Traditional boats: junk. The design of the Chinese junk Drawings of the Chinese junk in Russian

Although this vessel is considered traditionally Chinese, for a long time it was popular not only in China, but also in the waters of Southeast Asia, being widespread in Japan and Vietnam. In the famous Vietnamese bay, you can still see these traditional boats, which are now used exclusively for tourist purposes.

According to Chinese legends, the first junk was created by the semi-mythical ruler of China - Fu Hsi, who was called the "Heavenly Emperor". According to legend, he gave his people secret knowledge that contributed to the formation of a powerful Chinese civilization.

Therefore, it is not surprising that many peoples of Southeast Asia saw a living creature in an elegant Chinese junk - frighteningly bewitching, with its own character. Researchers believe that the first junks appeared somewhere else over 1000 BC, so they can rightly be called one of the most ancient.

Features of the Chinese junk

The literal translation of the name of this Chinese boat means nothing more than "vessel". Among other traditional boats, the junk stands out with a slightly lowered almost rectangular bow and a wide raised stern, and a massive rudder replaces the keel on this ship.

Sails for such a vessel (most often, either 3 or 5-masted) were made of mat and fixed on bamboo yards in the form of a quadrangle. Having an unusual shape resembling a fan, like it, they could easily be rolled up into a scroll if necessary.

The heavy reed mat used to create the sails of the junk affected the speed of the vessel moving through the water, but at the same time it could withstand even the strongest gusts of wind without damage. Later, the mats were replaced with cloth, which significantly increased the speed of movement of these Chinese boats.

On many ships, with 4 masts, there could be additional ones on which more sails could always be placed. At the same time, the traditional Chinese junk was equipped with a variety of special mechanisms and winches, which made it easy to control all the sails even with a small crew of the vessel.

The Japanese junks, most often used for the transport of goods, although in many respects resembled traditional Chinese ones, had a significant discrepancy in the availability of masts. The Japanese usually installed one central mast on their ships, on which a narrow rectangular sail was attached, and one removable mast on the bow of the ship.

The junk usually had a flat bottom, and its sides were decorated with traditional drawings with frightening dragons and other mythical creatures. Such an original made this Chinese ship completely different from the usual European ships plowing the sea, and at the same time the most recognizable among other traditional boats. However, there were up to three hundred varieties of Chinese junk.

Conquering any expanses of water

Chinese junks were distinguished by excellent stability and maneuverability, so they could easily surf any water. One can characterize this vessel as a river-sea going vessel, with more emphasis on river conditions. However, even though such vessels did not develop high speed, they managed to get to the coast and India. In the Middle Ages, Chinese junks were used for long sea passages in military campaigns. The length of such ships was at least 40 m.

One of the most famous junks is the Hong Kong Kheyin. In the middle of the 19th century, she became the first Chinese boat to round the Cape of Good Hope and anchor in the port of New York, from where she continued her journey to England, where Queen Victoria herself stepped aboard this ship, unusual for a European look.

Modern junks

Although the junk is one of the oldest ships, it still remains relevant in many countries of Southeast Asia, although it is most often used for tourism purposes. The design of these traditional Chinese boats has hardly changed, but the comfort conditions have become much greater, and innovative technologies are increasingly used in the development of such boats.

Modern junks in some regions of Vietnam are similar to floating houses of local residents and original hotels for tourists. Most often, junks are inhabited by fishermen who can safely engage in their main trade. Many owners of such houseboats prefer to settle near large cities. For example, in Hong Kong alone, about 12,000 Chinese live on junks.

- (Chinese tshuen ship). A light sailing vessel with a high stern used in China, Japan and India. Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language. Chudinov A.N., 1910. JONKA Chinese merchant and military ship with 2 masts and 2 ... ... Dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

Junk- Johnka. JONKA (Malay djong, distorted Chinese chuan ship), a cargo sailing vessel with a raised wide bow and stern in the countries of Southeast Asia and the Far East. … Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

junk- JONKA, JOHNKA and, w. jonque, eng. junk Chinese thouen. Light flat-bottomed Chinese vessel, junk. Sl. 18. Two Chinese yunks came from Canton. Put. Ens. 455. // Sl. 18. Zhonki or Junki. Shishkov 1795. Lex. Jan. 1803: wives ... Historical Dictionary of Gallicisms of the Russian Language

- (Malay djong distorted Chinese chuan ship), cargo wooden sailing (2 4 masts) vessel with raised wide bow and stern. Sails of a quadrangular shape; load capacity up to 600 tons. Common in the countries of the South East. Asia and the Far ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary

JONKA, junks, wives. (Malay. gung large ship). Chinese sailing ship. Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov. D.N. Ushakov. 1935 1940 ... Explanatory Dictionary of Ushakov

JONKA, and, wives. In China and other countries of Southeast Asia: a cargo ship with a quadrangular sail. Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov. S.I. Ozhegov, N.Yu. Shvedova. 1949 1992 ... Explanatory dictionary of Ozhegov

Exist., Number of synonyms: 1 vessel (401) ASIS Synonym Dictionary. V.N. Trishin. 2013 ... Synonym dictionary

A kind of Chinese ship; a distinctive feature of its construction is a very wide, highly raised stern, always painted with images of mountains, clouds, dragons, etc .; in conjunction with a low nose, shaped rather ... ... Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron

Cargo or military wooden sailing two-four-masted vessel for navigation on rivers and in coastal areas. It has a wide hull with a raised bow and stern, rectangular sails woven from mats. Distributed in the Southeast ... ... Marine Dictionary

Junk- JONKA, type of small-sized. whale. ship with stupid. low nose and och. wide, high stern. Armed usually with 3 masts with straight sails, D. obeys the helm well, is easy on the move and is not devoid of seaworthiness. D. come in different sizes, from ... ... Military Encyclopedia

junk- a cargo flat-bottomed sailing vessel with a shallow draft, common in the countries of the South East. Asia and the Far East. It has a wide raised bow and stern and a low middle part. Load capacity up to 600t, length up to 55m, width up to 9m. On the junk... ... Marine Biographical Dictionary

Books

  • Assembly model "Junk" (color) (PC045) , . Made from natural wood. The three-dimensional model develops spatial imagination, logical thinking, perseverance of the child. The model can be painted using tempera paints, you can…

China is a country with a thousand years of civilization, and we have information about its ships, although not very detailed, gleaned from Marco Polo's Milione. However, due to the fact that sailboats - military and commercial - in the West were more or less similar, we can assume that the situation was the same in the Far East. The Chinese junk, which continued to be used until the end of World War II, was approximately 164 feet (50 m) long, 46-49 feet (14-15 m) wide and had five masts with rectangular mat sails. The forward masts and the second mast from the stern could be retracted to reduce windage, while the other sails had their own reefing system. The hull was shaped like a flat-bottomed ship (a non-self-propelled flat-bottomed vessel with simplified contours for transporting goods on the upper deck) and had a rectangular outline (almost not pointed at all towards the bow or stern, and both ends had transoms (i.e. ended flat, as if the junk had a long quarterdeck and one large rudder. For maneuvering with sails, a special platform was provided on the rear mast, protruding beyond the transom stern edge. Judging by the engravings of the 16th century, combat junks of that time had only two masts with sails attached to two spars (luger, or sailing sail), high bulwarks, covered poop and something like a battering ram on the bow.

Unlike the Chinese junk, the Japanese hull was more compact and with a much more pronounced curvature of the sides, although it had a straight, steeply inclined stem and a stern raised high above the water. She hung over the rudder, being a structural part of the ship's hull, and not like a small balcony on the Chinese

junk. The ship had only one deck without a forecastle and poop, like modern European ships. The spars and rigging were very simple and did not inherit the five masts of the Chinese junk. In the middle of the ship there was only one high mast, armed with a narrow rectangular sail and reinforced with one strong stay (stretch) in front and two behind. Further on the bow was another small mast tilted forward, which, like on the galleys, did not rest against the nest on the keel, but was attached only to the deck; this circumstance suggests that it could have been omitted. Note that the beams (beams of the transverse set of the ship, connecting the side branches of the frames and forming the basis of the deck flooring) of the main deck protrude from both sides overboard, increasing the width of the deck and thus providing more space for cargo. The junk has only one fairly large rudder, driven by a long tiller (lever to control the steering wheel). The sails were woven, not woven mats.

In Korea, there were mixed sailing and rowing vessels, the descriptions of which, at our disposal, are detailed enough to restore them in all details. They were known as the "shell ships" or "turtles" of Admiral Yi Sun Chin, who used them in the war of 1592-1598. against Japan.

These vessels had a hull in the form of a raft with a transom bow and stern and an unusual superstructure located at the rear, protruding from both sides overboard. The ship had two sails of the same type as on the junks. In addition, she had nine to ten oars on each side, arranged almost vertically and without oarlocks of the Western type, so that they were controlled in a completely different way than the oars in the Mediterranean galleys. A remarkable feature of these ships, thanks to which they got their name, was the presence of a protective tortoise shell above the main deck, which stretched along the entire hull, with the exception of the aft ledge. This shell was covered with metal plates with iron spikes, so it was absolutely impossible to board the ship. The armament consisted of four-inch (19 cm) bronze side guns and four small cannons, two in front and two in the rear above the transom cut. These vessels were 116.4 feet (33.5 m) long and 27.8 feet (8.5 m) wide on deck.

The very first boats on earth were dugouts: in some countries, such boats are successfully driven around to this day. Then other more advanced models began to appear: drakkars, gondolas, sampans. They were painted in bright colors, got painted faces or carved figures on the bow or stern, some even got a motor. In the summer season, when boating becomes the most enjoyable mode of transport, we reviewed photos of traditional boats of all varieties and selected the most interesting ones.

(Total 34 photos)

1. Venice, Italy. In the 18th century, several thousand gondolas floated along the city's canals. At the same time, the shape and size of boats were legally fixed. Since then they have not changed.

2. Hong Kong. Every summer, the traditional Dragon Boat Festival is held in Hong Kong.

3. Essaouira, Morocco. The only people who work in the town are the fishermen, who, in their bright blue boats (there are hundreds of them at the pier!) go to sea as early as five in the morning.

4. Lake Titicaca, Bolivia Reed boats, on which the natives sail on the lake, became the prototype of Thor Heyerdahl's famous reed raft.

5. Thailand. Thai longtail boats are very manoeuvrable.

6. Crete, Greece.

7. Myanmar. Villagers near Inle Lake operate the paddle with their feet instead of their hands.

8. Jakarta, Indonesia Local fishermen sell their entire catch to the Sunda Kelapa market, located in the oldest port of the same name in the capital.

9. State of Goa, India. Traditional Indian boat on Goa beach.

11. State of Goa, India. For stability, narrow boats are equipped with a “float”.

12. Mexico City, Mexico. Pleasure boats, which today ride tourists along the ancient canals dug by the Aztecs.

13. Japan. Nagatoro are small river boats designed to carry goods and people.

14. Maldives. Dhoni boats are used for small trips. Locals have long improved them by installing a diesel engine.

15. Ecuador. These dugout boats are made from solid wood. The work takes approximately 3-4 weeks.

16. Bali, Indonesia.

17. Bali, Indonesia. Traditional narrow Balinese boats are equipped with hollow bamboo trunks on the sides for stability.

18. Porto, Portugal. These boats are used to transport young wine down the Doro River to Porto and the Villa Nova de Gaia area.

19. Camiguin Island, Philippines. The boat used on the islands is called "dhoni".

20. China. The Chinese sampan boat is a punt, whose name means "three boards" in translation.

21. Malta. In any harbor of the island you can see boats painted in a certain way.

22. Malta. On the bow of the boats, eyes are always drawn, which are designed to protect fishermen from various dangers. It is believed that these are the eyes of Osiris.

23. Malta.

24. Varanasi, India. Many boats are painted blue and blue. In Hinduism, they are considered divine.

25. Hong Kong. Aqua Luna is an old pirate boat with hand-woven sails.

A typical Chinese boat, mostly used in the eastern seas as a cargo ship. This prefabricated ship model differs from the trading junk by the presence of armament (10 guns) and the hull reinforced with very strong watertight bulkheads. The large and efficient rudder, together with the standard set of sails, is typical of all junks.

Junk blueprint

Drawing of this Chinese junk made on a sheet of approximately 90x70 cm format. It includes full-scale views from the side, from above, aft, blueprints frame parts and a couple of photos of the finished model. The scale of the drawing is 1:100, which gives the length of the finished model 40 cm. In addition to drawing Comes with 8 page assembly instructions. Instruction in English. The main materials needed to build a model for this drawing: plywood 4 and 1 mm thick; lime slats 1x5 mm, walnut slats 1x3 mm, light threads 0.25, 0.5 and 0.75 mm, guns 20 mm long (article AM4167, quantity 10 pieces).


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