Ecology and human health. Presentation on ecology and human health Presentation on ecology and human health of different countries

The work was performed by pupils of 10 “B” classes of Nadeyev Mil and Kaldina Anna

Human ecology is the science of the relationship between humans and their environment in various aspects (economic, technical, physical, technical, socio-psychological) and is designed to determine the optimal conditions for human existence, including the permissible limits of its impact on the environment. The relationship with the human environment as an organism is studied by autecology, the ecology of human communities - synecology. F. Bacon

Chemical atmospheric pollution industry household boiler transport The main source of pyrogenic pollution: thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical plants, boiler plants (consuming more than 70% of the annual solid and liquid fuels.) The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin: carbon monoxide and sulfur dioxide nitrogen oxides hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide compounds fluorine chlorine compounds

Human exposure to sulfur and sulfur dioxide. Symptoms of poisoning: runny nose, cough, hoarseness, sore throat. Inhalation of high concentration - suffocation, speech disturbance, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, acute pulmonary edema is possible. Human exposure to nitrogen oxides. Gas in a mixture with oxygen is used for anesthesia. They call it laughter. number of symptoms Small amounts of dullness of pain sensitivity. Small amounts of intoxication. Inhaling pure gas causes narcotic state and suffocation

human weather and well-being Biorhythm - a lot of rhythmic processes in the body (rhythms of the heart, respiration, bioelectrical activity of the brain). Diurnal rhythms and biorhythms The study of changes in diurnal rhythms allows us to identify the occurrence of certain diseases at the earliest stages. Climate and health of the 17th century - the foundations of a scientific direction in medicine about the influence of climatic factors on human health were born 1725 - the beginning of the study of the effects of climate, seasons and weather on humans in Russia

nutrition and human health Doctors say that good nutrition is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children is also a necessary condition for growth and development. For normal growth, development and maintenance of vital functions, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the quantity he needs. Regular overeating, consumption of excess carbohydrates and fats are the cause of the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes. Many food products have bactericidal effects, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms.

The surrounding landscape can have various effects on the psycho-emotional state. landscape as a health factor Nature increases vitality, calms nerves. One of the strongest health effects is forest, especially forest air. Camping is useful for urban residents due to the busy rhythm of life and polluted air, including noise pollution and the urban environment as a whole.

Thanks for your attention!

Slide 1

Ecology and human health

The presentation was made by the Biology Teacher of the Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 102 of Volgograd, Shaboldina E.V.

Slide 2

Slide 3

Chemical pollution of the atmosphere

industry

household boiler rooms

transport

The main source of pyrogenic pollution: thermal power plants, metallurgical and chemical enterprises, boiler plants,

(consuming more than 70% of the annual extracted solid and liquid fuels.)

The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin: carbon monoxide sulfide and sulfuric anhydride nitrogen oxides hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide fluorine compounds chlorine compounds

Slide 4

Human exposure to carbon monoxide

Slide 5

Human exposure to sulfur and sulfur dioxide

Symptoms of poisoning: runny nose, cough, hoarseness, sore throat. Inhalation of high concentration - suffocation, speech disturbance, difficulty swallowing, vomiting, acute pulmonary edema is possible.

Human exposure to nitrogen oxides

gas mixed with oxygen is used for anesthesia. They call it funny.

Slide 6

Human exposure to hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide

Slide 7

Human exposure to fluoride compounds

Leads to the development of chronic poisoning (fluorosis). Symptoms: weight loss, anemia, weakness, joint stiffness, brittle bones, discoloration

Human exposure to chlorine compounds

Slide 8

Biological pollution of the environment - pollution by its pathogenic organisms

main sources

wastewater

industrial production

agriculture

municipal services of cities and towns

domestic and industrial landfills

cemeteries, etc.

Biological pollution and human diseases

Slide 9

Pathogens of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, some fungal diseases. They can get into the human body if the skin is damaged, with unwashed food, and in violation of hygiene rules.

Contaminated water sources have caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery.

infection occurs through the respiratory tract by inhalation of air. Diseases: flu, whooping cough, mumps, diphtheria, measles and others. Pathogens get into the air when coughing, sneezing, and even when talking to sick people.

Waters: rivers, lakes, ponds.

Slide 10

The effect of sounds on humans

environments that are perceived by the human hearing aid (from 16 to 20,000 vibrations per second). Noise - loud sounds, merged into an unstable sound.

Fluctuations of higher frequency - ultrasound, less - infrasound.

Very noisy modern music dulls hearing, causes nervous diseases.

Slide 11

weather and well-being

Biorhythm - a lot of rhythmic processes in the body (rhythms of the heart, respiration, bioelectric brain activity).

Daily rhythms and biorhythms

The study of changes in circadian rhythms allows you to identify the occurrence of certain diseases at the earliest stages

Climate and Health

XVII century - the foundations of a scientific direction in medicine about the influence of climatic factors on human health were born

1725 - the beginning of the study of the impact of climate, seasons and weather on humans in Russia

Slide 12

WEATHER INFLUENCE direct indirect

affects the blood supply to the skin, respiratory, cardiovascular system and sweating system.

The longer the organism is isolated from external climatic factors and is in a comfortable or uncomfortable microclimate, the more its adaptive reactions to constantly changing weather parameters decrease.

Slide 13

nutrition and human health

Doctors say that good nutrition is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children is also a necessary condition for growth and development.

For normal growth, development and maintenance of vital functions, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the quantity he needs.

Regular overeating, consumption of excess carbohydrates and fats are the cause of the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.

Many food products have bactericidal effects, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms.

Slide 14

The surrounding landscape can have various effects on the psycho-emotional state.

landscape as a health factor

Nature increases vitality, calms nerves. One of the strongest health effects is forest, especially forest air.

Camping is useful for urban residents due to the busy rhythm of life and polluted air, including noise pollution and the urban environment as a whole.

Slide 15

Problems of human adaptation to the environment

Stress - the mobilization of all mechanisms that provide a certain activity of the human body.

Types of human adaptation: Sprinter Styer

high resistance to short-term extreme factors and poor tolerance of long loads.

Inverse type (in the northern regions of the country, people of the "styer" type prevail among the population)

Adaptation is a dynamic process, thanks to which the mobile systems of living organisms, despite the variability of conditions, maintain the stability necessary for the existence, development and procreation.

Slide 16

Adapting to adverse environmental conditions, the human body experiences a state of tension, fatigue.

Any imbalance in the human-environment balance is a source of anxiety. Anxiety, defined as a sensation of vague threat; feeling of diffuse fear and anxious expectation; vague anxiety, is the most potent mechanism of mental stress.

The main features of mental stress: 1) stress - the state of the body, its occurrence involves the interaction between the body and the environment; 2) stress - a more stressful state than the usual motivational one; it requires a perception of the threat for its occurrence; 3) stress phenomena occur when the normal adaptive response is insufficient.

Radiation The Chernobyl accident gave rise to radiophobia - increased fear of radiation, an increase in suspiciousness, bias in assessing one's health, emotional breakdowns, etc. The maximum level of soil pollution is exceeded by more than 100 times. The main sources of external and internal exposure are long-lived radionuclides (cesium, strontium, iodine). Radiation enters the body through air, drinking water, but g.o. through products of plant and animal origin, especially through meat and dairy products.

How to preserve human health and nature? responsible environmental policy and practice of state and public bodies are necessary.The most important task is the formation of environmental awareness of the population - a set of measures of environmental education and upbringing, according to the statement in the public consciousness as the dominant elements such as environmental scientific consciousness, environmental ethics, psychology, legal awareness.

Human Ecology For the first time, the term "human ecology" appeared in 1921 in the works of American researchers R.E. Parka and E.V. Burgess Human ecology is a science that studies the laws of human interaction as a biosocial creature with a complex multicomponent surrounding world, with a dynamic, constantly complicated living environment, and the problems of maintaining and strengthening health.

Human ecology at all stages of historical development is interested in the following: 1) the number of individual communities of people and of all mankind; 2) age and gender structure of communities; 3) the level of people's health, which can be expressed through the average life expectancy, the most characteristic diseases and common causes of death; 4) the specifics of the nutrition of people of each era, the calorie content of food, the methods of its preparation; 5) the type of labor activity, mechanisms and tools, sources of energy used in households and households; 6) resettlement system; 7) cultural and hygiene skills.

The presentation was made by the Biology Teacher of the Municipal Educational Institution Secondary School No. 102 of Volgograd, Shaboldina E.V.

Slide 2

Slide 3

Chemical pollution of the atmosphere

industry
household boiler rooms
transport

The main source of pyrogenic pollution:

thermal power plants
metallurgical and chemical enterprises,
boiler plants (consuming more than 70% of the annual extracted solid and liquid fuels.)

The main harmful impurities of pyrogenic origin:

carbon monoxide
sulfur and sulfur dioxide
nitrogen oxides
hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide
fluorine compounds
chlorine compounds

Slide 4

Human exposure to carbon monoxide

Slide 5

Human exposure to sulfur and sulfur dioxide

Human exposure to nitrogen oxides. Gas mixed with oxygen is used for anesthesia.

They call it funny.

Slide 6

Human exposure to hydrogen sulfide and carbon disulfide

Slide 7

Human exposure to fluoride compounds

Leads to the development of chronic poisoning (fluorosis),

Symptoms: weight loss, anemia, weakness, joint stiffness, brittle bones, discoloration

Human exposure to chlorine compounds

Slide 8

Biological pollution of the environment - pollution by its pathogenic organisms

main sources

wastewater
industrial production
agriculture
municipal services of cities and towns
domestic and industrial landfills
cemeteries, etc.

Biological pollution and human diseases

Slide 9

Pathogens of tetanus, botulism, gas gangrene, some fungal diseases.

They can get into the human body if the skin is damaged, with unwashed food, and in violation of hygiene rules.

Contaminated water sources have caused epidemics of cholera, typhoid fever, dysentery.

The soil
Waters: rivers, lakes, ponds.
Air

Slide 10

The effect of sounds on the human environment, which are perceived by the human hearing aid

(16 to 20,000 oscillations per second).

Noise - loud sounds, merged into an unstable sound.

Fluctuations of higher frequency - ultrasound, less - infrasound.

Very noisy modern music dulls hearing, causes nervous diseases.

Slide 11

weather and well-being

Biorhythm - a lot of rhythmic processes in the body (rhythms of the heart, respiration, bioelectric brain activity).

Daily rhythms and biorhythms

The study of changes in circadian rhythms allows you to identify the occurrence of certain diseases at the earliest stages

Climate and Health

XVII century - the foundations of a scientific direction in medicine about the influence of climatic factors on human health were born
1725 - the beginning of the study of the impact of climate, seasons and weather on humans in Russia

Slide 12

WEATHER INFLUENCE

direct
indirect

affects the blood supply to the skin, respiratory,

cardiovascular system and sweating system.

Slide 13

nutrition and human health

Doctors say that good nutrition is an important condition for maintaining the health and high performance of adults, and for children is also a necessary condition for growth and development.
For normal growth, development and maintenance of vital functions, the body needs proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins and mineral salts in the quantity he needs.
Regular overeating, consumption of excess carbohydrates and fats are the cause of the development of metabolic diseases such as obesity and diabetes.
Many food products have bactericidal effects, inhibiting the growth and development of various microorganisms.

Slide 14

The surrounding landscape can have various effects on the psycho-emotional state.

landscape as a health factor

Nature increases vitality, calms nerves. One of the strongest health effects is forest, especially forest air.

Camping is useful for urban residents due to the busy rhythm of life and polluted air, including noise pollution and the urban environment as a whole.

Slide 15

Problems of human adaptation to the environment

Stress - the mobilization of all mechanisms that provide a certain activity of the human body.

Types of human adaptation:

Sprinter
Stayer

high resistance to short-term extreme factors and poor tolerance of long loads.

Inverse type (in the northern regions of the country, people of the "styer" type prevail among the population)

Slide 16

Adapting to adverse environmental conditions, the human body experiences a state of tension, fatigue.

Any imbalance of the “human-environment” balance is a source of anxiety. An alarm, denoted as a sensation of an uncertain threat;

a sense of diffuse fear and anxious expectation;

vague anxiety, is the most potent mechanism of mental stress.

The main features of mental stress:

1) stress - the state of the body, its occurrence involves the interaction between the body and the environment;

2) stress - a more stressful state than the usual motivational one; it requires a perception of the threat for its occurrence;

3) stress phenomena occur when the normal adaptive response is insufficient.

View all slides

Ecology and human health

Problems of the influence of environmental pollution on human health in Russia.

According to reports, the changed environment, combined with the wrong attitude of a person to their health, is the cause of diseases in 77% of cases, 50% - the cause of death, in 57% of cases - the cause of improper physical development.

Of the poisons that regularly enter the human body, 70% come from food, 20% from the air and 10% from the water.

Food products.

The content of harmful substances in food is monitored by 14 elements, the most dangerous and toxic of which are cadmium, mercury and lead. Cadmium is most found in plant foods and mushrooms, mercury and nitrosamines - in fish products, lead - both in products of plant and animal origin. There are many pesticides in plant foods, nitrites are used as preservatives in the manufacture of sausages, ham, and many canned foods. Many of them are carcinogenic. Peanuts exported from other countries are 24% infected with aflotoxin.

Radionuclides migrate along the food chain and enter the human body through food in radioactively contaminated areas. The half-life of strontium-90 and cesium-137 (uranium fission products) occurs in about 30 years.

Among foods that do not meet hygienic safety indicators, the largest share is:

Wine production (21%); - honey and bee products (19%);

Drinks (15%); bakery and flour products (13%).

Atmospheric air.

As we already know, atmospheric air is most polluted in large cities, industrial centers, especially with developed metallurgical, processing and coal industries, where the main pollutants are dust, sulfur dioxide, carbon monoxide, soot, nitrogen dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, fluorine, phenol , metals, etc.

In such centers, the average morbidity levels of the population are higher than normal by 40% for respiratory organs, 130% for diseases of the cardiovascular system, 176% for skin diseases, and 35% for malignant neoplasms. At the same time, the least sensitive group of the population is aged 20–39 years, and the most sensitive are children from 3 to 6 years old (3.3 times higher) and more than 60 years old (1.6 times).

Drinking water.

Up to 80% of all chemical compounds that enter the environment sooner or later enter the water sources. In Russia, the quality of drinking water supplied to the population does not meet hygienic requirements for sanitary-chemical indicators in 20-25% of cases and for microbiological indicators in 10-15% of cases.

In most reservoirs of modern Russia, water quality does not meet regulatory requirements. the process of increasing the number of objects with a high (more than 10 MAC) and an extreme level of exceeding the norm (more than 100 MAC) continues. The most polluted reservoirs of the lower Volga, the southern Urals, Kuzbass, some territories of the North.

About 50% of the population of the Russian Federation continue to use water for drinking that does not meet hygienic requirements for various quality indicators.

In large cities of Russia every year during the spring flood, deterioration in the quality of drinking water occurs. In this regard, hyperchlorination of drinking water is performed, which, however, is unsafe for health in connection with the formation of organochlorine compounds. In 22% of cases in centralized water supply sources, water does not meet sanitary and chemical requirements. When using decentralized sources, 28% of sources do not meet sanitary and chemical standards, 29% do not meet bacteriological standards.

In general, 50% of the Russian population continues to use unfit water. Particularly difficult situation regarding water in Russia in the Arkhangelsk, Kursk, Tomsk, Yaroslavl, Kaluga and Kaliningrad regions, Primorsky Territory, Kalmykia and Dagestan.

In a number of regions, including in our region, up to 64% of sources drinking water supply do not have sanitary protection zones.

Ecology and healthy lifestyle.

2.1. Man is a component of the biosphere.

Each person, like any other living organism, exists in a certain biotic and abiotic environment and is inextricably linked with it.

Man is a derivative and an important element of the biosphere, which depends entirely on its state, and the state of the biosphere, in turn, is regulated by processes of higher scales that take place in the solar system, galaxy, and space.

In the course of evolution, each type of plant or animal organism has developed inherited adaptations (adaptations) to changing environmental conditions that serve its survival, prosperity, and optimization of all vital functions of the body.

Unlike all other species, humans (Homo sapiens) are the only intelligent biosocial species on the planet that can control their body functions not only on the basis of genetically fixed adaptations or instinctively, but also on the basis of their analytical activity, thereby greatly optimizing their relationship with nature, overcome diseases, extend the life of each individual.

The intellectual potential of a person has always been more focused on solving technical, economic and political problems than on improving the environmental culture, living culture and personal health.

As a result of scientific and technological research, giant production, energy, military and transport complexes were created, computerization in the daily lives of people, mechanization and chemicalization of agriculture developed intensively, the natural resources of land, oceans, seas and rivers were intensively developed, but the development of the technosphere in most cases had a very negative effect on the health and life of each individual, although, of course, the successful development of some medical and health technologies cannot be denied.

It might be useful to read: