I'm running a nuclear power plant. What does a nuclear power plant look like from the inside? Block control panel

Getting into an operating nuclear power plant is an unattainable dream for many.
Multi-level security system, radiation and the seething mouth of a nuclear reactor.
...Welcome!

1. Smolensk NPP. Desnogorsk.
One of the 10 operating nuclear power plants in Russia,.
NPP, which provides 8% of electricity in the Central region and 80% - in the Smolensk region.
And just a huge building, the scale of which cannot but impress.

2. The start of construction of the nuclear power plant was announced in 1973.
And already at the end of 1982, power unit No. 1 was commissioned.
I will not talk much about the access mode, because it is impossible, I will only say that it is multi-level.
Each stage of the passage to the nuclear power plant has its own type of protection. And of course, a lot of special equipment.

3. First of all, when visiting a nuclear power plant, you need to undress.
And then put on all white, clean...
Down to socks and caps.

4. A wonderful souvenir from the nuclear power plant. And it's not chewing gum.
You spin the barrel organ, and the earplugs fall into your hand.

5. In principle, there is no special need for them, because helmets, which also need to be worn, come with noise-absorbing headphones.

6. Yes, shoes are also individual.

7. Ta-daaam!
The warrior of light is ready to pass!

8. An obligatory element of clothing is an individual accumulative dosimeter.
Each is given his own, which at the end of the day surrenders and shows the accumulated dose of radiation.

9. Everything. We are inside.
This is a controlled access area. Ahead - the reactor ...

10. Through passages, galleries, through security systems we go inside...

11. And we get into the block control panel of the nuclear power plant.
This is the brain of the station.
Everything is controlled from here...

12. From the number of buttons, schemes, lights and monitors ripples in the eyes ...

13. I will not bore you with complex technological terms and processes.
But here, for example, the reactor rods are controlled.

14. Change of the control unit - 4 people. They work here for 8 hours.
It is clear that shifts are around the clock.

15. Both the reactor and the unit itself and the turbines of the nuclear power plant are controlled from here.

16. It is also cool, quiet and calm here.

17. Serious key - AZ - "emergency protection".
Nuclear power plant safety is paramount. The whole system is so perfect that it eliminates the impact on management from the outside.
Automation, in the event of an emergency, can do everything without the participation of people, but professionals are on duty here for good reason.
By the way, the shutdown of the reactor, in which case, is not an accident, but a controlled technological procedure.
For preventive maintenance, the reactor is also stopped.

18. For 32 years of operation of the nuclear power plant, not a single emergency or increase in the radiation background has been recorded here.
Incl. and classified above the zero (minimum) level according to the international INES scale.
The level of NPP protection in Russia is the best in the world.

19. And again - long rows of toggle switches, monitors and sensors.
I don't understand anything...

20. Professionals discuss possible emergency situations.

21. And someone takes a selfie in a place unattainable for ordinary citizens ..
Have you noticed that everyone is not wearing helmets? This is so they don't accidentally fall on anything...

22. We go upstairs.
You can take the elevator, or you can walk to the level of the 8th floor on the stairs with special anti-radiation protection.
Looks like it's lacquered..

23. High..

24. Again - several cordons of protection.
And here is the central hall of the 1st power unit.
There are three of them at the Smolensk NPP.

25. The main thing here is the reactor.
He himself is huge - below, and here you can see only his plateau of safety. These are metal squares - assemblies.
They are a kind of plug with bioprotection, blocking the technological channels of the reactor, in which there are fuel assemblies - fuel assemblies with uranium dioxide. There are 1661 such channels in total.
It is they that contain fuel cells that release powerful thermal energy due to a nuclear reaction.
Between them are installed controllable protection rods that absorb neutrons. With their help, the nuclear reaction is controlled.

26. There is such a loading and unloading machine.

27. Her task is to replace fuel cells. Moreover, it can do this both on a stopped reactor and on a working one ..
Huge, of course.

28. While no one sees ...

29. AAA! I stand!
Underfoot rumble and vibration. Feelings are unreal!
The power of a boiling water reactor that instantly turns water into steam is beyond words...

30. Actually, nuclear power plant workers do not really like it when they walk on the plateau.
"No one sets foot on your desktop..."

31. Actually, positive people.
See how they glow. And not from radiation, but from love for their work.

32. There is a swimming pool in the hall. No, not for swimming.
Here, spent nuclear fuel is stored under the water column for up to 1.5 years.
And also stands with finished fuel assemblies - see how long they are? Soon their place will be in the reactor.

33. Inside each tube (TVEL) - small cylindrical tablets of uranium dioxide.
"With fresh fuel, you can sleep in an embrace," say nuclear power plant workers ...

34. Fuel ready for loading into the reactor.

35. The place is without a doubt impressive.
But the question of radiation is constantly spinning in my head.

36. They called a specialist - a dosimetrist.
The real-time dosimeter in the center of the reactor showed a value slightly higher than on the streets of Moscow.

38. Powerful circulation pumps supplying the coolant - water - to the reactor.

39. Here the rumble is already the strongest
Not without headphones.

40. Let's rest a little with our ears in the transition.

41. And again in a loud noise - the turbine hall of the nuclear power plant.

42. Just a huge hall with an incredible amount of pipes, engines and units.

43. The steam released from the water that cools the reactor goes here - to the turbogenerators.

44. Turbine - the whole house!
The steam rotates its blades at a speed of exactly 3000 revolutions per minute.
This is how thermal energy is converted into electrical energy.

45. Pipes, pumps, pressure gauges...

46. The exhaust steam is condensed and re-supplied to the reactor in liquid form.

47. By the way, the heat from the exhaust steam is also used for the city.
The cost of such heat energy is very low.

48. Radiation control is a separate issue altogether.
Multi-stage water filtration system, sensors throughout the nuclear power plant, city and region, constant collection of analyzes and samples from the environment and its own laboratory.
Everything is transparent - reports can be viewed on the Rosenergoatom website in real time.

49. You can't just leave the controlled access zone either.
Three times there is a full check for the presence of radiation, until you again find yourself in shorts.

50. Well, after responsible work and imaginary experiences, you can have a hearty lunch.

51. The food here is delicious.
By the way, about 4,000 employees work at the nuclear power plant, and the average salary is about 60 thousand rubles.

52. Well, what can I say - I'm not scared anymore.
Control - a lot. Everywhere order, cleanliness, labor protection and safety.
Still, a great Man is to come up with and use this ...

Visit the nuclear power plant - DONE!
Thanks for this incredible opportunity to Rosenergoatom Concern.

It is difficult for a modern person to imagine life without electricity. We cook food, use lighting, use electrical appliances in everyday life: refrigerators, washing machines, microwave ovens, vacuum cleaners and computers; listening to music, talking on the phone - these are just a few things that are very difficult to do without. All these devices have one thing in common - they use electricity as their "power". 7 million people live in St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region (*according to Rosstat as of January 1, 2016), this number is comparable to the population of the state of Serbia, Bulgaria or Jordan. 7 million people use electricity every day, where does it come from?

Leningrad NPP is the largest electricity producer in the North-West, the share of electricity supply for the period from January to October 2016 was 56.63%. During this period, the power plant produced 20 billion 530.74 kW ∙ hours of electricity for the energy system of our region.

LNPP is a secure facility and it is not possible for a “random” person to get on it. Having completed the necessary documents, we visited the main premises of the power plant:

1. Block control panel

2. Reactor room of the power unit

3. Engine room.

Sanitary checkpoint

After passing through the system of two-level personality control, we ended up at the sanitary checkpoint.

We are equipped with: safety shoes, a white coat, trousers and a shirt, white socks and a helmet. The passage of the sanitary inspection room is strictly regulated. Safety is a key corporate value of Rosatom.

An individual dosimeter is required. It is of accumulative type, leaving the Leningrad NPP building, we will find out what dose of radiation we received during our stay at the power plant. The natural radioactive background surrounding us fluctuates between 0.11 - 0.16 µSv/h.

Shooting in the corridors at the Leningrad NPP is strictly prohibited, only experts know how to get from room A to room B. Let's move to the first point of the tour.

Block Control Board

Each power unit is controlled from a block control panel (BCR). The Block Control Board is a control room in which the collection and processing of information about the measured parameters of the power plant operation takes place.

Stukanev Denis, shift supervisor of power unit No. 2 of the Leningrad NPP, talks about the work of the Nuclear Power Plant, the installed equipment, the “life” of the power plant.

There are 5 unique workplaces in the room: 3 operators, chief and deputy. shift supervisor. The equipment of the control panel can be divided into 3 blocks, responsible for: control of the reactor, turbines and pumps.

If the main parameters deviate beyond the established limits, sound and light alarms are issued indicating the deviation parameter.

The collection and processing of incoming information is carried out in the SKALA information-measuring system.

Power unit reactor.

The Leningrad NPP contains 4 power units. The electric power of each is 1000 MW, the thermal power is 3200 MW. The design output is 28 billion kWh per year.

LNPP is the first station in the country with RBMK-1000 reactors (high power channel reactor). The development of the RBMK was a significant step in the development of the nuclear power industry in the USSR, since such reactors make it possible to create large nuclear power plants of high power.

Energy conversion in the NPP unit with RBMK occurs according to a single-loop scheme. Boiling water from the reactor is passed through separator drums. Then saturated steam (temperature 284 °C) at a pressure of 65 atmospheres is supplied to two turbogenerators with an electric power of 500 MW each. The exhaust steam is condensed, after which the circulation pumps supply water to the inlet to the reactor.

Equipment for routine maintenance of RBMK-100 type reactors. It was used to restore the resource characteristics of the reactor.

One of the advantages of the RBMK reactor is the possibility of reloading nuclear fuel at the operating reactor without power reduction. For reloading, an unloading and loading machine is used. Operated by an operator remotely. During reloading, the radiation situation in the hall does not change significantly. The installation of the machine above the corresponding channel of the reactor is carried out according to the coordinates, and precise guidance is carried out using an optical-television system.

Spent nuclear fuel is loaded into hermetic tanks filled with water. The holding time of spent fuel assemblies in pools is 3 years. At the end of this period, the assemblies are disposed of by sending them to spent nuclear fuel storage facilities.

The photographs show the Cherenkov-Vavilov effect, in which there is a glow caused in a transparent medium by a charged particle that moves at a speed exceeding the phase velocity of light in this medium.

This radiation was discovered in 1934 by P.A. Cherenkov and explained in 1937 by I.E. Tamm and I.M. Frank. All three were awarded the Nobel Prize in 1958 for this discovery.

Engine room

One RBMK-1000 reactor supplies steam to two turbines with a capacity of 500 MW each. The turbine unit consists of one low pressure cylinder and four high pressure cylinders. The turbine is the most complex unit after the reactor as part of a nuclear power plant.

The principle of operation of any turbine is similar to the principle of operation of a windmill. In windmills, the air flow rotates the blades and does work. In the turbine, the steam rotates the blades arranged in a circle on the rotor. The turbine rotor is rigidly connected to the generator rotor, which, when rotated, generates current.

The LNPP turbine generator consists of a K-500-65 type saturated steam turbine and a TVV-500-2 synchronous three-phase current generator with a speed of 3000 rpm.

In 1979, for the creation of a unique turbine K-500-65/3000 for the Leningrad NPP, a team of Kharkov turbine builders was awarded the State Prize of Ukraine in the field of science and technology.

Leaving LNPP…

The main premises of the LNPP have been reviewed, we are again at the sanitary checkpoint. We check for ourselves the presence of radiation sources, everything is clean, we are healthy and happy. Being at the Leningrad NPP, the radiation dose accumulated by me was 13 μSv, which is comparable to an airplane flight over a distance of 3000 km.

Second life of LNPP

The problem of decommissioning power units is a very relevant topic, due to the fact that in 2018 the life of power unit No. 1 of the Leningrad NPP expires.

Ruslan Kotykov, Deputy Head of the Leningrad NPP Units Decommissioning Department: “The most acceptable, safest and most financially profitable option for immediate decommissioning has been chosen. It implies the absence of deferred decisions and observation delays after the block is stopped. The experience of decommissioning RBMK reactors will be replicated at other NPPs.”

A few kilometers from the operating Leningrad NPP, the “construction of the century” is taking place. Russia is implementing a large-scale program for the development of nuclear energy, which implies an increase in the share of nuclear energy from 16% to 25-30% by 2020. To replace the capacities of the decommissioned Leningrad NPP, a new generation nuclear power plant with a VVER-1200 type reactor (pressure-cooled power reactor) of the AES-2006 project is being created. "AES-2006" is a standard design of the Russian nuclear power plant of the new generation "3+" with improved technical and economic indicators. The goal of the project is to achieve modern indicators of safety and reliability with optimized capital investments for the construction of the plant.

Nikolai Kashin, Head of the Department of Information and Public Relations of Power Units under Construction, spoke about the LNPP-2 project being created. This project meets modern international safety requirements.

The electric capacity of each power unit is 1198.8 MW, the heating capacity is 250 Gcal/h.

The estimated service life of LNPP-2 is 50 years, the main equipment is 60 years.

The main feature of the project being implemented is the use of additional passive safety systems in combination with active traditional systems. Provides protection against earthquakes, tsunamis, hurricanes, aircraft crashes. Examples of improvements are the double containment of the reactor hall; "trap" of the core melt, located under the reactor vessel; passive residual heat removal system.

I recall the words of Vladimir Pereguda, director of the Leningrad NPP: “The project of power units with VVER-1200 reactors has unprecedented multi-level safety systems, including passive ones (which do not require personnel intervention and power connection), as well as protection from external influences.”

At the construction site of the new power units of the Leningrad NPP, the installation of equipment for the pumping station for consumers of the turbine building continues, and three buildings of the circulation pump units have been installed and concreted. Pumping units are the main technological equipment of the facility and consist of two parts - pumps and electric motors.

The output of power to the power system from power unit No. 1 of LNPP-2 will be carried out through a complete switchgear with SF6 insulation (GIS) for 330 kV, from power unit No. 2 of LNPP-2 it is supposed to be at a voltage of 330 and 750 kV.

The control panel (CB) is a technical means of displaying information about the technological process of operation of power units at power plants and containing the necessary technical means for controlling the operation of an electrical installation (instruments, devices and control keys, alarm and control devices). The control panel (ShU) serves to control the operation of all equipment of the units and to coordinate the operation. The senior operators and block operators located in the control room premises ensure the normal operation of the station blocks.

The control room is used to start turbines, start a generator, bring it to power, synchronize generators, remotely control safety systems, and turn on auxiliary systems.

The control panel is located in the main building of the power plant. Shields were previously equipped with vertical panels and inclined consoles, on which control and monitoring devices are located. These consoles and panels are arranged in an arc for better visibility. To the right and left of the consoles there could be panels of a non-operational circuit with protection devices for the boiler, turbine, generator.

The block control panel of a nuclear power plant has its own characteristics. Since the operating personnel at NPPs cannot get acquainted with the state of the equipment of the radioactive circuit on site, the volume of technological information at NPPs is more extensive than at TPPs.

The block control panel of the NPP consists of operational and non-operational parts. In the operational part there are consoles, panels with controls, remote control and regulation. In the non-operational part there are panels for periodic control, electronic regulation, logic control, technological protection.

The main, central and block control panels are installed in special rooms, which must meet the requirements for convenient placement and maintenance. Block control panels, which contain control and monitoring devices not only for electrical, but also for technological equipment, are usually located in the main building of the station. To ensure normal working conditions for the personnel on duty, the control room provides for air conditioning installations.

The main, central and block control panels occupy, as a rule, a special room, which must meet the diverse requirements both in terms of providing the staff on duty with comfortable working conditions, and in terms of the rational arrangement of the panels.

Light signals of the equipment status are displayed on the block control panel (BCR). The appearance of light signals is accompanied by a sound technological alarm.

The premises of block control panels are made soundproof and provided with conditioned air supply.

On block control panels, an emergency technological signaling is also provided, notifying the person on duty.

At CHP-type power plants, auxiliary electric motors are controlled from local (aggregate, workshop) panels: in the boiler room - from the boiler shield, in the turbine compartment - from the turbine shield, etc. The main elements of the main circuit are generators, transformers, HV lines, feeding elements of own needs - are controlled from the main control panel of the main switchboard.

At block power plants, IES provide block control panels (BCR) and a central control panel (CCR). From the control room, the electrical installations of one or two adjacent power units are controlled, including their own needs, as well as the control and monitoring of the operation mode of boiler units and turbines.

From the central panel, high-voltage circuit breakers, backup transformers for auxiliary needs, backup mains are controlled, and the operation of the power units of the power plant is coordinated.

Management at hydroelectric power plants is carried out mainly from the central control room. Many HPPs are controlled by a power system dispatcher using telemechanics.

At substations according to simplified schemes (without HV switches), special control panels are not provided. Switching at such substations is partially or completely carried out from control rooms using telemechanics. Complex operations are carried out by an operational mobile brigade (OVB).

At powerful substations of 110 kV and above, according to schemes with HV switches, general substation control points (OCP) are being built, from the central board of which transformers, lines of 35 kV and above, the battery are controlled and the operation of the main elements of the substation is controlled. 6-10 kV lines are controlled from 6-10 kV switchgear. Local control panels are installed near the controlled object. For them, closed-type panels or KRU 0.5 kV are used.

The main and central control panels at modern power plants are located in a special room in the main building from the side of the permanent end or in a special building adjacent to the GRU (at a thermal power plant), or near open switchgears (at a CPP).

The location of consoles and panels, lighting, color, room temperature of the shield, the location and shape of devices, control keys are selected based on the creation of the best working conditions for operational personnel.

NPPs are provided with block (BCR), standby (RCR) and central (CCR) control panels.

For each reactor block, a control room is required, designed for centralized control of the main technological installations and. the main technological equipment during start-up, normal operation, scheduled shutdown and emergency situations. From the control room, the switches of generators, transformers are controlled. n., backup power inputs with. n. 6 and 0.4 kV, switches of electric motors s.n. power units, generator excitation systems, diesel generator sets and other emergency sources, fire extinguishing devices for cable rooms and power unit transformers.

The control room of each NPP power unit is located in a separate room (main building or a separate building).

For each reactor block of the NPP, a standby control panel (RCC) is provided, from which it is possible to emergency shut down the reactor plant and emergency cool it down while ensuring nuclear and radiation safety, if for some reason this cannot be done with the RCR. The control room must be isolated from the control room so that both shields are not hit for the same reason. The control panel is used to control diesel generator sets and other emergency sources, as well as sectional switches in the 6 kV switchgear for auxiliary needs.

For elements of the security system, duplicated independent remote control from the control room and control room is provided.

From the central control room of the NPP, the switches of high-voltage lines, autotransformers of communication, generator-transformer units, as well as switches of backup transformers are controlled. n., including sectional switches of reserve highways. The central control panel is used to control the fire extinguishing devices of the general station cable rooms and transformers controlled from the central control panel.

Initially, the central control room was located in the main building of the first block of the NPP. Currently, the central control room is located in an independent building, separate from the main buildings of the power units.

At NPPs, the control room consists of operational and non-operational parts. In the operational part there are consoles, panels with controls, remote control and regulation. In the non-operational part there are panels for periodic control, electronic regulation, logical control of technological protection.

Control room lighting requirements

From the control panel (ShU) control and management of the operation of the power plant (substation) is carried out. The work of the personnel on duty in the control room is to monitor the indications of devices and signals, perform operations for switching and commissioning units, maintaining permanent records, etc. The readings of almost all devices should differ at a significant distance. While on duty, the control room personnel must be constantly ready to eliminate accidents.

Lighting must be uniform throughout the room; there should be no glare or shadows on the devices. Luminous surfaces of high brightness, glare, as well as sharp contrasts in the brightness of different surfaces should not fall into the field of view of the duty personnel. The surrounding background and architectural design of the premises should be measured, not distracting the attention of the staff on duty. The brightness of the luminous surfaces of lighting devices should be small. In the control room of the control room, it is necessary to provide the illumination required by the standards on the horizontal, especially on the working vertical surfaces of the switchboard panels.

Depending on the plan of the designer and lighting engineer, the control room can be illuminated by luminous surfaces (illuminated ceiling, strip, etc.), reflected light, and also by a system that combines these devices.

When lighting is carried out by luminous surfaces or a device for reflected light, appropriate structures must be provided for the concealed placement of lighting fixtures and lighting wiring. It is very important to ensure comfortable and non-hazardous maintenance of the lighting device, because in the control room, which often has a considerable height, there are a huge number of switchboard panels, critical devices and devices.

The most suitable conditions for operation are created during the maintenance of lighting devices from the walk-through technical floor. But the implementation of lighting installations with large luminous surfaces, serviced from the walk-through technical floor, is associated with more complex structures, increased costs and an overestimated consumption of electricity for lighting. For these reasons, at substations and power plants of small power, lighting of the control room is carried out by hanging, ceiling or luminescent lamps built into the ceiling with screening grids or diffusers. Such a control panel lighting system is also adopted in those cases when it is structurally impossible to place complex lighting devices in the room.

As mentioned above, in order to create normal working conditions in the control room, it is necessary to eliminate the possibility of reflected glare on the glasses and the appearance of shadows on the switchboard devices, as well as reflections and glare on objects and parts of the control room equipment. In order to create better conditions for observing different indications of devices and not tire your eyes, you should not create a sharp difference between the brightness of different elements of the room.

Kola NPP is the northernmost NPP in Europe and the first nuclear power plant in the USSR built beyond the Arctic Circle. Despite the harsh climate of the region and the long polar night, the water near the station never freezes. The nuclear power plant does not affect the state of the environment, which is evidenced by the fact that a fish farm is located in the area of the outlet canal, where trout is bred all year round.

1. The history of the Kola NPP began in the mid-1960s: the inhabitants of the union continued to actively develop the northern part of the territories, and the rapid development of industry required large energy costs. The country's leadership decided to build a nuclear power plant in the Arctic, and in 1969 the builders laid the first cubic meter of concrete.

In 1973, the first power unit of the Kola Nuclear Power Plant was launched, and in 1984 the fourth power unit was put into operation.

2. The station is located beyond the Arctic Circle on the shore of Lake Imandra, twelve kilometers from the city of Polyarnye Zori, Murmansk region.

It consists of four power units of the VVER-440 type with an installed capacity of 1760 MW and provides electricity to a number of enterprises in the region.

The Kola NPP generates 60% of the electricity in the Murmansk region, and in its area of responsibility there are large cities, including Murmansk, Apatity, Monchegorsk, Olenegorsk and Kandalaksha.

3. Protective cap of reactor No. 1. Deep below it is the nuclear reactor vessel, which is a cylindrical vessel.
Hull weight - 215 tons, diameter - 3.8 m, height - 11.8 m, wall thickness is 140 mm. The thermal power of the reactor is 1375 MW.

4. The upper block of the reactor is a design that is designed to seal its vessel, accommodate drives of control systems, protection
and sensors for in-reactor control.

5. For 45 years of operation of the station, not a single case of exceeding natural background values has been recorded. But the "peaceful" atom remains such only
with proper control and proper operation of all systems. Fifteen control posts were installed at the station to check the radiation situation.

6. The second reactor was commissioned in 1975.

7. Carrying case for 349 KNPP fuel cartridges.

8. The mechanism for protecting the reactor and plant from internal and external factors. Under the cap of each KNPP reactor there are forty-seven tons of nuclear fuel, which heats the water of the primary circuit.

9. Block control panel (BCR) - the think tank of the nuclear power plant. Designed to monitor the performance of the power unit and control technological processes at a nuclear power plant.

10.

11. The shift in the control room of the third power unit of the Kola NPP consists of only three people.

12. From such a large number of controls, eyes run wide.

13.

14. Model of the section of the active zone of the VVER-440 reactor.

15.

16.

17. The career of a nuclear specialist requires serious technical training and is impossible without striving for professional excellence.

18. Engine room. Turbines are installed here, which are continuously supplied with steam from a steam generator, heated to 255 ° C. They drive a generator that generates electricity.

19. An electric generator inside which the rotational energy of the turbine rotor is converted into electricity.

20. The generator turbine, assembled in 1970 at the Kharkov Turbine Plant, has been in use for forty-five years. The frequency of its rotation is three thousand revolutions per minute. Eight turbines of the K-220-44 type are installed in the hall.

21. More than two thousand people work at the KNPP. For the stable operation of the station, the staff constantly monitors its technical condition.

22. The length of the machine room is 520 meters.

23. The pipeline system of the Kola NPP stretched for kilometers throughout the entire territory of the power plant.

24. With the help of transformers, the electricity generated by the generator enters the network. And the steam exhausted in the condensers of the turbines becomes water again.

25. Open switchgear. It is from here that the electricity that the station generates goes to the consumer.

26.

27. The station was built off the coast of Imandra, the largest lake in the Murmansk region and one of the largest lakes in Russia. The territory of the reservoir is 876 km², the depth is 100 m.

28. Chemical water treatment area. After processing, chemically desalted water is obtained here, which is necessary for the operation of power units.

29. Laboratory. Specialists of the chemical department of the Kola NPP make sure that the water chemistry regime at the plant meets the plant operation standards.

30.

31.

32. The Kola NPP has its own training center and a full-scale simulator, which are designed for training and advanced training of plant personnel.

33. The students are supervised by an instructor who teaches them how to interact with the control system and what to do in the event of a malfunction of the station.

34. These containers store non-radioactive salt melt, which is the final product of liquid waste processing.

35. The technology for handling liquid radioactive waste from the Kola NPP is unique and has no analogues in the country. It allows to reduce the amount of radioactive waste to be disposed of by 50 times.

36. Operators of the complex for the processing of liquid radioactive waste monitor all stages of processing. The whole process is fully automated.

37. Discharge of treated wastewater into the outlet channel leading to the Imandra reservoir.

38. Waters discharged from nuclear power plants belong to the categories of normatively clean, do not pollute the environment, but affect the thermal regime of the reservoir.

39. On average, the water temperature at the mouth of the outlet canal is five degrees higher than the water intake temperature.

40. In the area of the KNPP bypass canal, Lake Imandra does not freeze even in winter.

41. For industrial environmental supervision at the Kola NPP, an automated system for monitoring the radiation situation (ARMS) is used.

42. The mobile radiometric laboratory, which is part of the ARMS, allows you to conduct gamma-ray surveys of the area along designated routes, perform air and water sampling using samplers, determine the content of radionuclides in samples and transmit the information received to the ARMS information and analysis center via a radio channel.

43. The collection of atmospheric precipitation, sampling of soil, snow cover and grass is carried out at 15 permanent observation points.

44. The Kola NPP also has other projects. For example, a fish complex in the area of the discharge channel of a nuclear power plant.

45. The farm grows rainbow trout and Lena sturgeons.

47. Polyarnye Zori is a city of power engineers, builders, teachers and doctors. Founded in 1967 during the construction of the Kola NPP, it is located on the banks of the Niva River and Lake Pin Lake, 224 km from Murmansk. As of 2018, about 17,000 people live in the city.

48. Polyarnye Zori is one of the northernmost cities in Russia, and winter here lasts 5-7 months a year.

49. Holy Trinity Church on the street. Lomonosov.

50. On the territory of the city of Polyarnye Zori there are 6 preschool institutions and 3 schools.

51. The system of lakes Iokostrovskaya Imandra and Babinskaya Imandra flows into the White Sea through the Niva River.

52. The White Sea is an inland shelf sea of the Arctic Ocean, in the European Arctic between the Kola Peninsula Svyatoy Nos and the Kanin Peninsula. The water area is 90.8 thousand km², depths are up to 340 m.

Page 3 of 61

The APCS function is a set of system actions aimed at achieving a particular control goal. The functions of the automated process control system are divided into information, control and auxiliary.
The content of the information functions of the automated process control system is the collection, processing and presentation of information about the state of the TOU to operational personnel, as well as its registration and transfer to other automated control systems
Consider the information functions of the APCS.

Control and measurement of technological parameters, which consists in converting the values of object parameters (pressures, flow rates, temperatures, neutron fluxes, etc.) into signals suitable for perception by operational personnel or for their subsequent automated processing. A distinction is made between the individual control function, when secondary indicating instruments operate directly from the primary converter or (with switching from a group of primary converters), and the centralized control function carried out using a computer.
The calculation of indirect quantities is carried out using a computer and ensures the determination of the values of parameters, the direct measurement of which is either difficult for design reasons (fuel cladding temperature) or impossible due to the lack of appropriate primary converters (reactor thermal power, technical and economic indicators).
Registration of values is carried out for the subsequent analysis of the work of the ATC. Registration is carried out on paper tapes of secondary recording devices (recorders), in computer memory, and also on computer output media (paper tapes of typewriters).
Signaling the state of shut-off organs (latches) and auxiliary mechanisms (pumps) is carried out using color signals corresponding to certain states of valves and pumps. There is an individual signaling of the state in which each organ or mechanism has its own signal; group, in which the signal informs about the state of a group of organs and mechanisms; centralized, carried out by a computer and its output devices.
Technological (preventive) signaling is carried out by giving light and sound signals and draws the attention of personnel to violations of the technological process, expressed in deviations of parameters beyond the permissible limits. There are individual signaling, in which each signaled parameter corresponds to its own signaling device, provided with an inscription indicating the nature of the violation, group, in which a light signal appears when one of a predetermined group of parameters deviates, centralized, carried out by a computer and its output devices
Diagnostics of the state of technological equipment is used to determine the root cause of its abnormal operation, predict the likely occurrence of malfunctions, as well as the degree of their danger for the further operation of the equipment
Preparation and transmission of information to related automated control systems and reception of information from these systems. The objectives of this exchange of information are discussed in § 1 1.

The content of the control functions of the automated process control system is the development and implementation of control actions on the TOU. Here, “development” means the determination, based on the available information, of the required values of control actions, and “implementation” means actions that ensure that the actual value of the control action corresponds to the required one. The development of control actions can be carried out both by technical means and by the operator; implementation is carried out with the obligatory use of technical means.
Consider the control functions of the APCS.

The remote control function consists in the transfer of control actions from the operator to the electric drives * of the actuators (open-close) and auxiliary electric motors (turn on-off).

Nuclear power plants also have a small number of non-electrified shut-off and control elements, which are manually controlled on site; this is not done by the operators, but by special crawlers at the command of the operators.

The function of automatic control is to automatically maintain the output values of the object at a given value.
The function of automatic protection is used to save the equipment in case of emergency violations of the units. The simplest examples of such a function can be the opening of a safety valve when the pressure rises above the maximum allowable one or automatic shutdown of the reactor in case of emergency shutdown of several MCPs. An important version of this function is the emergency transfer of the reserve (ESA), designed to automatically turn on the backup unit (for example, a pump) during an emergency shutdown working. This function includes notification of the fact of protection operation and their root cause.
The automatic blocking function serves to prevent accidents that may occur due to incorrect control. It implements a technologically determined relationship between individual operations. An example of interlocks is the automatic prohibition of starting the pump in the absence of lubrication or cooling, as well as the automatic closing of the valves on the pressure and suction of the pump when its engine is turned off.
The function of logical control is to develop discrete. control signals (such as "yes-no") based on the logical analysis of discrete signals describing the state of the object. Logic control is widely used in control systems for reactor regulators, turbines, etc. Strictly speaking, the functions of emergency protection and automatic blocking can also be considered logical control, but logical control usually includes operations performed according to more complex laws. The result of logical control are changes in the technological scheme (turning on, turning off pipelines, pumps, heat exchangers) or switching in the circuits of automatic regulators.
The optimization function maintains the extreme value of the accepted control criterion. Unlike the functions of automatic control, blocking, logical control, which are designed to stabilize the output parameters of an object or change them according to a previously known law, optimization consists in searching for previously unknown values of these parameters, at which the criterion will take an extreme value. The practical implementation of the results of determining the optimal parameters can be carried out by changing the setting for automatic controllers, making switches in the technological scheme, etc. Optimization is carried out for the TOU as a whole (the criterion is the minimum cost of energy on the unit) or for its individual parts (for example, increasing the net efficiency turbine plant by optimizing the performance of the condenser circulation pumps).

Fig 1 3. The structure of the automated process control system of the power unit.
1-14 - subsystems, 1 - control of especially critical parameters, 2 - technological signaling; 3 - remote control, 4 - automatic protection, 5 automatic control, 6 - FGU, 7 - CPS, 8 - ACS T, 9 - VRK, 10 - SRK U- KTO and KTsTK, 12 - MCP control system, 13 - auxiliary control subsystems technological systems, 14 - UVS; 15 - block operators, 16 - auxiliary technological systems operators, 17 - computer operators

Optimization can also concern the parameters of the automated process control system itself, an example of which is the determination of the optimal settings of the controllers according to the criterion of accuracy in maintaining the controlled values.

* Drives with other types of auxiliary energy (hydraulic, pneumatic) have not been widely used at nuclear power plants (except for the turbine speed control system and some types of high-speed reduction units).

Secondary functions.

APCS are functions that provide a solution to intra-system problems, i.e., designed to ensure the system's own functioning. These include checking the serviceability of APCS devices and the correctness of the initial information, automatic input of backup APCS devices in case of failures of the operating ones, reporting to personnel about failures in the APCS, etc. Due to the complexity of modern APCS, the value of auxiliary functions is very high, since without them normal operation of the systems is impossible.
For the convenience of development, design, delivery, installation and commissioning of automated process control systems, they are conditionally divided into subsystems. Each subsystem provides control of a part of the object or combines technical means that perform any one specific function; in the first case, one speaks of a multifunctional subsystem, in the second, one-functional subsystems are relatively independent of each other and can be developed and manufactured by various organizations with their subsequent docking directly at the facility. Consider the main subsystems of automated process control systems for power units (Fig. 1.3).

The subsystem for monitoring critical parameters performs the function of control and measurement. It is implemented on individual measuring instruments and contains sensors, transducers, indicating and recording devices. Recording devices also perform the recording function. The presence of this subsystem is associated with the need to maintain a minimum amount of control in the event of a computer failure. The information received by this subsystem can be used in other APCS subsystems.
The technological signaling subsystem performs the functions of individual and group signaling. It contains primary converters, devices that compare analog signals with set values, and devices for supplying sound and light signals. In some cases, this subsystem does not have its own primary converters, but uses information from the subsystem for monitoring critical parameters.
The remote control subsystem provides remote control of regulating, shut-off organs and mechanisms, performs the functions of signaling the state of controlled mechanisms, automatic locks and entering information about the state of organs into the computer.
The subsystem of automatic protection performs the specified function, as well as some functions of automatic blocking. It consists of primary converters, alarm generation circuits, emergency protection executive bodies and devices for light and sound notification of the operator about the facts of protection operation and the root causes of accidents. In some cases, the initial information about the parameter values comes from other subsystems. Devices of other subsystems (for example, contactors of pump motors) can be used as executive bodies.
The automatic control subsystem regulates the parameters using individual controllers. In addition, this subsystem provides control over the position of the regulators and remote control of them when the regulators are off. The capabilities of modern means of regulation make it possible to transfer some logical control functions to this subsystem.

In addition to the main devices, all subsystems contain connecting cables, panels on which devices are placed, power supplies, etc.
In addition to these subsystems, which are mainly designed to perform one function for the block as a whole, there are a number of multifunctional subsystems designed to perform a set of functions for controlling any unit or technological system.
The units are controlled using devices that form a subsystem of functional group control (FGU). To start or stop the unit controlled by the FGU, it is enough to give one command, after which all operations occur automatically.
The multifunctional subsystems of the automated process control system of the block that control individual technological systems are usually called the "control system". This is due to the fact that such subsystems were developed and formalized before the advent of automated process control systems as independent systems. They may have their own computers, and then they are transferred to all the functions of managing the relevant technological equipment. In the absence of own computer, part of the functions is transferred to the computer of the APCS of the block (centralized control, calculation of indirect values, registration of some parameters, diagnostics of the state of technological equipment, exchange of information with the APCS of NPP, optimization). Such multifunctional subsystems include:

control system, protection, automatic regulation and control of the reactor (CPS) to control the power of the reactor in all modes of its operation and their auxiliary equipment;
automated turbine control system (ACS T) designed to control turbines and their auxiliary equipment;
fuel refueling and transport management system that controls all mechanisms that move fuel from its arrival at nuclear power plants to its shipment for spent fuel reprocessing.

If this is dictated by the requirements of the technology, then other subsystems may also be included in the APCS. For example, units with fast neutron reactors have a subsystem for controlling the electric heating of circuits and a subsystem for controlling the speed of the main circulation pumps (CS MCP).
Some of the multifunctional subsystems are controlled by their own operators, working under the guidance of block operators
Modern nuclear power plants also have multifunctional subsystems that perform a full set of information functions for monitoring homogeneous mass parameters. These include:

in-reactor control system (IRC) designed to control heat release values, temperatures and other parameters inside the reactor core;
radiation monitoring system (RMS) designed to monitor the radiation situation of process equipment, NPP premises and the surrounding area;
systems for monitoring the tightness of fuel cladding (CGO) and monitoring the integrity of technological channels (CTTC), monitoring the state (integrity) of fuel claddings and technological channels based on the analysis of data on the activity of the coolant and other reactor parameters.

The most important subsystem of the APCS, which performs the most complex information and control functions, is the control computer system (CCS) [or the control computer complex (CCC)]. In the automatic process control system of the UVS units, they can perform almost all information and control functions.

NPP control panels

Control board(CB) is a specially allocated room intended for permanent or periodic stay of operators, with panels, consoles and other equipment located in it, on which the technical means of automated process control systems are installed and with the help of which the technological process is controlled. NPP control is organized from several control rooms.
The central control panel (TSChU) refers to the automated process control system for nuclear power plants. It provides general coordination of the operation of power units, control of electrical switchgear and plant-wide systems. The central control room is the place of residence of the station engineer on duty (DIS) or the NPP shift supervisor. Near the central control room, a room is allocated for the location of the UVS of the automated process control system of the NPP. If necessary, to control some general station equipment - special water treatment plants, boiler rooms, ventilation systems - a shield of general station devices (SHOU) (or several ShOU) is organized.
The main control of the technological process of the block is carried out from the block control panel (BCR). According to the requirements of nuclear safety, for each NPP unit, a standby control panel (RCC) is organized, which is designed to carry out operations to shut down the unit in situations in which it is not possible to carry out these operations from the control room (for example, in case of fire at the control room).
To control some auxiliary systems, both station-wide and block, local control panels (LSC) are organized. Depending on technological requirements, these shields are intended for permanent or periodic stay of operational personnel (for example, during fuel refueling). Often, there are no special rooms allocated for the local control room, but they are located directly at the controlled equipment (for example, the local control room of turbogenerators is located directly in the engine room).
Let us consider in more detail the organization of the control room. A modern power unit is a complex control object with a large number of measured (up to 5-10 thousand) and controlled (up to 4 thousand) quantities. Each block is controlled by two or three operators. An increase in the number of operational personnel is not possible due to the difficulty of coordinating the work of a larger number of operators. In addition, an increase in personnel reduces the efficiency of nuclear power plants. Naturally, even when modern control facilities (including computers) are used, a great mental and physical burden falls on operators.
When designing the APCS of the unit, they tend to reduce the number of controlled parameters and controlled objects. However, due to the peculiarities of the technology, as mentioned above, the number of controlled and controlled parameters is measured in thousands, and placing such a number of indicating devices and controls on the operational fields directly in front of the operators is simply impossible. . In modern automated process control systems, the following methods are used to reduce operational fields.

location of all devices that do not require control by operators (regulators, FGU devices, relay blocking and protection circuits, etc.) on special non-operational panels taken out to separate rooms of the control room. Maintenance of these devices is carried out by personnel who ensure the serviceability of their operation, but are not directly involved in the management of the unit;
the use of centralized control with the help of a computer and a decrease in the number of parameters controlled on individual secondary devices; in modern process control systems of blocks, the number of such parameters is no more than 10% of the total;
the use of calling, group and functional-group controls, in which one body controls several actuators;
removal of secondary instruments and controls, which are necessary only for relatively rare operations (preparation for the start-up of the unit), to auxiliary panels located in the operational room of the control room, but outside the main control loop (on the side or behind the operators). With a large number of auxiliary systems, the control of which is not directly related to the control of the main technological process, a special auxiliary systems shield (ASS) can be organized for them, located in close proximity to the operational circuit of the main control room.

Another way to reduce the burden on operators is to make it easier to decode incoming information and find the right controls. For this, in particular, in modern automated process control systems, mnemonic diagrams are used. They represent a simplified image of the technological scheme of equipment with conditional images of the main units (heat exchangers, pumps). At the locations of the images of the corresponding units, as well as the locking elements, there are status signaling devices (light bulbs with light filters), and at the locations of the images of the regulatory bodies - position indicators.

Fig 1.4. An example of the image of a technological line on a mnemonic diagram
1 - pump mnemonic with status indicator, 2 - valve mnemonic with status indicator, 3 - regulator position indicator; 4 - tank mnemonic, 5 - pump control key; 6 - valve control key, 7 - regulator control key, 8 - pressure deviation signaling device, 9 - level deviation signaling device, 10 - red light filter, 11 - green light filter

In some cases, the mnemonic diagram contains devices that show the values of technological parameters, as well as devices that signal a deviation of these parameters from the norm. If the mnemonic diagram is located within the reach of operators, controls are also installed on it (Fig. 1-4).

a - with a separate remote control; b - with attached remote control, 1 - vertical panels, 2 - remote control; 3 - countertop; 4 - vertical attachment, 5 - inclined panel

Fig. 15. Options for the layout of the operational circuit of the control room (section):
Structurally, the operational circuit of the control room is usually made in the form of vertical dashboards and a separate console (Fig. 1.5, a). On the vertical panels are large-sized instruments, as well as mnemonic diagrams and rarely used controls. When the mnemonic is located at the top of the console, it is usually slanted to improve visibility. The operational part of the control panel consists of an inclined (or horizontal) tabletop, on which are located the controls, indicators of the position of shut-off and regulatory bodies and indicators of the status of auxiliary electric motors.

Figure 1 6. Layout options for the operational circuit of the control room (plan)
a - arched, b - linear, 1 - operational panels, 2 - remote control, 3 - table-console, 4 - auxiliary panels; I - III - control zones, respectively, of the reactor, steam generators and turbogenerators

In some cases, mnemonic diagrams are located both on the tabletop and on the vertical attachment of the remote control. Consoles serviced by one operator have a significant length (up to 5 m), and during transient modes, the operator works while standing. In stationary modes, when the volume of control operations is small, the operator can work while sitting. To do this, a special workplace is allocated on the remote control, near which the most important controls and controls are located. The tabletop of this workplace should be free from instruments so that the operator can use instructions, keep records, etc. remote control, and at a special desk-remote, on which there is only a telephone, and in modern systems - communication devices with a computer
Auxiliary panels (as well as LCM panels) usually do not have separate consoles, but are made in the attached version (Fig. 1.5, b), they work at such consoles, as a rule, while standing.
Basically, two options for the layout of the operational circuit of the control room are common: arc-shaped and linear (Fig. 1.6). Usually the unit is controlled by two or three operators from one, two or three consoles. For ease of access to the vertical panels, gaps are made between the consoles.
Operational panels are located directly in front of the consoles, auxiliary panels are located on the side and behind. Usually, in the center of the operational room of the control room, there is a table-console of the unit shift supervisor (or senior operator). At the same table, operators' workplaces can be allocated for seated work.
The placement of instruments and devices on the panels and consoles of the control room is subject to the sequential technological principle, i.e. from left to right, in accordance with the technological process (reactor - MCP - steam generators - turbogenerators). Accordingly, the left auxiliary panels are assigned to control the reactor and steam generators, the right - turbogenerators.
In the room of the operational circuit of the control room, the specified illumination of panels and consoles (200 lux), temperature (18-25 ° C) and humidity (30-60%) of the air are provided; noise level should not exceed 60 dB. Main control rooms are made according to a special architectural design, which takes into account aesthetic and engineering requirements. The approach of cable flows to all switchboard devices must be ensured. The control room room must comply with safety standards, fire safety and electrical installation rules.
The operational contour of the control room occupies only a part of all rooms of the control room. A significant area is occupied by non-operational panels. Typically, the operating circuit is located in the central part of the control room, and non-operational panels are located in the rooms on the sides of the operating room. There are layouts in which non-operational panels are placed under the operating room. Given the significant number of cable connections between the operating circuit of the control room and the computer, the computer room is also sought to be brought closer to the operating room.
The standby control panel (RCC) is located in a special room, separated from the control room by a fire-resistant fence or spaced from it at some distance, but in such a way that access to it can be provided without hindrance and in a minimum time. The volume of monitoring and control equipment installed on the control room must be sufficient for normal shutdown of the unit even in the event of accidents in the process equipment, provided that all safety requirements are met.

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