And in the course of their perception. The concept of perception, properties and types of perception. Human perception of the objective environment around him

Last update: 07/06/2015

Perception allows us to feel the world around us. Think about everything that you perceive every day. At any moment, you can see familiar objects around you, feel a touch on your skin, smell your favorite dish, or hear the upstairs neighbor turn on the music. All this makes up our conscious experience and allows us to interact with the world and the people around us.

What is perception?

Perception - sensory knowledge of the world around us, it includes both the perception of environmental stimuli and actions in response to them. Through the process of perception, we gain information about the properties and elements of the environment that are critical to our survival.

Perception not only creates our picture of the world; it allows us to act within our environment.

Perception includes touch, sight, taste, smell, proprioception (the body's ability to detect changes in body position), as well as the cognitive processes necessary for information processing (recognition of faces, familiar smells).

The process of perception and its elements

The process of perception is a sequence of steps that begins with an event in the environment, followed by our perception of a stimulus and our actions in response to it. This process is ongoing; we do not spend much time or effort analyzing the perceptual process itself, because at any one moment we are perceiving too many stimuli.

The process of converting the light that hits the retina into a real visual image occurs unconsciously and automatically.

In order to fully understand how the process of perception works, let's break it down into its elements:

environmental incentives;
stimulus that attracted attention;
image transfer to the retina;
transduction (transformation) of the image;
neural signal processing;
perception;
recognition;
action.

Let's consider them in more detail.

Environment Stimulus

The world is full of stimuli that can grab our attention using our senses. Everything that can be perceived - everything that can be seen, touched, tasted, smelled or heard can become an environmental stimulus. In addition, we must not forget about proprioception - our ability to feel the movements of the arms and legs, as well as changes in the position of the body in relation to environmental objects.

For example, imagine that you are on a morning run in a local park. While you are exercising, a variety of stimuli can attract your attention: a light breeze; man playing with his dog; a car passing by, from the half-open windows of which loud music is heard; a duck splashing in a nearby pond. These are all environmental stimuli that act as the starting point for the perceptual process.

Stimulus that grabs attention

This stimulus is a specific object in the environment on which our attention is focused.
In most cases, we focus on stimuli that are familiar to us - for example, it could be the face of a friend in a crowd of strangers. Sometimes - on the contrary, on stimuli that have some novelty for us.

Let's go back to the previous park example. Let's imagine that during your workout you focused on ducks swimming in a nearby body of water. A flock of ducks is just the stimulus that caught your attention. At the next stage of perception, the visual process will already prevail.

Image transfer to the retina

The stimulus is then converted into an image on the retina. First, light enters through the cornea and pupil, hitting the lens. The cornea helps focus light, and the iris controls the size of the pupils needed to determine how much light is needed.

As you may already know, the image on the retina is actually upside down. At this stage of perception, this is not so important, since this image is not yet perceived by us, and later this visual information will be changed.

Image transduction (transformation)

After that, the image on the retina is converted into electrical signals, which allows visual messages to be transmitted to the brain so that they are interpreted.

The retina contains many photoreceptors - rods and cones. The rods are primarily responsible for twilight vision (the perception of objects in low light conditions), while the cones are associated with the perception of color and shape in normal light levels.

Rods and cones contain a protein (retinal) that is responsible for converting light into visual signals, which are then transmitted to the brain via nerve impulses.

Neural signal processing

In the next step, the electrical signals are subjected to neural processing. The path of a certain signal depends on its modality (i.e. is it an audio signal or a visual one).

Neurons throughout the body carry electrical signals from receptors to the brain. In our previous example, the image of ducks swimming in a pond is fed to the retina, converted into an electrical signal, and then processed by neurons.

The fact that you actually perceive the stimulus and are aware of its presence in the environment can only be said at the next stage.

Perception

It is at this stage that we are aware of the presence of the stimulus. But it is one thing to simply be aware of its existence, and quite another to be fully aware of it.

Recognition

Perception involves more than just being aware of stimuli. Our brain needs to classify and interpret what it perceives. Our ability to interpret the information received in the process of perception, and give meaning, meaning to an object - is the next element.

So, being in the park and watching the ducks, at this stage you understand that they are ducks and that they swim in the water.

The stage of recognition is an integral part of perception, as it allows us to understand the world around us. By categorizing objects, we can understand and respond to the world around us.

Action

The last stage of the perception process involves some kind of action in response to the environmental stimulus - we can turn our head in order to better view the ducks, or, conversely, turn away from them to look at something else. It can be either a small action (for example, blinking in response to dust brought by the wind), or a whole series (for example, several actions aimed at helping a person in need).

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Perception, perception (from Latin perceptio) - sensory knowledge of objects of the surrounding world, subjectively presented as direct, immediate.
Perception - for a person - the sensation of what is contemplated, for animals - sensual contemplation, sensual smell, etc. priority for the vital activity of the sense organs.
Knowledge is possible on the basis of perception, it cannot be perception. Sensations - what distinguishes us from the animal world, the ability to objectify the environment. "Sensory knowledge" is not perception. “Objects of the surrounding world” and “direct subjective representation” are rather derivative perceptions. “Objects of the surrounding world” are possible only in our “imagination”, as an already structured reaction of the nervous system to the environment, in the form of already formed images or phenomena. The world around us is our idea of the environment, but not the environment itself. What actually exists and happens outside the range of our perception, what phenomena, and in what capacity, are little known to us. Objects and phenomena of the surrounding world are subjects of the environment, as a result of which the “objectivity of the surrounding world” and “direct subjective representation”, in essence, are the content already formed by us, which can be expressed as - the representation of the environment is subjective, and is given in objectivity and phenomenon like the surrounding world. As you can see, objects and phenomena are not given in finished form, but are gradually formed by our nervous system, thanks to our ability to perceive the environment in a peculiar way. This is a long process in which, in addition to perception, which provides material for future structures, other mechanisms are involved, in particular our ability to structure, which leads to the construction of finished structures from this material and their interconnection. The process of cognition in this series is final, and is based on sensations, not on feelings. So it is impossible to explain the perception when it is replaced by the subject obtained through this perception, even more so when the perception itself is replaced by some "sensory knowledge". This is not an object of perception, but a subject, and such a subject, which in the period of formation is compared with the environment in the process of perception. “Direct subjective representation” presupposes, first of all, the presence of an object of representation, which is possible with the ability to form images, which, in turn, is made up of elements obtained also on the basis of perception. As you can see, there are some inaccuracies that bring confusion and lead to involuntary substitution of concepts. We replace the process of perception with formed images of objects or phenomena that have developed on the basis of perception, but they are not perception in themselves. The source and subject of perception is the environment, and images and phenomena are the subject of comparison with the environment through perception.
Various interpretations of perception
According to the philosophy of empiricism, perception consists of sensations or, in a later version of this philosophy, of the so-called sensory data (J. Moore, B. Russell, etc.). The interpretation of sensations as elementary "bricks" of the mental has become especially widespread in associative psychology. Philosophical criticism of the thesis about the possibility of constructing perception from sensations or sense data was carried out, in particular, by G. Ryle and M. Merleau-Ponty. In the psychology of the 20th century, there was a rejection of the interpretation of perception as a combination of atomic sensory contents (sensations); perception began to be understood as holistic and structural. According to the modern psychologist J. Gibson, perception is an active process of extracting information about the surrounding world, which includes real actions to examine what is being perceived. Perception understood in this way presents to the subject those properties of the external world that correlate with the needs of the subject and express the possibilities of his activity in a given real situation. According to W. Neisser, the extraction of information occurs on the basis of the subject's schemes of various objects and the world as a whole. Most of these schemes are acquired through experience, but there are also initial schemes that

Perception- this is a holistic reflection of objects, situations, phenomena arising from the direct impact of physical stimuli on the receptor surfaces of the sense organs.

Perception includes and is based on sensation, being the result of a synthesis of isolated sensations within one or more modalities.

A holistic reflection of images goes beyond isolated sensations, relying on the joint work of the senses. Only as a result of such a combination, isolated sensations turn into a holistic perception, move from the reflection of individual features to the reflection of entire objects and situations.

This synthesis can proceed both within one modality (for example, when we watch a movie, individual visual sensations are combined into whole images), and within several modalities (perceiving an orange, we actually combine visual, tactile, taste sensations).

Therefore, the main difference between perception and sensation is the objectivity of awareness of everything, a holistic display of the object.

physiological basis Perceptions are processes that take place in the sense organs, nerve fibers and the central nervous system. So, under the influence of stimuli in the endings of the nerves present in the sense organs, nervous excitation arises, which is transmitted along the conductive pathways to the nerve centers and, ultimately, to the cerebral cortex. Here it enters the projection (sensory) zones of the cortex, which are, as it were, the central projection of the nerve endings present in the sense organs. Depending on which organ the projection zone is associated with, certain sensory information is formed.

the mechanism described above is the mechanism for the emergence of sensations.

Therefore, sensations can be considered as a structural element of the process of perception. Own physiological mechanisms of perception are included in the process of forming a holistic image at subsequent stages, when excitation from the projection zones is transmitted to the integrative zones of the cerebral cortex, where the formation of images of real world phenomena is completed. Therefore, the integrative zones of the cerebral cortex, which complete the process of perception, are often called perceptual zones. Their function differs significantly from the functions of the projection zones.

in case of violation of the activity of integrative zones, people cease to understand human speech

or does not understand what he sees - in short, agnosias come.

The physiological basis of perception is even more complicated by the fact that it is closely connected with motor activity, with emotional experiences, and various thought processes. Consequently, having begun in the sense organs, nervous excitations caused by external stimuli pass to the nerve centers, where they cover various areas of the cortex and interact with other nervous excitations. This entire network of excitations, interacting with each other and widely covering different areas of the cortex, constitutes the physiological basis of perception.

Since perception is closely related to sensation, it can be assumed that, like sensation, it is a reflex process. The reflex basis of perception was revealed by I.P. Pavlov. He showed that perception is based on conditioned reflexes, that is, temporary nerve connections formed in the cerebral cortex of the brain when objects or phenomena of the surrounding world act on the receptors. In this case, the latter act as complex stimuli, since during the processing of the excitation caused by them in the nuclei of the cortical sections of the analyzers, complex processes of analysis and synthesis proceed.

In addition to sensations, the previous experience is involved in the process of perception, the processes of understanding what is being perceived, i.e., mental processes of an even higher level, such as memory and thinking, are included in the process of perception. Perception is associated with identification, with understanding and comprehension of objects or phenomena, with their assignment to a certain category. Therefore, perception is very often called the human perceptual system.

Research by psychophysiologists shows that perception is a very complex process that requires the involvement of thought and memory processes. Namely: analytical and synthetic work (selection from the whole complex of influencing features of the main leading features (analysis); combining a group of basic essential features and comparing them with previous knowledge about the subject (synthesis and memory)). The process of perception always includes motor components (feeling objects and moving the eyes when perceiving specific objects; singing or pronouncing the corresponding sounds when perceiving speech).

Moreover, it should be borne in mind that the perception of familiar objects (a cup, table), their recognition occurs very quickly, when perceiving new or unfamiliar objects, their recognition proceeds much more complicated and in more detailed forms. The complete perception of such objects arises as a result of complex analytic-synthetic work, in which some essential features are singled out, while others, insignificant ones, are inhibited. Then the perceived signs are combined into one meaningful whole. Therefore, the speed of recognition or reflection of an object of the real world is largely determined by how active the perception, as a process, is, i.e., how actively this object is reflected.

A huge role in perception is played by our desire to perceive this or that object, the consciousness of the need or obligation to perceive it, volitional efforts aimed at achieving a better perception, the persistence that we show in these cases. Thus, in the perception of the subject of the real world, attention and direction are involved. An interesting subject will be perceived by us more actively.

From a practical point of view, the main function of perception is to ensure the recognition of objects, i.e., their assignment to one category or another.

Different types of perception have their own specific patterns. But there are general patterns of perception that are manifested in its properties: objectivity, integrity, structure, constancy, meaningfulness, apperception, activity(or selectivity).

Objectivity of perception - it is the ability to reflect objects and phenomena of the real world not in the form of a set of sensations that are not connected with each other, but in the form of individual objects. Objectivity is not an innate property of perception; it develops and improves in the process of ontogenesis, starting from the first year of a child's life.

The simplest form of understanding objects and phenomena is recognition. Here, perception is closely related to memory. To recognize an object means to perceive this object and correlate it with a previously formed image. Recognition can be generalized, when the object belongs to some general category, and differentiated, when the perceived object is identified with a previously perceived single object. This is a higher level of recognition. For this kind of recognition, it is necessary to highlight features specific to a given object, it will accept it. When recognizing, a person does not highlight all the features of an object, but uses its characteristic identification features. For the recognition of material objects, their contours, the combination of lines characteristic of a given object, are essential.

Integrity perception - a characteristic of perception, which consists in the fact that individual features of an object that are not actually perceived are nevertheless integrated into a holistic image of the perception of this object. Even in those cases when we perceive only some features of a familiar object, we mentally supplement the missing features and parts of this object.

Structurality perception is the ability to recognize various objects due to the stable structure of their features. In perception, the isolation of relationships, parts, sides of the subject is carried out. We perceive a generalized structure actually abstracted from sensations, which is formed over time. For example, if a person listens to some melody, then the previously heard notes still continue to sound in his mind when information about the sound of a new note arrives. Usually, the listener understands the melody, i.e., perceives its structure as a whole.

constancy perception - the independence of the reflection of the objective qualities of objects (size, shape, color) from temporal conditions. The same objects are perceived by us in various changing conditions: under different illumination, from different points of view, from different distances. However, the objective qualities of the object are perceived by us unchanged. The color of chalk, even at dusk, will be white for us.

constancy perception - not a hereditary quality, it is formed in experience, in the learning process. In a study of the perception of people living in a dense forest who did not see objects at a great distance, it was found that they perceive them as small, not as distant. In some unusual conditions, the constancy of perception can be violated - aconstantity arises. So if we look down With high altitude

Selectivity in (activity) perception - the primary selection of the object from the background. Of the countless number of objects and phenomena that surround us, we single out at the moment only a few of them. It depends on what the activity of a person is aimed at, on his needs and interests.

A more clearly perceived object, to which perception is oriented, is subjectively interpreted as a "figure", and all other objects are perceived as its "background". The selection of an object from the background is carried out along its contour. The sharper, more contrast the contour of the object, the easier it is to select it. And vice versa, if the contours of the object are blurred, inscribed in the background lines, then the object is difficult to distinguish. It is easier to distinguish what is actually a separate object and is well known from past experience.

The perception of the whole is conditioned by the perception of its parts and properties, at the same time it itself affects their perception. The importance of the role of the perception of a part in the perception of the whole does not mean that in order to recognize an object, it is necessary to perceive all its parts. Much of what is in the object is not perceived at all, or is perceived indistinctly, but nevertheless we recognize the object.

This is because each object has characteristic, unique identifying features. The absence of precisely these features in perception prevents us from recognizing the object, while at the same time the absence of other, less significant features, in the presence of essential features in perception, does not prevent us from recognizing what we perceive.

The dependence of perception on the general content of our mental life is called apperception. features of perception are determined by all the practical and life experience of a person, since the process of perception is inseparable from activity.

Perceiving a number of unfamiliar figures, already in the first phases of perception, we try to find some standards with which we could characterize the perceived object. In the process of perception, in order to classify what you perceive, you will put forward and test hypotheses about the object's belonging to one or another category of objects.

A significant place in apperception is occupied by attitudes and emotions that can change the content of perception.

The phenomenon of erroneous (false) or distorted perception is called illusion of perception I . Illusions are observed in any kind of perception (visual, auditory, etc.). The nature of illusions is determined not only by subjective reasons, such as attitude, orientation, emotional attitude, etc., but also by physical factors and phenomena: illumination, position in space, etc.

The next property of perception is its meaningfulness. . Although perception arises from the direct action of a stimulus on the sense organs, perceptual images always have a certain semantic meaning. As we have already said, the perception of a person is closely connected with thinking. The connection between thinking and perception is primarily expressed in the fact that to consciously perceive an object means to mentally name it, that is, to attribute it to a certain group, class, to associate it with a certain word. Even when we see an unfamiliar object, we try to establish in it a resemblance to other objects. Therefore, perception is not determined simply by a set of stimuli affecting the senses, but is a constant search for the best interpretation of the available data.

Basic types of perception

One of the classifications of perception, as well as sensations, is based on differences in the analyzers involved in perception. In accordance with which sense organ (or which modality) plays a predominant role in perception, visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, olfactory and gustatory perception are distinguished.

Different types of perception are rarely found in their pure form. They are usually combined

The basis of another type of classification are the forms of existence of matter: space, time and motion. In accordance with this classification, space perception, time perception and motion perception are distinguished.

According to the degree of intentionality, it is customary to single out unintentional(or involuntary) and deliberate(arbitrary) perception. With unintentional perception, we are not guided by a pre-set goal or task - to perceive a given object. Perception is guided by external circumstances. Intentional perception, on the contrary, from the very beginning is regulated by the task - to perceive this or that object or phenomenon, to get acquainted with it.

Our knowledge, interests, habitual attitudes, emotional attitude to what affects us, affect the process of perception. Since all people differ both in their interests and attitudes and in a variety of other characteristics, we can argue that there are individual differences in perception.

Holistic, or synthetic , type of perception: in persons prone to it, the general impression of the object, the general content of perception, the general features of what is perceived are most clearly represented. People with this type of perception pay the least attention to details and details.

They capture the meaning of the whole more than the detailed content.

Persons with a different type of perception - detailing, or analytical, - on the contrary, they are prone to a clear selection of details and details. The object or phenomenon as a whole, the general meaning of what was perceived, fades into the background for them.

Descriptive types are limited to the factual side of what they see and hear. They do not try to explain to themselves the essence of the perceived phenomenon. Persons belonging to the explanatory type

They always try to explain what they see or hear. This type of behavior is more often combined with a holistic or synthetic type of perception.

The objective type of perception is characterized by strict correspondence to what is happening in reality. Persons with a subjective type of perception go beyond what is actually given to them, and bring a lot of themselves. Their perception is subject to a subjective attitude to what is perceived.

Types of perception (Stolyarenko "Fundamentals of Psychology"): perception of objects, time, perception of relationships, movements, space, perception of a person.

When describing the process of constructing an image of a perceived object, there are stimulus and activity paradigm (S. D. Smirnov). The stimulus paradigm considers the process of building an image as a reactive (reflex) process in which three stages can be distinguished:

1. Obtaining and selection of sensory sensations of various modalities from stimuli affecting the body.

2. The addition of the sensations obtained in this way a holistic image of the object as a result of attaching to these sensations the images of memory about the past impacts of this object on the sense organs of the same modality as the actual impact.

3. Application to the thus obtained sensory image of various methods of semantic processing (generalization, categorization, abstraction, etc.).

Thus, it is emphasized that influencing stimuli are the main factor in the emergence of mental images. But at any moment we experience a huge number of influences, but we do not “process” all the influences. The stimulus paradigm is opposed by the activity paradigm, according to which any mental image, except for sensation, has a truly active and not reactive nature. Stimulation of the sense organs does not serve as an impetus to the beginning of the construction of the image, but only as a means for checking, confirming, and, if necessary, correcting the perceptual hypotheses that are built by the subject. As long as there is no hypothesis (even if it is erroneous), the process of building an image cannot even begin. the image we see is nothing but our own perceptual hypothesis, tested by sensory data. According to the activity paradigm, a cognitive action occurs in response to a mismatch between the predicted events at the “sensory input” and what actually takes place or in response to the action taken by the subject himself, which should lead to a predictable change in sensory impressions.

Additionally : development in ontogeny. According to B. M. Teplov, the signs of object perception in a child begin to appear in early infancy (two to four months), when actions with objects begin to form. By five or six months, the child has an increase in cases of fixing the gaze on the object with which he operates. However, the development of perception does not stop there, but, on the contrary, is just beginning. So, according to A. V. Zaporozhets, the development of perception is carried out at a later age. During the transition from pre-preschool to preschool age, under the influence of play and constructive activities, children develop complex types of visual analysis and synthesis, including the ability to mentally divide the perceived object into parts in the visual field, examining each of these parts separately and then combining them into one whole.

In the process of teaching a child at school, the development of perception is actively taking place, which during this period goes through several stages. The first stage is associated with the formation of an adequate image of the object in the process of manipulating this object. At the next stage, children get acquainted with the spatial properties of objects with the help of hand and eye movements. At the next, higher stages of mental development, children acquire the ability quickly and without any external movements to recognize certain properties of perceived objects, to distinguish them from each other on the basis of these properties. Moreover, any actions or movements no longer take part in the process of perception.

One may ask what is the most important condition for the development of perception? This condition is work.

It is equally important for the child to participate in the game. During the game, the child expands not only his motor experience, but also his understanding of the objects around him.

Perception is the process of reflection in the mind of a person of objects and phenomena of the real world in their integrity, in the aggregate of their various properties and parts, and with their direct impact on the senses.

In the formation of perception, sensations, motor components, the life experience of the individual,
memory, thinking and speech, volitional efforts and attention, interests, goals and attitudes of a person.

Perception arises on the basis of sensations, but it is not reduced to their simple sum (in such cases, the process is said to be non-additive). This is a qualitatively new, more complex mental process compared to sensation. Perception is aimed at recognizing the identification features of the perceived object and building its copy (model) in the mind. The result of perception is a holistic perceptual image of an object, and not its individual properties, information about which is given to a person by sensations. This, however, does not mean that all its small details are perceived together with the integral image of the object.

There are two models of image formation in the process of perception:

stimulus, "purely" reflex, stating that the appearance of the image of an object is caused only by its reflection in the mind when stimuli are exposed to sensory channels;
activity, which asserts that the image that a person perceives is not so much the result of the reaction of the psyche to stimuli, but rather the result of the subject’s continuous construction of perceptual hypotheses that are “counter” to the reflected environment (a person, using his experience, seems to foresee the main properties of the perceived object).

The complexity of studying perception as a cognitive process lies in the fact that of all the influencing signs in the human mind, only the leading ones are reflected, and the insignificant ones remain outside the perception. This is due not only to the characteristics of the object, but also to the fact that it is in the object that is of interest to the individual, for what purpose the individual is involved in the process of perception, what are his preliminary attitudes towards perception.

Recognition of an object as one of the components of perception depends on a person's life experience, his knowledge about this object. For example, a familiar word can be restored (perceived) literally upon presentation of one or two of its constituent letters, while an unfamiliar one will require much more letters for this.

Perception sometimes requires concentration of attention on an object and certain volitional efforts. This is especially true for cases where the interest in the object of the individual is small or there is no awareness of the need to study the object. Of course, the study and recognition of an object through the process of perception cannot take place without the connection of memory and thinking. Indeed, in this case, complex processes of comparing the features of an object with the standards stored in the long-term memory of a person, mental analysis and synthesis of a system of these features and decision-making are carried out.

It is important that information for this comes simultaneously from many senses (sight, hearing, smell, etc.). In particular, a significant contribution to the formation of the image of a perceived object is made by motor components through the eyes, pronunciation of sounds, and palpation. The auditory analyzer helps in perception to navigate in the spatial position of the source of information.

Finally, the perceptual process extends to higher levels of mental activity, such as speech. After all, a person thinks ... in words. Highlighting the leading features of the perceived object, he discusses, designates them with a word.

Thus, perception is an ordered system of active perceptual actions, formed in the course of the life of an individual.

general characteristics

Perception is a reflection in the human mind of integral complexes of properties of objects and phenomena of the objective world with their direct impact at a given moment on the senses. Perception differs from sensations in that it reflects the entire set of properties of an object, and forms its integral image. Perception is based on the relationship of sensory and mental activity of the individual, is the result of the functioning of the system of analyzers. Primary analysis, which takes place in the receptors, is supplemented by the complex analytical and sensory activity of the brain sections of the analyzers.

Perception is based on two types of neural connections:

formed within one analyzer;
interanalyzer.

Thanks to the connections formed between analyzers, we reflect and perceive such properties of objects or phenomena for which there are no specially adapted analyzers (for example, the size of an object, specific gravity, etc.).

perceptual system- a set of analyzers that provide this act of perception. In this case, one analyzer can be the leading one, and the rest can complement the perception of the object.

Perception and action. Perception is a kind of action aimed at examining the perceived object and creating its copy. Any perception includes a motor (motor) component that contributes to the isolation of an object from the surrounding background, in the form of palpation of an object, eye movement, and larynx movement. Therefore, the process of perception is considered as a perceptual activity of the subject.

Basic properties of perception

The main properties of perception as a cognitive mental process include: objectivity, which is expressed in the attribution of information received from the outside world: integrity, reflecting the fact that perception is always a holistic image of an object, and not a reflection of its individual properties; structurality, manifested in the fact that a person perceives a generalized structure that is actually abstracted from sensations: the meaningfulness of perception, determined by understanding the essence of an object; constancy of perception - the relative constancy of images of objects, in particular, their shape, color. Values at change of conditions of perception; selectivity is manifested in the predominant allocation of individual objects and depends on the interests and attitudes of the individual.

Perception of time and movement, space. The perception of space includes the perception of the size, shape, relative position of objects, their topography, distance and direction.

The perception of time is a reflection of the duration and sequence of phenomena or events.
The perception of movements is a reflection of the direction and speed of the spatial existence of objects.

Illusions of perception. Illusions are manifested in an inadequate reflection of the perceived object. The most studied are the illusory effects observed in the visual perception of two-dimensional contour images - the so-called "optical-geometric illusions", which consist in an apparent distortion of the relationship between image fragments (equal lines seem unequal, etc.). The phenomenon of brightness contrast belongs to another class of illusions (for example, a gray stripe on a light background seems darker than on a black one).

perception) is a mental cognitive process of reflection in the minds of servicemen of things, objects and phenomena that directly affect their senses as a whole, and not their individual aspects and qualities, as in sensation. V. is one of the important links in the process of mastering knowledge.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

PERCEPTION

a system for receiving and converting information that provides the body with a reflection of objective reality and orientation in the surrounding world. V., together with sensation, acts as the starting point of the process of cognition, delivering sensory material to it. In the process of cognition, V. is mediated by thinking and verified by practice. Without such mediation and verification, V. can act as a source of both true knowledge and delusion, illusion. Among the processes of V. are the detection of an object in a perceived field; distinction between features of the object; selection in the object of informative content adequate to the purpose of the action, the formation of the image of V.

In the process of V., a person cognizes objects and phenomena as a whole, and not their separate ones. properties. V. is based on sensations, but V. is not reduced to the sum of sensations. Perceiving, a person not only singles out a group of sensations and combines them into a holistic image, but also comprehends this image, understands it, drawing on his past experience for this.

Specialist. V.'s bodies are not present. Materials for V. are given by analyzers. Objects and phenomena of the surrounding world affect decomp. analyzers (visual, smelling, gustatory, etc.), i.e. any object acts as a complex stimulus. V. is provided by a complex system of neural connections between decomp. analyzers.

The presence of such connections allows one to correctly perceive the object and on the basis of the testimony of only one analyzer.

According to modern According to ideas, the totality of V.'s processes provides a subjective biased and, at the same time, an adequate reflection of objective reality. The adequacy of the image of V. is achieved due to the fact that during its formation there is an assimilation (A. N. Leontiev), i.e. adjusting the perceiving systems to the properties of the impact: in the movement of the hand palpating an object, in the movement of the eye tracing the visible contour, in the movements of the larynx reproducing an audible sound, etc. - in all these cases, a copy is created that is comparable to the original. V. is a kind of self-regulating process that has a feedback mechanism and is subject to the characteristics of the reflected object.

max. important features of V. are objectivity, integrity, structure, constancy, and meaningfulness. The objectivity of V. is expressed in the so-called. an act of objectification, i.e. in relation to external world of information received from him. V.'s objectivity is not an innate quality. The formation of objectivity V. in ontogenesis is associated with the first practical. actions of the child, to-rye directed to external. objects and adapted to their features, location and shape. Further V. is allocated in rather independent. system of perceptual actions. The integrity of V. consists in the creation, on the basis of the given sensations, of an integral image of an object or space. objective situation, even if some parts of the whole cannot be observed at the moment. Its structure is connected with V.'s integrity. V. to Means. measure does not correspond to instantaneous sensations and is not a simple sum of them. A person perceives a generalized structure actually abstracted from these sensations, which is formed over a certain period of time (for example, with V. music, a separate sound does not provide an understanding of the melody, the entire structure of the melody continues to sound in the mind of the listener with a variety of relationships included in it elements). The sources of the integrity and structure of V. lie in the features of the reflected objects themselves, on the one hand, and in the objective activity of a person, on the other. V. constancy - the ability of a perceptual system (a system of analyzers that provide a given act of V.) to compensate for spatial and other changes in objects. Due to constancy, a person is able to perceive surrounding objects as relatively constant in shape, size, color, etc. A person’s V. is closely connected with his thinking, this is the meaningfulness of V.

Meaningfully perceive the subject - it means. mentally name it, i.e. attributed to a specific group, class of objects, generalize it in a word. Even at the sight of an unfamiliar object, a person tries to catch in it a resemblance to familiar objects, to attribute it to a certain category. V. represents dynamic. search for the best interpretation, explanation of the available data.

The classification of V., as well as sensations, is based on differences in the analyzers involved in V. In accordance with which analyzer plays the predominant role in V., visual, auditory, tactile, kinesthetic, and smell are distinguished. and taste V. Usually V.'s process is carried out by a number of analyzers. Engine sensations to one degree or another are involved in all types of V. Decl. types of V. are rarely found in their pure form, they are usually combined, resulting in complex types of V. For example, V. by a student of the text includes such types of it as visual, auditory and kinesthetic. Another type of classification of war is based on the forms of existence of matter: space, time, and motion. Accordingly, V. of space, V. of time, and V. of movement are distinguished.

The development of perception and ways of its education. V. is formed in the process of human life, his active relationship with objects and phenomena of the surrounding world. Elementary forms of V. begin to develop very early. Initially, the baby has undifferentiated sensations of otd. properties of stimuli (light, heat, cold, etc.). At the 2nd month of life, distinct orienting reactions appear, expressed in a certain setting of the perceiving organs and complete or partial inhibition of movements. The child listens to sounds and holds his gaze on objects. As a result of multiple combinations of stimuli and their reinforcement, the child begins to develop reactions to complex stimuli and to the relationship of stimuli, on the basis of which V. arises and the child recognizes surrounding objects. So, at the moment of feeding, the child stops his gaze on the face of the mother, listens to her voice, feels the warmth of her hands. These stimuli are associated with each other in a single image of the mother, and the child soon begins to recognize her not only by her appearance, but also by her voice and even by the sounds of her steps. V. in children is initially inextricably linked with their objective actions and movements. Seeing Ph.D. object, the child reaches for it, feels and moves it and, manipulating in this way, traces the contours of the object and its distance with his gaze. parts. In the future, see. irritations gradually begin to isolate themselves from the objective action into independent ones. sees. images, in which the sensations from the movement of the hands are replaced by sensations of the movement of the eyes along the contours and other characteristic points of objects. Thus, the actions of the child with objects underlie the development of V.

A characteristic feature of V. children in doshk. age is its emotional conditioning and at the same time its objective limitations and incompleteness. The child distinguishes, first of all, shiny and moving objects, unusual sounds and smells, i.e. everything that causes his emotional and orienting reactions, and at the same time does not notice other, less vivid and emotionally indifferent objects for him. Due to the insufficiency of life experience, the child is not yet able to distinguish in his V. the main and essential aspects of objects and abstract from secondary ones. The incompleteness of life experience also explains the fact that with V. little-known objects or pictures, children are often limited only to listing (naming) otd. objects without a coherent description and explanation of their meaning; the latter becomes possible only with a more complete acquaintance with these subjects. However, contrary to the opinion of the researchers who first noted this fact (A. Binet, V. Stern), there are no strict age features in this regard. It all depends on how close and familiar the perceived objects are to the children. Great difficulties in children cause V. spaces. properties of objects, which can be expressed in an incorrect assessment of the size, shape, and distance of objects, and especially V. depicted in the pictures of perspective and movement. Very inaccurate at this age is also V. time associated with Ch. arr. with their subjective organic sensations, needs for food, sleep, and in the future with the established daily routine. The duration of the time intervals are perceived very inaccurately even by children of 6-7 years.

Speech communication with adults has a great influence on the formation of V.'s images in children. Adults introduce children to the surrounding objects and help to highlight the most. their important features, in connection with which V. in children becomes more and more accurate and complete, and at the same time purposeful. The improvement of V.'s actions (perceptual actions) and the mastery of new types of such actions provide V.'s progressive change with age - the acquisition of greater accuracy, dissection, etc. Systematic work on the formation of these actions in children underlies the so-called. sensory education. For the development of V., play, drawing, modeling, design, etc. are of great importance. properties of objects. Under normal conditions of upbringing, the child is already at the beginning of school. age is quite correctly oriented in the surrounding objects and knows how to use V. in accordance with his needs and interests.

V.'s further development occurs in children primarily in connection with schooling. Starting from ml. classes, is carried out systematically. work on the development of V., the goal of which is not only the expansion and refinement of children's visual knowledge of objects and phenomena of reality, but also the education of certain skills and abilities of correct V., the development of observation. This is especially facilitated by the visibility of learning, decomp. laboratory work, excursions, observations of natural phenomena and especially directly. participation in feasible labor activity, a cut in combination with uch. occupations makes V. active cognizant. process. At the same time, the school forms an aesthetic. art assessments. lit ry, painting, sculpture, music, thereby developing the artist. student taste. Means. influence on the development of V. of social reality (the relationship of people, political events, etc.) is exerted by morality. positions and worldview of persons whose opinion is presented to the child as authoritative and significant. V.'s development (especially in the younger grades) requires guidance from teachers and educators.

In ped. activity for the development of V. requires a max, activation of V., so that not only vision and hearing, but also touch, smell, taste, and especially the motor sensations that arise when operating objects participate in it. Of great importance are the modeling of objects, their sketches and schematics. images that allow you to visually capture the features of these objects. For the development of accuracy and generalization of V., it is necessary to compare objects, establish similarities and differences between them. Specialist. polytechnic task. learning lies in the development of V. exact spaces. relationships (distances, sizes, shapes of objects).

In naib. the full development of V. is achieved with the correct organization of observation in the process of accounting. and productions. student work. Definition of tasks, preliminary. the study of objects of observation from books, drawings, photographs, the development of a plan, and, finally, the subsequent description and discussion of the results of observation - all this leads to an organic. V.'s connections with praktich. actions and thinking of students and thus is the most important means of developing their cognition. activities.

Incomplete definition ↓

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