Enterprises producing light non-ferrous metals. Geography of nonferrous metallurgy in Russia. Technological stages of non-ferrous metallurgy production

Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia produces structural materials of various physical and chemical properties. This branch of heavy industry includes copper, lead-zinc, nickel - cobalt, aluminum, lead-zinc, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum industry, as well as the production of noble and rare metals.

According to the stages of the technological process, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into extraction and processing of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The low metal content in the heavy non-ferrous metal ores requires their obligatory enrichment. Since non-ferrous metal ores contain many different components, each component is sequentially separated. The enriched ore is melted in special furnaces and turns into the so-called ferrous metal, which is then purified from harmful impurities of rolled products of different profiles in different industries.

Non-ferrous metals are classified as heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium), precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, etc.)

Non-ferrous metallurgy due to its export orientation in recent years has experienced less decline in production, since industries working for the domestic market. Here wages are higher than in other branches of heavy industry. But the cost of production is largely due to changes in electricity tariffs, since production is highly energy intensive.

Non-ferrous metallurgy has its own specifics.

1. The industry is highly concentrated in production. Enterprises - monopolists make up 12% of the total number of enterprises.

2. This is an environmentally harmful production. In terms of the degree of pollution of the atmosphere, water sources and soil, non-ferrous metallurgy surpasses all other industries that include the mining industry.

3. Non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises have the highest costs associated with fuel consumption and transportation. Moreover, in recent years, due to the rise in prices for resources and transport, the tough monetary policy of the state, huge taxes, the share of fuel and energy costs has increased from 16 to 40%, and the share of transportation costs has increased from 6 to 20%.

Due to the variety of raw materials used and the widespread use of non-ferrous metals in modern industry, non-ferrous metallurgy is characterized by a complex structure. The technological process of obtaining metal from ore is divided into mining and processing of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The originality of the resource base lies in the extremely low content of recoverable metal in the original ore.

Due to the fact that in non-ferrous metallurgy it is necessary to extract much more than in ferrous metallurgy, rocks per unit of finished product, and due to the significant capital intensity of the mining and enrichment process carried out in the mining areas, considerable importance is attached to the open-pit mining of ore deposits non-ferrous metals (more than 2/3 of all deposits). Obtaining expensive concentrates of non-ferrous metal ores makes it possible to transport them over long distances and thereby territorially separate the processes of mining, enrichment and directly metallurgical processing.

The peculiarity of the technological process for the production of non-ferrous metals is that the metallurgical redistribution is an energy-intensive process that sometimes requires up to tens of thousands of kilowatt-hours per 1 ton of finished products, therefore it is located in areas of cheap raw materials and fuel, which also becomes one of the reasons for the territorial separation of stages production.

Non-ferrous metal ores have a multicomponent composition. For example, in addition to lead and zinc, polymetallic ores contain copper, cadmium, selenium, bismuth, gold, silver, etc. Moreover, many "satellites" in value significantly exceed the main components and sometimes do not form independent deposits. Consequently, in non-ferrous metallurgy, the importance of the integrated use of raw materials and production intra-industry combination is great.

Most of the deposits of non-ferrous metal ores are distinguished by complex mining and geological conditions of development, harsh natural and geographical conditions of the regions of their location. The quality of ores (except for copper and nickel) is characterized by lower indicators in comparison with foreign counterparts.

The areas of use of non-ferrous metals mined in our country are numerous.

Aluminum industry produces light non-ferrous metal. As a raw material, it uses bauxite, the deposits of which are located in the North-West, North, Urals, Eastern Siberia, as well as nephelines, the deposits of which are located in the North, in Western Siberia. Every year, 3 million tons of alumina and bauxite are imported for the aluminum industry, which indicates a shortage of high-quality aluminum raw materials. At the same time, Russia has huge reserves of nephelines, but the production of alumina from them is associated with high energy costs.

The technological process of aluminum production consists of the following main stages: extraction and processing of raw materials, production of intermediate alumina, production of metallic aluminum. Each stage of the process is influenced by various placement factors. Extraction and beneficiation of raw materials, as well as the production of alumina as material-intensive processes gravitate towards the sources of raw materials. In the manufacture of metallic aluminum, a large amount of mass and cheap energy is consumed, among which powerful hydroelectric power plants play a primary role.

The production of alumina and the production of metallic aluminum may coincide geographically. Most of the alumina is produced in the European part of the country: in Boksitogorsk, based on Tikhvin bauxites, in Volkhva and Pikaleven, the Khabinsky nephelines, in Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky, North Ural bauxites are used.

Copper industry - one of the oldest branches of non-ferrous metallurgy in our country. Its development began in the 18th century in the Urals. Copper has long been one of the most consumed non-ferrous metals. The modern technology of the copper industry is based on three stages: mining and processing of ores, smelting of blister copper, smelting of refined copper. The copper industry, due to the low metal content in the ore, remained mainly in the mining areas, i.e. in the Ural economic region. Here the ores of the Gaysky and Blyavinsky, Krasnouralsky and Revdinsky, Sibaysky, Podolsky and Yubileinoye deposits are being developed. Copper-nickel and polymetallic ores can also serve as raw materials for the copper industry. In the Urals, metallurgical redistribution significantly exceeds production and beneficiation. Since their resources are not enough, imported concentrates (from Kazakhstan, from the Kola Peninsula) with a metal content of 30-40% are used here. There are about 10 copper smelters and refineries here. Blister copper is produced at Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Sredneuralsk, Mednogorsk and other enterprises. Copper refining takes place at specialized Verkhnepyshminsky and Kyshtymsky plants.

In other regions of the country, there are also copper production plants: in the Northern region (Monchegorsk), in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk Combine). In the north of the Chita region, exploration has been completed and preparations are underway for the start of industrial development of the world's third largest in terms of proven reserves of the Udokan copper ore deposit. A number of enterprises for the refining and rolling of copper arose outside the regions for producing blister copper (Moscow), here the secondary use of copper (copper scrap) has become of great importance.

Lead-zinc industry based on the use of polymetallic ores of different composition. The peculiarity of their processing lies in the extraction, enrichment, separation of ore minerals, obtaining metals by various methods, and refining. Lead and zinc are widely used in various spheres of human activity. Zinc, having anticorrosive properties, is used for galvanizing iron sheets, telegraph wires, pipes for various purposes, and is part of some pharmaceuticals. Lead is necessary for the manufacture of acid-resistant equipment, various pipes and vessels for the chemical industry, etc., in addition, lead absorbs X-rays and nuclear radiation well.

The territorial organization of the lead-zinc industry differs from the copper industry in that it is not always and not everywhere that lead and zinc are obtained simultaneously in pure form, i.e. the industry is characterized by a territorial gap between individual stages of the technological process. This becomes possible when obtaining ore concentrates with a metal content of 60-70%, which makes it beneficial to transport them over long distances. To obtain metallic lead, a relatively small amount of fuel is required compared to zinc processing. However, in general, the lead-zinc industry gravitates towards the deposits of polymetallic ores, which are located in the North Caucasus, Western Siberia, Eastern Siberia, and the Far East. In the Urals, zinc is contained in copper ores. A complete metallurgical redistribution is presented in Vladikavkaz, in Chelyabinsk, zinc metal is produced from imported concentrates, and zinc concentrates are produced in Sredneuralsk; in Belovo (Western Siberia) lead concentrate is obtained and zinc is smelted; in Nerchinsk (Eastern Siberia) lead and zinc concentrates are produced. The deficit of lead consumed in Russia is covered by supplies from Kazakhstan.

Nickel-cobalt industry closely related to the sources of raw materials due to the low content of metals in ores (0.3% nickel and 0.2% cobalt in sulfide ores), the complexity of their processing, high fuel consumption, multistage process and the need for the integrated use of raw materials. On the territory of the Russian Federation, two types of ores are being developed: sulfide copper-nickel ores - Monchegorsk, Pechenga-Nickel (Kola Peninsula), Talnakhskoye deposit (Norilsk); oxidized nickel ores - Rezhskoye, Ufaleiskoye, Orskoye (Ural).

Titanium-magnesium industry is a relatively new branch of nonferrous metallurgy. Magnesium raw materials are widespread in the Urals, the Kola Peninsula, and Western Siberia. Obtaining titanium and magnesium is characterized by high electrical capacity. Whereas magnesium production plants originally appeared at sources of raw materials, titanium production facilities were built in places of cheap energy, they operate on imported raw materials and concentrates. In the future, it is planned to create a titanium-magnesium industry as part of the Timan-Pechersk TPK.

Tin industry differs by the territorial disunity of the stages of the technological process. Metallurgical redistribution is not associated with ore deposits, but focuses on areas of consumption or is located along the route of concentrates. Ore deposits are represented in the Chita region, but they are especially widespread in the Far East (Kavalerovo, Kuldur, Yagodnoye, etc.). Highly transportable concentrates are produced here and sent to the metal tin production sites.

Non-ferrous metals and their alloys are processed in the areas of consumption. The processing of secondary raw materials also takes place here.

The regions with the most favorable situation in non-ferrous metallurgy include the Krasnoyarsk Territory, the Chelyabinsk Region, where the production of non-ferrous metals (especially copper, zinc and nickel) increased by 13%, and the Murmansk Region (an increase of 7%), where non-ferrous metallurgy accounts for about 2/5 of industrial products.

ECONOMIC AND GEOGRAPHICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FAR EASTERN AREA.

The Far Eastern economic region is one of the largest regions of the country. It stretches a huge distance from north to south, is washed by the waters of the Pacific and Arctic oceans and has the largest coastline. The area of \u200b\u200bthe district is 6,215.9 thousand km 2, or 36.4% of the territory of Russia.

The Far Eastern Region includes the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), Primorsky and Khabarovsk Territories, regions - Magadan, Kamchatka with the Koryak Autonomous Okrug, Sakhalin, Amur, Chukotka Autonomous Okrug and the Jewish Autonomous Region.

In addition to the mainland, the Far Eastern economic region includes the islands: Novosibirsk, Wrangel, Sakhalin, Kuril and Commander. The southern mainland, adjacent to the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan, is called Primorye.

Economically, the region is less developed than other parts of Russia due to its remoteness from the central and most inhabited regions, and also because of the severity of natural and climatic conditions.

Long distances complicate the development of economic ties with the Center and increase the cost of products when they are delivered from other economic regions. Transport communication is provided mainly along the Trans-Siberian Railway and the BAM highway (only in the south of the region).

The coastal position of the Far East provides favorable prospects for the development of economic ties with the countries of the Pacific region. Primorsky Krai and Sakhalin Oblast have been declared a “free enterprise zone”.

In the territorial division of labor of the Russian Federation, the region is distinguished by non-ferrous metallurgy - the extraction and processing of non-ferrous and precious metals: copper, nickel, lead, zinc, tin, gold, platinum, silver, as well as diamonds and other precious stones.

In addition to non-ferrous metallurgy, the sectors of market specialization for the Far East are the fishing industry, the fur industry, forestry with all its branches, shipbuilding and ship repair, reindeer husbandry, and meat animal husbandry.

The role of the Far Eastern region in external economic relations with the countries of the world, especially with the countries of the Pacific region, is great.

Natural conditions and resources

The northern parts of the territory of the huge and largest in the Russian Federation in terms of area of \u200b\u200bthe Far Eastern region (7.3 million km 2) are located in the Arctic zone, and in the southern coastal part, on Kamchatka and Sakhalin (where the influence of the Pacific Ocean is noticeable) - the climate is temperate, monsoon.

The climate in most of the territory is sharply continental and harsh. Windless, clear, frosty weather is typical in winter (Siberian anticyclone). Summers are hot and dry, but short. The lowest air temperature in the northern hemisphere (minus 72 degrees) was observed in Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon (Yakutia).

Natural zones change from north to south - the zone of arctic deserts, tundra, forest-tundra, taiga. The high-altitude zonation is pronounced in the mountains. Along the middle reaches of the Amur, there are forest-steppe with fertile meadow soils.

The central part of Yakutia is occupied by a plain, turning into a vast strip of lowlands along the coast of the seas of the Arctic Ocean. The rest of the territory of the Far East is predominantly mountainous - mountains of medium height predominate (ridges: Stanovoy, Verkhoyansk, etc.).

Together with the depressions of the marginal seas, the relief of the eastern part of the region is included in the system of young folded formations. This, the only territory of active volcanism in Russia, is also distinguished by high seismicity. There are more than 20 active volcanoes on the Kamchatka Peninsula and on the Kuril Islands. Klyuchevskaya Sopka (4760 m) is the highest point of the Far East and one of the greatest active volcanoes.

The largest rivers of the region are Lena and Amur with tributaries, Kolyma, Indigirka, Yana. Many rivers have rich hydropower resources, but especially the Amur and its tributaries.

There are many forests in the Far East. Most of the forest grows in the mountains, so harvesting is difficult. There are many fur animals in the taiga - this is one of the natural resources of the region.

The area is very rich in minerals. Deposits of coal (Lensky, South Yakutsk basins), oil (Sakhalin), natural gas (Yakutia), iron ore (Aldan basin), ores of non-ferrous and rare metals, gold, diamonds (Yakutia) have been discovered.

The use of the resources of the World Ocean is associated with the coastal position of the region.

Population

Population - 7.3 million people. The population is extremely unevenly distributed. The area was settled slowly, which was explained by its remoteness, impassable roads, harsh natural conditions. The Far East is still experiencing a shortage of labor resources. The southern regions of Primorye and the area along the railways are more densely populated. The northern part of the region is especially rarely populated. The average population density is 1.3 people per 1 km 2. The highest density, over 13 people, is noted in the Primorsky Territory, in the south of the Khabarovsk Territory, in the Sakhalin and Amur regions, the minimum in the Koryak and Chukotka Autonomous Okrugs - 0.1-0.2 people per 1 km 2.

The population of the Far East is multinational. Most are Russians. In addition to them, there are about one and a half dozen representatives of the indigenous peoples of the North in the region. They belong to the northern branch of the Mongoloid race. Chukchi, Koryaks, Itelmens, Eskimos, Aleuts are peoples who speak the languages \u200b\u200bof the Paleo-Asian group (Chukchi-Kamchatka language family). In the Amur basin and on the island of Sakhalin there are peoples who speak the languages \u200b\u200bof the Altai family, its Tungus-Manchurian language group (Nanai, Ulchi, Nivkh, Udege). The indigenous population of Yakutia is the Yakuts (belong to the peoples of the Altai language family, its Turkic language group). Other peoples also live there - Evenks, Evens, Yukagirs.

All the indigenous peoples inhabiting the Far East from ancient times were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing, and in the north, in the tundra, reindeer husbandry.

The Far East region is one of the most “urban” in Russia. The share of city dwellers is 76%. Large cities: Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok. Rural settlements are located in hearths, mostly along river valleys.

Farm

The Far East economy is specialized in the production of non-ferrous metals, diamond mining, fishing, timber and pulp and paper industries, fur trade, shipbuilding and ship repair.

The metallurgical complex (non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy) is represented by the mining industry - the extraction of tin, mercury, polymetallic ores, tungsten, gold and their processing. Tin deposits have been developed in Yakutia and the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug. There is a tin plant (Khrustalny, Primorsky Territory) and a tin mining and processing plant in the Khabarovsk Territory, and plants near Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Birobidzhan, Dalnegorsk. New deposits of lead-zinc ores are being developed. In Yakutia, mining and processing plants have been built, and in recent years, diamond processing enterprises (Mirny is the city of diamond miners). The oldest branches of the economy include gold mining (in the basins of the Zeya, Bureya, Selemdzhi rivers, in the mountains of the Aldan highlands, Sikhote-Alin).

In Komsamolsk - on - Amur there are metallurgical plants (converting metallurgy) that smelt steel. The creation of the South Yakutsk TPK assumed the development of local iron ore deposits with the aim of further developing the region's ferrous metallurgy.

Fuel industry. Of the fuel resources in the Far East, the most important are coal and brown coal, as well as Sakhalin oil. Coal of the Yuzhno-Yakutsk deposit (to which the railroad from BAM to Neryungri approached - the so-called Small BAM) is the main export item of Yakutia. Oil and natural gas production is developing on Sakhalin (used for the needs of the Far East itself). Large reserves of natural gas have been discovered at the mouth of the Vilyui in Yakutia, and they are also used only for local needs so far.

Oil is produced in the northeast of Sakhalin and from there it is supplied through two pipelines to the refineries of Komsamolsk - on - Amur and Khabarovsk. But the volume of oil production is small and does not meet the needs of the region. Oil and gas bearing Sakhalin is connected with the mainland and a gas pipeline (Okha - Komsomolsk - on the Amur).

The timber industry is concentrated mainly in the southern part of the Far East (valuable broad-leaved trees are cut down). The main logging bases are concentrated on the territory adjacent to the Lower and Middle Amur and the Ussuri, Zeya, Bureya rivers, and are also located on Sakhalin and in the upper reaches of the Lena basin. Most of all goes into processing and export. Sawmill centers - Blagoveshchensk, Lesozavodsk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk - on the Amur, etc.

Timber processing is carried out at a match factory in Blogovieschensk, plywood production is concentrated in Vladivostok, a pulp and paper mill (cardboard production) operates in Amersk (Khabarovsk Territory). The pulp and paper industry is developed in the south of Sakhalin (the leader in paper production in the entire Eastern zone of Russia).

The region's mechanical engineering previously produced ships, diesel engines, overhead cranes, machine tools, instruments, and others. Electrical engineering, the production of power equipment, and machine tool construction are well developed. Currently, the region is experiencing a very difficult economic situation, many enterprises do not work. Large industrial centers of the region: Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, Nikolaevsk - on - Amur, Blagoveshchensk, Komsomolsk - on - Amur. agricultural engineering was represented by a plant in Birobidzhan.

One of the most important industries in the region is the fishing industry. The region ranks first among the regions of Russia for the production of products in this industry. Only here is the extraction of valuable salmon fish, saury, crabs.

The main centers of the fishing industry are located in Primorye, Sakhalin and Kamchatka. These are: Petropavlovsk - Kamchatsky, Nevelsk, Korsakov, Nakhodka, Okhotsk, etc. Other seafood is mined - seaweed, scallops. On a small scale, sea animals (fur seals) are hunted.

Agro-industrial complex. The climatic conditions of most of the region severely limit the possibility of farming due to the lack of summer heat. Agriculture is developed mainly in the south of the region (monsoon climate), where soybeans, rice, vegetables, and potatoes are grown. Livestock does not meet the needs of the region. In the south of the region, cattle are raised, and in the north, in the tundra, reindeer husbandry is developed. In the taiga, hunting and fur farming are of great importance. The Far Eastern seas are the richest base for the fishing industry.

Fuel and energy complex. The main electric power capacities of the Far East are concentrated in the southern part of the region, where they are connected into a single power system. The power centers of the northern territories operate in isolation, meeting local needs.

GRES and CHPP prevail. The largest is the Zeya HPP (over 1 million kW). Of great importance are: Bilibinskaya nuclear power plant (in the northeast), hydroelectric power plants on the Amur tributaries, on Vilyuya and Kolyma, Neryungrinskaya state district power station (on the coals of Yakutia), thermal stations near Yakutsk (operating on local natural gas). The Pauzhetskaya geothermal power plant (using the internal energy of the Earth) operates in Kamchatka.

Transport. All types of transport are of great importance for the Far East. Rail transport is important for the southern part of the region and on Sakhalin Island (which is also connected to the continent by a sea ferry).

Here, in the Far East, near Komsomolsk-on-Amur, the Baikal-Amur Mainline ends (its eastern section was built earlier: from Komsamolsk-on-Amur to the port of Vanino), which duplicates the Trans-Siberian Mainline passing south (to Vladivostok). Even before the completion of the construction of the BAM, a line was put into operation - the so-called Small BAM. They intend to continue it to Yakutsk.

Automobile transport provides transportation in the northeast between the ports of the Okhotsk and Bering seas and industrial centers in the interior of the mainland (in Yakutia, Magadan region). but there are very few roads, often seasonal roads - winter roads.

River transport is also important, especially in the south of the region (the Amur and its tributaries are navigable). The development of the Far North is associated with the further development of the Northern Sea Route. Ports were created near the mouths of large northern rivers, serving ships passing through the northern and eastern seas of Russia.

Air transport carries out passenger transportation and delivery of goods, incl. in remote areas and on islands.

Foreign economic relations of Russia are carried out through the seaports: Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Vanino, Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk, Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

List of references

1. Rodionova I. A., Bunakova T. M. Economic geography: study guide. - M.: Moscow Lyceum, 2004

2. Regional economy. Main course: textbook / ed. V. I. Vidyanina,

3. M. V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA - M, 2005.

4. Economic geography of Russia: textbook / ed. V. I. Vidyanina,

5. M. V. Stepanova. - M.: INFRA - M; REA, 2006.

6. Economic and social geography of Russia: textbook / ed. A. T. Khrushchev. - M.: Bustard, 2002.

7. Economic geography of Russia: textbook. manual / ed. T. G. Morozova. - M.: UNITY - DANA, 2001.

1. Non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia ………………………………………………

2. Economic and geographical characteristics of the Far Eastern region ...

List of references……………………………………………………………

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

Federal Agency for Education

Khabarovsk State Academy of Economics and Law

Department: general economic disciplines

Test

Discipline: Economic Geography and Regional Studies

Non-ferrous metallurgy produces construction materials of various physical and chemical properties. This branch of heavy industry includes copper, lead-zinc, nickel-cobalt, aluminum, titanium-magnesium, tungsten-molybdenum, as well as the production of noble and rare metals.

The dynamics of basic types of non-ferrous metallurgy products is presented in Table 4.2.

According to the stages of the technological process, non-ferrous metallurgy is divided into the extraction and processing of raw materials, metallurgical processing and processing of non-ferrous metals. The low metal content in heavy non-ferrous metal ores requires their obligatory enrichment (usually by flotation). Since non-ferrous metal ores contain many different components, each component is sequentially separated (this is a multi-stage process). Enriched ore is smelted in special furnaces and turns into the so-called ferrous metal, which is then purified from harmful impurities (refining). The resulting refined metal is used in the form of rolled products of various profiles in various industries.

Non-ferrous metals are subdivided into heavy (copper, tin, lead, zinc, etc.), light (aluminum, titanium, magnesium); precious (gold, silver, platinum) and rare (tungsten, molybdenum, germanium, etc.).

Area of \u200b\u200buse of non-ferrous metals:

Copper is widely used in mechanical engineering, power engineering and other industries both in pure form and in alloys with tin (bronze), aluminum (duralumin), zinc (brass), nickel (cupronickel);

Lead is used for the production of batteries, cables, and is used in the nuclear industry;

Tin is used for the manufacture of tinplate, bearings, etc .;

Nickel is one of the refractory metals - many valuable alloys are obtained. Its importance is great in the production of alloy steels, as well as in the application of protective coatings for metal products;

Aluminum is used in various branches of mechanical engineering, incl. aircraft construction, electrical engineering, as well as in construction and for the production of consumer goods;

Magnet - in radio engineering, aviation, chemical, printing and other industries;

Titanium - in shipbuilding, as well as in the manufacture of jet engines, nuclear reactors, etc.

In terms of gold reserves, Russia ranks third in the world, in terms of production it moved from second to sixth place. South Africa produces about 583 tons of gold annually and Russia is slightly more than 100 tons. Deposits of this metal are concentrated in Siberia and the Far East. Silver is obtained by refining heavy metals. It is used in the manufacture of jewelry and in industry (in the manufacture of film and photographic films).

The location of enterprises for the smelting of heavy non-ferrous metals is influenced by many natural and economic factors, among which the raw material factor plays a special role.
Posted on ref.rf
Heavy non-ferrous metal ores differ from light ores in low metal content. Thus, industrial ores are considered to contain copper, nickel, lead - about 1%, tin - less than 1%. For the production of 1 ton of copper, 100 tons of ore are required, 1 ton of tin - 300 tons of ore. Another feature of heavy non-ferrous metal ores is their completeness, in this regard, the calibration of enterprises is of particular interest.

Even more complex territorial combinations of different industries arise in the production of light non-ferrous metals. Thus, in the complex processing of nephelines, alumina (and subsequently aluminum), soda, potash and cement are obtained from this type of raw material (ᴛ.ᴇ. is combined with enterprises of the chemical industry and the production of building materials).

The most important role in the location of enterprises for the smelting of light non-ferrous metals is played not by the raw material, but by the fuel and energy factor.
Posted on ref.rf
Light metal ores are much richer in metal content than heavy metal ores, but smelting them requires a huge amount of electricity.

Τᴀᴋᴎᴍ ᴏϬᴩᴀᴈᴏᴍ, the raw material and energy factor has a different effect on the location of enterprises in certain branches of non-ferrous metallurgy. Even in one industry, their role is different, based on the stage of the technological process.

Table - Territorial raw material characteristics of enterprises of heavy non-ferrous metals

Industry type	Economic region	Industrial center	Type of enterprises	Raw material base

Copper	Ural	Revda, Kirovograd, Kras-nouralsk, Karabash, Mednogorsk	Ferrous copper production
Copper	Ural	Verkhnyaya Pyshma, Kyshtym	Refining of copper	Copper ores of the Urals (deposits: Revdinskoe, Sibayskoe, Gayskoe, etc.) and concentrates from Kazakhstan
Northern	Monchegorsk		Copper-nickel ores of the Kola Peninsula
East Siberian	Norilsk	Full metallurgical cycle	Local copper-nickel ores (Talnakh deposit)
Lead-zinc	North Caucasian	Vladikavkaz	Smelting lead and zinc	Local polymetallic (Sadon) and imported ores
Ural	Chelyabinsk	Zinc smelting	Copper-nickel ores of the Urals and imported concentrates
West Siberian	Belovo	Smelting lead and zinc	Local polymetallic ores (Salair) and ores of East Kazakhstan
	Far East	Dalne-bitter	Lead smelting	Polymetallic ores of the Far East
Nickel-cobalt	East Siberian	Norilsk	Full metallurgical cycle
	Ural	Orsk, Verkhny Ufaley	Full metallurgical cycle	Local and imported raw materials (ores of the South Urals and Kazakhstan)
	Northern	Dir	Semi-finished product	Local and imported raw materials (ores of the southern Urals and Kazakhstan)
		Nickel	Semi-finished product
		Monchegorsk	Full metallurgical cycle	Local ores of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates from Norilsk
Pewter	West Siberian	Novosibirsk	Smelting of tin and alloys	Concentrates of state-owned processing plants (GOK) of Yakutia and the Far East

Table - Territorial raw material characteristics of light non-ferrous metal enterprises

Industry type	Economic region	Industrial center	Type of enterprises	Raw material base
I
Aluminum	Northwestern	Volkhov	Full cycle (alumina-aluminum	Tikhvin bauxite deposit, Leningrad Region
Northwestern	Boksito-gorsk	Alumina production	Severonezhsk bauxites of the Arkhangelsk region; nephelines of the Murmansk region
Pikalevo	Alumina production
Northern	Nadvoytsy	Smelting aluminum
Kandalaksha	Smelting aluminum
Ural	Kamensk-Uralsk	Full cycle	Local copper-nickel ores (Talnakh deposit)
Krasno-turinsk	Full cycle	North Ural bauxites (Sverdlovsk region), South Ural bauxites (Chelyabinsk region)
Volzhsky	Volgograd	Smelting aluminum	Imported raw materials
West Siberian	Novokuznetsk	Smelting Aluminum	Nepheline, Kemerovo region and Krasnoyarsk Territory
East Siberian	Bratsk, She-lekhov, Saya-nogorsk, Krasnoyarsk	Smelting Aluminum	Local nepheline of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Continuation of table 4.4

Aluminum industry of the Russian Federationuses its own and imported raw materials. The raw materials of Russia are represented by bauxites, which are mined in the Urals (near the cities of Severouralsk, Suley) and in the North-Western economic region (Tikhvinskoye field in the Leningrad region), as well as nephelines of the Kola Peninsula (near the city of Kirovsk) and Siberia (Kiya-Shaltyrskoye field) ... Also, raw materials for the aluminum industry in Russia are imported (both bauxite and alumina).

The geography of the location of aluminum smelters is diverse, but almost all of them (with the exception of the Urals) are to some extent remote from raw materials, but are located near sources of cheap electricity - hydroelectric power plants (Volgograd, Volkhov, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy, Bratsk, Sheleekhov, Krasnoyarsk , Soyanogorsk) or large power plants operating on cheap fuel (Novokuznetsk, Achinsk).

Before the merger of the Irkutsk and Ural aluminum plants (in 1996), primary aluminum production in Russia was produced by 11 plants, the total capacity of which is more than 3 million tons of metal per year. Currently, more than 75% of the industry's output falls on the share of four large aluminum plants: Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayansk and Novokuznetsk. Moreover, the Bratsk and Krasnoyarsk aluminum smelters are among the largest in the world in terms of production volume.

Compared to other branches of nonferrous metallurgy, the aluminum industry experienced the smallest drop in production. During the 90s, the volume of primary aluminum production decreased slightly.

Our country is still in the group of world leaders both in the production of primary aluminum (second after the USA) and in the smelting of aluminum from secondary raw materials (along with the USA, Japan, Germany, Italy, France and Great Britain) and is in the top six exporting countries of primary aluminum in the world.

Copper industry.The main deposits of copper ores in Russia (copper pyrite) are located in the Urals: Krasnouralskoye, Revdinskoye, Sibayskoye, as well as the best in the country Gayskoye deposit, the ores of which contain on average 4% copper. In the future, it is planned to develop the unique Udokan copper ore deposit in Siberia.

Refining, as the final stage of copper production, has little to do with raw material bases. Enterprises specializing in this stage of production are either located where there is a metallurgical redistribution (factories of the Ural economic region), or in areas of mass consumption of finished products (Moscow, St. Petersburg).

Lead-zinc industrycharacterized by a more complex location of production, but in general it is confined to the areas of distribution and production of polymetallic ores. These are the North Caucasus (Sadonskoye field), Western Siberia - Kuzbass (Salair field), Transbaikalia (Ner-Chinskie fields of the Chita region) and the Far East-Primorsky Territory (Dalnegorsk, Khrustalny). Enrichment of ore and the metallurgical limit are often separated from each other, since lead-zinc concentrates contain many useful components and are quite transportable.

Transbaikalia is allocated for the production of lead-zinc concentrates without metallurgical processing; for the production of metallic lead and zinc concentrates - Kuzbass (Belovo); for the smelting of lead and zinc - the North Caucasus (Sa-don); for the production of zinc metal from imported concentrates - Ural (Chelyabinsk).

Nickel industrywas developed: in the Northern economic region (Monchegorsk) on the basis of the explored nickel deposits of the Kola Peninsula and copper-nickel concentrates from Norilsk; in the Urals (Verkhniy Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh) - using local and imported raw materials; in Eastern Siberia (Norilsk) - on the copper-nickel ores of the Talnakh deposit in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Taimyr Autonomous Okrug).

In the 90s, the production of basic types of non-ferrous metallurgy products, with the exception of lead smelting, declined significantly: lead smelting compared from1990 ᴦ. more than 50%, tin, zinc, nickel - 35-40%, etc.

Non-ferrous metallurgy - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Non-ferrous metallurgy" 2017, 2018.

The main tasks of non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are the extraction and processing of metals, as well as their redistribution, the production of rolled products and alloys. In the Russian economy, this industry plays a very significant role. By the number of deposits of non-ferrous metals, our country is one of the first in the world.

Major subsectors

Arkhangelsk region;
Irkutsk region;
Krasnoyarsk Territory.

The Leningrad Region and Karelia are potentially diamondiferous.

The most productive are non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises in Russia of this group, which are developing diamonds in primary deposits. Loose mining is carried out mainly by small enterprises.

Silver mining industry

The geography of non-ferrous metallurgy of this sub-industry is very, very wide. Silver deposits are being developed in our country in more than 20 regions. Our country ranks first in the world in the extraction of this noble metal. The leading one is the Dukatskoye field of the Magadan region.

Platinum mining

Most of this metal in Russia is mined in the Urals. There is also a lot of platinum in the Baikal region, Taimyr and the Kola Peninsula. Karelia and the Voronezh region are promising in this regard.

Despite rather difficult economic conditions, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is a developing and promising industry. In any case, most of the enterprises of this group remain profitable. The state also pays a lot of attention to metallurgical companies.

Non-ferrous metallurgy in Russia is characterized by the complexity of the structure of production (it produces about 70 different metals), a high level of self-sufficiency. The export orientation of the industry is also characteristic. The share of Russia in the world production and export of aluminum, nickel, copper, titanium, tin, gold and diamonds is especially large. The level of territorial concentration of production is high.

Most of the industry's output comes from

Uralsky district (copper, nickel, aluminum, zinc, etc.),

East Siberian region (aluminum, copper, nickel, etc.),

Far East region (gold, tin, diamonds, etc.)

Northern region (copper, nickel, etc.).

In the placement of non-ferrous metallurgy, a special role belongs to raw materials and fuel and energy factors. The influence of these factors has an uneven effect on the location of different branches of non-ferrous metallurgy.

Copper industry mainly developed in areas with large reserves of copper ores in the Ural, East Siberian and North. The exception is copper refining, which has little to do with raw material sources.

Copper industry of the Urals presented mining at the Gayskoye and Blyavinsky (Orenburg region), Krasnouralsky and Revdinsky (Sverdlovsk region), Sibaysky, Podolsky and Yubileyny (Republic of Bashkortostan) deposits; smelting blister copper at Krasnouralsk, Kirovograd, Revdinsk (all in the Sverdlovsk region), Mednogorsk (Orenburg region) and Karabash (Chelyabinsk region) factories; refining copper at the Verkhnepyshminsky (Sverdlovsk region) and Kyshtymsk (Chelyabinsk region) factories. Metallurgical redistribution in the Urals it significantly exceeds the extraction and processing of copper ores. Therefore, they use not only local, but also imported concentrates (from the Kola Peninsula, from Kazakhstan). Local copper-nickel and polymetallic ores can also serve as raw materials for the copper industry.

In Eastern Siberia in the north of the Chita region near st. Chara is developing the Udokan copper ore deposit, unique in terms of reserves (more than 1.2 billion tons of ore) and quality (up to 17% of copper in ore). The Norilsk Mining and Metallurgical Combine, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, uses copper-nickel ores from local deposits (Norilsk, Talnakh and Oktyabrsk) and produces, along with copper smelting, nickel, cobalt, platinum and other metals.

In the Northern region on the Kola Peninsula, copper-nickel ores are mined and processed. Their metallurgical redistribution is being completed by the plants in Monchegorsk and Nikel (Murmansk region).

Outside the regions of obtaining blister copper, focusing on the consumer, enterprises for the refining of copper are located in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Kolchugino (Vladimir region) and other cities.

In addition to Russia, Kazakhstan (Balkhash, Dzhezkazgan and Irtysh copper-smelting plants), Uzbekistan (Almalyk plant), Armenia (Alaverdi plant) stand out for copper production in the CIS.

Nickel-cobalt industry due to the low metal content in the ore (0.3% nickel and 0.2% cobalt), it is also closely associated with the regions where raw materials are mined. In addition to the aforementioned mining sites and processing centers for copper-nickel raw materials in the Northern Region and in Eastern Siberia, nickel ores are mined and processed in the Urals (Verkhniy Ufaley, Orsk, Rezh).

Lead-zinc industry developed mainly near the places of occurrence and extraction of raw materials (polymetallic ores)

in Vladikavkaz (Sadonskaya group of polymetallic ore deposits in North Ossetia in the North Caucasus),

in Belovo (Salair field in the Kemerovo region in Western Siberia),

in Nerchinsk (Nerchinsk deposits in the Chita region in Eastern Siberia),

in Dalnegorsk (Dalnegorskoye field in the Primorsky Territory in the Far East).

In the Urals in Chelyabinsk, zinc smelting is based on the use of not only local zinc concentrates (produced in Sredneuralsk, Sverdlovsk region as a result of integrated processing of local copper ores), but also imported ones.

Aluminum industry is represented in Russia by all stages of production: extraction and processing of raw materials, production of alumina, smelting (from alumina) of metallic aluminum.

Raw material base of the industry form bauxite and nepheline. Bauxites are mined in the North-West (Boksitogorsk), North (Severo-Onezhskoe deposit in the Arkhangelsk region, Timanskoe in the Komi Republic) and Uralsky (Severo-Uralsky deposits) regions. Nefelines are mined in the Northern region of the Kola Peninsula (Khibinskoye field), in Western Siberia (Kiya-Shaltyrskoye field) and Eastern Siberia (Goryachegorsk).

Alumina production is located in the Urals (Krasnoturyinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky), North-West (Boksitogorsk, Volkhov and Pikalevo), in Eastern Siberia (Achinsk), in the Northern region (Plesetsk). Domestic production provides only about half of the existing demand for alumina, the rest of the alumina is exported from neighboring countries (Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan) and far abroad (Yugoslavia, Hungary, Greece, Venezuela, etc.).

Aluminum metal production located

near energy sources:hydroelectric power plants (Volkhov, Volgograd, Bratsk, Shelekhov, Krasnoyarsk, Sayanogorsk), large thermal power plants (Novokuznetsk in Western Siberia),

in places of extraction and processing of raw materials (Krasnoturinsk and Kamensk-Uralsky, Kandalaksha, Nadvoitsy).

Almost 80% of the total aluminum production in Russia falls on the East Siberian region alone. In the CIS countries, the production of metallic aluminum is in Azerbaijan (Sumgait), Kazakhstan (Pavlodar), in Ukraine (Zaporozhye).

Titanium and magnesium production is carried out at sources of raw materials in the Urals (Bereznikovsky and Solikamsk titanium and magnesium plants in the Perm region).

Tin industry... Extraction and enrichment of tin are carried out in Eastern Siberia (Sherlovaya Gora in the Chita region) and in the Far East (Deputatskoye, Odinokoe, etc. in Yakutia; Pravourminskoye, Sobolinoye, etc. in the Khabarovsk Territory and other deposits).

Metallurgical redistribution in the tin industry, due to the high transportability of beneficiated ore (the concentrate contains up to 70% tin) is not associated with ore deposits, but is focused on consumption areas (for example, Podolsk, St. Petersburg) or is located on the route of concentrates (for example, Novosibirsk) ...

Gold mining industry provides more than 100 tons of gold per year, which is 7-8% of world production. Only South Africa, the USA, Canada and Australia have a larger volume of production. The vast majority (over 85%) of Russian gold production is Far East (Republic of Sakha and Magadan region) and Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk and Chita Regions). A small amount of gold is provided by the Ural, West Siberian and Northern regions.

Diamond mining industry... The share of Russia in the world production of gem-quality diamonds is approximately 25%. Their production is almost entirely concentrated in Republic of Sakha (Yakutia), where in the river basin. Vilyui operates several large mines ("Yubileiny", "Udachny", etc.). Very promising Northern region (the largest in Europe diamond deposit named after Lomonosov in the Arkhangelsk region is being developed) and Eastern Siberia (Krasnoyarsk Territory, Irkutsk Region).

Main directions of transportation of ferrous and non-ferrous metal ores

Ferrous and non-ferrous metals are the material basis of machine building, construction, transport, and other sectors of the economy and the country's defense industry. For the production of 1 ton of metal, it is necessary to transport up to 6 tons of ore, fluxes, refractories and other materials.

In general, transportation to ensure the work of ferrous metallurgy enterprises and the delivery of its products to consumers account for at least 20% of the total freight turnover of railways.

Iron ore represented on the territory of Russia is represented by the Kursk magnetic anomaly, deposits of the Urals, South Yakutia, etc.

Iron ore is usually transported within the major economic regions in which it is mined:

kursk ores to the South Urals,

east Siberian ores to Western Siberia, etc.

The flows of iron ore in southern directions are increasing (associated with the transportation of Kursk ores to the Tula and Lipetsk factories).

Over considerable distances, massive transportation of Kola ore is made (for example, to the Cherepovets Metallurgical Plant).

A significant flow of the Ural ore is directed from the Baikal station to Chelyabinsk. Kursk ore is also sent to metallurgical plants in the Urals.

Kuzbass metallurgical plants receive iron ore from Novokuznetsk.

Transport flows of iron ore are associated with the nature of the location of ore bases and metallurgical plants, the quality of ore, and the specifics of the technology of metallurgical production.

Are increasing river transportation iron ore along the Volga-Baltic channel and shipping iron ore in the Black and Azov seas.

Of all types of products of the metallurgical industry, the largest share in transportation is rolled metal.

Black metals are transported almost entirely by rail. The share of river and sea transport in the transport of ferrous metals is 3% of the total shipment.

In terms of flow power, ferrous metals are inferior to coal, oil, timber and some other bulk cargo. Only in the regions of metallurgical bases, railroad transportation of ferrous metals reaches significant proportions.

A large amount of ferrous metals is sent to St. Petersburg from the Cherepovets metallurgical plant and enterprises of the Urals.

In Perm, the Ural metal is being transshipped to the Kama River with further transfer to the Volga.

Deposits of ores non-ferrous metals are located in the Far East, Northern Siberia, the Urals, Transbaikalia, the Kola Peninsula, etc.

For the location of non-ferrous metallurgy, the proximity of sources of ore raw materials and cheap electric energy (Ural aluminum, copper smelters, zinc plants in Chelyabinsk, nickel enterprises in Orsk, Norilsk, etc.) is of great importance. Therefore, freight flows of non-ferrous metals and ore raw materials for numerous non-ferrous metallurgy enterprises are noticeable on many railways (West Siberian, East Siberian, Oktyabrskaya, South Ural, Krasnoyarsk).

Within the coal and metallurgical bases, on many sections of the railways, large volumes are also transported fluxes, refractory materials, forming sands over relatively short distances.

Mechanical engineering one of the main branches of the world industry, it accounts for about 35% of the value of world industrial production. Mechanical engineering is the most labor-intensive industry among the industries. Instrument making, electrical and aerospace industries, nuclear engineering and other industries producing complex equipment are especially labor-intensive. In this regard, one of the main conditions placement engineering is to provide it with a qualified workforce, the presence of a certain level of industrial culture, research and development centers. The proximity to the raw material base is important only for some branches of heavy engineering (production of metallurgical, mining equipment, boiler construction, etc.). The location of engineering enterprises is directly dependent on the nature of the products. Mechanical engineering is one of the most widespread geographically industries. But in some areas it is of priority importance, while in others it only supplements the industrial complex.

Factors affecting placement efficiencymechanical engineering enterprises:

specialization;

availability of qualified personnel,

proximity to sources of raw materials and consumers;

volume of transport work and transportation costs

Priority areas of development mechanical engineering:

1) production of machinery and equipment for the agro-industrial complex (light industry, medical equipment, consumer goods):

2) development of the electric power and electrical engineering industry, production of computer technology, instrument making and machine tool engineering

Mechanical engineering of the world

In the mechanical engineering of the world, a dominant position is occupied by a small group of countries: the USA (30% of the cost of engineering products), Japan 15%, Germany about 10%, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada. Practically all types of modern mechanical engineering are developed in these countries, their share in the world export of machinery is high (in general, over 80% of world export of machinery and equipment). With an almost complete range of production of machine-building products, the key role in the development of machine-building in this group of countries belongs to

aerospace industry,

microelectronics,

robotics,

nuclear power engineering,

machine tool industry,

heavy engineering,

automotive industry.

The group of world leaders in mechanical engineering also includes Russia (6% of the cost of engineering products), China (3%), as well as Switzerland, Sweden, Spain, the Netherlands, etc.

The machine building industry in South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Singapore, India, Turkey, Brazil, Argentina, Mexico is based on the cheapness of local labor, and, as a rule, specializes in the production of mass, labor-intensive, technically simple, low-quality types of products. Among the enterprises there are many purely assembly plants that receive sets of disassembled machines and carry out assembly. The main directions of the development of mechanical engineering in these countries are the production of household electrical appliances, the automotive industry, and shipbuilding.

Mechanical engineering is subdivided into: general, including machine tool construction, heavy engineering, agricultural engineering and other industries, transport engineering and electrical engineering, including electronics.

Major manufacturers and exporters of products general mechanical engineering : Germany, USA and Japan. The main manufacturers and suppliers of machine tools to the world market are Japan, Germany, the USA, Italy and Switzerland.

World leaders in the field electrical and electronics : USA, Japan, Russia, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Netherlands. The production of household electrical appliances and consumer electronics products has developed in the countries of East and South-East Asia.

Among industries transport engineering the most dynamically developing automotive industry ... The area of \u200b\u200bits spatial distribution is constantly growing and currently includes, along with traditional, major car manufacturers (Japan, USA, Canada, Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain, Sweden, Spain, Russia, etc.), relatively new for the industry of the country South Korea, Brazil, Argentina, China, Turkey, India, Malaysia, Poland.

In contrast to the automotive industry, the aircraft industry, shipbuilding, and the production of rolling stock of railways are stagnating. The main reason for this is the lack of demand for their products.

Shipbuilding... The largest ship manufacturers are South Korea (ahead of Japan and ranked first in the world), Brazil, Argentina, Mexico, China, Taiwan. At the same time, the United States, Western European countries (Great Britain, Germany, etc.), as a result of the reduction in ship production, ceased to play a significant role in world shipbuilding.

Aviation industry concentrated in countries with a high level of science and qualifications of the workforce (USA, Russia, France, Great Britain, Germany, the Netherlands).

IN territorial structure of the world mechanical engineering, there are four main regions of North America, foreign Europe, East and South-East Asia and the CIS.

On the North America (USA, Canada, Mexico, Puerto Rico) account for about 1/3 of the value of engineering products. In the international division of labor, the region acts as the largest manufacturer and exporter of highly sophisticated machinery, heavy engineering products and high-tech industries. Thus, in the United States (which occupies a leading position in the world in terms of the total value of mechanical engineering products), a large role belongs to aerospace engineering, military-industrial electronics, computer production, nuclear power engineering, military shipbuilding, etc.

On the european countries (excluding the CIS) also accounts for about 1/3 of the world's mechanical engineering. The region is represented by mechanical engineering of all types, but it is especially distinguished by general mechanical engineering (machine-tool construction, production of equipment for metallurgy, textile, paper, watch and other industries), electrical engineering and electronics, transport engineering (automotive, aircraft, shipbuilding). Leader of European mechanical engineering Germany is the largest exporter in the region and the world of general engineering products.

Region including countries East and Southeast Asia , gives about a quarter of the world's mechanical engineering. The main stimulating factor in the development of mechanical engineering in the countries of the region is the relative cheapness of labor. The leader of the region Japan is the second engineering power in the world, the largest exporter of products from the most qualified industries (microelectronics, electrical engineering, aircraft engineering, robotics, etc.). Other countries (China, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Thailand, Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia, etc.) produce labor-intensive, but less complex products (household electrical appliances, cars, sea vessels, etc.) and are also very actively involved in work on the foreign market ...

A special region of the world mechanical engineering is formed by cIS countries ... They have a full range of engineering production. The branches of the military-industrial complex, the aviation and rocket-space industries, consumer electronics, and some simple branches of general mechanical engineering (the production of agricultural machinery, metal-consuming machine tools, power equipment, etc.) were especially developed here. At the same time, in a number of industries, especially knowledge-intensive ones, there is a serious lag. The leader of the CIS Russia, despite the enormous opportunities for the development of mechanical engineering (significant production, scientific and technical, intellectual and resource potential, a capacious domestic market with great demand for a variety of engineering products, etc.), in the international division of labor is distinguished only by the production of weapons and the latest space engineering and even forced to import many types of machines.

Among the CIS countries in the field of mechanical engineering, there are also:

Ukraine (production of heavy machine tools, metallurgical and mining equipment Kramatorsk, Dnepropetrovsk, Donetsk, Mariupol; shipbuilding Nikolaev, Kherson; automotive industry Zaporozhye, Kremenchug, Lviv; diesel locomotive and car building Lugansk, Dneprodzerzhinsk; tractor construction Kharkov; combine harvester construction Kherson, precision Lviv).

Belarus (precision engineering, automotive industry, tractor construction Minsk; agricultural engineering Gomel).

Uzbekistan (production of cotton harvesters Tashkent),

Azerbaijan (equipment for oil and gas industry in Baku, Kirovabad).

Outside the main machine-building districts, India, Brazil, Argentina are located quite large in scale and complexity of the structure of production. Their mechanical engineering works mainly for the domestic market. These countries export cars, ships, bicycles, simple types of household appliances (refrigerators, washing machines, air conditioners, vacuum cleaners, calculators, watches, etc.).

The power and prosperity of the state depends on the efficiency of the economy and military potential. The development of the latter is impossible without the development of metallurgy, which in turn is the basis of mechanical engineering. Today, the focus is on the metallurgical complex of Russia and its importance for the industrial and economic sphere of the country.

General characteristics of the metallurgical complex

What are mining and metallurgical complexes? This is a set of enterprises that are engaged in the extraction, processing, smelting of metal, the production of rolled products and the processing of secondary raw materials. The following industries are part of the metallurgical complex:

Ferrous metallurgy , which is engaged in the smelting of steel, pig iron and ferroalloys;
Non-ferrous metallurgy , which is engaged in the production of light (titanium, magnesium, aluminum) and heavy metals (lead, copper, tin, nickel).

Figure: 1 Metallurgical plant

Business location principles

The enterprises of the mining and metallurgical complex are not randomly located. They depend on the following factors of metallurgy location:

Raw materials (physicochemical features of ores);
Fuel (what type of energy must be used to obtain metal);
Consumer (geography of placement of raw materials, main sources of energy and the availability of transport routes).

Figure: 2 Fuel factor of metallurgy placement

Main metallurgical bases

All of the above factors have led to the uneven placement of metallurgical enterprises. Whole metallurgical bases were formed in some territories. In Russia, there are three:

Central base is a fairly young center, the foundation of which is the iron ore of the Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, the Kola Peninsula and Karelia. The main production centers are the cities of Lipetsk, Stary Oskol and Cherepovets;
Ural base - this is one of the largest centers of metallurgy in Russia, the main centers of which are Magnitogorsk, Novotroitsk, Chelyabinsk, Nizhny Tagil and Krasnouralsk;
Siberian base is a center that is still in the development stage. The main source is Kuznetsk coal and iron ore of Priangarye and Gornaya Shoria. The main center is the city of Novokuznetsk.

Comparative characteristics and scheme of operation of metallurgical bases in Russia can be presented in the following table:

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	Central	Siberian	Ural
Iron ore	Kursk Magnetic Anomaly, Kola Peninsula,	Priangarye, Mountain Shoria	Ural mountains
Coking coal	Imported (Donetsk and Kuznetsk coal basin)	Local (Kuznetsk coal basin)	Pryvoznoy (Kazakhstan)
Enterprises		Full-cycle enterprises and marginal metallurgy (produce only steel and rolled products)	Full-cycle enterprises (produce cast iron, steel, rolled products)

Non-ferrous metallurgy

Based on the purpose and chemical and physical characteristics and properties, non-ferrous metals are divided into:

Heavy (copper, lead, tin, zinc, nickel);
Lightweight (aluminum, titanium, magnesium);
Precious (gold, silver, platinum);
Rare (zirconium, indium, tungsten, molybdenum, etc.)

Non-ferrous metallurgy is a complex of enterprises engaged in the extraction, processing and metallurgical processing of non-ferrous, precious and rare metals ores.

In this chain, there are aluminum, copper, lead-zinc, tungsten-molybdenum and titanium-magnesium industries. In addition, this also includes enterprises for the production of precious and rare metals.

Non-ferrous metallurgy centers in Russia

The centers of the aluminum industry are Bratsk, Krasnoyarsk, Sayansk and Novokuznetsk. Large aluminum plants located in these cities are developing on the basis of their own raw materials from the Urals, the North-West region and Siberia, as well as imported ones. This production is quite energy-intensive, therefore the enterprises are located near hydroelectric and thermal power plants.

The main center of the copper industry in our country is the Urals. The enterprises use local raw materials from the Gayskoye, Krasnouralsky, Revdinskoye and Sibayskoye deposits.

The lead-zinc industry of the mill depends on the extraction of polymetallic ores, therefore it is located near the places of their production - Primorye, the North Caucasus, Kuzbass and Transbaikalia.

Figure: 3 Gold mining in Chukotka

Problems and prospects

There are problems in any industry. The metallurgical complex is no exception. Among the main problems of ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy are the following:

high energy consumption;
low capacity of the domestic market;
high level of wear of fixed production assets;
lack of some types of raw materials;
destruction of the process of reproduction of reserves of raw materials and ore;
technological backwardness and insufficient introduction of new technologies;
shortage of professional staff.

But all these questions can be solved. Russia continues to be a major player on the global steel market. The share of Russian metallurgy in world production accounts for more than 5% of steel, 11% of aluminum, 21% of nickel, more than 27% of titanium. The main indicator of the competitiveness of Russian metallurgy in the foreign market is that the country maintains and even expands its export opportunities.

What have we learned?

Today we learned what is meant by the term “metallurgical complex”. This industry is divided into ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy. The location of enterprises for mining, ore dressing, metal smelting and rolled products production has its own characteristics and depends on three factors: raw materials, fuel and consumer. There are three metallurgical bases operating and developing in the Russian Federation: Central, Ural and Siberian.

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