) Provides the perception of information in the form of symbols (words, signs, formulas, gestures). 4) Frontal lobes are involved in the formation of speech reflexes. 5) Provides the abstract thinking of man.

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In all people, the second signaling system prevails over the first. The degree of this predominance is not the same. This gives reason to divide the higher nervous activity of a person into three types: mental artistic medium (mixed).

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The cognitive type includes persons with a significant predominance of the second signaling system over the first. They have more developed abstract thinking (mathematicians, philosophers); a direct reflection of reality occurs in them in insufficiently vivid images.

Theme: "Higher nervous activity"

Tasks:
1. To characterize the unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
2. Show that human GNI is based on the formation and inhibition of reflexes

Pavlenko S.E

Higher nervous activity - Another, most important, function of the nervous system.
R. Descartes. The founder of the doctrine of higher nervous activity is I.M.Sechenov, in 1863 he published his book "Reflexes of the brain." Ivan Mikhailovich believed that all human mental activity is based on reflexes.
Higher nervous activity - the activities of the higher parts of the central nervous system, ensuring the adaptability of animals and humans to environmental conditions.

The creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

I.P. Pavlov experimentally confirmed the validity of the views of I.M.Sechenov and created the doctrine of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.
Unconditioned reflexes are characterized by:
1. These are congenital reflexes, inherited (swallowing, salivation, respiration);
2. They are species specific for all individuals of a given species;
3. Have constant reflex arcs;
4. Relatively constant;
5. Carried out in response to a certain irritation;
6. Reflex arcs close in the spinal cord or subcortical nodes of the brain.

The creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

An example of an unconditioned reflex is salivation in a dog with salivary gland fistula. When food enters the oral cavity, tongue receptors are excited, along the processes of sensitive neurons, the excitation is transmitted to the medulla oblongata, where the salivary center is located, then the excitation along the motor neurons is transmitted to the salivary gland and salivation begins.

The creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

Unconditioned reflexes include food, respiratory, defensive, sexual, orientational reflexes.
For conditioned reflexes it is characteristic:
1. Acquired by the body throughout life;
2. Individual, formed on the basis of personal life experience;
3. Do not have ready reflex arcs, arcs are formed under certain conditions;
4. Unstable, can disappear (slow down);
5. Formed on the basis of congenital reflexes in response to any irritation;
6. Are carried out due to the activity of the cerebral cortex.

The creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

The formation of a conditioned reflex occurs when combined in time indifferent irritant with unconditional.
An indifferent stimulus must precede the unconditioned. Then he becomes conditional.
For the formation of a strong temporary connection, multiple reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus by the unconditional is necessary.

The creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

The action of an indifferent stimulus leads to the appearance of excitement in one nerve center of the cortex, then in another nerve center excitation arises under the influence of an unconditioned stimulus and a temporary connection arises between them.
With repeated combinations, this connection becomes more durable, a conditioned reflex to this stimulus is developed.
An example is the release of saliva in response to the type of food, its smell, during feeding, any conditional food irritant.

Inhibition of reflexes

In the cerebral cortex, along with excitation processes, inhibition processes also occur. There are two types of braking - external and internal.
External braking. It comes as a result of the action of a new stimulus. A new focus of excitation slows down the existing focus. It is characteristic not only for the cortex, but also for the lower parts of the central nervous system, therefore the second name is unconditional braking. For example, extraneous noise inhibits salivation in a dog.

Inhibition of reflexes

Internal braking develops only in the cortex. Hence the second name - conditional braking. An indispensable condition is the non-reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus by the unconditioned. If the reflex to light developed by the dog is not reinforced by food, then the reflex weakens and disappears.
In nature, inhibition of non-reinforced conditioned reflexes and the formation of new. For example, the drying up of a reservoir, from which animals drank, will cause them to stop coming to it, find a new reservoir. Inhibition of some conditioned reflexes and the formation of new ones will occur.

Inhibition of reflexes

Another type of internal braking is differentiation. If one stimulus is reinforced, but not close to it, then the conditioned-reflex reaction will occur only to the reinforced stimulus. For example, by the nature of the conditional knock at the door you can determine who came - their own or others.
A.A. Ukhtomsky developed the foundations of the doctrine of the dominant - the predominant system of interconnected centers that temporarily determine the nature of the body's response to external and internal stimuli. Distinguish between food, genital, defensive and other types of dominants. Cats during estrus any sound ....

GNI of humans and animals

Higher nervous activity is inherent in both man and animals. In animals, higher nervous activity depends on the complexity of the nervous system, the more complex it is, the less the role played by instincts, the greater the role played by training.
For example, the offspring of a spider-cross appears in the spring, when parents have already died, but young spiders are able to build a hunting net, their behavior is quite hard-coded.

A certain sequence of unconditioned reflexes that determines some forms of behavior is called instinct. An example of instinctive activity is the construction of a trapping network by a spider-cross, a dam by beavers.

GNI of humans and animals

GNI of humans and animals

Plays an important role in learning imprinting - imprinting. In animals, it manifests itself in the reaction of the neonatal following the first moving object. For example, K Lorenz and geese ....
In humans, it manifests itself at the age of 6 weeks to 6 months, is associated with the mother and a sense of comfort and safety arising from feeding, hygienic care, communication between mother and baby.

GNI of humans and animals

Human children raised by animals will never become full-fledged people due to the lack of proper education.
Unlike animals, the human cortex has a greater ability to perceive patterns in the surrounding world.

GNI of humans and animals

And the main difference between the higher nervous activity of people is due to the presence of speech - the second signaling system according to I.P. Pavlov.
The first signaling system delivers information directly through the senses, the second signaling system is related to the perception of words heard during pronunciation or words visible. With the development of the second signaling system, it became possible to store and transmit information to future generations; a basis appeared for the development of abstract thinking and consciousness. “The word,” wrote IP Pavlov, “has made us human.”
Thinking . One of the main functions of the brain is associated with the work of associative zones, especially the frontal cortex. Allows you to choose the best option for behavior in response to incoming information. The choice is based on personal experience or information already available, provides rational activity of man .

Protective device of the body from overwork, protective inhibition of the cerebral cortex. During sleep, brain cells recover. Sleep center located in the midbrain, a mediator that causes the development of a sleepy state - serotonin. Destruction of the sleep center leads to a decrease in the amount of serotonin and the person is deprived of the opportunity to fall asleep.

Waking depends on reticular formation the medulla oblongata, the bridge and the anterior nuclei of the hypothalamus, the axons of which support the excitation of the cerebral cortex.
EEG (electroencephalogram) shows that the sleep process is divided into several cycles, the duration of which is approximately 90 minutes. 70-80 minutes continues slow wave sleep, when the brain is more inhibited, rests.

Slow and large electric waves appear in the cerebral cortex. Then 10-15 minutes fast microwave, paradoxical sleep, which is accompanied by an involuntary movement of the eyes, fingers, facial muscles, metabolism is enhanced, pulse and breathing become more frequent. It is during these periods that a person dreams, small and fast electric waves appear in the cortex.

During 6-8 hours of sleep, REM phases appear 4-5 times, becoming ever longer. In general, fast sleep takes about 20% of the time.
A person usually wakes up in the REM phase, a peptide that interrupts sleep is thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Interesting facts: Napoleon and Edison slept 2 hours a day.

Reiteration

Fill in the tables:

Reiteration

What is the sequence of elements of the reflex arc of the unconditioned salivary reflex.
What is the sequence of elements of the reflex arc of the conditioned salivary reflex.

Reiteration

True judgments:
An unconditioned stimulus is necessary for the formation of a conditioned reflex.
Conditioned reflexes are associated with the formation of temporary connections between different centers in the cortex.
For the formation of a conditioned reflex, it is necessary that the indifferent stimulus begins to act several seconds earlier than the unconditioned one, after several repetitions it becomes a conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned reflexes are formed for life.
Conditioned reflexes are inherited.
The doctrine of conditioned reflexes was developed by I.M.Sechenov.
The formation of conditioned reflexes is associated with the cerebral cortex.
Unconditional (external) inhibition is associated with the extinction of the conditioned reflex without unconditioned reinforcement.

Reiteration

True judgments:
Internal inhibition allows you to adapt to changing living conditions.
External braking allows you to adapt to sudden changes in the world.
The students' reaction to the call from the lesson is an example of internal inhibition.

Which of the Russian scientists for the first time showed that human mental activity is based on reflexes?
Which Russian scientist created the doctrine of conditioned reflexes?
What reflexes are called unconditioned?
What reflexes are called conditioned?
What is instinct?
Define higher nervous activity.
Is higher nervous activity inherent in animals?
What arcs of reflexes exist from birth and persist throughout life?

Reiteration

Give short answers to the questions:
What reflex arcs are formed in the process of life and can fade away?
What is the name of the nervous connection that arises between different centers during the formation of a conditioned reflex?
What conditions are necessary for the formation of a conditioned reflex?
What two types of inhibition of reflexes are known to you?
In response to the sound of the car, the pedestrian stopped. What kind of braking is this?
The dog has developed a food reflex to the sound of a rattle. Subsequently, he ceased to be supported by food and braked. What kind of braking is this?
What information does a person perceive with the help of the first signaling system?
What information does a person perceive with the help of a second signaling system?

Reiteration

Give short answers to the questions:
What is a dominant?
Who developed the doctrine of dominant?

Key terms of the topic:
Unconditioned reflexes.
Conditioned reflexes.
Temporary connections.
Unconditional irritant.
Conditional irritant.
Unconditional braking.
Conditional braking.
The principle of dominance A.A. Ukhtomsky.
The second alarm system.
Imprinting.

Higher nervous activity (GNI) The nervous processes that underlie human behavior and provide adaptability to environmental conditions. The founder of the doctrine of GNI is I.M. Sechenov, in 1863 he published his book "Reflexes of the brain." Ivan Mikhailovich believed that all human mental activity is based on reflexes.

Conditioned reflexes are reactions acquired during the course of life that help the body adapt to environmental influences. An indifferent stimulus must precede the unconditioned. Then it becomes conditional. For the formation of a strong bond, multiple reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus by the unconditional is necessary. Flash

Conditional and unconditioned reflexes Unconditioned Conditional * They are innate * Developed throughout life * They are species specific for all individuals of a given species * Individual, formed on the basis of personal life experience * Permanent and do not fade during life * Not constant, can disappear (be inhibited)

Conditional and unconditioned reflexes Unconditioned Conditioned * Carried out in response to a certain irritation * Formed on the basis of unconditioned reflexes * Reflex arcs are closed in the spinal cord or subcortical nodes of the brain * Carried out by the activity of the cerebral cortex

Inhibition of reflexes In the cerebral cortex, along with excitation processes, inhibition processes also occur. There are two types of braking external and internal. 1. External braking (unconditional). It comes as a result of the action of a new stimulus. A new focus of excitation slows down the existing focus. For example, extraneous noise inhibits salivation in a dog.

2. Internal inhibition develops only in the cortex. A) Conditional - non-reinforcement of a conditioned stimulus by an unconditioned one. For example: * If the reflex developed by the dog for light is not reinforced by food, then the reflex weakens and disappears. * The drying up of the reservoir from which the animals drank will cause them to stop coming to him and find a new reservoir.

B) Differentiation. If one stimulus is reinforced, but not close to it, then the conditioned-reflex reaction will occur only to the reinforced stimulus. For example, by the nature of the conditional knock at the door you can determine who came their own or others.

A.A. Ukhtomsky developed the foundations of the doctrine of the dominant: in the brain, one single focus of excitement temporarily dominates, as a result, one reflex that is vital at the moment is ensured. Distinguish between defensive, food, sexual and other types of dominants.

Insight (from the English. Insight - insight, insight). Denotes a sudden discretion of the essence of the problem situation. In experiments with anthropoid apes, when they were offered tasks that could be solved only indirectly, it was shown that the monkeys, after a series of unsuccessful trials, stopped their activities and simply looked at the objects around, after which they could quickly come to the correct solution. So, the famous monkey Imo, instead of picking grains from the sand, threw their mixture into the water, and then collected grain from the surface.

The first signaling system delivers information directly through the senses, the second signaling system is related to the perception of words heard during pronunciation or words that are visible when reading. With the development of the second signaling system, it became possible to store and transmit information to future generations; a basis appeared for the development of abstract thinking and consciousness. “The word, wrote I.P. Pavlov, made us human. " The main difference between the higher nervous activity of people is associated with the presence of speech of the second signaling system.

Sleep phases 1) Slow sleep: * Lasts minutes * Muscle and vascular tone decreases * Even breathing

2) REM sleep: * minutes * Accompanied by an involuntary movement of the eyes, fingers * Pulse and breathing quicker. * In this phase, a person sees dreams, small and fast electric waves appear in the cortex.

Insomnia (insomnia) - the inability to fall asleep or frequent awakenings in the middle of sleep. Reason: stress, neurosis, frequent change of time zones. Drowsiness (hypersomnia), often due to poor night sleep. But there is a rare disease - lethargy (a person can oversleep for several years).

There is a version that the lethargic dream of Nikolai Gogol was mistaken for his death. This conclusion was reached when scratches were found on the inner casing of the coffin during reburial, pieces of the casing were under Gogol’s nails and the body position was changed (“Turned over in the coffin”). thirty

summary of other presentations

"Higher nervous activity" - The higher parts of the nervous system. The study of higher nervous activity. An experiment to develop conditioned reflexes. Types of conditional (acquired) braking. Forms of behavior. The concept of congenital and acquired forms of behavior. Dominant hearth. Reflexes. Common signs of conditioned reflexes. Unconditioned reflexes. Insight. A chain of innate reflexes. Brain function. Conditioned reflexes. Inhibition of the conditioned reflex.

"Vegetative Nervous System" - Pilomotor reflex. Orthoclinostatic reflex. Raynaud's disease. Sample with pilocarpine. Salivary reflex nerve pathway. Bernard's Syndrome. Bulbar department. Mesencephalic department. Sacred department. Autonomic nervous system. Dermographism. Sympatonic crises. Research Methodology. Salivation. Solar reflex. Cold test. The functions of the internal organs. The limbic system. The parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.

"Autonomic autonomic nervous system" - Sympathetic, parasympathetic and metasympathetic departments. Functions not needed to overcome a sudden load. Parasympathetic nuclei lie in the middle and medulla oblongata. The process of the first cell (preganglionic) ends in the nerve node. The effects of the parasympathetic system. Sympathetic NS. Fibers departing from the nuclei, vegetative nodes. The sympathetic nuclei are located in the spinal cord, in the lateral horns.

"The human nervous system" - Find a match. M. Gorky. The reflex principle of the nervous system. Knee-jerk reflex. The active state of neurons. Sechenov Ivan Mikhailovich. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. The concept of reflex. Reflex arc. Comparison of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.

"Central Nervous System" - Spinal cord. Subcortical (basal) nuclei. The physiological role of the central nervous system. Stato-kinetic reflexes. Reticular or reticular formation. A number of reflexes are studied in animals. Cerebellum. Medulla oblongata and warolius bridge. The limbic system. Midbrain Conducting activity of the spinal cord. Diencephalon. Motor neurons are located in the 5th layer of the cerebral cortex.

"Physiology of GNI" - Cochlear implant. Brains in a barrel. Global workspace education. Psychophysiological problem. Association of neurons. Theories of consciousness. Decreased metabolic activity. A variety of different states of consciousness. Body and spirit. Tough problem. Consciousness. Vegetative state. Physiology of higher nervous activity. Global workspace. The problem of consciousness in cognitive science.

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