Ticonderoga-class missile cruisers. Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruisers Ticonderoga-class guided missile cruisers
For a comparative assessment of the Moskva missile cruiser, one could take the destroyer URO of the Orly Burke type, but this is still a ship of a different class, although it is similar in terms of armament and displacement.
A simple comparison of the tactical and technical characteristics of weapons does little. The reasons are simple: each state creates weapons in accordance with the requirements, which are determined primarily by the content of military threats, the chosen methods and methods of neutralizing them, the general level of industry, and the specific features of military technical schools. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account the conditions for the combat use of the compared samples and the nature of the tasks they solve. Strictly speaking, it is necessary to compare not the performance characteristics, but the combat capabilities arising from them. To do this, it is necessary to follow a certain method of analysis.
“In an oncoming battle, the chances of hitting an aircraft carrier will be much smaller, if not zero - it will not allow our cruiser to approach a volley distance”
First of all, the correct choice of applicants for comparison is important. The foreign analogue must belong to the same class as the Russian sample. It is advisable that they be from approximately the same generation of military equipment. Although this requirement is not mandatory, since often new weapons systems, winning in one, lose to their predecessors in another. As a result, in specific conditions, when solving specific problems, a more modern model may be less effective.
Also important are the correct conditions for comparison, that is, in which conflict, against which enemy, in what ways the compared samples are used. One-on-one actions are often considered. However, there are such samples of military equipment that do not involve direct confrontation. Anti-submarine aircraft can be cited as an example - they simply have nothing to fight with each other. If the effectiveness of the compared samples is not symmetrical according to the conditions of combat use, it is necessary to consider various options, taking into account the expected probability of their implementation.
Only after this work does it make sense to proceed to the analysis of tactical and technical characteristics. At the same time, it is necessary to focus on those data that are significant in relation to the selected combat missions and situational conditions. On this basis, estimates of expected performance can be made, including in a one-on-one scheme. The calculation is made for each compared sample for all combat missions under consideration and for possible options for the conditions of use. Next, the integral efficiency indicator is calculated. It summarizes the results of solving all typical combat missions in predictable scenarios. This is already a more or less objective characteristic of the compared tactical units. This indicator gives a comprehensive assessment of the compared samples. We can say which of them will be more effective in a real combat situation.
The economic evaluation of products is also important. But it happens that it cannot be reduced to a general equivalent.
Called to the ring
In view of the foregoing, let's evaluate the Russian cruiser of the "Moskva" type of project 1164. First of all, we will find a suitable opponent for it. Without going into the details of the technology of choice, we state that the American cruiser of the Ticonderoga type is the most suitable. Representatives of this series, in fact, the only ones in foreign fleets belonging to the class of URO cruisers, have armament comparable to the "Moscow". To a certain extent, the tasks for which the compared ships were created are also similar. Their design and construction were carried out in the 70-80s, that is, this is one generation.
Cruiser "Moscow" project 1164
Full displacement - 11,500 tons
Length - 186.5 meters
Crew - 510 people
Full speed - 32 knots
Photo: blackseanews.net
Relating to a very versatile class, the ships are designed for use in all types of military conflicts. And they have already shown themselves. The Russian cruiser - in repelling the aggression of Georgia in 2008 and in the Syrian events, however, in both cases without the use of weapons. American cruisers have been fully operational in all armed conflicts and regional wars from Desert Storm in 1991 to the operation against Libya in 2011.
Accordingly, we will consider two options for the conditions: the actions of the compared ships in a local collision with a navally weak enemy in the interests of the Air Force and Ground Forces, in a large-scale Russia-NATO war. In addition, it makes sense to consider the option: our cruiser against the American as part of a naval strike group (KUG). This option is quite possible, since both can act as the core of the KUG with escort from ships of lighter classes. Here, for the purity of comparison, it is advisable to assume that the striking potential of the air defense systems of the escort ships of the Russian and American groups is approximately the same.
In conflicts, both ships solve the following main tasks, on which a comparison is to be made: the destruction of enemy aircraft carrier strike and multi-purpose groups, the destruction of KUG and KPUG, the destruction of submarines, the repulsion of enemy air attacks, and strikes on ground targets.
In a local war against a navally weak enemy, taking into account the probability of a particular task occurring, the weight coefficients are distributed as follows: the destruction of groups of surface ships and boats - 0.1, the destruction of submarines - 0.05, the reflection of AOS - 0.3, striking ground targets - 0.55. This alignment applies to both Russian and American ships. The task of destroying the enemy aircraft carrier forces in this case, obviously, will not stand.
In a large-scale war, the weights are distributed differently and are different for Russian and American ships. Their significance for "Moscow" can be assessed as follows: the destruction of enemy aircraft carrier strike and multi-purpose groups - 0.4 (including 0.1 - from the position of tracking weapons and 0.3 - in the oncoming battle), the destruction of KUG and KPUG - 0 .25, submarines - 0.1, EOS reflection - 0.2, strikes against ground targets - 0.05. The “American” has it differently: the destruction of KUG and KPUG - 0.2, submarines - 0.3, repulsion of anti-aircraft weapons - 0.3, strikes on ground targets - 0.2. Taking into account the fact that Russia has one aircraft carrier that will operate as part of a strike force grouping, solving mainly the air defense tasks of this formation or in the air defense system of the sea area, the task of destroying it will be of little importance for an American missile cruiser.
In the red corner
The project 1164 missile cruiser with a total displacement of more than 11,000 tons has the Vulkan complex with 16 anti-ship missiles as its main armament. The maximum firing range is up to 700 kilometers. The main anti-aircraft armament is represented by the Fort multi-channel complex (S-300F). Ammunition - 64 missiles. Firing range - up to 90 kilometers. Self-defense anti-aircraft weapons: two Osa-MA single-channel systems and three batteries of two 30-mm AK-630 assault rifles. Anti-submarine weapons include two five-tube torpedo tubes and two RBU-6000. Universal artillery is represented by a double-barreled gun AK-130 caliber 130 millimeters. The ship has effective electronic warfare equipment to disrupt the operation of aircraft radio electronics and anti-ship missile seeker. The cruiser provides for the basing of the Ka-27 helicopter. According to Western experts, four to six Harpoon anti-ship missiles or two to three Tomahawks are required to destroy or disable such ships.
In the blue corner
Cruisers of the Ticonderoga type with a displacement of about 9600 tons have various types of missile weapons located in two universal vertical under-deck Mk-41 launchers with a total capacity of 122 cells. A typical load is 24–26 Tomahawk cruise missiles, 16 ASROC PLURs and 80 Standard-2 missiles. In addition, the ship has 16 Harpoon missiles in deck launchers. The ships are equipped with an Aegis-type combat information and control system. Universal artillery is represented by two guns Mk-45 caliber 127 millimeters. Anti-submarine armament includes two triple-tube torpedoes for small-sized Mk-46 anti-submarine torpedoes. The ships have powerful sonar submarine search facilities and anti-submarine helicopters. The required number of hits by heavy Russian anti-ship missiles to disable a cruiser or sink it can be estimated at one to three, to destroy an American aircraft carrier - three to seven.
Meeting engagement
The most favorable situation for solving the problem of hitting an aircraft carrier with a Moskva-class cruiser is firing from a tracking position with a weapon. In this case, the ship, under other conditions being equal to the AUG, is guaranteed to strike at the order of the main forces (an aircraft carrier and three or four escort ships). A volley of 16 missiles will meet opposition from multi-channel air defense systems, combat air patrol fighters and electronic warfare systems. Up to two missiles can be shot down by fighters. The total potential of the order's air defense systems, ranging from 7–8 to 10–12 units, will make it possible to destroy up to 70–80 percent of the remaining salvo missiles. Electronic warfare equipment reduces the probability of hitting the target by another 50-60 percent. As a result, a maximum of one or two missiles will reach the aircraft carrier under the most favorable conditions. That is, the probability of putting an aircraft carrier out of action with such a volley is no more than 0.2.
USS Port Royal (CG-73) Ticonderoga-class cruiser
Full displacement - 9800 tons
Length - 172.8 meters
Crew - 387 people
Full speed - 32 knots
Cruising range - 6000 miles
Photo: warday.info
In an oncoming battle, the chances of hitting an aircraft carrier will be much smaller, if not zero - it will not allow our cruiser to approach a salvo distance (therefore, by the way, submarines and naval missile-carrying aircraft will play a key role in the battle with the AUG).
In combat with formations of surface ships, our cruiser looks much better. When operating against a KUG consisting of two to four destroyers and URO frigates, it is able to disable or sink up to two enemy ships, while remaining invulnerable to them (due to the superior range of missile weapons). An attack on an amphibious detachment or a convoy will make it possible to destroy three or four ships from their composition. That is, the combat effectiveness of our cruiser in this confrontation can be estimated at 0.3-0.5.
The effectiveness of the ship's air defense systems when repulsing an attack by a squadron of tactical aircraft or a missile salvo of 12–16 Tomahawk/Harpoon missiles is determined (based on open data) at 0.3–0.6, depending on the type of AOS.
Possible options
In attacks on ground targets, our cruiser will use the Vulkan anti-ship missiles. In this case, the ability to hit targets should be estimated at two or three point objects at a depth of up to 600–650 kilometers from the coast. Considering that the purpose of such strikes is to disrupt the functioning of any system, in particular air defense or command and control in a certain area, the effectiveness of actions must be compared with the total number of targets that need to be hit. If we are talking about the complex systems mentioned, then there can be 20 or more point objects even in a separate limited area. Accordingly, the effectiveness of the impact is estimated at 0.1 or less.
The anti-submarine capabilities of our cruiser are calculated by the criterion of the probability of destroying a submarine before it enters the position of a torpedo salvo. This indicator depends on many factors, but the most important is the energy target detection range of the ship's SAC. Taking into account the whole complex of factors, I estimate this probability for our cruiser at 0.3-0.6, depending on the hydro-acoustic conditions and the type of submarine.
Similar indicators for the Ticonderoga cruiser are as follows. The destruction of groups of surface ships (KUG, KPUG, landing units and convoys) is approximately equivalent: three to four surface ships or 0.3–0.5. The effectiveness of the fight against submarines, taking into account the more powerful SAC, can be 0.5–0.9. Solving air defense problems - 0.4–0.7, depending on the type of air defense. Defeat ground targets "Tomahawks" - six - eight point targets to a depth of up to a thousand kilometers, that is, 0.2-0.4.
In a duel situation, ceteris paribus, due to a significant superiority in firing range, Moscow has the ability to disable or sink an American cruiser with a probability of up to 0.5-0.7, without itself entering the enemy’s kill zone.
In conditions of mutual detection at a range of Ticonderoga missiles, the chances of the latter are higher. However, the likelihood of such an event is extremely small. The “American” will have to approach our ship in order to enter the salvo position, being within the range of its weapons for several hours.
Win by points
The analysis carried out makes it possible to derive an integral indicator of compliance with the purpose of the two ships. For the Russian cruiser, it is: in relation to local wars - 0.23, and to large-scale wars - 0.28. The “American” has these figures of 0.39 and 0.52, respectively. That is, in terms of the degree of compliance of the combat effectiveness of the ship with its mission, our cruiser is inferior to the "American" by about 40 percent. However, in a duel situation, the Russian ship beats the opponent due to a significant superiority in the range of weapons.
The main reason is that our cruiser is more specialized as a strike cruiser, designed to deal with large groups of enemy surface ships. At the same time, its ability to solve the main task - the defeat of the AUG is relatively small, while the Ticonderoga cruiser is more versatile and focused on solving a wide range of tasks that are relevant in a wider range of possible situations.
Armament
Artillery:
- 2 (1x1) - 127mm gun MK-45 Mod. one.
Flak:
- 12 (2 × 6) - 20-mm Phalanx ZAU;
- 2 (1 × 1) - 25-mm ZAU "Bushmaster",;
- 2 to 4 - 12.7 mm Browning M2.
Missile armament:
- 8 (2 × 4) - SCRC "Harpoon" MK-141;
- 8 (2×4) - launcher MK-26;
- 16 (2×8) - UVP MK-41.
Mine-torpedo armament:
- 2 triple-tube 324 mm MK-32 torpedo tubes.
Air group:
- 2 helicopters - SH60B or SH60R.
Built ships
Ticonderoga, Yorktown, Vincennes, Valley Forge, Thomas S. Gates, Bunker Hill, Mobile Bay, Antietam, Leyte Gulf, San Jacinto, Lake Champlain, Philippine Sea, Princeton, Normandy, Monterey, Chancellorsville, Cowpens, Gettysburg, Chosin, Hué City , Shiloh, Anzio, Vicksburg, Lake Erie, Cape St. George, Vella Gulf, Port Royal.
History of creation
An order for the construction of the first six Ticonderoga-class cruisers was issued in September 1978. The plans provided for the construction of 28 such ships, then the Reagan administration increased this number to 30, but later reduced it to 27. The Ticonderoga cruiser entered the fleet in 1983, and the last ship of the type, Port Royal, in 1994 . The construction of new cruisers was carried out at the shipyard of the company "Ingalls Shipbuilding" (Pascalooga, Mississippi), and at the shipyard "Bath Iron Works" (Bath, Maine).
predecessors
Spruence-class destroyers
In the process of creating ships of the Ticonderoga type, the hull and mechanisms of the destroyer were taken as the basis Spruance, which made it possible to speed up and reduce the cost of production of the new cruiser. It also resolved the issue of providing spare parts, and facilitated the training of personnel. At the same time, methods for designing a ship as an integrated weapon system, including its hull, weapons, combat and technical means, and personnel, were further developed.
Prerequisites for creation
The main goal of the designers was to create a modern ship that would fight against air and underwater targets when operating as part of an aircraft carrier multipurpose and shipborne strike group. The multi-purpose use of the cruiser would make it possible to escort civilian ships and aircraft carriers. And also to carry out fire support during landing or reconnaissance. Also, the task was to automate the control of the movement and maneuverability of the ship, weapons systems and power plants.
Design
The task of the ship's designers was to develop such a hull design, in which it was possible to modernize them without large material costs and in a relatively short time. Also, their task was the placement and conditions for the functioning of various systems. One of the main tasks was the optimal placement of electronic equipment, since a large number of antenna devices created mutual interference during operation.
When designing, the task was to increase the shock and explosion resistance of hull structures and equipment. A semi-automatic emergency system, using special sensors, informs the command about the nature and extent of damage and allows remote closing of hatches and doors to prevent the spread of fire and water.
Commissioned
In January 1983, the Ticonderoga URO cruiser, the lead ship from a series of 27 units, entered service. According to journalists, the US Navy has included the most modern surface ship, which embodies the latest achievements in the field of shipbuilding. "Stand by admiral Gorshkov: "Aegis" - at sea!" - “Beware, Admiral Gorshkov: Aegis is at sea!”- it was with such a message that the first Ticonderoga went to sea.
Design Description
Materials and coatings
New durable materials (aluminum alloys, plastics, wear-resistant coatings, etc.) are also widely applicable in the design of a ship. Ammunition magazines are protected by 25 mm steel plates. The most important parts of the superstructure are additionally protected by honeycomb panels. The upper deck has a vinyl covering. To absorb the sound of the engine and other modules, a sound-absorbing coating developed using special technologies was used. Kevlar armor protected the main combat posts located in the superstructure.
Frame
Section of the cruiser URO type Ticonderoga.
The hull of the Ticonderoga-class cruiser was built on a production line using a block-sectional method (the ship is divided into ten blocks and sections) with a modular installation of accessories and a preliminary high degree of saturation of the sections.
The ship had an elongated bow with forecastles, making up 85% of the entire length of the bow, also a clipper bow and a transom stern. When designing the hull, the task was to protect the rocket launchers located in the bow of the ship from the effects of waves in stormy weather. For the same purpose, the hull was designed taking into account the reduction in the amplitudes of roll and pitch and the resistance of water to the movement of the ship. Also, to protect against waves, a bulwark with a length of 40 and a height of about 1.4 m was installed by lengthening the bow of the base length of the destroyer of the type Spruance increased by approximately 1.1 m.
It was necessary to pay a lot of attention to the optimal placement of a large number of antenna devices that create mutual interference during operation.
Thanks to the design of the hull and superstructures, which completely lack portholes, as well as all the interior spaces are equipped with an air conditioning system, the ship is able to continue combat operations in the conditions of the use of weapons of mass destruction. For example: chemical or bacteriological.
combat information post
Placement of functional zones in the combat information post.
The combat information post (BIP) of the cruiser is located on platform 01 in the bow of the superstructure. It is divided into six functional zones, in which the equipment (panels, indicators) of the subsystems is installed, providing the collection, analysis, generalization and display of information for making a decision on the use of weapons against submarines, air targets, surface ships, as well as for controlling the tactical situation, control the actions of both one ship and the entire formation.
Repair
The modular design of the equipment makes it possible to use the method of aggregate repair and quickly replace faulty units by the personnel of the ship and the floating base serving it.
Power plant and driving performance
The Ticonderoga-class cruisers became the first large ships of the US Navy to have a unit of four General Electric LM2500 gas turbine engines with a total capacity of 80,000 hp as the main power plant. from. (60 MW). The power plant occupies four compartments and is placed in echelon in two engine rooms, separated by two compartments of auxiliary mechanisms. Since the General Electric LM2500 gas turbine engines have one-way rotation, the opposite arrangement of the starboard and port side installations was chosen to ensure the opposite rotation of the propellers. Engines and gearboxes of each echelon are installed on a common foundation plate on shock-absorbing supports. The motors are equipped with protective soundproof casings, inside which air is supplied to cool the motors. The air intakes are located in the upper part of the superstructure; the engines can be loaded and unloaded through the air ducts. Freezing of air ducts is prevented by preliminary heating of the air flow by mixing it with the heated air of the cooling system of power units. In order to reduce fuel consumption, it is possible to operate each turbine separately.
General Electric LM2500.
The general ship network uses alternating current (frequency 60 Hz), generated by three gas turbine generators with a capacity of 2,500 kW, each of which is made in a single unit (gas turbine, electric generator, gearbox) and is located in the first and fourth power compartments, as well as in the stern of the ship . The main power plant is served by 54 people, and five are on duty.
Auxiliary equipment
The ship is equipped with belt conveyors and elevators for transferring cargo from the upper deck to the lower ones and moving them through the compartments. One of the conveyors provides horizontal movement of goods along the entire length of the ship - from bow to stern. Two posts for receiving cargo delivered by helicopters are equipped in the bow and stern parts.
Armament
Aegis
Cruiser type Ticonderoga became the first US Navy ships on which the Aegis basic information and control system appeared; its main element is the most powerful AN / SPY-1A radar station, which is capable of automatically detecting, tracking and tracking up to 1000 underwater, surface and air targets within a radius of 300 km. Moreover, the machine is able to independently determine which of the captured targets poses the greatest threat to the ship and attack it. The interception is carried out by the RIM-161 anti-aircraft guided munition of the "Standard" family, with its help it is possible to destroy not only an aircraft or an enemy projectile, but also a ballistic missile and even a warhead at atmospheric altitudes, and it will take only a few minutes to complete the RIM-161 task. Other key elements of the Aegis system include the following subsystems: command and control, which provides command of the ship and the ship's strike group, the necessary data on the tactical situation, and weapon control.
The location of weapons on a ship of the type "Ticonderoga"
Artillery
Mark-42
The artillery armament of the ship is represented by two 127 Mark 42 turrets, which are located in the bow and stern of the ship. Artillery mounts of the Mark-45 model, compared to its predecessor, the Mark-42 AU, it was 20 tons lighter and had better reliability and maintainability. In order to achieve ease of construction had to sacrifice rate of fire. The average weight of the projectile is 30 kg., Length 66 cm. This type of installation has been in service with US Navy ships since 1971.
| Characteristic | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Full barrel length | 6858 mm |
| rate of fire | 20 shots/min |
| Maximum firing range | 23.130 m |
| effective firing range | 15000 m |
| height reach | 8000 m |
| Elevation Angle | from -15 to +65° |
| ±170° | |
| 20°/s | |
| 30°/s | |
| Gun weight | 21.6 tons |
| Ammunition | 600 shells |
| Life cycle - 7000 shots | 7000 shots |
| Number of service personnel | 6 people |
Flak
Mark 15 Vulcan Phalanx
The ship was armed with two automatic anti-aircraft installations of the Mark 15 Vulcan Phalanx CIWS type, which are capable of hitting cruise missiles and aircraft at close range. CIWS stands for Close-In Weapon System - melee weapon system. Unlike other CIWS, it takes up less deck space. The production of installations of this type began in 1978, and entered service in 1980.
| Characteristic | Meaning |
|---|---|
| Caliber | 20×102 mm |
| barrel length | 7752 mm |
| Number of barrels | 6 |
| rate of fire | 3000 shots/min |
| Projectile weight | 0.102 kg |
| Initial projectile speed | 1036 m/s |
| Max Elevation | from -28 to +85° |
| Angle of horizontal guidance | ±170° |
| Elevation speed | 92°/s |
| Horizontal guidance speed | 126°/s |
| Reaction time | 2-3 s |
| Effective firing range | 1.47 km |
| height reach | 1470 m |
| projectile type | OFZ, Z-T, BPS-T |
| Ammunition | before 1470 |
| Installation weight | 5.42 t |
Mark 38 Bushmaster
The 25mm Mark 38 gun mount is a single-barreled automatic naval mount based on the 25mm M242 Bushmaster gun developed by McDonnell Douglas and manufactured by Alliant Techsystems. Cooling - air, no stabilization, manual guidance. Shooting in semi-automatic (single shots) and automatic modes.
Browning M2
M2 Browning - American heavy machine gun is the most widely used in all countries of the world. Designed to introduce fire at a short distance and on small ships. This type of machine gun has been in service with US Navy ships since 1933.
Missile weapons
Mark 141
The Mk 141 (Mark 141) is an American naval launcher for the Harpoon anti-ship missiles. It is used on ships of the US Navy and other countries. The installation is a frame on which from 1 to 4 transport and launch containers with missiles are installed with a fixed lifting angle.
- Installation weight - 5900 kg.
- Container installation angle - 35°.
- It has been in service since 1978.
Mark 26
The first five Ticonderoga-class ships housed two MK-26 universal launchers for launching Harpoon anti-ship missiles, Standard anti-aircraft missiles and ASROK anti-submarine missiles. They are located in the bow and on the stern of the superstructure. But since 1986, the US Navy has received installations for vertical launch of MK-41 missiles with container cells.
Mark 41
Mk 41 (Mark 41) is a unified American shipborne vertical launch system for guided missiles. It is used on ships of the US Navy and other countries of the world.
The use of UVP made it possible to increase the survivability of the installation, increase the ammunition and range of launched missiles, and reduce the reaction time. Typical loading of UVP on the sixth and subsequent cruisers of the Ticonderoga type is 26 Tomahawk cruise missiles, 16 ASROC PLURs and 80 Standard-2 missiles - a total of 122 missiles in two modules.
Mine and torpedo armament
Mark 32
Mark 32 - American torpedo tube. It has been in service with US Navy ships since 1960 to the present. The apparatus is a fiberglass pipe or a fiberglass liner in a metal casing. The hull of the apparatus is waterproof; with regular maintenance, a long-term storage of the torpedo inside the apparatus is possible. The three-pipe apparatus weighs about 1010 kg. Designed to launch torpedoes Mark 44, Mark 46, Mark 50 (starting with Mod 17), and Mark 54. The devices are designed for remote launch of torpedoes, however, the possibility of manual launch is retained for all devices, except Mod 15, installed on Spruence-class destroyers . The torpedo is ejected with compressed air from a pressure tank at the rear of the vehicle.
Radar navigation and detection of surface targets SPS-55
Air group
Sikorsky SH-60 "Sea Hawk" (eng. Sikorsky SH-60 Sea Hawk) is an American multi-purpose helicopter. The SN-60 was developed on the basis of the UH-60 helicopter in accordance with the US Navy LAMPS Mk.3 (Light Airborne Multipurpose System) competition program for operation from warships. The first helicopter flight took place in 1979 and was adopted by the US Navy in 1984.
Disadvantages and advantages
Disadvantages:
- disadvantage 1 limited dimensions, and, as a result, dangerous congestion of the ship;;
- disadvantage 2 widespread use of aluminum in the design of the cruiser. .
Advantages:
- advantage 1 unprecedented versatility at minimal cost;;
- dignity 2 huge striking power;;
- advantage 3 the possibility of solving missile defense problems and destroying satellites in low orbits. .
Built ships
| Number | Name | construction firm | laid down | deflated | entered service | decommissioned |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| CG-47 | Ticonderoga | Ingalls | 21.01.1980 | 25.04.1981 | 22.01.1983 | 30.09.2004 |
| CG-48 | Yorktown | Ingalls | 19.10.1981 | 17.01.1983 | 04.07.1984 | 10.12.2004 |
| CG-49 | Vincennes | Ingalls | 19.10.1982 | 14.04.1984 | 16.07.1985 | 29.06.2005 |
| CG-50 | Valley Forge | Ingalls | 14.04.1983 | 23.06.1984 | 18.01.1986 | 30.08.2004 |
| CG-51 | Thomas S. Gates | Bath | 31.08.1984 | 14.12.1985 | 22.08.1987 | 15.12.2005 |
| CG-52 | Bunker Hill | Ingalls | 11.01.1984 | 11.03.1985 | 20.09.1986 | 2021 (plan) |
| CG-53 | Mobile Bay | Ingalls | 06.06.1984 | 22.08.1985 | 21.02.1987 | 2022 (plan) |
| CG-54 | Antietam | Ingalls | 15.11.1984 | 14.02.1986 | 06.06.1987 | 2022 (plan) |
| CG-55 | Leyte Gulf | Ingalls | 18.03.1985 | 20.06.1986 | 26.09.1987 | 2022 (plan) |
| CG-56 | San Jacinto | Ingalls | 24.07.1985 | 14.11.1986 | 23.01.1988 | 2023 (plan) |
| CG-57 | Lake Champlain | Ingalls | 03.03.1986 | 03.04.1987 | 01.06.1988 | 2023 (plan) |
| CG-58 | Philippine Sea | Bath | 08.04.1986 | 12.07.1987 | 18.03.1989 | 2024 (plan) |
| CG-59 | Princeton | Ingalls | 15.10.1986 | 02.10.1987 | 11.02.1989 | 2024 (plan) |
| CG-60 | Normandy | Bath | 07.04.1987 | 19.03.1988 | 09.12.1989 | 2024 (plan) |
| CG-61 | Monterey | Bath | 19.08.1987 | 23.10.1988 | 16.06.1990 | 2025 (plan) |
| CG-62 | Chancellorsville | Ingalls | 24.06.1987 | 15.07.1988 | 14.11.1989 | 2024 (plan) |
| CG-63 | Cowpens | Bath | 23.12.1987 | 11.03.1989 | 09.03.1991 | 2026 (plan) |
| CG-64 | Gettysburg | Bath | 17.08.1988 | 02.07.1989 | 22.06.1991 | 2026 (plan) |
| CG-65 | Chosin | Ingalls | 02.07.1988 | 01.09.1989 | 12.01.1991 | 2026 (plan) |
| CG-66 | Hue City | Ingalls | 20.02.1989 | 01.06.1990 | 14.09.1991 | 2026 (plan) |
| CG-67 | Shiloh | Bath | 01.08.1989 | 08.09.1990 | 24.04.1992 | 2027 (plan) |
| CG-68 | Anzio | Ingalls | 21.08.1989 | 02.11.1990 | 02.05.1992 | 2027 (plan) |
| CG-69 | Vicksburg | Ingalls | 30.05.1990 | 07.09.1991 | 21.09.1992 | 2027 (plan) |
| CG-70 | Lake Erie | Bath | 06.03.1990 | 13.07.1991 | 24.07.1993 | 2028 (plan) |
| CG-71 | cape st. George | Ingalls | 19.11.1990 | 10.01.1992 | 13.04.1993 | 2028 (plan) |
| CG-72 | Vella Gulf | Ingalls | 22.04.1991 | 13.06.1992 | 12.07.1993 | 2028 (plan) |
| CG-73 | Port Royal | Ingalls | 18.10.1991 | 20.11.1992 | 09.07.1994 | 2029 (plan) |
see also
Literature and sources of information
- Wikipedia
- Foreign military review 1984 #1
The ship was created on the basis of the hull and GEM Main power plant destroyer Spruence, which made it possible to speed up and reduce the cost of its construction, simplify operation and provision of spare parts, and facilitate the training of personnel. At the same time, methods for designing a ship as an integrated weapon system, including its hull, weapons, combat and technical means, and personnel, were further developed. Much attention was paid to the placement and operating conditions of various systems. First of all, this affected electronic equipment, since a significant number of various antenna devices that create mutual interference during operation required the creation of optimal conditions for their placement.
One of the most serious tasks assigned to the designers of the ship was the development of such an architecture of the hull, the structures of its sections and blocks, so that it would be possible to modernize them without large material costs and in a relatively short time. A similar task, notes the foreign press, follows from the experience of operating ships Navy Naval Forces USA, which shows that during their 25 - 30-year service life, they usually undergo two upgrades.
These cruisers are built on a production line using a block-sectional method (the ship is divided into ten blocks and sections) with a modular installation of component equipment and a preliminary high degree of saturation of the section. The ship has a hull with a forecastle extending far into the stern, extending 85%. Its length, clipper bow and transom stern. The hull contours are designed taking into account the reduction in the amplitudes of roll and pitch and the resistance of water to the movement of the ship. Based on the experience of operating destroyers of the Spruence type, the total length of the ship was increased by 1.1 m due to the lengthening of the bow, a bulwark about 40 m long and 1.4 m high was installed on it to reduce the impact of waves and spray in stormy weather on bow installations - artillery and universal missile launcher. For the same purpose, cruisers are equipped with a roll stabilization system and side keels. According to the project, the ship must maintain a speed of 20 knots for a long time at a sea state of 7 points. Chimneys are spaced along the sides and length of the ship. Lattice masts rise behind the navigation bridge and in the middle part of the superstructure. When designing, the task was to increase the shock and explosion resistance of hull structures and equipment. A semi-automatic emergency system, using special sensors, informs the command about the nature and extent of damage and allows remote closing of hatches and doors to prevent the spread of fire and water.
The project provides for the use of various noise absorbing devices and coatings, low-noise power equipment manufactured using a specially developed technology. A five-bladed controllable pitch propeller (CVP) with air supply to the leading edges of the blades to reduce cavitation noise was chosen as the propeller. As a result of these innovations, the noise level of this ship is expected to be less than that of other surface ships. Navy Naval Forces USA.
New durable materials (aluminum alloys, plastics, wear-resistant coatings, etc.) are also widely used in the design of the ship. Ammunition magazines are protected by 25 mm steel plates. The most important parts of the superstructure are additionally protected by honeycomb panels. The upper deck has a vinyl covering. Compared to other ships, the area of living quarters has been increased, which are located in the middle part of the hull and in the superstructure. The berths are grouped in blocks of six and separated by light bulkheads. There are special rooms for recreation and activities.
The ship is adapted for operations in the conditions of the use of weapons of mass destruction. There are no portholes in the hull and superstructure. All interior spaces are equipped with an air conditioning system.
The ship is equipped with belt conveyors and elevators for transferring cargo from the upper deck to the lower ones and moving them through the compartments. One of the conveyors provides horizontal movement of goods along the entire length of the ship - from bow to stern. In the bow and stern parts, two posts for receiving cargo delivered by helicopters are equipped.
The modular design of the equipment makes it possible to use the method of aggregate repair and quickly replace faulty units by the personnel of the ship and the floating base serving it.
Automation of the control of the movement and maneuvering of the ship, weapons systems and power plant made it possible to reduce the number of personnel.
The combat information post (BIP) of the cruiser is located on platform 01 in the bow of the superstructure, which raises doubts among foreign experts about its sufficient security and survivability. It is divided into six functional zones, in which the equipment (panels, indicators) of the subsystems is installed, providing the collection, analysis, generalization and display of information for making decisions on the use of weapons against submarines, air targets, surface ships, as well as for monitoring the tactical situation. , controlling the actions of both one ship and the entire formation.
After the commissioning of the cruiser URO guided missile weapon Ticonderoga in the foreign press published a number of articles critically evaluating a series of new ships. First of all, an increase in displacement compared to the design one (from 8900 to 9600 tons), which is close to the limit (10200 tons) for this hull, was noted. This is due to the fact that the weight of the vertical launch installation is 225 tons more than that of the Mk26 launchers. It is also stated that the weight radar Radar station AN / SPS-49, which is a backup in case of failure of the AN / SPY-1A station, is 17 tons (at the same time, foreign experts note, it cannot even partially replace radar Radar station AN / SPY-1A, because it does not determine the altitude of an air target). As a result, the center of gravity moved 0.152 m higher, which led to a decrease in the ship's stability and reduced its already small margin of buoyancy. To compensate for this negative effect, at least 70 tons of ballast were added. The increase in displacement reduced the cruising range of the ship, the maintenance of which at the same level required an additional 150 tons of fuel. Since the power plant has remained unchanged, there are concerns that the cruiser will not be able to maintain the speed necessary to carry out the task of guarding aircraft carriers in full swing. All taken together, the foreign press emphasizes, will seriously affect the combat capabilities of the new ship.
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The Ticonderoga-class cruisers were conceived as a relatively inexpensive carrier of modern air defense systems suitable for mass construction, but over time they have become perhaps the most advanced warships of our time. The project of these ships was created on the basis of the hull of the Spruence-class destroyer, so the lead ship, the Ticonderoga, was originally considered a destroyer, but in 1980 it was reclassified as a cruiser and received tail number CG 47. The plans provided for the construction of 28 such ships, then the administration Reagan increased this number to 30, but later reduced it to 27. The Ticonderoga cruiser entered the fleet in 1983, and the last ship of the type, Port Royal, in 1994.
These cruisers were the first warships to be equipped with the AEGIS multifunctional weapon system, the most advanced air defense system in the world. The basis of this system is the SPY-1A radar with four phased antenna arrays, which is capable of automatically detecting and tracking targets at a distance of more than 300 km.
The main purpose of the AEGIS system is to repel a missile attack on a US Navy ship group using air defense and electronic warfare systems. The system is capable of simultaneously tracking the movement of friendly aircraft, detecting, identifying and tracking air targets in the upper hemisphere, as well as aiming air defense systems at them. In addition, on the basis of the system, a command center of the unified air defense system of a ship group can be created.
The first five cruisers were equipped with two twin launchers Mk 26 "Standard" SM-2MR, which were supposed to ensure the defeat of aircraft and various cruise missiles during massive raids in the conditions of active use of electronic warfare.
Starting with the Bunker Hill cruiser (CG 52), instead of the Mk 26 launchers and their charging magazines, the Mk 41 UVPs were installed. In 127 cells of two UVPs on each ship, the Standard missiles, the Harpoon anti-ship missiles, the ASROC anti-ship missiles and the Tomahawk missiles are located ”, which allows the ship to hit air, surface, ground and underwater targets.
Cruisers of the Ticonderoga type are designed to protect aircraft carrier and amphibious assault groups, as well as to conduct independent operations. Over the past twenty-odd years, they have taken part in all US Navy operations, including two wars against Iraq, as well as bombardments of Yugoslavia and Afghanistan with Tomahawk missiles.
Huge impact power at minimal cost. The Ticonderoga cruiser is the absolute record holder among ships with a displacement of less than 10 thousand tons:
- 11 radars.
- 80 antenna devices.
- 122 missile silos.
- combat information and control.
The choice of ship names is in honor of the places where the battles and battles of the past took place.
Among achievements and records:
Participation in military conflicts in Libya (1986), Iraq (1991, 2003) and Yugoslavia. Ticonderogi provided cover for naval groups and attacked ground targets;
Destruction of a space satellite moving at an altitude of 247 km at a speed of 27,000 km/h (Operation Scorching Cold, 2008)
The Philippine Sea cruiser is shelling ISIS positions (September 2014, 47 Tomahawks fired)
A missile cruiser based on a destroyer platform. Initially assigned to the family of guided missile destroyers (DDG), but later "promoted" to the cruiser level (CG). In comparison with other cruisers of the same age, the Ticonderoga is 80 meters shorter than the atomic Orlan, its width amidships is 1.5 times less, and the total displacement is 2.6 times inferior. On such a scale, the difference in the meanings of the word "cruiser" and the differences in approaches to the design of ships on both sides of the ocean become clearly noticeable.
Reference. About what is not visible from the shore
The dimensions and contours of the hull, the power plant, as well as a significant part of the mechanisms and weapons are unified with the Spruence-class destroyers.
The hull is divided by watertight bulkheads into 13 compartments.
The cruiser's two decks and eight platforms (five of which are superstructure levels) are parallel to the structural waterline to simplify ship assembly and equipment installation.
The power plant is gas turbine, consisting of 4 General Electric LM2500 turbines. A herd of 80 thousand "horses" is able to disperse the ship from standstill to max. speed (~32 knots) in just 15 minutes.
On the left is a cruiser, on the right is a destroyer
The Ticonderoga surpasses even the larger and more modern in terms of the number of weapons. The reason for the paradox lies directly in the design of the Burke - it is completely steel. While the superstructure "Ticonderogi" is made of aluminum-magnesium alloy brand "5456" and literally falls apart under its own weight.
... During operation, over 3,000 cracks were detected in the superstructures of 27 cruisers - www.navytimes.com, “An epidemic of cracking on the Ticonderoga”.
This drawback did not prevent the cruisers from serving for more than 30 years. But conclusions have been drawn. All subsequent American ships are made entirely of steel.
The main purpose of the Ticonderog is anti-aircraft and anti-submarine protection of aircraft carrier and multi-purpose ship groups, formations and convoys in open sea areas.
The cruisers have high autonomy and are capable of covering 6,000 nautical miles at an operating speed of 20 knots. Which is equivalent to the distance from Naval Base Norfolk to the Persian Gulf.
The first five Ticonderogs were equipped with MK.26 beam-type launchers, with a limited arsenal of anti-aircraft and anti-submarine missiles. The possibility of launching Tomahawks was not considered a priority; the arsenal of cruisers was replenished with SLCMs only with the advent of the MK.41 mine-type launchers on the Bunker Hill cruiser.
The main idea, raison d'être, and purpose of the Aegis cruisers is still air defense/missile defense.
Air defense system
All hopes are pinned on the Aegis (Aegis) BIUS, which connected computers, radars and fire control systems into a single network.
The main component of the Aegis is the AN / SPY-1 multi-purpose radar with four fixed headlights. Operating range - decimeter (S). The peak radiation power is 6 megawatts, which allows the radar to distinguish targets in near-Earth orbit.
SPY-1 performs search in azimuth and elevation, capture, classification and tracking of targets, control of autopilots of anti-aircraft missiles on the launch and march sections of the flight path.
The only problem with the SPY-1 is that the radar has difficulty distinguishing fast-moving targets flying close to the surface of the water.
The fire control system is archaic, based on four SPG-62 target illumination radars. It is curious that in this aspect, the Ticonderoga again has an advantage over the Arleigh Burke (4 illumination radars against three for the destroyer).
The main incorrigible shortcoming of the SPG-62 is mechanical scanning (turn speed 72°/sec). At any given moment in time, each radar is capable of highlighting only one target. As a result, if the capabilities of the SPY-1 allow you to control up to 18 fired anti-aircraft missiles, then only 4 air targets can be attacked simultaneously (and, most importantly, no more than two from each side).
The only advantage of this scheme: unlike dozens of beams of newfangled AFARs and missiles with active seekers, the outdated illumination radar has a radiation pattern with a narrow main lobe, which makes it possible to produce effective and highly selective target illumination in conditions of using electronic warfare equipment.
Currently, a small number of illumination channels are leveled by the appearance of anti-aircraft missiles with active homing (SM-3, SM-6, ESSM Block-II).
BOD "Marshal Shaposhnikov" against the background of the clumsy-looking USS Chosin (CG-65)
Target selection, threat assessment, control of the order of fired anti-aircraft missiles - this is the purpose of the Aegis system. In real conditions, the theory failed, and the first battle came out "lumpy". In the turmoil of the battle with the Iranian Navy, the Vincennes cruiser overwhelmed the civilian Airbus.
However, three decades have passed. American Aegis ships spent a total of 1,250 years in combat campaigns, firing over 3,800 missiles during combat and training missions. Guess they learned something.
In addition to four SPY-1 plates and four SPG-62 target illumination radars, the cruiser detection system includes the SPS-49 auxiliary station. Two-coordinate L-band surveillance radar with a rotating parabolic antenna. Currently recognized as completely obsolete, there is a project to replace it with the SPQ-9B (Back-to-Back Slotted Array) radar with two HEADLIGHTS operating in the centimeter range. The appearance of this device promises to "cure" one of the main shortcomings of the Ticonderoga - the problem of detecting low-flying targets.
The cruiser's anti-aircraft arsenal is located in the bow and stern launchers of the MK.41 type, the number and type of missiles vary depending on the task. Theoretically, the cruiser is capable of carrying up to a hundred anti-aircraft missiles (with the possibility of maintaining moderate versatility by placing Tomahawk and ASROK in the remaining mines of the Kyrgyz Republic).
The nose group of the UVP is visible
Ammunition includes the following types of ammunition:
- SAM family "Standard". The latest modifications of the RIM-156 SM-2ER and RIM-174 ERAM (with an active air-to-air head) are capable, in theory, of intercepting targets at a distance of 240 km from the ship;
- exotic RIM-161 "Standard-3", whose intercept height extends beyond the stratosphere. The SM-3 is focused exclusively on missile defense missions and is not designed against "ordinary" aerodynamic targets. The scheme implements kinetic interception (direct hit on the target). External illumination for space purposes is not required (and impossible) - the SPY-1 radar takes the missile to a given area of space, then the SM-3 orients itself using an infrared seeker;
- medium / short range anti-aircraft missile RIM-162 ESSM with an effective range of 50 km. Optimized for the interception of high-speed low-flying targets (anti-ship missiles). Due to the unusual layout and the presence of a deflectable thrust vector, the ESSM is capable of performing maneuvers with overloads up to 50g. Missiles are stored on board the cruiser, four in one launch cell.
The near line of defense is formed by two Phalanx anti-aircraft guns. The main advantage of automatic anti-aircraft guns is the presence of its own radar and complete independence from other ship systems (except for power supply). Disadvantage (inherent to all such systems): there is a threat that in a real battle the Phalanx will be useless. The fragments of missiles shot down in the near zone will fly by inertia and mortally cripple the ship.
As a “last chance” weapon, there are 70 sets of Stinger MANPADS on board.
General conclusions: due to the selected range and power of the radar, the Ticonderoga air defense system is ideally suited for intercepting targets in the upper atmosphere. At the same time, there is a whole range of problems with the interception of low-flying targets.
However ... More effective air defense of the near zone compared to Ticonderoga is available only to Zamvolt and several European and Japanese destroyers.
ASW defense
The cruiser has a full range of anti-submarine weapons that are traditionally installed on board large surface ships. It consists of:
Active under-keel sonar type AN/SQS-53;
- towed low-frequency antenna TACTAS;
- two anti-submarine helicopters of the SH-60 family;
- anti-submarine missiles RUM-139 ASROC-VL - max. the firing range is 22 km, the warhead is a small-sized deep-sea torpedo MK.54;
- two torpedo tubes for launching small-sized torpedoes (caliber 324 mm). Purpose - the fight against submarines in the immediate vicinity of the ship.
PLO is a network task, it cannot be solved by one ship. In this sense, the Ticonderoga is an important component of the order's anti-submarine defense.
strike weapons
MK.41 launch silos can accommodate . As in the case of anti-aircraft ammunition, it is impossible to establish the exact number of SLCMs on board the cruiser, it varies, depending on the tasks assigned.
In the course of combat use, cases were recorded when cruisers fired 40 ... 50 cruise missiles in one night. Obviously, their number can become even greater due to the reduction or complete abandonment of anti-aircraft ammunition.
Also on board are eight Harpoon anti-ship missiles (located in the stern, launched from an inclined Mk.141 mount). The scale allocated for this weapon indicates its secondary importance. The Ticonderogi are not going to engage in combat with a surface enemy, relying entirely on aircraft and submarines. The Yorktown cruiser used its anti-ship missiles only once - against a Libyan speedboat, and, as usual, with an unclear result.
At present, with a change in the tactics of using the fleet and the transition to the formation of multi-purpose battle groups, it became necessary to equip cruisers with full-fledged anti-ship weapons. This weapon will be the promising AGM-158 LRASM. A stealthy anti-ship missile of a new generation, combining new technologies, the moderate size and versatility of the Harpoon with the range and warhead power of heavy Soviet missiles.
Aviation armament
In stormy weather, the Ticonderoga has one subtle but extremely important advantage over any other cruiser or destroyer. Its helipad is located in the middle part of the ship - where the oscillation amplitude is smaller during pitching.
To facilitate the landing and movement of helicopters on the deck in stormy weather, all cruisers are standardly equipped with the RAST system.
There is a hangar designed for two anti-submarine helicopters of the SH-60 Sea Hawk family.
Up to 40 small-sized anti-submarine torpedoes, Penguin light anti-ship missiles, NURS units and ammunition for aircraft guns are stored in the cellar of aviation weapons.
Artillery and auxiliary weapons
The cruisers are armed with two universal 127 mm MK.45 cannons. A compact artillery system with nothing outstanding characteristics. 16-20 shots per minute, firing range 13 miles (24 km). Due to the low power of 5 '' shells, it is only suitable for firing at Iranian corvettes and finishing off "wounded animals".
Artillery fire is corrected according to the AN / SPQ-9 radar.
After the incident with the EM "Cole", a pair of 25 mm automatic "Bushmasters" appeared on board the cruisers to fire at the fast terrorist boats.
EW facilities
On board there is a standard electronic warfare system for all American ships for conducting electronic reconnaissance and suppressing missile guidance systems SLQ-32 with a maximum radiation power of 1 megawatt (antenna devices are mounted on two "balconies" in the central part of the superstructure).
There is a system for shooting chaff MK.36 SRBOC and a towed anti-torpedo trap ("rattle") SLQ-25 "Nixie" (released overboard through the hatches in the stern of the ship). Taking into account the results of clashes at sea over the past half century, it is the electronic warfare equipment that is the "insurance policy" and the most effective means of protection on board the ship.
There is nothing else on board the cruiser that is worth talking about.
Ending
Currently, the US Navy has 22 cruisers of this type.. Despite the obvious dilapidation, the Yankees are in no hurry to abandon the Ticonderoga. The cruiser surpasses modern destroyers in all the most significant aspects by 25% (number of radars, ammunition load, autonomy, presence of a flagship command post).
"Ticonderogi" still play the role of leaders in the air defense security of ship formations and aircraft carrier groups. The complete decommissioning of ships of this type is scheduled only for the end of the 2020s. At the same time, according to the military, an adequate replacement is not visible to them, and the terms can be shifted “to the right” for another decade.
Target sinking of decommissioned cruiser Valley Forge
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