By 162, a goldfish killer aircraft carriers. The fastest submarine. Power plant and driving performance

Crane K-162

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Jib Cranes Overview

Crane K-162

The K-162 crane (Fig. 32) with a lifting capacity of 16 t with an individual electric drive of mechanisms is mounted on the chassis of a KrAZ-257K (KrAZ-219) truck. The chassis is equipped with a torsion stabilizer and extendable outriggers installed manually. Slewing-slewing device ball double-row.

Fig. 32. Crane K-162, load capacity graphs (solid lines) and hook lifting heights (dashed lines) with boom lengths:
1 - 10.0 m On outriggers; 2 - 14.0 m on outriggers; 3 - 18.0 m on outriggers; 4 - 22.0 m on outriggers; 5 - 10.0 m without outriggers; 6 - 14.0 m without outriggers; 7 - 18.0 m without outriggers; 8 - 14.0 m with a jib on outriggers; 9 - 18.0 m with a jib on outriggers; 10 - 22.0 m with a jib on outriggers

Table 14
Technical characteristics of the K-162 crane with replaceable boom and tower-boom equipment

Basic boom equipment includes a rigid lattice boom. The set of interchangeable working equipment includes three modifications of hard elongated arrows, three modifications of elongated arrows with jibs and turret-boom equipment. Technical characteristics of cranes with the main and replaceable boom and tower-boom equipment are given in table. 3 and 14. The characteristics of the ropes are given in table. fifteen.

Table 15
Rope characteristic

The location of the controls in the driver's cab is shown in Fig. 33. The cabin is equipped with a sun visor, fan and electric furnace. The roof has a hinged glass. The cabin is detachable to ensure transportation by rail.

A distinctive feature of the kinematic scheme of the crane (Fig. 34) is the installation of auxiliary winch VI.

Fig. 33. The location of the controls in the cab driver Krap 16 K-162:
1 - controller of the engine control of the cargo winch of the main lift; 2 - controller for controlling the engine of an auxiliary hoist cargo winch; 3 - controller for controlling the engine of the rotation mechanism; 4 - button to turn on the boom winch; 5 - button of a sound signal; 6 - button “Stop”; 7 - button to enable shunt capacity limiter; 8 - “Start” button; 9 - panel of lighting switches; 10 - voltmeter; 11 - fan; 12 - engine monitoring devices; 13 - emergency stop button; 14 - frequency counter; 15 - ammeter; 16 - packet switch; 17 - universal switch; 18 - a screen wiper; 19 - index panel; 20 - relay block capacity limiter; 21 - button to enable lowering the boom; 22 - boom stop button

The drive of the crane is individual electric from a synchronous three-phase current generator ЕСС5-82-4М101 with a power of 37.5 kW and a nominal speed of 1500 rpm. The generator receives rotation from the chassis engine through the gearbox, driveshafts, chassis transfer case.
The characteristics of electric motors and brakes of crane mechanisms are given in table. 16.

The crane is equipped with hoist and boom lift limiters and an OGP-1 load limiter, an ASON hazardous voltage signaling device, departure and load indicators, and a pendulum roll gauge.

Fig. 34. Kinematic diagram of the crane K-162:
I - gearbox; II - transfer case; III - synchronous generator; IV - rotation mechanism; V-VII - boom, auxiliary and main cargo winches; VIII - ooro-rotary device

Table 16
Characteristics of electric motors and brakes

More than 50 years ago, the Soviet military submarine K-162 set a world record for speed under water - more than 80 kilometers per hour. Not a single torpedo in those days could keep up with this underwater missile carrier. Following him, the Soviet Union released into the World Ocean more than a dozen high-speed underwater "killer aircraft carriers." But now none of them are gone. Who and how torpedoed the domestic high-speed submarine fleet?

Exactly half a century ago, the submarine K-162 (later known also as K-222) was added to the lists of ships of the USSR Navy. The boat itself as such at that time was not there - it was only built on the slipways of the Sevmash. However, neither the military nor the domestic shipbuilders had the slightest doubt that the K-162 would be completed, put into operation, and commissioned in a few years.

This confidence, apparently, was based on the fact that the first nuclear submarine of Project 661 Anchar was to mark the appearance of the Soviet Union a completely new class of submarines designed for torpedo-missile attacks on enemy aircraft carrier formations.

Let me remind you that by the middle of the last century, the United States had finally developed a new military strategy, which provided for the creation of total domination of this country in the vastness of the World Ocean. The main tool for this was chosen to increase the power of naval offensive forces in the form of aircraft carrier strike groups (AUG). The USSR, which had not yet recovered from the war, had no money for the construction of aircraft carriers. And there was, in fact, no effective means of dealing with them in the open ocean. The range of torpedoes of Soviet submarines of that time did not exceed 3-4 km. And in order to produce a missile salvo at the American AUG, Soviet submarines would first have to surface, which deprived the attack on the AUG of any surprise. Therefore, the political and military leadership of the USSR set the task for Soviet designers and engineers to create a cruise missile that could destroy large surface ships from several underwater launches at a distance of several tens of kilometers, and the corresponding underwater carrier of these weapons.

Such a P-70 Amethyst missile system in OKB-52 under the leadership of Vladimir Chelomei was created in the late 60s of the last century. The low-flying anti-ship missile (RCC) with an underwater launch, of course, lost the RCC launched from the surface in range (up to 80 km) and in mass of the warhead. However, at that time it was a revolutionary step. Firstly, no one in the world has had such a rocket yet, and secondly, Soviet shipbuilders managed to create a unique ship for carrying and launching these missiles.

The P-70 carrier - the K-162 submarine, developed by TsKB-16 (now Malachite) under the leadership of Academician Nikolai Isanin, at that time was, in fact, the quintessence of Soviet military engineering shipbuilding. In the Soviet shipbuilding school, it somehow happened that the degree of technical novelty in creating the lead, and then serial project should not exceed 20-25% compared with the previous generation of boats. In the case of the experimental boat pr.661, the designers were expressly forbidden to use existing solutions. As a result, this boat was designed and built for more than 10 years - from the late 50s of the last century to December 31, 1969, when the acceptance certificate was signed and the ship went into operation. But what was that boat !!!

In the first Anchar, almost 400 completely new technical solutions were implemented. Especially for him, for example, a two-shaft nuclear power plant with a capacity of 40 thousand liters was developed. sec., on each shaft (this power was twice as high at that time as the capacity of any submarines in the world). This installation included two autonomous groups of equipment on the left and right sides and consisted of two reactors, two main turbo-gear units, two autonomous turbogenerators and auxiliary equipment. The nuclear fuel reserves in the reactors could provide more than four round-the-world voyages with a full underwater course without reloading the reactor core. The steam power installation was controlled by the operator remotely from the control station by setting the required mode with automatic output to power according to the set operating mode using an automated protection and control control system. The degree of automation and telemetry on the K-162 was generally an order of magnitude superior to that used at that time on Soviet and foreign nuclear submarines. The degree of comfort for the crew - too. K-162 was even radically different from the first-generation Soviet nuclear submarines - carriers of cruise missiles (Project 659, 675). If the former were narrow and long, with pointed noses, then the Anchara’s body resembled a whale with a large rounded nose.

However, the main difference between the K-162 and all the submarines of the world existing at that time was the material from which its durable hull - titanium was made. Unlike low-magnetic steels, from which hulls of all submarines of the world were built and are now being built, titanium alloy has higher strength, non-magnetic and corrosion resistance. True, at that time, not only in the USSR, but also in the world, there were no technologies for manufacturing large-sized titanium parts and welding them together with the necessary strength characteristics. Therefore, the entire Soviet titanium industry was radically transformed to build the first titanium submarine about 120 meters long. As a result, Zaporizhzhya and Bereznikovsky titanium-magnesium plants were able to produce large ingots weighing four to six tons for submarines, and Sevmash created the most advanced welding production of titanium alloys with argon gel protection.

The result of all these efforts was a nuclear submarine with 10 installations for the underwater launch of cruise missiles, which at state tests at the end of 1969, with a reactor power of 80% at a depth of 100 meters, developed a speed of 42 knots (77 km per hour). A year later, a new Soviet submarine officially set a world record for speed under water, having accelerated at the same depth to a speed of 44.7 knots (almost 83 km per hour). What did this mean for a potential adversary, Russian naval officers demonstrated in 1971, when the K-162 in the Atlantic Ocean "sat on the tail" of the strike aircraft carrier of the 6th US fleet "Saratoga", returning from the Mediterranean Sea to Miami, and pursued it for several hours , periodically overtaking an aircraft carrier that was running "at full speed" under water (its speed at that time was 30 knots).

Thus, thanks to the submarine of the Anchar project, the Soviet Union received a powerful means of struggle against submarines and aircraft carriers of a potential enemy. These boats could rapidly approach enemy ships, effectively attack them from under the water, and just as quickly leave from under the attack. “Anchar” at that time could not physically catch up not only the enemy’s ships, but also the torpedoes fired by it towards new Soviet submarines (the speed of torpedoes in the 70s of the last century did not exceed 25 knots in target search mode and 40 knots in approach mode with her).

However, submarines pr.661 Anchar did not go into the series. Having served for almost 20 years, in 1988 K-162 was withdrawn from the Navy and disposed of in the fall of 2010.

The most obvious reason why Anchar never went into production is the cost of the boat. The titanium hull of the submarine, according to the Director General of Malachite Vladimir Dorofeev, costs 5-6 more than the hull of low-magnetic steel. And even taking into account the enormous mobilization potential of the Soviet era, the economy of the USSR, obviously, could not pull the serial construction of the Anchar Project 661 submarine. According to some reports, the cost of the first boat could be up to 1% of the annual GDP of the Soviet Union in the period of the 60s of the last century. The second circumstance that influenced the fate of the Anchar project was the acoustic visibility of the boat. On the one hand, the titanium hull made this boat almost invisible to enemy sonars. But only up to a speed of 35 knots. When the boat accelerated above this speed, there was a strong external hydrodynamic noise created by a turbulent flow around the submarine hull. Moreover, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe central post of the boat, this noise reached the level of 100 decibels. This is equivalent to the noise of a meter carriage passing a few meters from you, or the nearby rumble of thunder. Moreover, no one in the world knew about it - this fact was discovered just during the operation of the K-162. And still nobody really knows what to do with it. Therefore, the speed of all large and Russian and American submarines of the third or fourth generation, built in the last half decade, according to open sources, does not exceed 35 knots.

As a result, the Anchar project has transformed in two directions. Even during the construction of K-162 in Severodvinsk, in Nizhny Novgorod, at the Krasnoye Sormovo shipyard under the design of the Lazurit Design Bureau for the launch of new Amethyst cruise missiles, they began to build nuclear-powered project 670 Skat boats. Due to the steel hull, they were relatively cheap, had a smaller displacement than Anchar (3,580 tons of surface displacement versus 5,197 tons), went under water at a speed of 25 knots, but they completely coped with their task of guarding enemy aircraft carriers. In the 60-70s of the last century, a total of 17 such boats were built, each of which had 8 P-70 launchers. All Skates were destroyed from 1991 to 1994.

Anchar passed the baton in speed to the nuclear submarines Lira. They also had titanium hulls, and these small (surface displacement of 2,300 tons) boats could reach speeds of up to 41 knots. There were no missiles on them - only torpedoes, since the boats of this series were intended to search and destroy enemy submarines. At the same time, the boats turned out to be extremely nimble - to accelerate to full speed they needed no more than 1 minute, and in 42 seconds the boat could turn 180 degrees. According to open sources, from 1971 to 1981 in Leningrad and on Sevmash 7 such boats were built. All of them were withdrawn from the fleet in the early 90s of the last century. So, in fact, the history of Soviet high-speed submarines with titanium hulls ended. Next, the designers took the path of applying other technical solutions to increase the speed of submarines to 35 knots. At the same time, several submarines with titanium hulls built during the Soviet era are still part of the Russian Navy - two Project 945 Barracuda boats (one of which is being modernized), two Project 945A Condor boats, and, presumably , one boat pr.941 “Shark” (its durable hull is also made of titanium alloys). But that's another story.

The history of the unique "Golden Fish" began in December 1959 with the decree of the party and government "On the creation of a high-speed submarine, new types of power plants and research and development for submarines."

In Severodvinsk, for the first time, a giant combat submarine weighing 5,200 tons was created. It was a colossal work, held in conditions of special secrecy. As a result, the submarine, which received tactical number K-162, was launched only on December 21, 1968, and on December 13, 1969 she went to factory sea trials. An interesting historical fact is interesting: in 1971, in the White Sea, on a measured mile, the nuclear submarine updated its speed record to 44.7 knots, which until now is an absolute record for speed in underwater position.

K-162 was in service of the Northern Fleet until 1988, after which it was put into reserve, and subsequently transferred for disposal to the enterprise’s berth, from the slipways of which it was lowered back in December 1968. On July 23, 2009, the civilian crew of PO Sevmash handed over the legendary nuclear submarine in compliance with the Naval traditions to the crew of the Zvyozdochka CS for subsequent disposal.

At the same time, the prolonged submarine afloat without repair negatively affected its technical condition. During the period of sludge, practically no operational regular systems remained, ensuring its unsinkability and fire and explosion safety. The nuclear submarine’s buoyancy systems degraded over time, which could lead to unauthorized flooding of the nuclear submarine, in which, as a result of chemical processes caused by titanium activity, intensive destruction of equipment and pipelines, including a steam generating installation made of steel and copper, will occur in turn, it could destroy structural barriers and spread radioactivity.

Being in unsatisfactory technical condition in the water area of \u200b\u200bSeverodvinsk and in close proximity to a city with a population of about 250 thousand people, the nuclear submarine was a potential source of nuclear and radiation hazard of environmental pollution, which caused concern among the population of the region.

Taking into account the technical condition of the nuclear submarine, in 2010 at the expense of the federal budget, under the State contract between the State Atomic Energy Corporation Rosatom and the Zvyozdochka Shiprepair Center, the company's specialists performed the disposal of the fore and aft ends of the ship, the formation of a three-compartment reactor compartment for its further safe storage afloat. And again, the uniqueness of the submarines played a cruel joke with the shipbuilders. Due to the “golden” cost of SNF unloading, due to the notorious uniqueness of both the power plant and the set of handling equipment for it. The company and Rosatom simply did not have time to find sources of financing for SNF unloading. Given these circumstances, the dismantlement of the nuclear submarines had to be carried out with nuclear fuel unloaded from the reactors.

SNF unloading from Project 661 nuclear submarines is also unique in its own way. The reactor is unique; the set of handling equipment is unique; they were created in a single copy, intended exclusively for the "Golden Fish".

The service life of reloading equipment expired more than 15 years ago. After the reloading of the reactors in the 1979-80s, the long-term storage of loading equipment and rigging was not properly organized. As a result, part of the equipment and accessories became unusable, and some were irretrievably lost. The surviving part of the equipment and equipment was delivered to the territory of TsS Zvyozdochka OJSC, requiring repair and manufacturing of the missing equipment with its testing at test benches.

The restoration of the operability of equipment and equipment, the development of a set of design and technological documentation, the unloading of SNF and the dismantlement of nuclear submarines required large allocations, which were not possible to plan in the Russian budget for the foreseeable future.

Nevertheless, thanks to the efforts of the State Corporation Rosatom and JSC Federal Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety, it was possible to agree to include the project for unloading spent nuclear fuel from Papa class nuclear submarines in the list of projects of the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership Support Fund established under the auspices of the European Bank Reconstruction and Development.

In May 2012, the Federal Center for Nuclear and Radiation Safety Joint Stock Company, in the framework of the Framework Agreement on the Multilateral Nuclear and Environmental Program in the Russian Federation and with funds from the Northern Dimension Environmental Partnership Support Fund, announced a two-stage competition for the right to conclude a Contract Agreement for the work, designated as "Unloading of spent nuclear fuel (SNF) from the reactors of a nuclear submarine of the" Papa "class. No. 501. "

At the stage of preparing the tender application for participation in the competition, the company invited scientific and design organizations located throughout the country to participate in the project. The following is a list of these organizations:

Joint Stock Company “Scientific Research Institute of Power Engineering named after Dollezhalya ”- technical designer of Papa class nuclear submarines;
Joint Stock Company “Experimental Design Bureau of Mechanical Engineering named after I.I. Afrikantova ”, a leading organization for the design, operation of nuclear reactors and having a licensed training center for the training of specialists;
ANO "Aspect-Conversion" - the organizer and coordinator of the development of sets of design, organizational and technological documentation;
Joint-stock company "East European Head Research and Design Institute of Energy Technologies" - a developer of technological documentation (transport and technological schemes, technological regulations, technical safety justifications, certificates of permission for SNF transportation, for handling SNF of utilized nuclear submarines using protective containers TK -18, TUK-108/1);
Joint-stock company “Scientific-research design and technological bureau“ Onega ”- a designer of technological equipment and a developer of the technological process of SNF unloading;
Joint Stock Company “Center for Shipbuilding and Ship Repair Technology” - a designer of the coastal SNF unloading complex;
Federal State Unitary Enterprise "Krylov State Scientific Center". Issuing a conclusion on the readiness of the enterprise, the three-compartment unit with nuclear power plants, the coastal complex, and the personnel of Zvyozdochka TsS OJSC for SNF unloading.

Based on the results of the tender, the Company received a Notice of acceptance of the proposal by the Customer (FCNRS JSC) and a draft of the Contract, which was signed by TS Zvyozdochka on May 22, 2013.

The main stages of work under this contract are:

Placing the reactor compartment unit in a floating dock. For the first time in the entire existence of the Coastal SNF Unloading Complex “TS Zvyozdochka”, fuel will be unloaded from a ship located on a “solid” foundation (see Figure 4);
Refinement of equipment for SNF unloading, including interagency tests;
Development of documentation for preparation for unloading and unloading of spent nuclear fuel;
Infrastructure preparation;
SNF unloading;
RW management and preparation of 3 reactor units for storage afloat.

At the end of the project, at the expense of the Russian Federation, the reactor compartment of the decommissioned nuclear submarine head, prepared for long-term storage, No. 501 with the unloaded reactors will be delivered to the place of its last refuge - a long-term storage facility for the RO units in Side-Guba, Murmansk Region.

The above work should be carried out in full compliance with the requirements of Russian law, regulatory documents, international and state standards.

Before starting work, the enterprise could encounter a number of problems and risks that are caused by the uniqueness of the reactors, the unknown actual state of the SNF due to the long presence of SNF in the reactors. In addition, the nuclear submarines 501 and reloading equipment are non-serial products, as a result of which abnormal situations can arise during both equipment testing and SNF unloading, which will require additional resources for the completion and repair of equipment and (or) changes to the documentation. These circumstances could cause an increase in the time of SNF unloading.

At the same time, thanks to the high-quality elaboration of the project at the preparatory stage, as well as the clear coordination of the work of subcontractors, the development and approval of documentation, the enterprise successfully passed interdepartmental tests of a set of refueling equipment and in September 2014 began to unload SNF from the first reactor, and in December TsS Zvyozdochka OJSC left the first special train, in the wagons of which spent nuclear fuel was located in transport containers.

On March 18, 2015, the last spent nuclear fuel cartridge was removed from its regular place, thereby putting an end to the most dangerous stage of the project.

Of course, it is still too early to talk about the full completion of the project, but now we can draw up intermediate results, the most important of which is the completion of SNF unloading. To a large extent, it is the implementation of this unprecedented stage of the project that removes the existing nuclear and radiation threats to the population and the environment of the city of Severodvinsk and the Arkhangelsk region and other neighboring regions, as well as the basins of the White and Barents Seas.

Already in May of this year, the second batch of transport containers with spent nuclear fuel will be transferred to the Mayak Production Association. Radioactive waste will be processed and stored for safe storage, and a reactor unit with SNF unloaded will be prepared for towing to a long-term storage facility for three-compartment units in the Murmansk Region. It is planned to carry out the operation of towing the reactor unit directly into the navigation of the current year.

Thus, in close cooperation with the leading design organizations of the country, with the support of the coordinator of the disposal of the State Corporation Rosatom and financial support from the Customer for the work in the person of FCNRS, the company fulfilled its role in improving the environmental situation in the North-West region, the fate of the legendary nuclear submarine and the elimination of the threats emanating from it.

The authors

Evgeny Baranov, head of the design team for the decommissioning of the PAPA class nuclear submarines of Zvezdochka CS
Sheptukhin Maksim Nikolaevich, Head of International Projects, OJSC TsS Zvezdochka

K-222

Historical data

Total information

Power plant

Armament

K-222 (K-162) - the second-generation nuclear submarine (nuclear submarine) of the USSR, on the account of which the absolute speed record in the underwater position was 44.85 knots (83.06 km / h). The only boat built under Project 661 Anchar armed with the first Amethyst submarine launch cruise missiles. For its unique qualities and high cost, it received the nickname among the sailors "Goldfish".

General information

The first nuclear submarine of the USSR of the second generation, the only boat of Project 661 Anchar. According to codification, NATO was named Papa (Russian. "Dad"). This name was chosen by chance, but the Project 661 submarine became a kind of progenitor of modern nuclear submarines. K-222 - the first submarine built of titanium, which in the 60s cost fabulous money, which is why the cost of the boat was colossal and amounted to 2 billion rubles at the rate of 1968, for which it received the nickname "Golden Fish" .

The submarine was the quintessence of all the advanced technologies of that time: automation, telemetry, hydrodynamics. Unlike its predecessors, who had a pointed nose, the boat looked like a giant torpedo. It was with K-222 that the familiar “cetacean” form of modern nuclear submarines began.

Prerequisites for the creation

The creation of this submarine was the USSR’s response to the new US military doctrine, in which the main offensive power of the army was transferred to the fleet, where the main combat unit was an aircraft carrier strike group. The USSR could not build its aircraft carriers because of the high cost and laboriousness of production, so it was decided to bet on the submarine fleet.

A significant drawback of submarines in the late 50s and early 60s was that in order to launch missiles on enemy ships, the boat needed to surface, thereby unmasking itself and depriving the element of surprise of the attack. To solve this problem, Academician Vladimir Chelomey developed the P-70 Amethyst underwater launch rocket. However, for the possibility of launching a rocket from an underwater position, it was necessary to sacrifice its flight range, which amounted to 80 km. The design bureau was given the task of creating a new boat with high speed characteristics, which could in a short time get closer to the aircraft carrier group for launching missiles and quickly get away from the retaliatory strike.

Design

The design of the submarine began in December 1959 at TsKB-16 under the leadership of Nikolai Isanin. Later he was replaced by N. Shulzhenko. By order of the CPSU Central Committee, when designing a new submarine, it was forbidden to use previously used technologies, devices, and engineering solutions. On the one hand, this made it possible to get a boat with unique opportunities at that time, but, in turn, it took time to develop new technologies, which led to an increase in the design time of a new submarine. The designers of the submarine turned to a new science for that time - ergonomics: on-land assembled life-size control post layouts.

For the construction of K-222, titanium was first used. In the 60s in the USSR there were not enough capacities to produce the necessary amount of titanium metal, and there were no methods for processing it, so the construction of the boat was very delayed. Many industrial technologies were used for the first time, which often led to tragedies. For example, during welding of two titanium parts in an argon atmosphere, several welders suffocated by inexperience.

Construction and testing

In 1961, the submarine project was approved, after which they began to produce working drawings;
On May 3, 1962, she was enlisted in the lists of ships of the USSR Navy as K-18 KPL;
In December 1963, in the workshop No. 42 at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise in Severodvinsk, an experimental cruiser submarine of project 661 was laid down;
In 1965, on January 27, she was re-enlisted in the lists of the Navy ships as KPL-162;
In 1965, a crew was formed in the fall;
In 1968, on December 21, it was launched and enlisted in the 339th separate brigade of BelVMB submarines under construction and under repair;
In 1969, on December 13 at 2:30 a.m. the boat went on sea trials, during which at a reactor power of 80% a speed of 42 knots was reached in an underwater position. During these tests, an interesting feature was discovered: at a boat speed of over 35 knots a strong hum appeared up to 100 decibels, comparable to the roar of a jet plane. As it was later established, a rumble appeared due to the turbulent nature of the flow around the boat. According to the recollections of eyewitnesses, when the boat returned to the berth, all the paint flew off, the front door of the wheelhouse was torn off, three hatches in the superstructure were torn off, and even the welds on the hull were smoothed out.
In December 1969, an acceptance certificate was signed on December 31;
In 1970, on January 9, the boat officially became part of the Red Banner Northern Fleet.

Design description

The durable case made of titanium alloy was divided into nine compartments: the 1st (upper) and 2nd (lower) compartments, having a cross-section in the shape of a figure eight, formed by two intersecting circles with a diameter of 5.9 m each (torpedo tubes were placed in them with spare ammunition and quick loading device); 3rd — living quarters, a catering unit, a wardroom, batteries; 4th — CPU, power management post, residential block; 5th — reactor; 6th - turbine; 7th - turbogenerator; 8th - auxiliary machinery compartment (refrigerators, compressor machines, desalination plant); 9th - steering gears and hold post.

Housing

The nasal outboard arrangement of missile shafts for underwater launch in combination with torpedo tubes predetermined a completely new form of the nasal extremity - a spherical instead of the usual pointed nose. This logically led to a teardrop-shaped hull to the stern. The aft end of the boat was bifurcated in the form of two axisymmetric conical shaft fairings with a distance between them of the order of 5 m (in everyday life, this solution was called “pants”). Hydrodynamic optimization of the shape of the aft end was achieved due to its elongation with small angles of descent of the waterline in the diametrical plane and the use of elongated propeller shafts with fairings that allow the installation of propellers of optimal diameter for a given speed.

Power plant and driving performance

The main power plant of the boat was two nuclear-water-type thermal neutron reactors with a capacity of 2 × 177.4 MW. The reactors consisted of a V-5P steam generating unit with a steam capacity of 250 tons of steam per hour and a GTZA-618 turbo gear unit. Additionally, the boat had 2 autonomous three-phase alternating current turbine generators OK-3 with a capacity of 3000 kW each.

Crew and habitability

According to the team, excellent conditions were created inside the boat: the wardroom shining with cleanliness, a relaxation room, a shower room, a sauna, and titanium toilets. The chief designer of the hull, N. I. Antonov, was very proud that the conditions for the crew were created on the submarine no worse than on a surface ship. The submarine was controlled by new automation and telemetry systems. At observation sites hazardous to human health, sailors were replaced by cameras.

Armament

Amethyst rocket movement to the target

The main armament of K-222 was 10 anti-ship missiles of the P-70 Amethyst submarine launch. Inclined launchers (PU) were located side by side in the bow of the submarine, 5 pieces each between the strong and light hull of the submarine. P-70 was first in the world with a cruise missile with an underwater launch, which made it possible to hit enemy surface ships within a radius of 80 km. The warhead could be either a high-explosive cumulative (1000 kg mass) or nuclear (200 kg). It was the possibility of an underwater launch that allowed us to consider the K-222 and submarines of Project 670 Skat as the first anti-aircraft submarines.

Additional armament was 4 bow torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, arranged according to the 2 × 2 scheme with an ammunition load of 12 torpedoes. The standard load is eight anti-ship (53-65) or anti-submarine (SET-65) torpedoes in conventional gear and four anti-ship torpedoes with a nuclear charge (T-5 / 53-58).

Communication, detection, auxiliary equipment

On board the ship was the Sigma-661 all-breadth navigation complex, which provided underwater and under-ice navigation. Automatic control of the ship was carried out by means of the Shpat course and depth control system, the Tourmaline system for preventing emergency trims and failures, and the Signal-661 control system for general ship devices and outboard openings. The MGK-300 Rubin sonar system provided detection of noisy targets while simultaneously automatically tracking two of them with data output to missile and torpedo weapon control systems. The circular detection of enemy HAS signals operating in the active mode was provided, as well as their identification with the determination of the bearing and distance. To detect anchor mines, the ship had GAS Radian-1. To monitor the air and surface conditions, the submarine was equipped with a PZNS-9 anti-aircraft aperture aperture with an optical coordinate calculator. The lifting device made it possible to raise the periscope from a depth of up to 30 m at a speed of up to 10 knots and excitement up to 5 points. There were radar RLK-101 and MTP-10, as well as a system for determining nationality "Nichrome". For two-way ultra-fast classified radio communications with coastal command posts, other ships and aircraft interacting with a submarine, there was modern (by the standards of the 1960s) radio communications equipment. The ship was equipped with a radio reconnaissance system, providing search, detection and direction finding of operating enemy radio stations.

Service History

In 1970, on December 14, the boat arrived at a permanent base in West Litsa. By that time, during the trial operation, the boat had already covered about 40,000 miles, of which about 30,000 were under water.
In 1970, on December 18, the boat went to the test, during which a new speed record was set under water. With blocked emergency protection of the turbines and reactor power of 97%, a speed of 44.7 knots (82.88 km / h) was reached at a depth of 100 m. During the tests, the chief designer Shulzhenko was present on the boat, and the manufacturer engineer was on duty at the turbine control station turbines of the Kirov plant Alexander Skvortsov.
In 1970, on December 29, the submarine was credited to the 11th DIPL of the 1st FlPL of the KSF based in Western Litsa.
In 1971, in March, the team was tasked with reaching the Motovskaya measuring line and recording the speed of the boat at maximum power, not only by its instruments, but also by observing hydrographic vessels. Unfortunately, due to the storm, ships could not go to sea. Nevertheless, the elder on board - chairman of the trial operation commission E. Bouillon allowed to develop the course at 100% of the reactor power. 2 tacks were made, the speed reached 44.85 knots (83.06 km / h), and on the third tack they could not cope with the control of the turbines. The senior on board decided to end the risky driving mode. Thus, in official documents the world record for scuba diving speed remained - 44.7 knots.

In 1971, a long voyage was made in autumn with complete autonomy across the Atlantic Ocean. During this campaign, the famous curiosity happened with the 6th American strike aircraft carrier group. K-222 began to pursue the US aircraft carrier "Saratoga" ( USS Saratoga CV-60) An attempt by an aircraft carrier to evade pursuit at full speed (30 knots) has failed. Moreover, the submarine demonstratively went ahead of the aircraft carrier and its escort group, thereby demonstrating its driving performance.
In 1972 to 1975, it was undergoing average repairs in Severodvinsk.
In 1974, at sea trials, she again showed a speed of about 45 knots.
In 1975, in January, she returned to the place of permanent basing in West Face. After entering the base point, a leak was discovered in the tightness of one of the fuel elements. Within three days, decontamination activities were carried out.
In April 1975, she took part in the Ocean 75 exercise.
On July 25, 1977, it was reclassified to a large submarine.
On January 15, 1978, a new tactical number was assigned. K-222.
On November 30, in 1980, while being under repair in Severodvinsk, due to an error in the installation of the reactor control and protection system, there was a sharp increase in temperature and pressure in the reactor and primary circuit system with depressurization of the latter, the personnel were not injured. Due to the impossibility of replacing the circuit seriously, the question arose of the impossibility of further operation of the submarine, but the gap in the circuit was eliminated.
In 1984, the 327th crew of the Project 661 submarine was disbanded. In the same year, in June, the 9th EscPL KSF based on the Ara Bay (Vidyaevo) was assigned to the 50th DIPL, and was decommissioned in December.

In 1988, she was joked in the city of Severodvinsk. Transferred to the 339th BrSRL BelVMB.
On March 14, 1989, she was expelled from the Navy.
In November 1999, the flag of the Navy was lowered. The ship was handed over to the civil crew of the Sevmash enterprise.
On June 23, 2008, it was transferred from FSUE PO Sevmash to FSUE MP Zvyozdochka for further disposal.
In 2015, in March, the disposal of the only Project 661 submarine was officially completed.

Commanders

All submarine commanders were part of military unit 81251.

A photo	Commander	Life time
	Captain 1st Rank Yu.F. Golubkov	1965-1975
	1st Rank Captain V.S. Lishchinsky	1975-1985
	Captain 1st Rank V.P. Filatov	1985-1989

In 2008, the Sevmash enterprise began dismantling the K-222 nuclear submarine. At first glance, this was an ordinary event. Submarines, like any other equipment, work out their resources and are written off. Not all submarines manage to become a museum, most are cut "on needles." The boat K-222, previously wore the number K-162, could not become a monument to itself and went for scrapping. So the fate of the record-breaking submarine ended sadly, giving its country not only several achievements, but also a number of useful technologies.

K-162 began in 1959, when the USSR Council of Ministers issued a decree "On the creation of a new high-speed submarine with a new type of power plant and the development of research, development and design work for submarines." Before TsKB-16 (now SPMBM "Malachite") a very difficult task was set. It was necessary to create a submarine, the characteristics of which would exceed the data of previous submarines, as well as to solve a number of technical issues. The main tasks facing the designers looked as follows. To provide the possibility of rocket firing from underwater position, as well as to achieve the highest possible speed of underwater movement. It is noteworthy that in the terms of reference for the new project there was an unspoken ban on the use of available materials, equipment and weapons. In other words, the customer in the person of the Ministry of Defense and the Council of Ministers wanted to see a completely new design made using new technologies.

N.N. was appointed the chief designer of the project, which received the index 661 and the name "Anchar". Isanin. From the fleet, the project was supervised by captain 2nd rank Yu.G. Ilyinsky. The work on creating a new high-speed boat was very, very difficult. Almost four hundred organizations took a particular part in the project: shipbuilders, metallurgists, electronic engineers, etc. Together in 1960, a pre-draft version of project 661 was prepared. It is noteworthy that during the preliminary work, almost two dozen main and auxiliary versions of the project were worked out. At this stage of development, all the nuances of construction and equipment were actively discussed. For example, new Amethyst cruise missiles, old surface-launched missiles, or modified torpedoes with increased range were offered as the main weapons for the new submarine. In addition, steel, aluminum or titanium could become the main material of the structure. As a result of the analysis of the possibilities and prospects of each option, it was decided to make a new boat out of titanium and equip it with Amethyst cruise missiles with the possibility of an underwater launch.

Soon after the end of the pre-sketch design, the preparation of a full-fledged “white” project began. In 1961, it was approved, and after about a year, the construction of the head submarine began at the Northern Machine-Building Enterprise. It is worth noting that the official laying of the K-162 nuclear submarine took place only at the end of 1963. The fact is that during the assembly work of the first structural elements, some technical flaws appeared. It took them extra time to fix them. And after solving these problems, the construction of a new submarine took a long time and with great difficulties. First of all, the delay in terms was affected by the lack of titanium, which was needed not only for the new submarine, but also for the construction of some aircraft and missiles. As a result, the K-162 boat was launched only in December 1968.

Project 661 implied the creation of a two-hull submarine with widespread use in the design of titanium parts. The light hull of the boat had a round cross-section, but its stern was made according to the “bifurcated feed” scheme. Two fairings carried the shafts of two propellers, spaced five meters apart. Such a scheme was unofficially called "pants" and was later used in several submarine projects. A strong, original design was placed inside the lightweight body. In the bow of the submarine, it consisted of two partially overlapping horizontal cylinders (the cross section of this design resembles the number 8). Each of them had a diameter of five and a half meters, but due to overlapping sections, the height of the entire structure was nine meters, which was similar to the diameter of the cylindrical middle and aft parts of a strong hull. Interestingly, the “pipes” of the bow of a sturdy case were considered separate compartments. In the upper cylinder - the first compartment of the boat - placed torpedo tubes of 533 mm caliber, stock of torpedoes, loading devices, etc. In addition, the missile control post was located in the first compartment. The second compartment contained part of the batteries and sonar equipment. In the third compartment (located immediately after the "eight-shaped" part of the durable building) there were living quarters and other batteries. The fourth compartment was intended for the central post, power plant control post and several auxiliary rooms. The fifth compartment was reserved for the reactor, the sixth for turbines, the seventh for turbogenerators and switchboards, and the eighth had compressors, accessories, etc. Finally, in the stern, in the ninth compartment, rudder drives were mounted. Horizontal bow rudders were placed in front of the boat and, if necessary, retracted under the light hull.

When developing the reactor for project 661, two options were considered: water-water and with a metal coolant (an alloy of lead and bismuth). As a result of comparing the complexity of designs and prospects, the first option was chosen. With less efficiency, such a reactor could be made within a few months and did not require additional time and money. As a result, the boat received two reactors with their own steam generating units (V-5P, 250 tons of steam per hour), GTZA-618 turbo-gear units and alternating current turbo-generators (380 volts, 50 hertz) OK-3 with a capacity of 3,000 kilowatts each. Despite the use of the already mastered water-water scheme, several original technical solutions were applied in the design of the reactors of the Project 661 boat, which increased work efficiency. Finally, a rather bold decision was to exclude redundant diesel generators from the power equipment. In case of problems with the main power plant, the submarine was equipped with two groups of silver-zinc batteries with 152 cells each.

The new high-speed submarine project involved the use of the latest electronic systems. Thus, it was planned to carry out navigation in the surface and underwater positions using the Sigma-661 wide-latitude system, automatic control in course and depth was assigned to the Shpat complex, and general ship systems and devices were controlled using the Signal-661 system. The “ears” of the new submarine was the MGK-300 Rubin sonar system. He could simultaneously accompany two targets and at the same time issue data on them to the arms control system. Mine detection was carried out by the Radian-1 system. For visual observation of the surrounding environment, the project 661 submarine was planned to be equipped with a PZNS-9 periscope with an integrated coordinate calculator. Finally, two radar stations and the Nichrome nationality determination system were included in the boat’s equipment.

Four 533-mm torpedo tubes with auxiliary equipment and ammunition in 12 torpedoes were placed in the first compartment of the Project 661 boats. The control of torpedo fire was entrusted to the Ladoga-P-661 complex, and the design of the devices made it possible to attack targets from a depth of 200 meters. The main armament of Project 661 boats was to be the P-70 Amethyst anti-ship cruise missiles developed at OKB-152 under the leadership of V.N. Chelomea. In the bow of the boat, on the sides of the "eight" of the first two compartments, were ten containers with missiles, five on board. The missiles were intended to be launched from an underwater position. For this, the boat had to go to a depth of 30 meters and fill the container with water. At the command of the crew of the submarine, the rocket left the container with the help of a starting engine, and after lifting into the air, a solid propellant march was launched. All missiles could be fired in two salvos with a break of several seconds. Despite the difficulties with development and testing, the Amethyst rocket became the world's first anti-ship missile with an underwater launch. It is noteworthy that the missile containers were not located vertically, but at an angle of 32.5 ° to the main plane of the submarine. The fact is that with a vertical launch, the missile control system would have to be complicated to bring it to a horizontal low-altitude trajectory. With an inclined launch, this task was much simpler, which influenced the placement of missile containers.

The complexity of the development and construction of a new boat, the design of which was dominated by titanium parts, led to a rather high cost of the project. Because of this, even before the end of the assembly, the K-162 submarine was nicknamed the "Golden Fish", hinting at the cost of metal raw materials. However, at the end of 1968 the submarine was launched, and a little later its tests began. In 1969, during testing, the K-162 was able to achieve an underwater speed of 42 knots (about 78 km / h). At the same time, the power plant worked only at 80% of full power. Thus, the calculated maximum speed indicator specified by the initial terms of reference was exceeded by four nodes.

On December 18, 1970, the submarine that entered service with the USSR Navy set a world speed record, which has not yet been broken. With manual control of the turbo gear unit and reactor protection, it was possible to bring the power plant to 97% of maximum power. At a depth of 100 meters, this allowed the boat to accelerate to 44.7 knots (82.8 km / h). Before and after K-162, not a single submarine in the world went at that speed. When accelerating to high speeds, several interesting phenomena were observed. For example, upon reaching a threshold of 35-36 knots, hydrodynamic noise appeared from the turbulence of the oncoming stream flowing around the boat. This unexpected phenomenon could unmask the submarine while performing a combat mission, but it was considered sufficient payment for high speed. In addition, in some cases, the submarine could escape from pursuit by enemy ships.

Soon after the secret record was set, the crew of the K-162 got an opportunity to test the speed potential in practice. In the fall of 1971, during the campaign of K-162 into the Atlantic Ocean, the paths of the Soviet submarine and the American aircraft carrier Saratoga crossed. As a result of this, an entry appeared in the logbook of the American ship stating that for several hours he tried to break away from an unknown submarine, but could not do it even at full speed, at a speed of 30 knots. The submarine, in turn, maneuvered around the aircraft carrier, but did not lag behind. Commander K-162 Captain 1st Rank Yu.F. Golubkov after this incident noted that the characteristics of the boat made it possible to choose the most convenient position for attacking enemy ships.

The service of the K-162 submarine, with interruptions for repairs, continued until 1984, when it was put on joke. In 1978, the boat was renamed K-222, under this number she ended her service. In March 1989, the "Golden Fish" was expelled from the combat staff of the Navy, and ten years later the flag was lowered. Then, for several years, K-222 stood at the pier in anticipation of disposal, which began in 2008.

Unfortunately, the submarine K-162 or K-222 remained the only ship of Project 661. At the same time, with high driving characteristics, it turned out to be too expensive for mass production. The durable titanium case, with all its advantages, was very difficult to manufacture. In addition, by the end of the eighties the main armament of the boat, the P-70 Amethyst missiles, was outdated. It is also worth noting that by the same time, the potential enemy had new sonar systems capable of guaranteed detection of K-162 at sufficiently large distances. The high noise of the boat at high speeds only exacerbated this situation. In light of the development of anti-submarine aviation, the high-speed submarine simply had no chance. Therefore, the "Golden Fish" was left alone, and then written off.

Nevertheless, the experience gained in the design and construction of K-162 was not in vain. Developments on titanium structures were actively used in several further projects, and weapons in the form of P-70 missiles were used on submarines of project 670 Skat.

According to the materials of sites:
http://deepstorm.ru/
http://atrinaflot.narod.ru/
http://vmfrussia.ru/
http://flot.com/
http://vpk.name/

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