Quadrilateral planing machines. Description. Principle of operation. Four-sided machines Noise from four-sided machines

Product size quickly adjustable according to special rulers by moving the right and upper spindles (the left and lower spindles are adjusted in a small range to compensate for tool wear)

Innings blanks occurs through a powerful gearbox with the help of two pairs of upper and lower, corrugated, spaced from each other ripples. This solution makes it possible to increase the reliability and accuracy of feeding workpieces of insufficiently good quality and high humidity (unlike the rows of rows located nearby).

Quadruple machine "START 5x210" completed stepless feed rate adjustment system, allowing you to optimally adapt to the available material for work.

Precise workpiece position in two planes is provided by special support plates running almost the entire length of the desktop and paired spring-loaded rollers. The clamping force of each roller is independently adjustable over a wide range. The pair design of the rollers allows you to evenly distribute the clamping force.

Precise grinding of work rolls quadrilateral machine "START 5x210" guarantee the complete absence of end and radial runout of the tool.

High spindle speed(4500 rpm) allows you to achieve a high quality finish surface. Optionally, it is possible to install one or two upper spindles with a rotation speed of 6000 rpm.

Four-sided planer "START 5x210" equipped protection system from ejection of the workpiece.

The machine is designed in such a way that it provides convenient access to all important components of the machine, while having the necessary rigidity, eliminating vibration during operation.

Working surface The table is made of extra strong steel, which increases its service life, and is additionally ground to minimize feed resistance and increase machining accuracy.

Work surface life is at least 10-15 years old however, if necessary, this part can be replaced separately from the rest of the equipment. Interchangeable table top makes the service life of the machine practically unlimited, unlike analogues, where the frame of the machine and its working surface form a single whole.

The control of the electrical systems of the machine is carried out on an independent mobile console.

The machine can be equipped with a special reception desk, with precise height adjustment. Properly chosen height of the receiving table will avoid "cutting" at the end of the workpiece.

Compact dimensions and low weight of the machine make it quite mobile and easy to install.

The most simplified, but well-thought-out design ensures its high reliability.

Multi-spindle machines are very effective for saving time when processing wood in large volumes.

Wooden blanks, after cutting, have defects, such as surface unevenness, cracks, etc., which must be eliminated before proceeding with their further processing.
To eliminate these defects, milling machines are used, by means of which each of the four surfaces of the workpiece is processed separately.
When the volume of processed wood is large enough, it is easier, more convenient and more economical to use multi-spindle woodworking machines.
Such machines are also called. As the name suggests, all four planes of the workpiece are machined, or gouged, at the same time.

It can have from 4 to 10 spindles, depending on the requirements for the final form of your product. Simply put, the number of spindles depends on the complexity of the product profile that you want to get at the output of the machine.

consists of the following main parts:

- Working and serving tables;
- Giving and ejecting rollers;
- Lower and upper spindles;
- Right and left spindles;
- Additional spindle for creating complex profile shapes;
- Universal spindle.

The feed table has clamping elements and the ability to adjust the frame vertically, which allows you to pass workpieces of various thicknesses through the machine.

For example, in order to smooth a heavily deformed surface, it is necessary to remove a large amount of wood, on the other hand, direct wood harvesting requires the removal of a very small layer of material (it is enough to remove only traces of a band saw).

In a situation where it is necessary to straighten a piece of wood entering the machine, a pressure roller is used in front of the first upper spindle. An additional clamping block located in front of the first lower spindle is used for thin material that does not need to be dressed. This option can be disabled via the machine control panel.

At the initial stage of passing the material through it is very important to achieve the smoothness of the bottom and right sides of the workpiece, which are the base for further operations to give the desired shape to your product.

Another method of wood straightening, the use of a fluted table, is the most suitable for processing hardwoods. In this case, the first lower cutting unit forms grooves on the underside of the workpiece, shaped like a grooved table, which reduces friction between the workpiece and the tabletop and evenly feeds the material for further processing.

But this method of wood straightening requires that the four-sided machine has another lower spindle, the cutting block of which will remove the intermediate grooves and level the bottom surface of the product. The worktable can be equipped with a manual or automatic feed system for waxilite, a resin-dissolving lubricant, to facilitate workpiece feeding. In the case of processing resinous wood species, an additional lower spindle is also necessary to remove waxilite from the underside of the workpiece.

Feed rollers of a four-sided planer

The feed rollers can be equipped with spring or pneumatic cylinders. Rollers must be properly designed to provide maximum traction and minimum wear.
Vertical spindles of a four-sided planer:
For vertical spindles, a high-quality and flexible tuning system is required, otherwise it will take a lot of time to change the type of profile and, accordingly, the diameter of the tool.

The quick adjustment of the vertical spindles allows optimum contact between workpiece and work table.
When the vertical spindles of a four-sided planer are in a fixed position, the diameter and working height of the cutting tool, as well as the feed speed and pressure of the feed rollers, are adjusted simultaneously through the digital control panel of the control system. High-quality adjustment of the left vertical spindle guarantees high quality gouging, and is especially relevant when working with hardwoods.

Top Spindle Quadruple Planer

The top spindle is the first right vertical spindle of the machine. The cutting tool located at the top position can be used both for planing the surface and for profiling the workpiece. A good four-sided machine should give up to 40 mm of profiling on the upper horizontal/vertical spindle.

Universal Spindle Quadruple Planer

The planer can be equipped with an optional universal spindle to achieve greater profiling flexibility.

Quadruple planer options

The four-sided planer can be equipped with additional optional devices, such as: additional feed device after the upper horizontal spindle, corrugated hardwood work table, extended feed and work tables, increased power of spindle motors and others.

4-sided wood router designed for planar and profile simultaneous milling of boards, beams and workpieces of various types (this tool is popularly called the "four-sided", we will not deviate from tradition). This tool has its own features and characteristics, which we will talk about ...

The most common quadrilateral models are C26-2M, C25-2A, C25, C16-2A. On the machine type C16-2A they work with cabinets, skirting boards, joinery and similar material. The first three machines process flooring (boards), as well as bars for window and door frames.

Setting up a four-sided machine

A four-sided woodworking machine is a cast-iron bed on which there is a table, cutting and feeding mechanisms that drive an electric motor.

Before starting work, it is necessary to install a sharply sharpened knife or cutter. After that, based on the part itself, the machine is set up (rulers, clamps, feeder, etc.). The clamping mechanism must be installed so that the bar passes as freely as possible and does not vibrate. The upper rollers are set so that the bar can pass under them when they are lowered down.

After making sure that the machine is set up, it is necessary to pass several test bars through it. Thanks to this, you will definitely make sure that the machine is set up correctly, and even if it is not, then you will not spoil the desired workpiece. Workpieces must be fed end to end. Short workpieces, first process in a multiple of the length, after which you can proceed to trimming.

Main problems and their elimination:

Uneven surface. The defect is possible due to improper adjustment of the knife shafts and / or vibration of the machine;

Pull-outs on the sides. This defect indicates an incorrect adjustment of the clamps, or the processing of curved workpieces;

Distorted profile - incorrect installation of knives / cutters on vertical heads;

Tongue and groove mismatch. This defect is formed due to inaccurate installation or sharpening of cutters.

Two basic safety rules - do not work on the machine without a fence, do not climb into the machine during its operation (clean, adjust, etc.).

Types of cutters, or how and what to work with ...

Before installation, knives and cutters must be perfectly sharpened and well balanced. Fasten to the shaft evenly, tighten the bolts alternately, starting from the center.

Cutters come in four types- mounted and end, solid and composite. To work with carpentry parts, shell and compound cutters are usually used. During the adjustment of the cutters, the parameters are saved, and at the end of sharpening, the profile does not change. The cutter diameter is 80-180mm.

To achieve smooth milling, use cylindrical shell cutters with a diameter of 80-140mm, a height of 40-260mm, with four insert knives.

For perfect grooves and ridges, use shell cutters. With this type of cutters, grooves 4-12 in width are chosen, in a board with a thickness of 28 and 36 mm.

Shell and groove cutters with brazed inserts are ideal for:

Rectangular longitudinal and transverse grooves;

Glued wood.

Milling cutters are supplemented with high-speed steel or hard alloy inserts.

For smooth milling, milling cutters are usually used, which have from 4 to 8 cutters. The advantages of milling cutters over knives are quick and easy installation, an increased level of safety (unlike knives).

Operation of the Four Sided Slotting Machine

Lubricant

It is necessary to lubricate the gears of the machine reducer every quarter (that is, every 3 months) with AK-Yu oil;

Ball bearings are lubricated with US-2 grease at the same intervals;

Bushings and plain bearings - every shift with solid oil US-3;

The set screws are lubricated with US-2 grease every month;

Lubricate caliper guides with IM-45 every month.

Setting up a four-sided machine

When adjusting the machine for the required thickness of the material, the support with the upper rollers, as well as the support of the upper cutter head, must be set in height using flywheels, and the pressure rollers - with screws. To adjust the width, use the left vertical spindle and side clamps.

Adjustment to the required profile is carried out by installing profile knives on the heads.

Basic rules for setting up a four-sided machine:

Install the edge of the front table and the lower rollers below the table, to a thickness equal to the layer of wood being removed;

The upper rollers are set according to the thickness of the workpiece (the margin for clamping is 5 mm);

The knives of the front head are installed at the level of the rear table;

The upper rollers and pressure rollers are adjusted according to the width and thickness of the workpiece. In rollers, the margin for clamping is 5 mm, in clamping rollers - 15-20 mm;

The guide stop ruler is installed at a distance of 3-4 mm from the vertical head (keep an angle of 90 with respect to the lower rollers);

We carry out the final alignment of the knife heads.

What should the machine provide after adjustment:

The straightness of the side edges (check with a probe, the allowable rate is 0.2 per meter);

Parallelism of opposite edges (check with a caliper, the allowable rate is 0.3);

Perpendicularity of adjacent edges (check with a probe, tolerance 0.15 by 0.1 m);

Uniform thickness of the bar.

Do-it-yourself four-sided machine

A high-quality four-sided machine for timber, which will give the owner the pleasure of using it and will bring a minimum of hassle, is quite expensive. A significant part of people prefer to make a homemade four-sided machine. It is not necessary to be a super professional to make a four-sided machine with your own hands. So, let's take a closer look at what stages the manufacture of the machine consists of.

Instruction

  1. First of all, we create the frame for the machine itself. This is the surface on which all the necessary equipment will be installed. The frame must necessarily have a U-shaped knee that will hold the Z axis. This requires a pipe 2.5 cm thick. Once the pipe joints are in place, apply sealant.
  2. Motor and X-Axis Guides Now we need to install the X-Axis Guides. They are made of aluminum and should have a 1.9 cm wide U-shaped notch. You can buy them at any store that sells metal products. We install the motor with the holder and attach it to the motor shaft.
  3. We are preparing the base (X-axis), we need metal or plastic that will be attached to the frame. Then we fix the bearings on a piece of aluminum.
  4. We prepare platform Y. It is identical to platform X, only rotated 90 degrees. This is followed by the installation of the motor and rails on platform X, after which the movable platform Y is assembled. Don't forget about the coupling nut and bearing.
  5. Assembling the Z axis. At this stage of assembling the Z axis, repeat the procedure for assembling the X and Y axes. We take a flat material and attach the motor with guides to it, after which we install the bearing and the U-shaped profile. Our platform moves up and down, so under the weight of the engine it can come off. To prevent this, install a roller bearing at each end of the guide.

The final stage. Attach your engine to the Z platform and install the platform into the frame. Our design is almost ready. It remains for us to connect the electric motors and run the program.

We bring to your attention "How to assemble a four-sided machine" video.

Machines from well-known suppliers - quality assurance

"DIOS" - woodworking equipment and components

Commercial and industrial group "Marketlis-DIOS" has been providing customers with high-quality woodworking equipment from well-known world manufacturers for more than 17 years. Since 2002, this company has been operating as a separate structure, and more than successfully supplies Ukrainian manufacturers with high-quality and necessary equipment: woodworking machines, woodworking equipment and tools, etc.

The company annually takes part in world thematic exhibitions. Knowledge of the latest innovations and achievements in their field, as well as many years of experience, allow the company to compete with well-known European suppliers.

LLC "Trading House Negotsiant-engineering"

LLC "Trading House Negociant-engineering" began its existence in the woodworking market in 1997. Today, this company is one of the leaders in the supply of European woodworking equipment to the Russian market.

Among the customers of Torgovy Dom LLC are well-known Belarusian and Russian companies and furniture factories, with which trusting relationships have been established. "Trading House Negociant-Engineering" is a dealer of more than a hundred European and Russian equipment manufacturers.

The company not only supplies equipment, but also provides consultations, offers final technical solutions, and also offers services for installation, commissioning and maintenance of equipment.

Global Edge Group of Companies

The expression "Global Edge" appeared in 1991. This is perhaps the most famous group of companies in the Russian market. Global Edge are pioneers who were the first to bring high-quality woodworking equipment to Russia in the 90s.

Band saws, American quadrilateral machines, European furniture mass production equipment and other equipment are all credited to Global Edge.

The company has many serious awards, including: the All-Russian competition "Russian Forest", "Leader of Woodworking", "Best Russian Enterprises", "Best Supplier 2005", "European Standard", in all these competitions the company took first place.

Price for a four-sided milling machine

We have already considered how to make a machine with our own hands. However, if you have the opportunity to buy a finished machine, it is better to choose this option. The price for a four-sided machine is quite diverse, and is in the price range - 400,000-1,000,000 rubles. The price of knives for a four-sided machine starts from 220 rubles. You can buy a used one, or a Chinese-made machine - but the effect is not at all the same. The two best options are to buy or do it yourself.

Rice. 1. Four-sided machine with a belt drive of all units from a single transmission shaft

And indeed, when hewing and strict logs, the carpenter uses an ax, an adze and a scraper - a simple and inaccurate tool. But the carpenter holds in his hands such wonderful plows as a planer, sherhebel, jointer, zenzubel, falzgebel, tongue-and-groove, moulder and others, with which you can not only plan the surface of a board or bar, but also form it along their entire length with high accuracy profile section. Another thing is how much manual labor costs and what qualifications this work will require ...

Planing or milling?

They knew how to plan wood already three thousand years ago, back in ancient Egypt, and during the excavations of the city of Pompeii, which died in 79 AD. e., planes were found that are very similar to modern ones.

All the long centuries that have passed since then have tried to mechanize the planing process. And if the first lathe was created by Diodorus Siculus back in the 650s BC. e., then there is no such thing that could be called 100% planing today. Instead, humanity has only milling machines that replace it - jointing, thicknessing, milling with a vertical spindle (upper or lower) and four-sided - in the form of a combination of the previously mentioned ones, which allow processing the workpiece in one pass sequentially from all four sides. But since their use made it possible to abandon planing by hand, at the end of the 19th century they were mistakenly called planers by carpenters. And when, after a hundred years, Russian scientists began to deal with the classification of woodworking equipment, it turned out that these machines were not planing, but longitudinal milling.

The fact is that planing is the process of cutting wood with a knife, the blade of which moves parallel to the surface being processed. Planing as a technological process involves the production of one chip of constant thickness per knife pass, for example, drain curls of chips when planing with a hand planer or planing veneer on special machines when the knife moves in a straight line.

And milling is the process of cutting wood with a rotating cutter, the cutters of which cut while moving along a circular path, while either the workpiece or the entire tool can perform a rectilinear translational motion of the feed. At the same time, the processing allowance is divided by cutters (knives) circulating along cycloids into a large number of chips, which, due to the kinematics of the process, have a variable cross section and resemble an elongated comma in shape.

The main difference between these two types of processing is that, from the point of view of the geometry of the machined surface, when planing it turns out to be flat, and when milling it turns out to be wavy, formed at the tops of the cycloid trajectories of milling knives by alternating depressions and ridges.

But the term "planing" has already firmly entered the professional vocabulary, technical literature, and even woodworking textbooks. And, developing our first GOST for these machines, its creators back in the early 1970s, in order not to make a revolution, were forced to take the term “longitudinal milling” in brackets in its name, leaving the familiar “planing” as the main one. Of course, over time it was planned to correct this mistake, but then this good intention was somehow forgotten...

Nevertheless, four-sided are called "longitudinal milling machines designed for flat and profile longitudinal milling of wood blanks in one pass from all four sides along the cross section."

History of the Quadrilaterals

It is believed that the inventor of the milling machine for metal processing was the Englishman Eli (Eli) Whitney, who received a corresponding patent in 1818. But soon such machines began to spread in woodworking. The first "planer-molder" machine - the forerunner of modern four-sided longitudinal milling machines - was patented in 1827.

The spread of such machines was hampered by the lack of an individual drive. The drive was group, that is, for all machines common, single, and was carried out from the shaft of the water wheel, and later - from the shaft of the steam engine, passed through the entire workshop, and separate belt drives for each rotating unit departed from it. It is clear that it was very difficult to bring several drive belts to all four spindles located in a four-sided machine both vertically and horizontally, as well as to the feed mechanism (Fig. 1).

The victorious procession of woodworking machines driven by their own electric motor began in 1907 with the creation of the DC Pattern Miller by the English company Wadkin. And 20 years later, in 1928 in Germany, the last large enterprises completed the replacement of the group transmission drive of machine tools with individual ones - from individual electric motors. The era of industrial woodworking began, in the development of technologies of which four-sided machines played one of the main roles.

Classification of quadrilateral machines


Rice. 2. The classic layout of the spindles of a four-sided machine:
1 - lower horizontal spindle;
2 - right vertical spindle;
3 - left vertical spindle;
4 - upper horizontal spindle

The purpose of four-sided longitudinal milling machines is the milling of bars, boards or timber to obtain blanks and parts having a rectangular or profile section that is constant along the entire length.

Scope - woodworking and furniture enterprises that produce molded joinery and construction products and semi-finished products, as well as furniture parts from solid solid wood.

Over the long years that have passed since their invention, four-sided machines have retained the entire composition of the nodes originally incorporated in them, although they have seriously changed due to the improvement of the design.

Any such machine even today includes a bed with tables located on it (working and jointing); longitudinal guide lines; feed mechanism (concentrated or distributed); workpiece clamps (side and vertical); milling units (horizontal and vertical) and control system.

By execution, four-sided machines are conventionally divided into three main groups. The first includes light, with a width of processing parts up to 180 mm. They are intended mainly for the production of molded joinery and construction products (platbands, skirting boards, etc.) The feed speed of such machines is from 6 to 36 m / min (kinematic), the number of spindles is 4-6. The machines of the second group are medium, with a processing width of up to 250 mm. They are used for the production of building moldings, beams, boards, etc. The feed speed of machines in this group is 8-60 m / min, and for machines for calibrating sawn timber - 150 m / min and higher with the number of spindles not more than five. The third group - heavy machines with a processing width of up to 600 mm. They are used for processing building beams, wall glued beams and other similar parts with a large cross section. There are also extra-heavy four-sided machines with a milling width of up to 2600 mm, used in the processing of wide glued panels and beams.

A few decades ago, the first group of machines also included machines with a processing width of 60-100 mm, but recently the demand for such equipment has decreased and its mass production has almost ceased.

There is also a division of four-sided machines according to their technological purpose. Typically, machines have, as a rule, only four spindles for processing the workpiece from below, from both sides and from above.

If four-sided machines are equipped with devices and milling units to eliminate the curvature (warping) of the original workpieces, then by analogy with a manual jointer in a professional language, they can be called planer. They have an elongated working (planer) table and aggregates at the inlet, which ensure the creation of a flat base surface on the lower face and edge of the original workpieces.

Machines equipped with an additional, fifth, spindle at the output, designed for sampling a deep longitudinal profile on workpieces or their longitudinal cutting with saws into workpieces, are called moulders - by analogy with a planer-moulder. Machines that combine the functions of planing and profile selection and equipped with the appropriate units and assemblies are called jointing and moulding.

The first moulder was designed in Germany in 1920 by Armin Berner. While working for Gubisch, he improved the design of the machine and expanded the range of its functions, as a result of which the first four-sided moulder was created.

Technological schemes of quadrilateral machines

Any four-sided machine can be considered as a combination of milling machine mechanisms grouped on one bed in the order of the sequence of operations for processing parts.

With the classical arrangement of spindles (Fig. 2), the first in feed is the lower horizontal one, which, like the spindle of a jointer, creates a rectilinear flat base surface on the lower face of the workpiece.

Then the first vertical spindle (usually to the right in feed) is installed in the machine, the task of which is to create a flat rectilinear base surface on the edge of the workpiece, which will be strictly perpendicular to the base formed on its lower plate. The operation of this spindle is similar to that of a vertical milling machine with a lower spindle, which performs the function of edge jointing.

In the machines of the classical scheme, the first vertical spindle is followed by a similar one, but performing the function of thicknesser processing to obtain a given width of the workpiece. The same spindle can simultaneously perform the formation of a profile on the edge.

The thickness is formed by the upper horizontal spindle by removing the allowance from the upper face of the workpiece - similar to processing on a one-sided thicknessing machine. With the same spindle, when installing the appropriate tool, it is possible to form a profile on the upper face of the workpiece.

Thus, on a four-sided machine, all four longitudinal surfaces of the part are sequentially processed, which, in fact, predetermined the name of the equipment.

However, in some cases, the sequence of arrangement and the number of spindles in a four-sided machine may differ from those adopted in the classical scheme.

In this case, the cross-sectional shape of the processed profile is of primary importance. It may have, for example, a large depth of allowance, which cannot be removed with one cutter due to the need for a large increase in the cutter diameter. The size (depth) of the allowance may be limited by the drive power of one spindle, which will not allow to remove the allowance completely in one pass. The profile may also have some undercuts that are not available for horizontal or vertical cutters.

In addition, when moving the workpiece through the machine, through reliable contact with the elements of the feed mechanism, strict uniformity of this movement must be ensured. But, say, in the manufacture of parts with a triangular or close to it cross section, there are simply no surfaces on the workpiece suitable for contact with the rollers of the feed mechanism, and the final formation of the profile must be carried out by several cutters mounted on calipers, which are located as close as possible to the output side of the machine .

All this may lead to the need to use additional horizontal and vertical spindles in the machine, including tilting ones.

But most often in four-sided moulders, for the formation of relatively simple profiles, a fifth, additional, spindle is used, the support of which allows it to be placed above, below, to the left or right of the workpiece, or tilted at any given angle.

A patent for such a universal molding support, rearranged to various positions, was received in 1954 by the German company Weinig.

The number of spindles, in comparison with the classical scheme, is also increased in planer four-sided machines. And the principle of operation of this equipment and jointing methods will be discussed in the next publication.

Andrey MOROZOV,
company "Media Technologies"
commissioned by LesPromInform magazine

 

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