Warbler bird description of the article. Willow warbler is a vociferous bird. Is it a migratory bird

Vesnichka is one of the best singers among our warblers. The center of its origin is most likely the glacial thickets and deciduous forests of Europe. In the post-glacial time, this warbler began a rapid settlement to the east and today has already reached Chukotka. It is interesting that, penetrating into Siberia, the willow is moving more rapidly to the north, to the very limits of the forest, bypassing the forest south of Eastern Siberia. It did not penetrate into the Caucasus either. She did not master the steppe, but partially the forest-steppe zone. Avoids both mountains and deserts. All this will create the impression of a rapid dash to the north and east without a thorough and deep reconnaissance of all places favorable for nesting of this species. Throughout the now very large area, the willow forms a very small number of subspecies: one, apparently, the original - Western European, the second - Eastern European, settled to the Yenisei, and the third - the easternmost, Yakut subspecies.

Almost everywhere, the willow is a bird of light, replete with edges, glades and lawns of deciduous forests. It can also be found in clarified spruce forests, pine forests, and in the depths of a high-stemmed mixed forest, dissected by a clearing or swamp, cleared by clearing or clearing. But with the highest density and in very large numbers, the willow nests in light young birch forests, less often in aspen forests and along alder uremas in the valleys of medium-sized rivers. Birch forests, with clearings and edges, young growths, sparse alder forests in the floodplain, low birch forests along overgrown clearings or along the edges of marshy forest swamps - these are the places where willows often gather in myriads. This is their true world, the beginning and end of their history, when in interglacial and post-glacial times birch and alder forests were an ocean among periglacial swamps, rivers, meadows and streams. In such forests, from one meta one can hear 10 or even 20 willows singing around. And it's easy to verify this. You just need to know that willows have their own "starry" mysterious hour in the forest - from 9:30 to 10:00, when other birds fall silent and only willows sing. They do not sing all at once, but alternately, carefully listening to each other's song. Sometimes they begin a complex roll call, choosing from their repertoire the best, longest and most perfect songs. This is how they get to know the best and most experienced singers.

The willow's song was once formed from its own calls to "twist", which the bird varies almost endlessly. This song is very difficult to confuse with the songs of other birds. No other European bird has such a pure and gentle song with endless whistling overflows. Each male has several (from 5-7 to 12-24) strictly fixed types of songs, the structure of which the bird cannot change at will. Songs are formed at a certain age and then performed very accurately. Their songs belong to the songs with the so-called typological structure. If you take several songs of the same type, recorded on different days from the same bird, and superimpose their images, they will merge as if cast from one matrix. The bird can only choose at its own discretion the best songs for each situation or cut them off on any syllable, not sing to the end. The songs of the best singers should be clear, sonorous and necessarily long. The bird should not rush, tear and break its songs. Willowbirds with a trilling song are especially valued, in the middle or at the end of which a gentle trill is heard. But such males are very rare. Having listened to and studied thousands of songs of many willows from different parts of our country, G.N. Simkin and colleagues could not find two exactly the same songs in different birds. This means that learning from other males or the bird's own creativity is of great importance in the development of the song.

Vesnchka is a migratory bird. The first males arrive in Central Russia at the end of the first decade, sometimes in mid-April. In the early and cold spring, they still stay in flocks for several days, often do not sing, and call to each other with the characteristic urge to "twist" or "tu-vit". The second urge is called "double willow" by songbird lovers. With the improvement of the weather already in migratory flocks you can hear the first, often still quiet songs of males.

Male willows guard their nesting sites so diligently that for the first days they do not let not only other males, but also females into them (E.S. Ptushenko). The nesting area often has dimensions from 800 to 3000 m 2. In good weather, pairs form quickly and after a few days the female can start looking for a place for a nest and building it. In bad weather, the transition to nest building is greatly delayed. From arrival to the start of nest construction, males sing especially actively from early morning until almost night. During the construction of the nest, singing subsides somewhat, as the male often accompanies and guards the female and often sings a quiet song next to her. Only the female builds a nest for 7-10 days. Usually the nest is built on the ground, at the edge of a path, forest road or edge, clearing or clearing in the forest. Sometimes the nest is located in a surface rosette of a bush. In the tundra, the nest is arranged in a clearing among willows. Usually the nest is covered from above with a branch or bunches of last year's dry grass. It has a spherical shape with a side entrance. A nest is woven from thin and soft dry blades of grass, stalks of green moss, sometimes with an admixture of pine needles, pieces of rotten wood and roots. Inside the nest is lined with delicate stems, roots, feathers, sometimes with an admixture of hair. In Yakutia, lichen twigs often become the basis of the nest. The nest can be very difficult to spot. Most often it is found by the dark inlet, observing the behavior of birds at the nest. A full clutch of 4-8 white eggs with brownish-red spots in May - nurse. In Siberia much later. In Europe, 2 masonry. In our country, the second clutch is noted only in the southern regions. Only the female usually incubates from the 6th egg for 13 days. The male at this time sings, guarding the nest and the female, and often accompanies her during feeding. Both parents feed the chicks for 12-13 days, and after departure, they feed the fledglings for about a week within the nesting area. Some of the chicks can be led and fed by the male, and some by the female. From mid-July, young people switch to a nomadic lifestyle. During the migration period, warblers gather along the edges, along with other birds they definitely visit watering places, and from the beginning of August they leave the forest and, together with adult birds, stay along riverside willows, hedges, gardens and parks. Forest watering places for birds are constant. Birds leave many footprints around them.

Willow chicks are fed mainly with soft and small food (small caterpillars, spiders, aphids, long-legged mosquitoes, deciduous moths). Adult birds, in addition to this food, eat small beetles (leaf beetles, weevils), flies, small butterflies, insect larvae and pupae, lacewings, caddisflies, cicadas. In autumn, like many other birds, they eat red elderberries, currants and shadberries.

Mass departure of willow lilies - in September. Willow warblers overwinter mainly in Central and South Africa. Small winterings of lime on the Arabian Peninsula and in Iran.

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Pyachuraka-budaunichok (earlier - Penachka-vyasnichka)

The whole territory of Belarus

Warbler family - Sylviidae.

In Belarus - Ph. t. acredula, in the west of the republic - a transitional zone between Ph. t. acredula and Ph. t. trochilus.

Common breeding migrant and transit migrant. It is very widespread in the republic.

Small (much smaller than a sparrow), slender, agile bird. The coloration of the plumage is rather uniform greenish-gray, with a lighter yellowish underparts and the same light eyebrow. There are white spots on the sides of the tail. Legs yellowish or grayish-brown. All warblers are outwardly very similar; in the hands of the willow willow differs from other species in the proportions of the length of the flight feathers: the first primary flight feather in it is much longer than the upper covering feathers of the hand, the second primary flight feather is shorter than the fifth, but longer than the seventh. Male weight 8-14 g, female 7-14 g. Body length (both sexes) 11-11.5 cm, wingspan 18-19 cm. Male wing length 6-7 cm, 4.7-6 cm, tarsus 2 cm, beak 1 cm. Female wing length 6-6.5 cm, tail 5-5.5 cm, tarsus 1.8-1.9 cm, beak 0.7-0.9 cm.

The song is somewhat similar to the song of the finch, but higher and slower, not as loud. It differs from other chiffchaffs in the song from the alternation of pleasant whistling sounds, either rising or falling, “tweet-tweet-tweet-tweet, bye-bye-bye-bye, viu-vi-vi-vi, li-fu-fu-tu. ..".

In non-breeding time, especially on migration in spring and autumn, it occurs among willow forests in floodplain and upland meadows, in low shrubbery, often in dense gardens among rural and urban settlements.

It lives mainly in deciduous plantations, often in mixed, sometimes in coniferous forests, and avoids closed, deaf areas, never goes far into continuous forests. It prefers well-warmed up sun stands with undergrowth, forest edges, overgrown clearings, swamp edges overgrown with shrubs, coastal willows with abundant herbage. It is quite common in island undergrowth, young stands, including artificial pine forest plantations, as well as in low-growing shrubs, roadside and forest protection plantations. It is found in parks, squares, gardens, cemetery groves, in holiday villages, in manor buildings.

In the Berezinsky Reserve, it nests in various biotopes, preferring overgrown clearings, burnt areas, forest edges, and river floodplains.

In spring, it arrives in mid-April, in the north of the republic - in late April - early May. Willow warbler males arrive 10–12 days earlier than females, occupy a site, and soon upon arrival begin to sing. On breeding grounds, regular singing begins in the third decade of April and continues until the end of July. Pairs are formed, the female is looking for a place for a nest and begins to build it. Nest building begins in the third decade of April - the first decade of May, the difference in breeding periods for individual years is 8–10 days. Nest building takes 7-10 days. Breeds in single pairs.

The nest is located mainly on the ground, among undergrowth, near a clearing, path, clearing, often on the slope of an overgrown ditch, a small ravine, a hole. At the same time, it always hides it well in the dead grass cover. In rare cases, the nest is arranged in junipers and fir trees at a height of up to 0.3 m above the ground.

The nest is a loose spherical structure typical of warblers with a side entrance. The building material in it is not intertwined with each other, but neatly stacked with a bird. They can serve as dry leaves and stems of herbaceous plants, moss, pieces of last year's tree leaves, rotten wood, roots. The inner lining consists of thin and delicate blades of grass, roots, a significant amount of feathers, and sometimes hair. Nest height 9 cm, tray diameter 5-6 cm.

A full clutch contains 6-7, sometimes 4-5, occasionally 8 eggs. In the Berezinsky Reserve, the clutch size varies from 4 to 7 eggs, more often it consists of 6 (50.0%) and 7 (22.5%) eggs, on average - 5.8 eggs. The waste of eggs in the reserve is 14.9%, chicks - 15.6%.

The shell is slightly shiny or matte, creamy white in color, with densely scattered small rusty-red surface blotches, sometimes forming a more or less pronounced corolla at the blunt end. The color of deep spotting varies from gray to reddish-violet. Egg weight 1.2 g, length 14-16 cm, diameter 11-13 mm.

The nesting period lasts from May to the 3rd decade of July. During this time, the willows manage to make two clutches (the second clutch is in the south of the republic). The bird starts laying eggs in the second half of May, some pairs - in early June. Fresh clutches of the second breeding cycle are found at the end of June - the 2nd decade of July. Fedyushin and Dolbik (1967) indicated the second breeding cycle only for the south of Belarus. Incubation begins with the last egg laid. Only the female incubates for 11-14 (normally 13) days.

Worried at the nest, the female emits a whistling call "fuit". Chicks receive food from both parents. The chicks are fed with various small invertebrates and their caterpillars. During daylight hours (17–18 h), the number of food brought to the nests, in which there were 6–7 chicks of 7–8 days of age, varied within 250–320 times. The chicks received 18–26 portions of food per hour at the peak of feeding. Feeding peaks at 6, 11 and 19 hours.

On the 13th day, the chicks of life leave the nest. The fledglings are additionally fed for another 7–8 days within the nesting area, then they roam together with their parents in various biotopes in search of food.

Willows feed on small beetles, leaf beetles, mosquitoes, flies, spiders, etc.

The number decreases already at the end of August; already in mid-September there is an intensive passage of willows, at this time single individuals and groups of 3-4 birds moving in the western and south-western directions often come across not only in the forest, but also in bushes, reed beds, home gardens and summer cottages . The latest registrations of willow warbler in Belarus date back to the end of October.

The number of willows in Belarus is stable and is estimated at 0.95-1.1 million pairs.

The maximum registered age in Europe is 10 years 10 months.

Willow warbler- one of the best songbirds. Perhaps only the warbler (Phylloscopus proregulus), which lives in Siberia and the Far East, can compete with it, but it rarely enters the cages of Russian bird lovers living in the European part of the country.

The willow warbler lives in forests of various types, in shrubs and reed beds from the tundra zone to the desert, on the plains and in the mountains. It inhabits almost all of Europe and the northern part of Asia up to the Anadyr River, except for the southern parts of the Far East and Yakutia. Throughout most of its range, the willow is a common bird. It keeps in nesting time in pairs or alone, and during migration forms sparse flocks. This small bird, only 11 cm long, is very mobile. The upper part of her body is brownish-gray, the bottom is yellowish-white, a blurry yellowish "eyebrow" is above the eye. The legs are light brown, long and thin.

While singing, the male flies up to the top of a tree or bush. Here is how V. Gusev evaluates her song: "This bird is valued for a very pleasant song, the beginning of which is similar to a finch, but only more tender, and instead of a bravura flourish, it ends with a silvery fading trill." In addition to the song, the willows have a call, a short whistle "fuit".

All warblers nest on the ground. The nest in the form of a hut is built of grass, leaves and stems, the outside is lined with moss and leaves for camouflage, and the inside of the tray is lined with feathers. The clutch consists of 5-7 white eggs with light red spots. Both parents incubate alternately for 13 days. Chicks grow quickly and leave the nest before they can fly well. Willows have 2 clutches per year.

The willow warbler is a mobile graceful bird, it gets used to the cage content well, sings most of the year, except for the molting period. Since warblers need movement more than other warblers, they must be kept in large cages, at least 60 cm long, and preferably in cages and aviaries. Warblers are fed in the same way as other insectivorous birds - soft food, but with a greater proportion of protein substances, live food is also required - mealworms, maggots and other insects. Cases of their reproduction in cages 80x60x60 cm and small indoor enclosures have been registered. With a mixed content, two male warblers who will fight with each other should not be planted in one birdhouse for birds. Warblers are quite tolerant of other birds, but they sing better in separate cages.

Vladimir Ostapenko. "Birds in your house". Moscow, "Ariadia", 1996

The warbler is a small and outwardly unremarkable bird that eats insects. It attracts attention not with bright colors, but with singing, with beautiful melodic overflows, ringing trills and a pleasant whistle.

Description and subspecies

Chiffchaffs belong to the warbler family - the most common family of passeriformes. All representatives of the group are distinguished by their small size, dull gray-brown color, and thin beak. They feed on insects and small berries.

It is not surprising that the warbler can easily be confused with a sparrow. It is also not very large (maximum 13 cm in length) and light (weight is 8-10 g). Similar in these representatives of the passerine family and coloring:

soft plumage of an olive tone;
abdomen, wings and tail are lighter;
stripes of yellow or green under the eyes, on the breast and neck;
dark gray legs and beak.

The female and male warblers are very similar, and if you are not an ornithologist, you are unlikely to be able to determine the sex of the bird.

An interesting feature is the fact that before migrating to wintering, all individuals, regardless of gender and age, molt, become the same gray-brown color.

After 2-3 months, the color of the feathers again becomes olive or light green.

The warbler family has a large number of subspecies, some of which are considered independent. Here are just a few of them:

Chiffchaffdistinguished by a greenish-brown color of feathers and singing, reminiscent of the sound of falling drops. Breeds in Europe and Asia. He does not like dense thickets, he prefers to settle in groves and sparse forests with dense undergrowth. It tolerates dry climates well.
Willow warbler- the most frequent representative of the Slavic family in Russia. Also lives in Europe. Winters in Africa (near the Sahara Desert), Arabia, Asia. Warblers appear at the nesting site at different times. Depending on the climatic zone of the region. In the south they can be found already in March, in the north - in early summer. The singing of this species is smooth and short.
Ratchet warblergot its name for the peculiar manner of singing - short and intermittent, which ends with a trill resembling a crack. In the mating season, courting the female, the male flies from branch to branch, dancing in front of the female, and sings. This species chooses places for breeding offspring in Europe, and flies to the northern part of Africa for the winter.
Chiffchaff- the smallest of the family (weighs only 4-9 g). Sings, alternating trills with whistles. Breeds in Russia (Siberia, Far East, Baikal region). Flies to India or Burma for the winter. It is noteworthy that in Europe this species is practically not found.

Of course, this is not all subspecies. There are more than 50 of them in total. Each differs in the color of the feathers (slightly) and in the manner of singing. There is only one common feature - the repertoire of birds is so rich and melodic that it invariably arouses the admiration of a person and gives a good mood.

Range (habitat)

Typical bird habitats are coniferous and deciduous forests:

Europe;
Asia;
Russia;
countries of the Mediterranean and Africa (during wintering).

Some species, if there are no trees nearby, settle in shrubs (mainly in Asia), in meadows or forest edges. Chiffchaff nests are almost never found in dense thickets.

Today, 12 species live in Russia:

zarnichka;
thick-billed;
Indian;
willowweed;
ratchet;
kinglet;
Chiffchaff;
talovka;
light-headed;
brown;
pale-footed;
the green one is the only one worthy of a nest of moss;

For wintering, birds always fly to warm countries. This usually happens with the onset of the first frost (August, sometimes the end of November).

Video "Chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita)"

Character and lifestyle

Warblers, like all members of the passerine family, are very mobile and curious birds. But such a character trait as caution is not at all familiar to them. Warblers, not feeling danger, let anyone close to them. These birds are very frisky and agile, their flight is fast and undulating. The speed with which they can fly from tree to tree, in pursuit of insects, is sometimes simply amazing.

Quite a lot of daylight hours the warbler flies from branch to branch, from tree to tree. And all in order to find food.

Usually these are small (about 1 cm) insects:

butterflies;
flies and their larvae;
mosquitoes;
spiders;
aphid.

Of the berries, birds prefer currants, raspberries, blueberries and elderberries. Chiffchiffs usually stay in pairs, sometimes stray into small flocks. To meet birds separately without a pair is a rarity.

Although their instinct for caution is not very developed, warblers hide their nests very well. Usually they equip them in pits near stumps or stones, masking the dwelling with dry grass and small stems, pieces of branches. The nest has a round shape with a side entrance. And something remotely resembles a hut. It is never located at high altitude from the ground and is rarely found at medium altitude. Within the city, birds settle in niches of stone walls and fences.

In the spring, the mating season begins at the warblers, accompanied by melodic and prolonged singing. As soon as a pair is formed, the singing stops. The male looks for a place for a nest, ennobles and protects it from the encroachment of other rival warblers. But the main work to bring the nest ready for childbirth is carried out by the female.

In the first days of the month of May, the female lays eggs (up to 8 in one clutch). In areas with a favorable climate, for example, in Europe, warblers hatch chicks twice a season. Chicks require frequent feeding, so both parents look for food.

Chicks mature in a short time - after 14 days they begin to fly out of the nest. A year later, they reach puberty and acquire offspring themselves. Birds live long enough, about 12 years. However, in captivity they live much longer, up to 20 years.

Warblers get used to captivity for a long time. Birds behave anxiously, experience a feeling of anxiety, rush around the cage. You can calm the birds a little, just cover the cage with a cloth. The adaptation period for each individual is individual. In any case, after some time the bird gets used to the person, calms down, starts to sing.

According to reviews, birds tolerate life in captivity quite well and delight a person with singing. But they say that you need to be very careful about feeding. Otherwise, the birds gain weight and stop singing. Suitable food for insectivores can be purchased at specialized stores.

Appearance. The top is brownish or greenish-gray, the belly and yellowish-white. Legs are light, wing without light stripes.
The song is a set of frequent whistles, merging into a gradually lowering trill of the “tweet-tweet-tutyu-viu-wi-fi-fu-fu” type. Often sings while sitting on top of a tree or bush. Shout - a short whistle "fuit".
Habitat. Inhabits forest edges and light forests. Common in undergrowth, coastal shrubs and gardens.
Food. Feeds on insects.
Nesting places. Willow warbler is a typical inhabitant of forest edges and gardens. She does not fly far into the forest and avoids its deaf areas, but does not constantly nest in low growth and shrubs.
The favorite nesting places of the willow are the edges of deciduous forests with isolated trees and shrubs.
Nest location. The willow nest is placed on the ground.
The shape and size of the nest. The nest is built in the form of a hut. It differs from the ratchet nest in smaller sizes, and also in that the litter in the nest consists of feathers. Nest dimensions: outer diameter 80-140 mm, inner diameter 50-70 mm, tray size 30 x 60 mm.
Masonry features. Clutch of 5-8 white eggs with pale red spots. The size of the eggs is the same as that of the ratchet warbler.
Nesting times. Arrives late, in late April - early May. Nests with full clutches are found in the second half of May. Chicks appear in the nest in late May - early June; young birds flying out of the nests can be seen around mid-June. The flight takes place in September.
Spreading. It is distributed almost everywhere from the southern tundra to the forest-steppes, except for the south of Eastern Siberia and most of the Far East. In Central Europe - from April to September.
Wintering. Winters in southern Africa.

Description of Buturlin. This chiffchaff by color difficult to distinguish in nature and from ratchet and from other species close to it, so that it is necessary to recognize it only by the totality of many signs: by behavior, habitat and voice. D. N. Kaigorodov in a few words gives such a very lively “portrait” of the willow warbler: “When the lawns and lawns in the gardens and parks turn green with fresh greenery, and the aspen, which is still leafless, is decorated with long gray fluffy flower earrings, go on a quiet warm day to get acquainted with this bird. If you see a small, soft grayish bird, restlessly flitting from branch to branch, constantly pecking at something with its beak from the branches, and from time to time whistling, as if on a tiny flute, a short, one-track, gently iridescent, but rather loud song, - this will undoubtedly be none other than the willow warbler.”
The willow is slightly smaller than the ratchet (about 12 centimeters long) and not so green and bright. It has an olive-grey upperparts with a slightly greenish uppertail and a whitish underparts with a gray tinge on the chest. Light eyebrows are unclear. Legs are brown. Only in autumn, after molting, fresh plumage has a greener tint, fading over the winter (from wear and fading of feathers). Juveniles in nest plumage) and fledglings before molting are also brighter than adults in summer plumage and have yellowish underparts.
It is common in forest edges and light groves throughout the European part of Russia (one subspecies), and in Siberia common east to the Kolyma river basin (another subspecies). In Murmansk, this is the only warbler that reaches the seashore.
Willow is a typical edge and garden bird. It does not fly far into the forest and definitely avoids its dark areas, where it is often lives ratchet, but also does not occur regularly and in undersized undergrowth and shrubs. On bright sunny edges, with trees and bushes growing separately, several pairs of willows often live side by side. They are not pugnacious, and males in the spring only from dawn to dusk intensely compete in singing, fluttering among the young foliage in a relentless search for insects.
song vesnichki in its construction resembles a song finch, but it is softer, consisting almost entirely of gentle and rounded whistling sounds, gradually fading towards the end. She does not have the bravura character of the song, characteristic of the trill of a finch. But, just like in the chaffinch, in the willow, individual variability of the song is noticed, that is, differences in the song of different individuals. Some sing better, others worse, some shorter, others longer or higher in tone. The willow call is similar to a quiet whistling “fu-it ...”, repeated with pauses. It is well distinguished from the urge ratchet and Chiffchaff .
Vesnichki nest not always on the ground. In terms of location and type of construction, the nests are very similar to the already described rattle nest, but the inner lining is usually made of feathers (grey partridge, pigeons and other birds). Nest building does not begin immediately after arrival. In the middle lane, a full clutch (up to 8 eggs) can be found from the beginning of June. The testicles are the same size as those of the ratchet, but differ in more red spots and speckles, sometimes densely covering the main whitish background. Parents are very attached to the nest.
Vesnichki feed nestlings by small soft insects, collecting them mainly from the foliage of trees and bushes. They intensely exterminate leaf aphids, small caterpillars of night butterflies, mayflies, mosquitoes, dolgunts, spiders. By the way, the willow warbler exterminates very harmful dark brown caterpillars of the larch moth in summer. With the mass reproduction of these pests, the crowns of coniferous trees damaged by them become yellow, as if scorched by fire. After the chicks fly out, larger insects (for example, large flies, even bumblebees) also go to them for food, and in the fall, the willows begin to feed currant and elderberry berries in the gardens.
Even in more northern areas, willows have time to raise two brood. Young males of the first hatch in August are already beginning to learn to sing, and their first attempts sound very
funny. And a little later, before departure, old, already molted males join the timid voices of the young. In a good, warm autumn, the singing of willows can be heard until the very departure.
Departure occurs imperceptibly, without the formation of flocks, and in October most of these small and delicate birds are already thousands of kilometers away, in southern Africa.

Species descriptions are taken from Guide to birds and bird nests in central Russia(Bogolyubov A.S., Zhdanova O.V., Kravchenko M.V. Moscow, Ecosystem, 2006).

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