Goods manufactured in the central region. Central Federal District. How financial structure differs from organizational

Administrative and territorial composition:

moscow, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions.

Territory - 652.7 thousand km 2 . The population is 37.1 million people.

Administrative center - Moscow.

The Central Federal District unites the Central and Central Black Earth Economic Regions (Fig. 5.2.)

Fig. 5.2. Administrative and territorial composition

The territory of the okrug belongs to Central Russia with its characteristic relative unity of the natural, geographical, demographic and economic features of development.

Table 5.3

Share of economic indicators

Central Federal District in All-Russian

Economic indicators	Specific weight%
Gross regional product
Fixed assets in the economy
Mining
Manufacturing
Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water
Agricultural products
Construction
Commissioning of the total area of \u200b\u200bresidential buildings
Retail turnover
The receipt of tax payments and fees in the budget system of Russia
Fixed investment

The industrialization specialization sectors of the district based on the localization coefficient are highlighted in table 5.4.

The Central Federal District, in accordance with the calculations of the localization coefficient (Table 5.4), specializes in the following types of economic activity: manufacturing, including the production of food products, including beverages, and tobacco, textile and clothing, leather, leather products and footwear manufacturing, pulp and paper manufacturing, publishing and printing, chemical manufacturing, rubber and plastic products, other non-metallic production Sgiach mineral products, manufacture of electrical and optical equipment, and other industries; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water

Table 5.4

Specialization in industrial production

Central Federal District

Types of economic activity	The proportion of the type of economic activity in industrial production,%	Localization coefficient
Types of economic activity		Localization coefficient
Section C Mining
Subsection CA Mining of fuel and energy minerals
Subsection SV Mining and quarrying, except fuel and energy
Section D Manufacturing
Subsection DA Production of food products, including beverages, and tobacco
Subsection DB Textile and Sewing
Subsection DC Production of leather, leather products and footwear
Subsection DD Woodworking and wood products
Subsection DE Pulp and paper industry; publishing and printing activities
Subsection DG Chemical Production
Subsection DH Production of rubber and plastic products
Subsection DI Manufacture of other non-metallic mineral products
Subsection DJ Metallurgical production and production of finished metal products
Subsection DL Manufacture of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment
Subsection DM Production of vehicles and equipment
Subsection DN Other production
Section E Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water

The Central Federal District (CFD) is the metropolitan region leading in terms of population, economic and social development, with a complex differentiated structure of the economy and a dense network of railways and highways.

According to natural conditions, the location and development of productive forces in the district, the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions are distinguished.

Central Economic Region

The central economic region has a favorable economic and geographical position. It is located at the intersection of water and land roads, which have always contributed to the development of economic ties. The central region borders on Belarus and Ukraine, North-West, North, Volga-Vyatka, Volga and Central Black Earth economic regions, with which economic relations develop and inter-regional associations are formed.

Natural resource potential

The territorial resources of the Central Economic Region are relatively small and inferior to the size of the eastern regions, and in the European regions to the North and the Volga region.

The relief is mostly flat, the climate is temperate continental. The climate allows you to grow cereals and industrial crops, potatoes, vegetables, develop gardening and various livestock industries.

Fuel reserves are represented by the Moscow brown coal basin, which is located in five regions: Tver, Smolensk, Kaluga, Tula, Ryazan. Low-quality brown coal near Moscow at the place of its extraction is 2.8-3 times more expensive than the coals of other basins. Mosbassugol OJSC is in a critical state: the company's income does not cover the expenses that are spent on maintaining the mines in working condition, wage arrears are accumulating, and the environmental and mining conditions lead to an increase in the cost of coal mined.

Reforming the coal industry in the region allows obtaining financing from the state budget, which, in turn, reanimates the local “lignite” (using brown coal) electricity and heat and makes it possible to solve social problems, since 70% of all mines and opencast mines are city-forming enterprises.

The area has peat deposits in the Tver, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl, Moscow regions. Deposits are in the final stages of development.

The oil and gas areas in the Yaroslavl region have been explored, but have not yet been developed.

From mineral raw materials, few iron ore deposits are known (Tula and Oryol regions). Using the Tula ores (from the 16-17th centuries), the Kosogorsk Metallurgical Plant was founded.

Agronomic ores are represented by phosphorites in Bryansk (Polpinskoye deposit), in Moscow (Yegoryevskoye deposit). Cement raw materials, limestones, marls are available in the Bryansk, Moscow, Ryazan, Oryol regions.

In the area discovered deposits of diamonds, deposits of rare-earth metals (Tula and Oryol regions).

Natural resources are mainly of intra-regional importance.

Population and labor

Occupying an insignificant part of the territory of Russia, the Central District is distinguished by a particularly large population. The increase in numbers occurs due to intensive migration processes. Currently, the population density of the Central District is  62 people. 1 km 2, the most densely populated are the Moscow, Tula, Ivanovo, Ryazan regions.

The region is characterized by a high proportion of urban population - 83%. There are 248 cities and 400 urban-type settlements in the district; the largest urban agglomeration of the country, Moscow, is located. The metropolitan region is characterized by the most developed social infrastructure.

The main demographic problem of the Central region is the problem of employment, which is currently being successfully solved, especially in the metropolitan areas.

The leading industry of market specialization is a highly developed diversified engineering industry, which specializes in the production of automobiles, machine tools, tools, instruments, electrical equipment for the light and food industries.

The main place in mechanical engineering belongs to transport engineering, which is represented by the production of cars, diesel locomotives, wagons and river vessels.

Automotive Center - Moscow, where the Joint-Stock Company Moscow “I.A. Likhachev Plant” (AMO ZIL) is located, transformed in 1992 from the I.A. Likhacheva (ZIL), specializing mainly in the production of medium-duty trucks; AZLK OJSC, producing Moskvich cars; Avtoframos OJSC, established as a joint venture of Renault and the Moscow Government; SeAZ OJSC (Serpukhov Automobile Plant) producing Oka cars.

In Likino-Dulevo (Moscow region) there is a bus plant of Likinsky Bus LLC. One of the country's largest transport engineering plants is a diesel locomotive plant in Kolomna, Moscow Region. Kolomensky Zavod OJSC is the only Russian manufacturer and leader in the production of modern long-distance passenger diesel locomotives, a developer and manufacturer of a new generation of passenger electric locomotives and freight diesel locomotives for the railways of Russia, the CIS and Baltic countries. The enterprise is a part of Transmashholding and is an active participant in the implementation of the Comprehensive Program for the modernization and updating of traction and rolling stock, implemented by Russian Railways as part of the transport strategy of Russia.

Centers of river shipbuilding and ship repair - Moscow, Rybinsk (Yaroslavl region) and Kostroma.

The main centers of machine tool industry are Moscow (the plants "Red Proletariat", "Machine Tool", "Stankolit", "Stankonormal"), Ryazan, Kolomna. Instrument-making industry is developed in Moscow (“Energopribor”, “Fizpribor”, “Manometer” factories, watch factories, etc.), Vladimir, Ryazan, Smolensk.

Electrical engineering is represented by the Moscow plants Dynamo, Moskabel and factories in Kaluga, Yaroslavl, Alexandrov (Vladimir region).

The central region is a consumer of the Ural rolled ferrous metals and rolled products from the Central Black Earth region and Siberia, as well as from Cherepovets.

The industry specializes in the chemical industry. Phosphorus fertilizers are produced by Voskresensk Mineral Fertilizers OJSC (Moscow Region) and GUP Bryansk Phosphates. Novomoskovsk Joint Stock Company Azot (Tula Region) produces nitrogen fertilizers and pesticides for agriculture. Nitrogen fertilizers are also produced by the joint chemical company Shchekinoazot (Tula Region) and Dorogobuzh OJSC (Smolensk Region).

It should be noted that the chemical industry is characterized by integration processes, for example, Voskresensk Mineral Fertilizers OJSC are part of URALCHEM United Chemical Company OJSC, Azot Novomoskovsk Joint Stock Company EuroChem Mineral and Chemical Company OJSC, etc. .

The region has developed organic synthesis chemistry, whose enterprises produce synthetic rubber, artificial fibers, and plastics. Synthetic rubber plants are located in Yaroslavl and Efremov (Tula region).

The oldest industry in the region is the textile industry. The central region produces more than 85% of all fabrics produced in the country. The cotton industry is represented by the Trekhgornaya manufactory combine in Moscow, the Glukhovsky cotton combine in Noginsk (Moscow region), the combines in Ivanovo, Orekhovo-Zuev, Tver, Yaroslavl and others. Linen fabrics are produced in Kostroma, Smolensk, Vyazniki (Vladimir region). The footwear industry produces 12% of the leather shoes produced in the country.

The central region specializes in the printing industry.

The region has developed the food industry, represented by enterprises for the production of confectionery, pasta, bakery, meat, dairy, spirits and tobacco products. The largest food industry enterprises are located in Moscow.

Electricity management in the Central District is in the process of reform. The district’s energy system is dominated by thermal power plants, the largest of which are Kostroma, Konakovskaya, Cherepetskaya, and Shchekinskaya TPPs. In the region there are nuclear power plants: Kalininskaya and Smolenskaya. The cascade of the Verkhnevolzhsky hydroelectric power station includes two hydroelectric power stations: Rybinsk and Uglich. The Zagorskaya PSPP is operating in the district and the Zagorskaya PSPP-2 is under construction.

The industry has developed the construction materials industry (Moscow, Tver, Bryansk, Vladimir regions).

Agriculture of the Central region to a large extent has suburban importance. Cereals are grown, sugar beets, hemp, potatoes and vegetables, etc. The district has developed dairy and beef cattle breeding, pig breeding, poultry farming.

The central district has a transport network represented by all modes of transport. The leading place belongs to railway transport. The road network has a radial structure. Moscow is the largest hub of 11 railway lines, all of them are electrified. The area has a piping system. Moscow through the system of canals and the Volga is connected with the Baltic, White, Caspian, Azov and Black Seas.

Energy resources, timber and timber, construction materials, bread, rolled ferrous and non-ferrous metals, sugar, cotton are imported into the region.

The export is dominated by industrial products - machinery and equipment, cars, machine tools, appliances, tools, electrical products, household appliances, fabrics, shoes, etc.

Intra-district differences

Moscow is the center of government of the country and the main information center. Moscow has a special capital status and it is directly subordinate to the Russian government.

In the district, technology-innovative special economic zones have been established in Zelenograd and Dubna.

The Moscow region specializes in mechanical engineering, chemical, light (textile), food industry.

Yaroslavl region specializes in mechanical engineering, petrochemicals, textile industry.

The Ivanovo region is distinguished by the textile industry, especially cotton. The mechanical engineering and chemistry serving the textile industry are developed.

The main industries of the Vladimir region are engineering, chemical, textile and glass industries.

The Tula region in industry specializes in engineering, metalworking, metallurgy, chemistry, and mining of coal near Moscow.

Smolensk region specializes in engineering, light and food industries. Mechanical engineering gives products of radio engineering, electrical engineering, devices.

In the Tver region, the leading place in industry is occupied by engineering and textile industries, and in agriculture - flax and dairy cattle breeding.

In the Central region, market reforms are being carried out more intensively than in many other economic regions.

The main prospects for the development of the Central Economic Region:

improving the management of socio-economic processes;

restoration and development of economic ties with other regions of Russia, with countries of near and far abroad;

agrarian reforms;

reconstruction and re-equipment of enterprises;

development of industrial and social infrastructure.

Capital investments directed to the region’s economy are highly efficient. In this regard, the share of investments in the region’s economy is projected at 21-22% of the total volume in the Russian Federation.

Central Black Earth Economic Region

In the all-Russian division of labor, the Central Black Earth Region specializes in mining, metallurgy, machine-building, chemical, food industries and in the production of certain types of building materials, as well as in agricultural production.

Natural resource potential

The Central Black Earth Economic Region has huge deposits of iron ore resources. In terms of iron ore reserves and technical and economic indicators of their mining, the iron ore basin of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) is of all-Russian importance.

Of non-metallic minerals, the region is also rich in molding sands (in the vicinity of Tambov). In the Belgorod region there is a large deposit of cement raw materials. Significant reserves of refractory and refractory clays and glass sands. Belgorod Oblast has colossal reserves of chalk and limestone.

The Black Earth Center is poor in energy resources (it has small reserves of peat, mainly in the north), but the proximity to areas rich in energy resources makes it possible to solve the fuel and energy problem.

The climate of the Black Earth Center is temperate continental.

The area has a poorly developed hydrographic network. Here flows the Don with its tributaries, the Sejm (a tributary of the Desna), Tsna (a tributary of Moksha) and Seversky Donets. In the lower reaches Don is navigable.

Forest area covers only 10% of the district. Forests are located in the North and are represented mainly by broadleaf species.

Soils only in the north are podzolic and gray podzolic, gray forest, in the rest - black soil, which is a huge wealth of the country. Irrational exploitation of land has led to a deterioration in the structure of chernozems and a decrease in their fertility.

Population and labor

The Black Earth Center is a densely populated region of the country. The highest population density in the Lipetsk region, the lowest - in Tambov. Almost the entire territory of the region is characterized by a natural population decline, low birth rate. In recent years, there has been a significant influx of refugees, especially to rural areas.

The national composition of the population is homogeneous, the Russian population prevails. In the southern part, the percentage of Ukrainians is quite high.

Location and development of the main sectors of the economy

The leading market specialization of the Central Black Earth Economic Region is the mining and metallurgical industries.

In the Soviet economy in the Kursk and Belgorod regions, a large TPK was formed on the basis of KMA iron ore resources. The geographical position of the complex was extremely advantageous, since its territory is crossed in the latitudinal and meridian directions by railways, which provide access to the Central region, industrially developed regions of Ukraine, the Volga region and the North Caucasus. The territory has an extensive network of roads, gas pipelines, power lines. The energy base of the complex was created due to the capacities of the Kursk and Novovoronezh nuclear power plants. The development of KMA facilitated the creation of a metallurgical base in the central European part of Russia.

The modern structure of the metallurgical base is formed by large metallurgical companies.

NLMK OJSC is a vertically integrated metallurgical company, the structure of which includes: Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant (Lipetsk); OAO Stoilensky GOK (Belgorod Region), which is the main supplier of iron ore; Dolomite OJSC, producing flux and converter dolomite (Dankov city, Lipetsk region); Studenov Joint-Stock Mining Company (Stagdok) OJSC (Lipetsk), mining and processing flux and technological limestone; and other enterprises, including outside the district. NLMK Group produces about 15% of all Russian steel.

The mining division of Metalloinvest holding includes Lebedinsky (Belgorod region) and Mikhailovsky (Kursk region) mining and processing enterprises. The metallurgical division in the district is represented by the Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant for the production of high-quality steel by direct reduction of iron, bypassing the blast furnace process. It is the only one in Russia with a homeless environmentally friendly technology.

OAO Lipetsk Metallurgical Plant Svobodny Sokol produces cast iron and a wide range of pipe products.

Engineering and metalworking are the leading market industries. It is located mainly in large cities - Voronezh, Kursk, Lipetsk, Tambov, Belgorod. The factories of the region produce mining equipment, excavators, tractors, agricultural machinery, equipment for the food and cement industries, chemical equipment, machine tools, devices, radio engineering and electrical products.

The chemical industry is also a specialization industry and is represented by the production of synthetic rubber and rubber tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, aniline dyes in Tambov, synthetic resins in the Belgorod region, varnishes in Dankov (Lipetsk region).

The sectors of market specialization also include the production of building materials, in particular, the production of cement and the extraction of chalk. Cement plants operate - Belgorod, Lipetsk, Podgorensky (Voronezh region), Starooskolsky (Belgorod region).

One of the most important sectors of market specialization is the food industry. The main food industry is sugar. It is located in accordance with the raw material base in the Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh regions. Of the other branches of the food industry, flour milling, oil mill, meat, dairy and cheese making, distillery, tobacco and shag sectors, which mainly use local agricultural raw materials, are developed.

The sectors complementing the territorial complex and serving the immediate needs of the population of the region include various sectors of light industry and the service sector.

The Central Black Earth Region has favorable conditions for the development of agriculture. The leading place in agricultural lands is occupied by cereals - 55%, 28% is occupied under fodder crops, 12% - under industrial crops and 5% under potatoes and vegetable and melon.

Sugar beet crops are located mainly in the Kursk, Voronezh and Belgorod regions. In the same areas and in Tambov, sunflower crops are widespread.

Branches of agricultural specialization in agriculture are grain farming (winter wheat), production of factory sugar beets, oilseeds (sunflower) and shag.

Livestock farming has a meat and dairy direction, and pig and poultry farming are developed.

Transport and economic relations

The area has a significant railway network. In the south there are railways: Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don; Moscow-Donbass; Moscow-Kursk-Kharkov. In the eastern direction: Saratov - Tambov - Michurinsk; Voronezh - Kursk - Kiev; Valuyki - Minsk, etc. Large motorways pass through the district: Moscow - Simferopol; Moscow - Voronezh - Rostov-on-Don; Moscow - Tambov. Trunk pipelines pass through the territory of the Black Earth Center.

Iron ore, building materials, metal, grain, sugar, etc. are exported from the region. Fuel, timber, mineral fertilizers, goods for the population are imported.

Intra-district differences

The Voronezh region is distinguished by skilled engineering, the chemical industry, and the production of building materials. Agriculture specializes in the production of wheat, sugar beets, sunflowers.

Large enterprises of Voronezh produce excavators, agricultural machinery, forging equipment, equipment for the food industry, televisions, as well as synthetic rubber, tires.

The Kursk region is distinguished by the mining industry, primarily the extraction of iron ores and their primary processing. The region has developed engineering, chemical and food industries.

Kursk machine-building plants produce calculating machines, batteries, tractor parts, mobile power plants, equipment for the food industry.

In the Tambov region, mechanical engineering, the chemical, food and wool-weaving industries were developed. Tambov enterprises produce equipment for the food, chemical, light industry, household appliances.

The Lipetsk region specializes in the production of ferrous metals, mining, tractor manufacturing, lime production, the food industry, especially sugar.

The industry of specialization of the Belgorod region is ferrous metallurgy. The region has developed the production of building materials, food industry and agriculture.

The main problems and development prospects

There was a need for a structural reorganization of the regional economy in the conditions of market relations.

A limiting factor in the economic development of the region is the limited water resources. This is due to the weak development of the river network. The solution to this problem is the creation of closed and circulating water supply systems, the use of groundwater for industrial purposes, increasing the cost of water use, etc.

Prospects for the development of the region are associated with the formation of a special economic zone of the industrial-production type “Lipetsk” in the territory of the Gryazinsky district of the Lipetsk region. Industrial orientation includes manufacturing, including: manufacturing of machinery and equipment, household electrical appliances, electrical machines, plastic and metal products, electrical equipment and electronic equipment, furniture and other products.

Mislavsky A.V.Head of Accounting Systems Design Department, Department of Management Technologies and Accounting Systems Design, ZAO AKG RBS
Double entry No. 10 - 10/04/2005

The formation of the financial structure of the enterprise, namely the allocation of financial responsibility centers (CFD), is the first step towards creating a budgeting system. Each division of the company contributes to the final financial result of the company (in the form of raising revenue or incurring expenses) and should be responsible for its actions: plan, report on the results. It is on the delegation of responsibility that the budgeting process is built.

The benefits of moving to CFD management are clear. Sharing responsibility between divisions, we determine who and what is really responsible for the enterprise, we get the opportunity to evaluate the results and quickly coordinate the actions of divisions, create a competent system of motivation for employees to complete the tasks. The attention of the head of the unit is concentrated on the performance of the center entrusted to him, and the efficiency and validity of managerial decisions are increased. Top management, on the contrary, frees up time for strategic tasks.

Centers are different

If we proceed from an understanding of budgeting as a management technology, and budgets as a management tool, then the enterprise will be the object of management.

A commercial enterprise as an object of management in the simplest case can be considered as a combination of current activities (creation and sale of products, works or services) and investment. Current activities are characterized by expenses (purchase of raw materials or finished products, production, costs of sale) and income (revenue) from the sale of products, works or services. The difference between current income and expenses is defined as profit (or loss) from current activities.

Responsibility for income in a commercial company, as a rule, lies with the sales unit (sales department or trading house). The expenses are borne by all divisions, but to a greater extent the procurement (procurement) department, production divisions, and warehouses. Profit in most cases is determined for the entire enterprise, and the decision on its use is made by the company's management.

Thus, the activities of the enterprise as an object of management can be decomposed into separate processes: procurement, production, marketing, and investment. Accordingly, the structural units that manage these processes can be considered as centers of responsibility for their implementation.

Based on the above functions, we define four main (1) types of responsibility center:

revenue center;
cost center;
profit center;
center of investment.

In practice, there are much more types of responsibility centers (for example, margin revenue centers responsible for marginal profit, or venture centers responsible for innovative activities of a company).

Consider the main types of CFD in more detail

Revenue Center - a structural unit responsible for the marketing activities of the company. Its effectiveness is determined by maximizing the company's revenues within the resources allocated for these purposes. The question may arise, but is not the unit responsible for sales the center of costs for the sale of products (promotions, salaries of sales managers, etc.)? Of course, you can define the sales unit and as a center of costs, but, given their insignificant share in comparison with the sum of revenues (which are the revenues of the entire enterprise), we will still refer to it as a center of income. The tools of budget management for this type of CFD are the Sales Budget and the Sales Cost Estimate (the purpose, structure of these documents and the procedure for working with them will be considered in the following publications).

Cost center - a structural unit responsible for the implementation of a certain amount of work (production assignment) within the resources allocated for these purposes. As a rule, most divisions of a company belong to this type of CFD. First of all, production (workshops of the main and auxiliary production, service units). At the same time, the cost center may have revenues (for example, revenue from external services provided by the transport division), but if their value is insignificant, and the provision of these services is not the main business of the company, the CFD is defined as the cost center. The budget management tools for this type of CFD are the Production Budget (production program) and the Cost Budget (or Cost Estimate). As a variety of cost centers, procurement centers and management expense centers can be distinguished.

A procurement center is a type of cost center, it is responsible for the timely and full supply of the enterprise with the necessary material resources within the limits allocated for these purposes. Such responsibility centers include, for example, supply departments. The tools of budget management for this type of CFD are the Procurement Budget (which may include transportation costs) and the Cost Estimate.
The center of management costs is a type of cost center, it is responsible for the quality performance of management functions. The management apparatus of the company belongs to this type, in most cases, without dividing it into structural components (departments, departments). The tool of budget management for this type of CFD is the estimate of management expenses.

Profit Center - a structural unit (or the company as a whole), responsible for the financial result of current activities. In most cases, the management of the company bears responsibility for current profit (or loss). In some cases, profit centers that are responsible for the financial result of any type of activity may be allocated to the company. The profit center may include income centers and cost centers that are lower in the hierarchy. The budget management tool for this type of CFD (not including the Budgets of sales, purchases, costs) is the Budget of revenues and expenses (BDR).

Investment center - a structural unit (or the company as a whole), responsible for the effectiveness of investment activities. It is a common misconception to designate as a center of investment a unit engaged in the planning and control of investment activities (for example, investment management). The fact is that the final investment decisions are made by the company's management and bear full responsibility for them. The budget management tool for this type of CFD is the Investment Budget, as well as the Forecast Balance (or the Budget on the balance sheet). In the whole enterprise, as a rule, the center of investment coincides with the center of profit and, in this case, the center of responsibility is defined as the center of profit and investment.

Thus, the type of CFD determines the rights and responsibilities of the structural unit for the financial indicators assigned to it, which are an integral part of the financial result of the company as a whole.

The set of interconnected and subordinate responsibility centers represents the financial structure of the company, which is based on the organizational and functional structure, but does not always coincide with it. Several divisions of a company can be defined as one CFD (for example, management apparatus services can be defined as a cost center led by the head of the company), at the same time, several CFDs can be allocated within one structural unit (for example, within a trading house a separate center of income of wholesale trade and a center of income of foreign economic activity can be distinguished separately). When allocating a financial responsibility center, it is necessary to take into account the possibility of a clear definition of the list of products, works or services provided to external clients or internal structural units. The center of financial responsibility is characterized by financial independence, that is, its head should be able to determine and manage the financial result of the Central Federal District. The activities of the responsibility center are planned and monitored through a system of key indicators.

Key Retreat

The purpose of this article is not to fully describe the system of key performance indicators of the Central Federal District, so we will only briefly define them.

The key indicators for the revenue center are sales, cash receipts, receivables, costs associated with the sale of products, on their own content, etc.

Key indicators of the cost center are the volume of work performed (production tasks), quality indicators for the production of goods, the size and structure of costs of production and its cost, indicators of the efficiency of use of capital goods and labor resources, etc.

The activities of the profit center are evaluated for all of the above indicators, as well as for indicators of financial and economic efficiency of current activities: profitability, working capital structure, return on assets, etc.

The indicators of the profit and investment center in addition to those indicated include indicators of the effectiveness of investment activity (payback period, ROI) and the financial condition of the enterprise as a whole (such as ratios of financial independence and stability, etc.).

The system of key performance indicators for the Central Federal District serves as the basis for building a budget model. Some of them can be directly included in budget forms (for example, the task of revenue), some are not directly related to budget indicators (for example, profitability). When using top-down budgeting, performance indicators also serve as the basis for budgeting. In any case, when determining key performance indicators, it must be taken into account that they must be numerical, unambiguous, and be contained in accounting systems.

Step by step

Returning to the topic of financial responsibility centers, we define the main stages in the formation of the financial structure.

First, it is necessary to determine the center of investment, that is, the unit responsible for the efficient use of the profit received as part of the current activity. In practice, in most cases, the enterprise as a whole is designated as the investment center, since only its management determines the investment policy, structure and value of fixed assets and controls the financial condition of the company as a whole. Responsibility for the activities of the enterprise includes the control of current activities, so most often this center is defined as the center of profit and investment.

The profit and investment center includes dedicated revenue centers and cost centers. If there are structural units responsible for the financial result for certain types of business (for example, manufacturing enterprises that are part of a holding having separate sales markets, their own suppliers, independently determining a pricing policy, but not making decisions on investing profits resulting from current activities), profit centers are formed along with income centers and cost centers. Profit centers can be formed not only on the basis of a separate structural unit, but also as part of several structural units of various company divisions located within the same technological or product chain. Further, as a part of such a profit center, its own income centers and cost centers are allocated to it. Subsequent allocation of centers depends on the complexity of the organizational structure and the need for delegation of authority (for example, cost centers lower in structure can be allocated as part of a cost center). An example of such a structure is shown in Fig. 1.

Fig. 1 Complex structure of the Central Federal District

Thus, a hierarchy of centers of financial responsibility is built, which determines the financial structure of the company. The formed set of responsibility centers and their hierarchy is fixed by an internal regulatory document - "Regulation on the financial structure of the company", which includes a description of the types of CFDs, their composition and hierarchy, the powers of managers, the procedure for calculating (planning and accounting) financial results of operations based on the application of the system key indicators. This document is developed by the financial director (or unit reporting to him) and approved by the general director (president) of the company. Heads of structural divisions are vested with the right to make proposals for amendments and additions to this document.

Summing up, it can be noted that we examined only one of several components of budget management technology - management by financial responsibility centers. Other important components are: a system of key performance indicators for the Central Federal District, a budget model (composition and interconnection of indicators of budget forms), budget regulations, methods of plan-factual and factor analysis of budget execution, and others. We will describe them in detail in the next issues of the magazine.

- The most densely populated part of Russia. The population density is 57.5 people / km 2. Center - Moscow. By area, it occupies about 4% of the territory of the Russian Federation and concentrates 25% of the country's population, of which half are concentrated in Moscow metropolitan area.

The district is not accidentally called Central. This name characterizes not only its geographical position in the center of the country, but also the historical function as the core of the Russian state, the center of economic, political, cultural life.

The Central District has the largest training centers, research institutes, design organizations, cities of science, therefore it is characterized by a high concentration of qualified personnel, which explains the high level of development of knowledge-intensive industries (Table 1).

Table 1. Geography of engineering industries of the Central Federal District

Industry name and composition	Manufactured products	Accommodation Centers
instrument making	Devices, communications	Moscow region, Smolensk
machine tool industry		Ryazan, Moscow region
transport engineering	Buses, river vessels, diesel engineering, car building	Golitsyno, Likino-Dulyovo, Tver, Tula, Vladimir, Bryansk, Moscow region
automotive industry	Trucks and cars, engines, spare parts	Moscow region, Smolensk, Tver, Ivanovo. Yaroslavl, Yartsevo (Smolensk region)
computer technology	Consumer Electronics, Electrical Engineering	Smolensk, Moscow region
mining, power equipment, agricultural machinery	Equipment, metalwork, agricultural machinery	Kursk, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov, Yelets, Michurinsk

This is a developed industrial and agricultural area.

Iron and steel industry uses the region’s natural wealth - iron ores of the Kursk magnetic anomaly. In terms of geological reserves, the KMA field ranks first in the world. Shallow occurrence of ores (from 35 to 500 m) allows their development in open pits. Extraction of K ML ore is 40% of the total iron ore production of the CIS countries.

Lebedinsky mining and processing plant is located in the Belgorod region. It produces a powdery ore concentrate, consisting of 2/3 of iron oxide. From here, the concentrate is sent to metallurgical plants in the form of sinter or pellets.

OJSC Novolipetsk Metallurgical Plant in the city of Lipetsk specializes in the smelting of iron and steel. It takes 3rd place in Russia in terms of production after the Cherepovets (Vologda Oblast) and Magnitogorsk (Chelyabinsk Oblasts) combines.

Oskol Electrometallurgical Plant OJSC is located in the city of Stary Oskol (Belgorod Region). It produces steel by direct reduction of iron.

The county’s most valuable wealth soils - chernozems. The humus content in them is from 4 to 12%, and the chernozem horizon reaches 1 m or more. These are the most fertile soils in Russia, therefore the district belongs to main agricultural areas of the country. A significant part of its territory is occupied by fields of grain, industrial and fodder crops: rye and wheat, millet and buckwheat, corn, barley, oats, silage herbs, sugar beets, and sunflower. Livestock, horticulture and vegetable growing are developed.

The agro-industrial complex of the okrug specializes in the production of marketable grain, flour, cereals, granulated sugar, butter, starch, and canned fruits and vegetables.

Indicators of the Central Federal District

Administrative and territorial composition: Moscow, Belgorod, Bryansk, Vladimir, Voronezh, Ivanovo, Kaluga, Kostroma, Kursk, Lipetsk, Moscow, Oryol, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tambov, Tver, Tula, Yaroslavl regions.

Territory - 652.7 thousand km 2. The population is 37.1 million people.

Administrative center - Moscow.

The Central Federal District unites the Central and Central Black Earth Economic Regions.

The territory of the okrug belongs to Central Russia with a characteristic relative relative unity of the natural, geographical, demographic and economic characteristics of development.

Table 2. The share of economic indicators of the Central Federal District in the national

The specialization industries of the industrial production of the district based on the localization coefficient are highlighted in table. 3.

The Central Federal District, in accordance with the calculations of the localization coefficient (Table 3), specializes in the following sectors of economic activity: manufacturing, including the production of food products, including beverages, and tobacco, textile and clothing, leather, leather products and footwear manufacturing, pulp and paper manufacturing, publishing and printing, chemical manufacturing, rubber and plastic products, other non-metallic mineral products, the manufacture of electrical equipment, electronic and optical equipment, and other industries; production and distribution of electricity, gas and water.

Table 3. Specialization of industrial production of the Central Federal District

Regions of the Central Federal District

According to natural conditions, the location and development of productive forces in the district, the Central and Central Black Earth economic regions are distinguished.

Central Economic Region

District Composition (13 subjects of the federation) - Moscow, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Ryazan, Tula, Oryol, Bryansk, Kaluga, Smolensk, Tver regions.

By the number of subjects of the federation - this is the largest region, it stands out also in terms of population.

There are no significant mineral reserves in the region that could determine the development of its economy. Fuel reserves are represented in the brown coal basin near Moscow, low-quality coals, but can be used as coking and energy. There are insignificant peat deposits in the territories of Tver, Kostroma, Ivanovo, Yaroslavl and Moscow regions. Oil and gas areas were discovered in the Yaroslavl region, which are not yet developed.

Mineral raw materials are represented by a few iron ore deposits in the Tula and Orel regions. Using the Tula ores, the Kosogorsk Iron and Steel Works (XV-XVII centuries) was founded. There are deposits of industrial phosphorites in the Bryansk and Moscow regions.

All natural resources are mainly of intra-district importance.

Population. The central region leads in population density (over 60 people / km 2), but there are significant differences. The maximum concentration of the population is achieved within the Moscow agglomeration (excluding Moscow - 140 people / km 2), while in the Kostroma region the average density is only 13 people / km 2.

The share of urban population is 83.1%. The largest Moscow agglomeration in Russia was formed in the district. Moscow, as it were, impeded the growth of other cities, so there are few large urban settlements in the region: Yaroslavl (620 thousand people), Ryazan (530 thousand people), Tula (520 thousand people). The main nationality of all subjects is Russian. In some places, compact residence of other peoples is noted: in the Tver region - Karelians, in the Ryazan region - Mordovians and Tatars, in the regions bordering on Belarus, Smolensk and Bryansk regions - Belarusians.

The economy. The presence of highly qualified labor resources and a large number of research and design institutes has always determined the development of science-intensive and labor-intensive industries in the region, including the military-industrial complex.

Tertiary sector. Moscow is undoubtedly the largest banking center of the country. Here are concentrated the boards of all the major banks of Russia, there is a large branch network. All this leads to the fact that this industry goes to the forefront in the region. Revenues from financial transactions are ahead of all other business areas. An additional resource leading to the strengthening of the role of the Center is the implementation of state functionsMoscow. Placement in the city of the Presidential Administration, Government, Federal Assembly entails the concentration of various industries, firms and management structures.

Industry. Mechanical engineering is the main industry of the region. At one time, the automotive industry, machine tool industry, instrument making, electrical engineering, electronics, and aircraft construction were developed here. The first locomotive-building and car-building enterprises appeared in the region, then their number increased.

Automotive Center - Moscow - where the ZIL Production Association specializing in the production of medium-tonnage trucks is located.

The Center has many factories producing equipment for various industries (clothing, chemical, energy, building materials, woodworking). The main centers of machine tools - Moscow, Kolomna, Ryazan. Instrument-making industry is developed in Moscow (“Energopribor”, “Fizpribor”, “Manometer” factories, watch factories), Ryazan, Vladimir, Smolensk. Electrotechnical engineering in Moscow has been developed; it is represented by the Moskabel and Dynamo plants and factories in Yaroslavl, Kaluga and the Vladimir Region.

The industry is specializing in chemical production. Among the chemical industries operating on their own resources, the production of phosphate fertilizers (Voskresensk and Polpino) should be mentioned. Plants for the production of plastics, chemical fibers and threads, synthetic rubber, nitrogen fertilizers (Tula region), and detergents operate on imported oil and gas (there are three oil refineries in the region). The centers for the production of synthetic rubber are Yaroslavl and Efremov.

Ferrous metallurgy is represented by a full-cycle enterprise in Tula, an iron foundry in Kosaya Gora (Tula region), as well as a number of conversion plants in Moscow, Elektrostal, Orel.

The central region is characterized by a powerful printing industry, which is also an industry of market specialization. In Moscow, there are large printing plants that supply all regions of the country with their products.

The textile industry, which once played the leading role in the region, is experiencing a decline in production. It is caused by the massive import of cheaper products from abroad, a shortage of raw materials left outside Russia, and the disappearance of government orders. All these reasons led to the shutdown of many enterprises.

Most other industries provide for the internal needs of the Central Economic Region: electric power, food industry, non-ferrous metallurgy, and construction.

Agriculture. Climatic conditions in combination with different soils make it possible to grow cereals with a short growing season, fodder crops, and potatoes in the northern regions. In the southern regions, winter wheat is ripening, a lot of potatoes are planted on chernozem soils, sugar beets in the very south. In animal husbandry, dairy and beef cattle breeding is represented. There are many poultry and pig farms in the area. Suburban farming, combining vegetable growing, potato farming with dairy and beef cattle breeding and pig breeding, received significant development.

Transport characterized by the huge scale of transportation of goods and passengers. Historically, a radial-ring transport network has been in focus with Moscow. 11 electrified railroads diverge from Moscow, connecting the Central region with all parts of the country. Several highways of federal significance pass through Moscow. Moscow is the country's largest aviation hub. Oil and gas pipelines pass through the Central District.

The Moscow river port can accept cargo going through a system of canals from five seas.

The central economic region is a major tourist region of the country.

Currently, the most important factors in the development of the region are:

the increasing role of the financial sector (banks), the rapid formation of small and medium enterprises in the transition to a market economy;
structural adjustment in the economy, in which traditional production on the basis of defense industry enterprises is preserved.

Central Black Earth Economic Region

District Composition (five subjects of the federation) - Kursk, Belgorod, Voronezh, Lipetsk, Tambov regions.

Conditions for the development of the economy. The specialization of the region is related to its own resources of iron ores (KM A ores - the first place in the country). In the Kursk region there are deposits of phosphorites.

Non-metallic minerals are represented by molding sand, deposits of cement raw materials, chalk and limestone (Belgorod region).

Soils in the north are podzolic and gray podzolic in the rest are fertile chernozems.

Limitations are determined by water scarcity and lack of energy capacity. In natural terms, the territory is favorable for the cultivation of many crops.

Population. The coefficient of natural population decline is slightly lower than in the Central Region and reaches 6-8 ° / 00. The population density is relatively high - 46 people / km 2. Moreover, there is almost no differentiation across the territory. The district is one of the few that can be called mono-ethnic. The share of Russians is from 92% in the Belgorod region to 98% in the Tambov region.

The economy. Ferrous metallurgy. The Kursk Magnetic Anomaly (KMA) located in the Kursk region is the largest iron ore basin in the country (ore contains up to 60% of iron). The Kursk-Oryol region (Mikhailovsky field) and Starooskolsky district (Lebedinsky and Stoilenskoye fields) are distinguished. Enriched ore is largely sent outside the region, as well as to local enterprises of Lipetsk and Stary Oskol (a factory for direct reduction of iron from ores was built). Other industries include mechanical engineering (machine-building - Voronezh, Lipetsk, tractor-building - Lipetsk, agricultural machine-building - Voronezh, Tambov, Michurinsk, Kursk; heavy machine-building and aircraft manufacturing). Chemistry: production of synthetic rubber and tires in Voronezh, synthetic fibers in Kursk, dyes in Tambov, detergents in Shebekin.

Agro-industrial complex. The region cultivates sugar beets (first place in the country), sunflower (third place in the country), cereals, potatoes, vegetables, fruit and berry crops. In livestock, dairy and beef cattle and pig breeding predominate. The region ranks first in the country in the production of meat per capita (about 55 kg), and in milk production in the second place after the Volga-Vyatka region. Almost all products are processed within the region. There are milling, dairy and canned feed, sugar and starch enterprises, plants for the production of vegetable and animal oils. The largest Alekseevsky ether plant in the country began to produce the well-known Sloboda brand of sunflower oil.

Further development of the region is associated with increasing agricultural production and the development of iron ore deposits KMA.

The Central Federal District accounts for 1/3 light industry production in the Russian Federation.
Central Federal District - the main area of \u200b\u200bconcentration cotton industry. Over 90% of all cotton fabrics of the Russian Federation are produced here. The first place is occupied by the Ivanovo region, 70% of Russian cotton fabrics are produced here.
The Central Federal District is the main production area linen fabrics. The main production centers are Vyazniki (Vladimir region), Gavrilov-Yam (Yaroslavl region), Vyazma (Smolensk region).
Production woolen fabrics developed in the Bryansk region (Klintsy), Ivanovo region (Shuya) and others.
There are production enterprises in the Central Federal District clothing industry. In the Moscow region there are enterprises "Bolshevichka", "Firm" Cheryomushki "," PTSHO Salyut "(Moscow region).
In the Vladimir region - “Vyaznikovskaya sewing factory”, “Children's clothing”, “Sobinovskaya sewing factory”. In the Ivanovo region - “Aivengo Sewing Factory”.
Central Federal District is the leading manufacturer of products leather and footwear industry. In Moscow and the Moscow region are the factories "Yegoryevsk-Obuv", "Paris Commune", "Factory of sports shoes." In the Central Federal District there are such shoe factories as MUA Production (Vladimir Region) and Torzhok Shoe Factory (Tver Region). These are the largest enterprises of the leather and footwear industry.
In addition, in the Central Federal District there are enterprises producing chrome tanned leather, such as “Ostashkovsky leather factory” (Tver region), “Russian leather” (Ryazan region), “Leather-m” (Lipetsk region), as well as enterprises producing finished leather goods. The main ones are Medvedkovo (Moscow), Belga (Moscow region), and the Torzh leather goods factory (Tver region).

1. VLADIMIR REGION

There are 21 large and medium enterprises in the region, including:
Textile - 10
Sewing - 11
1.1. Kameshkovsky branch of OO "Children's clothing"
1.2. Avangard OJSC
1.3. LLC “M.R. -Lakin Industrial Holding Company »
1.4. LLC "Textile company" GOF "
1.5. OJSC “Weaving factory“ Medtex ”
1.6. CJSC "Promcenter"
1.7. LLC "Enterprise of nonwoven materials"
1.8. Avangard OJSC
1.9. LLC "Children's clothing"
1.10. LLC NP Expertiza
1.11. OJSC "Sudar"
1.12. CJSC Vyaznikovskaya Sewing Factory
1.13. CJSC Sobinsky Sewing Factory
1.14. OJSC “Workshop Sewing Factory”
1.15. LLC "Vinatek"
1.16. LLC "Industrial company" HUA LUN "
1.17. LLC "Profession" "
1.18. LLC M.T.T.
1.19. Vladimir workshop of LLC "Children's clothing"
1.20. LLC Tadis
1.21. LLC "Kovrov haberdashery factory"

2. VORONEZH REGION

Textile– 4
Sewing - 1
2.1. CJSC Promtekstil
2.2. LLC Borisoglebskaya Sewing Factory
2.3. LLC PTO "Voronezh knitwear manufacture"
2.4. OJSC Borisoglebsky Knitwear
2.5. OJSC Borisoglebskaya Sewing Factory

3. BRYANSK REGION

There are 11 large and medium enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile– 5
Sewing - 6
3.1. LLC "Bryansk worsted combine"
3.2. LLC "Bryansk SRP VOG"
3.3. LLC “Novozybkovskaya sewing factory them. March 8"
3.4. LLC "Klintsovo PSA VOG"
3.5. Sfpost OJSC
3.6. Milana LLC Novozybkovsky branch
3.7. LLC Milana Klintsovsky
3.8. LLC Milana Unega
3.9. LLC “Sewing factory“ Spring ”
3.10. OJSC "Novozybkovskaya sewing and knitting factory"
3.11. Tonus OJSC

4. BELGOROD REGION

There are 5 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Sewing - 5
4.1. Belgorod Sewing Factory Rossiyanka OJSC
4.2. LLC Firm Vesnyanka
4.3. Municipal Unitary Enterprise “Gubkinsky Sewing Factory”
4.4. Enterprise PKU "IC No. 5 UFSIN"
4.5. Russian woman OJSC

5. IVANOVO REGION

In the region there are 40 large and medium enterprises, of which:
Textile - 36
Sewing - 4
5.1. LLC Ivanovo Textile Company
5.2. CJSC Nikitinsky PTF
5.3. Vyatka Textiles LLC
5.4. LLC “Ross-co - textile sewing”
5.5. LLC "Shuisk-Tedinsky factory"
5.6. OJSC "Furman Factory No. 2"
5.7. PTF No. 3 - OJSC "KhBK" Shuisky chintz "
5.8. LLC "Springs-textiles"
5.9. Closed Joint-Stock Company “PC Nordtex”, “Springs-textiles”
5.10. Closed Joint-Stock Company “PC“ Nordtex ”, branch“ Shagovets ”(Vichuga)
5.11. OJSC "KhBK" Shuisky chintz "
5.12. LLC "PC" Teykovsky HBC "
5.13. Factory Red October LLC
5.14. LLC "PP" Red October "
5.15. LLC Factory Zinovievskaya Manufactory
5.16. LLC PC "Red Talka"
5.17. LLC Shopping Mall Krasnaya Talka
5.18. LLC HBK Navteks
5.19. Volga Linen Combine LLC
5.20. LLC "Volga Finishing Factory"
5.21. Samoilovsky Textile LLC (Vichuga)
5.22. ZAO PC Nordtex Samoilovsky Textile
5.23. PF Vozrozhdenie LLC
5.24. Volga Linen Manufactory LLC
5.25. Shuyskaya Cloth Factory LLC
5.26. Sigma LLC
5.27. VOOI "Chernobyl" file №1
5.28. VOOI "Chernobyl" file № 2
5.29. LLC “Knitwear Factory“ Zarechye ”
5.30. LLC "Shuysky enterprise" Shetrik "
5.31. Motive LLC
5.32. LLC "Dylan-Textile"
5.33. OJSC "Furman Factory No. 2"
5.34. Himtex LLC
5.35. Vichugsky PPP of secondary raw materials
5.36. IRO LLCI Integration
5.37. Sewing Factory LLC
5.38. Aivengo OJSC

6. KALUGA REGION

In the region there are 3 enterprises, of which:
Textile - 2
Sewing - 1
6.1. Ermolino OJSC
6.2. Runo OJSC
6.3. OJSC “Sukhinichny sewing factory”

7. KOSTROMA REGION

There are 7 enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 6
Sewing - 1

7.1. LLC JV Khokhloma
7.2. BKLM –Aktiv LLC
7.3. LLC "Zdolma"
7.4. Branch of OJSC “Moscow Wool Factory”
7.5. Фл LLC Company Brightly
7.6. LLC "PPO" Orbit "
7.7. OP LLC PPO Orbit

8. KURSK REGION

Textile - 3
Sewing - 2
8.1. LLC “Concern“ Kursktricotazhprom ”LLC
8.2. OJSC Kursk factory of technical fabrics
8.3. Nipromtex LLC
8.4. LLC "Kursk SRP VOG"
8.5. LLC Tait

9. LIPETSK REGION

There are 5 enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 1
Sewing - 4
9.1. CJSC Firm Yelets Lace
9.2. LLC "Eletsky PSA VOG"
9.3. CJSC Chaplyginsky Sewing Factory
9.4. LLC "Sewing Factory Usman"
9.5. LLC "Special sewing"

10. MOSCOW REGION

In the region there are 43 large and medium enterprises, of which:
Textile - 23
Sewing - 20
10.1. LLC Krasnaya Polyana
10.2. OJSC "Egorievskaya Textile Manufactory"
10.3. LLC TIZ "Oretex"
10.4. Oretex Fabrics LLC
10.5. Pavlovo-Posad Shawl Manufactory OJSC
10.6. LLC Pehor Textile
10.7. OJSC "Pushkin Textile"
10.8. CJSC Textile Factory Kupavna
10.9. OJSC Pavlovo-Posad Sagittarius
10.10. CJSC "Schelkovo Silk Factory"
10.11. CJSC Rakhmanovsky Silk Plant
10.12. CJSC Advanced Textile Worker
10.13. LLC Pavlovo-Posadsky Silk
10.14. Khimvolokno OJSC
10.15. TTO Klinvolokno LLC
10.16. LLC "Dawn"
10.17. LLC Dokangameks
10.18. SEP “Luch” LLC
10.19. Giza LLC
10.20. LLC Sann
10.21. LLC "Spring"
10.22. LLC Mosshen
10.23. LLC Vitekskom
10.24. Orintex Plus LLC
10.25. Pingons LLC
10.26. The company "Nofta-Chem"
10.27. LLC "Bella"
10.28. LLC "Care"
10.29. Noginsk Sewing Factory OJSC
10.30. OJSC "Kanat"
10.31. NPO Energocontract
10.32. LLC Vitekskom
10.33. LLC Vikastor
10.34. LLC "Shaturskaya sewing factory"
10.35. LLC Raton
10.36. LLC "Metric"
10.37. LLC Agat
10.38. CJSC "Frant"
10.39. LLC "Agate"
10.40. OP LLC “AspaTex”
10.41. Lodos LLC
10.42. SPK CJSC
10.43. Spetsplast LLC

11. Oryol Oblast

In the region there are 2 enterprises, of which:
Textile - 1
Sewing - 1
11.1. Gamma OJSC
11.2. CJSC Khimtekstilmash

12. SMOLENSK REGION

There are 10 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 6
Sewing - 4
12.1. LLC "Dichevsky HBC"
12.2. Vyazemsky Exhibition Complex LLC
12.3. CJSC Smolensk Hosiery Factory
12.4. OJSC Roslavl Knitting Factory April
12.5. LLC "Elegant"
12.6. LLC Wild Orchid
12.7. Vyazemskaya Sewing Factory LLC
12.8. LLC Pochinkovskaya Sewing Factory
12.9. LLC "Elegant"
12.10. CJSC Safonovskaya Sewing Factory Orel

13. TAMBOV REGION

There are 5 large and medium-sized enterprises in the region, of which:
Textile - 4
Sewing - 1

13.1. CJSC KZNM
13.2. LLC "Tambov Knitwear"
13.3. CJSC Kotovsky Nonwovens Plant
13.4. CJSC "Youth"
13.5. LLC "Morshansk manufactory"

A complex industrial complex of predominantly manufacturing sectors and industries has formed on the territory of the Central Federal District, which has a fairly high level of interconnectedness.

The leading industries of the district: mechanical engineering and metalworking, chemical and petrochemical, light industry. The food industry, coal mining, electric power industry, metallurgy, woodworking, building materials industry, glass and earthenware were greatly developed in the okrug.

Engineering and metalworking. The machine-building complex of the Central Federal District has no equal in the country in terms of the number of employees and commercial products. Among the engineering industries, the leading place belongs to those of them that are most dependent on the availability of qualified personnel and use the powerful scientific and technical potential of the district. The machine-tool and tool industry of the Central Federal District produces 1/5 of metal-cutting machines and about 1/3 of metal-working tools in the CIS. The enterprises are concentrated in Moscow and the Moscow region, as well as in the Ryazan (Ryazan, Sasovo), Ivanovo (Ivanovo) and Kaluga (Sukhinichi) regions. The enterprises of the electrical industry are concentrated in the capital and in the region (Podolsk, Serpukhov), as well as in Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Vladimir, Kolchugin. Instrument engineering is most developed in Moscow and in the region, as well as in the Oryol, Yaroslavl and Smolensk regions.

The leading production association in the automotive industry of the Central Federal District is Moscow Automobile Plant named after I.A. Likhachev. The company specializes in the production of medium-tonnage trucks and small-series passenger cars of the highest class. ZIL branches are located in Moscow, Ryazan, Smolensk, Yaroslavl, Yartsev, Mtsensk and other cities. On the basis of ZIL vehicles in the Moscow region, the production of dump trucks (Mytishchi), buses (Likino-Dulyovo) was created. Moscow factory them. Lenin Komsomol is the parent enterprise of Moskvich Production Association, which has branches in the Ivanovo and Tver regions.

Central Federal District - the birthplace of domestic railway engineering. Production of diesel locomotives is concentrated in Kolomna, Bryansk, Kaluga, Lyudinov, Murom; cars - in Bryansk, Tver, Mytishchi. The district’s aviation industry is highly concentrated. Its enterprises are located in Moscow, Smolensk, Rybinsk (engine production). Shipbuilding is localized in the Volga-Oks interfluve — Yaroslavl, Rybinsk, Kostroma, Moscow, Gorokhovets.

Of fundamental importance are the expansion and reconstruction of numerous tractor enterprises in the Central Federal District (Vladimir) and agricultural (Lyubertsy, Ryazan, Tula, Bezhetsk) engineering. The Central Federal District has no equal in the production of equipment for the textile industry (Ivanovo, Shuya, Kolomna, Klimovsk, Orekhovo-Zuevo, Kostroma), sewing (Podolsk, Tula, Rzhev), chemical (Yaroslavl, Mytishchi, Kostroma), coal (Tula, Uzlovaya, Skopin, Yasnogorsk), energy (Podolsk, Semibratovo), building materials industry, woodworking, printing (Rybinsk), etc.

Chemical and petrochemical industry. In these industries, the district has significant fixed assets, a large scientific base and a large consumer. However, the development of the industry is hampered by a shortage of raw materials, water, energy, and the difficult environmental situation of the highly urbanized okrug.

The Central Federal District holds a leading position in the production of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers. The largest suppliers of complex fertilizers (including nitrogen fertilizers) are Novomoskovsk and Shchekinsk PO Azot (Tula region), Dorogobuzh factory (Smolensk region). Phosphoric fertilizers are produced by the Mineral Fertilizers Production Association in Voskresensk, using imported apatite concentrates. On the basis of local phosphorites in the Moscow and Bryansk regions, phosphorite flour is produced. The production of synthetic resins and plastics is concentrated in the Moscow and Tula regions, plastic products in Moscow, Moscow (Orekhovo-Zuevo, Zhilevo, Lyubuchany) and Smolensk (Safonovo) regions. The district occupies one of the leading places in the country in the production of chemical fibers (Klin, Serpukhov, Moscow Region; Ryazan, Tver, Shchekino and Shuya). Synthetic rubber is produced in Yaroslavl and Efremov on imported oil and gas raw materials. Yaroslavl and Moscow tire factories produce about 1/4 of the tire production, the production of rubber products is concentrated in these centers, and rubber footwear in Moscow. Synthetic dyes are available in the Ivanovo region, varnishes and paints - in the Yaroslavl and Moscow regions; here new industries are localized - chemical reagents and photochemical. Moscow, Moscow, Tula and Yaroslavl regions stand out for the development of the chemical and petrochemical industries in the Central Federal District.

Ferrous metallurgy. The second largest ferrous metallurgy base of the country is located on the territory of the Central Federal District: the first place in Russia in the extraction of iron ore, the second in the smelting of pig iron, steel and the production of rolled metal, and the third in the smelting of ferroalloys. Iron ore industry, the main production volumes of pig iron, steel and rolled products gravitate towards the southern part of the okrug (Belgorod, Kursk and Lipetsk regions). In the central and northern regions of the okrug, pre-metallurgy predominates, mainly the smelting of high-quality steels and the production of rolled products in the metallurgical shops of machine-building plants.

The largest enterprises in the industry: Lebedinsky and Stoilensky ore mining and processing enterprises, Yakovlevsky mine, Novolipetsk and Starooskolsky metallurgical plants, Tula metallurgical plants, Elektrostal plant near Moscow, Orlovsky steel rolling plant.

Fuel and energy complex. The fuel and energy complex of the Central Federal District only partially satisfies the needs of the district. Coal production in the Moscow Region basin is declining. In the extraction of peat, the Central Federal District holds a leading position in Russia. The largest peat enterprises with a capacity of 1-2 million tons of peat per year work here. Most of the production falls on the Moscow, Yaroslavl and Tver regions. But in the district’s fuel balance, the share of local fuels decreased to 10-15%. Most peat is not used for energy purposes, but for agricultural needs.

Currently, the Central Federal District is one of the leading in the country in the generation of electric and thermal energy. The basis of the fuel and energy complex consists of large state district power stations and thermal power plants with a capacity of more than 1 million kW each - Konakovskaya, Kostroma, Kashirskaya, Ryazan state district power stations, Moscow thermal power stations and others. Following the country's first nuclear power station - Obninskaya - large nuclear power plants were built: Smolenskaya, Tverskaya, Kursk. A powerful cascade of hydroelectric power stations was built on the Volga River. The needs of the CER for petroleum products are largely met by the Ryazan, Yaroslavl and Moscow refineries.

Agriculture. The Central Federal District is one of the leading agricultural districts of the country. Favorable climatic conditions contributed to the development of high-intensity agriculture. The federal district accounts for 43.1% of the gross harvest of flax fiber, 47.7% of the harvest of sugar beets, 33% of the gross harvest of potatoes, 17.2% of the gross harvest of grain, 15.2% of the harvest of sunflower seeds, 23.3% of the harvest of vegetables, 28.4% of milk production, 21% of meat production.

The main wheat crops are in the chernozem regions of the okrug - Oryol, Tula, Ryazan, Lipetsk, Belgorod, Voronezh and Tambov regions. The main part of cereal crops is also accounted for in the Central Black Earth Region. So, in the arid regions of the southeast, millet is grown, and in the western with a sufficient amount of incoming moisture - buckwheat.

Of industrial crops, the production of flax and sugar beets is of greatest importance. Flax growing is presented in the most humid areas of the non-chernozem zone of the okrug - Tver, Smolensk, Yaroslavl regions. Sugar beet crops occupy significant areas of arable, highly fertile black soil in the Kursk, Belgorod and Lipetsk regions. Sunflower crops are most common in drought-resistant areas of the Voronezh and Tambov regions. In the Voronezh and Kursk regions, hemp crops are common, and tobacco and shag are in the Tambov region. In the Voronezh and Belgorod regions, essential oil crops are also grown - anise and coriander. Horticulture has developed in the regions of the Central Black Earth Region, especially in the Lipetsk and Tambov regions. The federal district also specializes in the production of vegetable crops and potato growing.

Light industry. The light industry of the district is characterized by a high degree of concentration, primarily in the textile industry. The district’s light industry accounts for 1/3 of the industry’s production, which is explained by the presence of a powerful production base, large research institutes, qualified personnel, and wide consumer demand. District enterprises produce almost 80% of cotton fabrics in Russia, while at the enterprises of Ivanovo, Moscow, Vladimir regions - 4/5 of the total cotton fabric production in the district. The largest textile center of the country is Ivanovo.

Silk industry enterprises, accounting for 45% of silk fabrics, are located mainly in the capital and the region, as well as in the Ivanovo, Vladimir and Ryazan regions. The enterprises of the flax industry, which also produce 80% of the total volume of linen fabrics in the Russian Federation, are located in the places where raw materials — long flax — are growing (Vladimir, Kostroma, Ivanovo and Yaroslavl regions). The main center of the flax industry is Kostroma, but recently enterprises have appeared in the Smolensk region. The district produces 60% of the total output of woolen fabrics, but at the same time, 2/3 of the district’s fabrics are in the metropolitan area. Among other areas, Bryansk, Ivanovo and Tverskaya stand out. The district’s textile industry is especially characterized by wide interdistrict ties - 3/4 of all textile products, including more than 4/5 of cotton, are exported.

Food industry. Sugar and oil industry are concentrated in the southern part of the okrug (Belgorod, Kursk, Voronezh, Tambov and, to a lesser extent, Lipetsk regions), where they are confined to the main areas of cultivation of sugar beets and sunflowers. The Central Federal District is the main producer of beet sugar in Russia, and it takes the second place in the country after the Southern Federal District in terms of sown area, collection of sunflower seeds and production of vegetable oil. Dairy cattle breeding is the main branch of livestock specialization of the district, its share in the country's milk production exceeds a quarter. The dairy direction of cattle breeding increases as it moves from south to north, where there is a better supply of succulent feed. Potato and vegetable growing is developed everywhere. However, the density of their crops increases in suburban areas. The role in the production of potatoes and vegetables in the Moscow Region and the administrative regions of neighboring regions bordering on it is especially great. The district ranks first in Russia in terms of total potato harvesting, and in the production of vegetables it shares the first and second places with the Southern Federal District.

Transport complex. The Central Federal District has a developed transport system. There is a high density of railways and roads, significantly exceeding the average for Russia. From Moscow, 11 railways diverge in rays in different directions, which, branching on the periphery, form more than 25 exits. The transit role of the district located at the crossroads of the oil Volga region, the forest North, the industrial Urals and the bread South is great. Moscow, Oryol, Kursk, Belgorod, Yaroslavl, Bryansk, Smolensk became the major railway transportation hubs of the system. 15 motorways depart from Moscow in different directions. The creation of the Moscow multi-lane ring road with multi-level interchanges allows for transit traffic bypassing the city center. The high density of roads is distinguished by the Moscow, Tula, Ivanovo, Vladimir, Oryol, Ryazan, Voronezh, Belgorod regions. Almost 60% of paved roads have an improved track. Of great importance, especially in the transportation of bulky goods, are waterways. Moscow is not only a port. Three airports of the capital (Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo, Domodedovo) are considered the largest hubs of inter-district and international airlines. Pipeline transport, represented by a system of oil and gas pipelines, is also developed within the okrug.

Thus, we can say that the Central Federal District has a high industrial potential, is the capital region, the leader in terms of population, economic and social development, having a complex differentiated structure of the economy and a dense network of railways and highways.

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