The Vatican Club of Rome led the AIDS contagion. Global politics. The main goals of the Club of Rome

through their reports. The Club's order for reports determines only the topic and guarantees the funding of scientific research, but in no case affects either the progress of the work or its results and conclusions; the authors of reports, including those who are members of the Club, enjoy complete freedom and independence. Having received the finished report, the Club considers and approves it, as a rule, during the annual conference, often in the presence of the general public - representatives of the public, science, politicians, the press - and then disseminates the results of the study by publishing reports and discussing them in various audiences and countries around the world.

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The Club of Rome organizes large-scale research on a wide range of topics, but mainly in the socio-economic field.

The activities of the Club of Rome include a wide range of concrete scientific developments that served as an impetus for the emergence of such a new area of scientific research as global modeling, global problems, general philosophical reasoning about human existence in the modern world, the values of life and the prospects for the development of mankind. Works in the field of global modeling, building the first computer models of the world, criticizing the negative trends of Western civilization, debunking the technocratic myth about economic growth as the most effective means of solving all problems, searching for ways to humanize man and the world, condemning the arms race, calling on the world community to join forces, stop interethnic strife, preserve the environment, improve the well-being of people and improve the quality of life - all this is the positive aspects of the activities of the Club of Rome, which attracted the attention of progressive scientists, politicians, statesmen.

The theoretical studies of the representatives of the Club of Rome, as well as the research methodology, are used in various sciences.

Club membership

Membership in the Club of Rome is limited (100 people). "As a rule, members of governments cannot be members of the Club of Rome at the same time". None of the members of the Club of Rome represents any state organization and does not represent any one - ideological, political or national view.

Story

The Club of Rome laid the foundation for research work on problems called "Global Problems". To answer the questions raised by the club, a number of eminent scientists created a series of "Reports to the Club of Rome" under the general title "The Difficulties of Humanity". Forecasts of the prospects for the development of the world were made on the basis of computer models, and the results were published and discussed around the world.

Hassan Ozbekhan, Erich Janch and Alexander Christakis, who developed a mathematical model of civilization development commissioned by Aurelio Pecchei and Alexander King, stood at the origins of the global modeling of the dynamics of the development of society on a planetary scale. The zero global mathematical computer model of the development of the world was created by the American philosopher and mathematician of Turkish origin Hasan Ozbekhan.

In the early 1970s, at the suggestion of the Club, Jay Forrester applied his computer modeling technique to world problems. The results of the study were published in the book "World Dynamics" (1971), which stated that the further development of mankind on a physically limited planet Earth would lead to an ecological catastrophe in the 20s of the next century. The Limits to Growth project by Dennis Meadows (1972), the first report to the Club of Rome, completed Forrester's research. But the "system dynamics" method proposed by Meadows was not suitable for working with a regional world model, so the Meadows model was criticized fiercely. Nevertheless, the Forrester-Meadows model was given the status of the first report of the Club of Rome. The report "The Limits to Growth" marked the beginning of a number of reports of the Club, in which issues related to economic growth, development, learning, the consequences of the use of new technologies, global thinking were deeply developed. In 1974 the second report of the Club was published. It was headed by members of the Club of Rome M. Mesarovic and E. Pestel. "Humanity at the Crossroads" proposed the concept of "organic growth", according to which each region of the world should perform its own specific function, like a cell in a living organism. The concept of "organic growth" was fully adopted by the Club of Rome and still remains one of the main ideas it advocates.

The Meadows-Forrester and Messarovich-Pestel models laid the foundation for the idea of limiting resource consumption at the expense of the so-called industrially underdeveloped countries. The method proposed by scientists was demanded by the US government for forecasting and, accordingly, for actively influencing the processes taking place in the world.

The next work of the members of the Club devoted to the world system is the report of J. Tinbergen "Revision of the international order" (1976). It differs significantly from previous works. Tinbergen presented in his report a project for restructuring the world economy. He put forward specific recommendations concerning principles of conduct and activity, the main directions of policy, the creation of new or the reorganization of existing institutions in order to provide conditions for a more sustainable development of the world system.

An important role among the reports to the Club is played by the work of the President of the Club A. Peccei "Human qualities" (1980). Peccei proposes six, as he calls "starting" goals, which are related to the "outer limits" of the planet; "inner limits" of the person himself; cultural heritage of peoples; formation of the world community; environmental protection and reorganization of the production system. A person in his activity should proceed from the possibilities of the nature around him, not bringing them to extreme limits. The central idea of this report is "internal limits", that is, the improvement of a person, the disclosure of his new potential. As the author writes: “It was necessary to make sure that as many people as possible could make this sharp leap in their understanding of reality.”

A special place among the reports to the Club of Rome is occupied by Eduard Pestel's report "Beyond Growth" (1987), dedicated to the memory of Aurelio Peccei. It discusses the current problems of "organic growth" and the prospects for their solution in a global context that takes into account the achievements of science and technology, including both microelectronics, biotechnology, nuclear energy, and the international situation. “Only by developing a common point of view on these fundamental issues - and this should be done primarily by rich and strong countries - can we find the right strategy for the transition to organic growth, which we can then pass on to our partners at the subsystem level. Only then will it be possible to manage the world system and manage it reliably. Pestel's report sums up fifteen years of debate about the limits of growth and concludes that the issue is not growth per se, but the quality of growth.

In 1991, for the first time, a report appeared on behalf of the Club of Rome itself, written by its president, Alexander King. (English) and General Secretary Bertrand Schneider - "The First Global Revolution". Summing up the results of its twenty-five years of activity, the Council of the Club again and again refers to the recent changes in the world and characterizes the current state of global issues in the context of the new situation in international relations that have arisen after the end of the long confrontation between East and West; a new economic situation emerging as a result of the creation of new blocs, the emergence of new geostrategic forces; new priorities in such global problems as population, environment, resources, energy, technology, finance, etc. The authors of the report carried out a systematic analysis of the activities of the Club of Rome, summarized the materials of the reports presented by the club, did an enormous research work and, on this basis, proposed program of action for solving world problems. This is the most significant work describing the main activities of the Club of Rome.

In 1997, another report of the Club of Rome “Factor Four. Costs - half, return - double ", which was prepared by Weizsäcker E. , Lovins E. , Lovins L. The purpose of this work was to solve the questions posed in previous works of the Club of Rome and, above all, in the first report "Limits to Growth". The main idea of this report aroused unprecedented interest around the world. Its essence lies in the fact that modern civilization has reached a level of development at which the growth of production in virtually all sectors of the economy can be carried out in a progressive economy without attracting additional resources and energy. Humanity "can live twice as rich with only half the resources."

Modernity

At the beginning of 2008, the international secretariat of the Club of Rome was relocated from Hamburg, Germany to Winterthur, Switzerland (Canton of Zurich). The Club of Rome is currently continuing to study the current state of the world, in which fundamental changes have taken place, especially in geopolitics. It is also worth remembering that the ecological situation on the planet continues to deteriorate. In close cooperation with a variety of scientific and educational organizations, the Club of Rome in May 2008 developed a new three-year program, A New Path for World Development, which outlines the main areas of activity until 2012.

Roman Club in Russia

In 1989, the Association for Assistance to the Club of Rome was established in the USSR. After 1991, it was reformed into the Russian Association for the Promotion of the Club of Rome and operates under the auspices of the Advanced Research Support Fund.

At various times, full members of the club were Academicians of the Russian Academy of Sciences D.M.Gvishiani, E.K.Fedorov, E.M.Primakov, A.A.Logunov, V.A.Sadovnichiy, writer Ch.T.Aitmatov. Honorary members were M. S. Gorbachev and B. E. Paton.

Until 2012, Russia was represented in the Club of Rome as a full member by Professor S. P. Kapitsa.

The president

1984-1990 Alexander King
1990-2000 Ricardo Diez-Hochleitner
Co-chairs since September 2007: Ashok Khosla, Eberhard von Kerber
Co-chairs since 2012: Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker, Anders Wijkman

Reports

1972 - " The Limits to Growth ", Dennis Meadows and others.
1974/75 - "Mankind at the Turning Point", Mikhailo Mesarovich and Eduard Pestel
1976 - "Reshaping the International Order", Jan Tinbergen
1977 - "Goals for Mankind", Erwin Laszlo and others.
1978 - "Beyond the Age of Waste", Denis Garbor and others.
1978/79 - "Energy: The Countdown" ("Energy: The Countdown"), Thierry de Montbrial
1978/79 - "No Limits to Learning", J. Botkin, E. Elmanjra, M. Malica
1980 - "Third World: Three Quarters of the World" ("Tiers-Monde: Trois Quarts du Monde"), Maurice Guernier
1980 - "Guides to the future: towards more effective societies" ("Road maps to the future - towards more effective societies"), Bogdan Gavrylyshyn [remove template ]
1980 - Dialogue on Wealth and Welfare: An Alternative View of World Capital Formation, Orio Giriani
1981 - "Imperatives of North-South Cooperation" ("L'impératif de coopération nord / sud"), Jean, Saint-Jour
1982 - "Microelectronics and Society" ("Microelectronics and Society"), G. Friedrichs, A. Schaff
1984 - "The third world is able to feed itself" ("Le tiers monde peut se nourrir"), Rene Lenoir
1986 - "The Future of the Oceans", Elisabeth Mann-Borgese
1988 - "The Barefoot Revolution" ("The Barefoot revolution"), Bertrand Schneider
1989/93 - "The Limits to Certainty", Orio Giarini and Walter Stachel
1989 - "Beyond the Limit to Growth", Eduard Pestel
1989 - Africa Beyond Famine (Africa Beyond Famine), Aklilu Lemma and Pentti Malaska
1991 - "The First Global Revolution", Alexander King and Bertrand Schneider
1994/2001 - "The Capacity To Govern", Ezekiel Dror
1995 - "The Scandal And The Shame: Poverty And Underdevelopment" ("The Scandal And The Shame: Poverty And Underdevelopment"), Bertrand Schneider
1995 - "Taking Nature into Account", Van Dieren
1995/96/97/98 - Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use (Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Halving Resource Use), Weizsacker E., Lovins E., Lovins L.
1997/98 - "The Limits to Social Cohesion: Conflict & Mediation in Pluralist Societies", Peter Berger
1996/98 - "The Employment Dilemma and the Future of Work", Giarini Orio and Liedtke Patrick
1998 - "The Oceanic Circle: Governing the Seas as a Global Resource", Elisabeth Mann-Borgese
1998 - "Network: How new media will change our lives" ("La Red: Cómo cambiaran nuestras vidas los nuevos medios de comunicación"), Cebrian Juan Luiz
2000 - "Humanity wins" ("Menschlichkeit gewinnt"), Mont Reinhard
2002 - "The Art of Interconnected Thinking", Frederic Vester
2003 - "The Double Helix of Learning and Work", Orio Giarini and Mircea Malica
2004 - "The Limits to Growth: The 30-year Update", D. Meadows and others.
2005 - "The Limits of Privatization: How to Avoid Too Much of the Good?" ("Limits to Privatization: How to Avoid Too Much of a Good Thing"), Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker and others.
2006 - “Global Population Blow-Up and After: The demogrphic Recolution And Information Society”, S. P. Kapitza
2009/10 - "The Blue Economy: 10 Years, 100 Innovations, 100 Million Jobs", Gunter Pauli
2010 - "Factor Five: Transforming the Global Economy through 80% Improvements in Resource Productivity", Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker, Charlie Hargroves, Michael H. Smith, Cheryl Desha, Peter Stasinopoulos Earthscan
2012 - "Bankrupting Nature: Denying Our Planetary Boundaries", Anders Wijkman and Johan Rockström
2012 - "2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years" (2052: A Global Forecast for the Next Forty Years), Jorgen Randers
2014 - Extracted: How the Quest for Mineral Wealth is Plundering the Planet, Ugo Bardi
2015 - Change the Story, Change the Future: A Living Economy for a Living Earth, David Korten
2015 - "On the Edge: The State and Fate of the World's Tropical Rainforests", Claude Martin
2015 - "To Choose Our Future: Development Alternatives", Ashok Khosla
2016 - "Reinventing Prosperity: Managing Economic Growth to Reduce Unemployment, Inequality and Climate Change", Graeme Maxton and Jorgen Randers

Phenomena commonly called "global problems" arose in the middle of the 20th century and were recognized by the scientific community 20 years later. Global problems- these are problems concerning (to one degree or another) all countries and peoples, the solution of which is possible only through the combined efforts of the entire world community. The very existence of terrestrial civilization, or at least its further development, is connected with the solution of these problems.

Global problems are complex in nature, closely intertwined with each other. With a certain degree of conventionality, two main blocks can be distinguished (Fig. 1):

1) problems associated with the contradiction between society and the environment (the system "society - nature");

2) social problems associated with contradictions within society (the “man-society” system).

The listed problems matured asynchronously. English economist T. Malthus in the early 19th century. made a conclusion about the danger of excessive population growth. After 1945, the threat of the development of weapons of mass destruction became obvious. The gap in the world between the advanced "rich North" and the backward "poor South" was recognized as a problem only in the last third of the 20th century. The problem of international organized crime became acute only at the end of the 20th century.

Nevertheless, it is correct to consider the middle of the 20th century as the moment of the birth of global problems. It is during this period that two processes are unfolding that seem to be the main root causes of modern global problems. The first process is the globalization of socio-economic and political life, based on the formation of a relatively unified world economy. The second is the deployment of the scientific and technological revolution (NTR), which has multiplied many times all the possibilities of man, including self-destruction. It is in the course of these processes that problems that previously remained local become global. For example, the danger of overpopulation affected all countries when waves of migrants from developing countries poured into developed countries, and the governments of these countries began to demand a “new international order” - gratuitous aid as payment for the “sins” of the colonial past.

The Club of Rome played a primary role in understanding global problems and finding ways to solve them.

Organization of the activities of the Club of Rome.

The Club began its activities in 1968 with a meeting at the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome, from where the name of this non-profit organization came from. Its headquarters is in Paris.

The Club of Rome has no staff and no formal budget. Its activities are coordinated by an executive committee consisting of 12 people. A.Pecchei, A.King (1984–1991) and R.Dies-Hochleitner (since 1991) have successively held the post of club president.

According to the rules, no more than 100 people from different countries of the world can be full members of the Club. The members of the Club are dominated by scientists and politicians from developed countries. In addition to actual members, there are honorary and associate members.

The work of the Club of Rome is facilitated by more than 30 national associations of the Club of Rome, which promote the club's concepts in their countries.

Russia in the early 2000s is represented in the Club by three people: M. Gorbachev is an honorary member of the club, D. Gvishiani and S. Kapitsa are full members. Previously, members of the Club were E.K. Fedorov, E.M. Primakov and Ch. Aitmatov. In 1989, the Association for Assistance to the Club of Rome was established in the USSR; after the collapse of the USSR, it was reformed into the Russian Association for Assistance to the Club of Rome (President - DV Gvishiani).

The main "product" of the Club's activities are its reports on priority global problems and ways to solve them. By order of the Club of Rome, prominent scientists prepared more than 30 reports (Table). In addition, in 1991 the leaders of the Club prepared the first report on behalf of the Club of Rome itself - "The First Global Revolution".

Table: Analytical materials developed under the auspices of the Club of Rome

Table. ANALYTICAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED UNDER THE AUSPICE OF THE CLUB OF ROME
Year	Titles	Developers
1972	Limits to Growth	D. Meadows and others.
1974	Humanity at the Turning Point	M. Mesarovich and E. Pestel
1975	Redefining the international order	J. Tinbergen
1976	Beyond the Age of Waste	D. Garbor and others.
1977	Goals for Humanity	E. Laszlo and others.
1978	Energy: countdown	T. Montbrial
1979	No limits to learning	J. Botkin, E. Elmanjra, M. Malica
1980	Third world: three quarters of the world	M. Guernier
1980	Dialogue on Wealth and Wealth	O.Jiriani
1980	Routes leading to the future	B. Gavrylyshyn
1981	Imperatives for North-South Cooperation	J. Saint-Jour
1982	Microelectronics and Society	G. Friedrichs, A. Schaff
1984	The third world is able to feed itself	R. Lenoir
1986	The future of the oceans	E.Mann-Borgese
1988	Barefoot Revolution	B. Schneider
1988	beyond growth	E. Pestel
1989	The limits of emptiness	O. Giarini, V. Ciel
1989	Africa overcoming hunger	A. Lemma, P. Malaska
1991	First global revolution	A.King, B.Schneider
1994	Ability to manage	E. Dror
1995	Scandal and shame: poverty and underdevelopment	B. Schneider
1995	Taking Nature Into Account: Towards a National Income Conducive to Life	W. Van Dieren
1997	Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Doubling Resources	E. Weizsacker, E. Lovins, L. Lovins
1997	The Limits of Social Cohesion: Conflict and Understanding in a Pluralistic Society	P. Berger
1998	How should we work	O. Giarini, P. Liedtke
1998	Managing the Seas as a Global Resource	E.Mann-Borgese
1999	Online: a hypothetical society	J.-L. Cebriand
2000	Humanity wins	R. Mon
2001	The Information Society and the Demographic Revolution	S. Kapitsa
2002	Art makes you think	F. Fester
2003	The double helix of learning and work	O. Giarini, M. Malica
2004	Limits to growth - 30 years later	D. Meadows and others.
2005	Limits of privatization	E.Weizsäcker

The methods of neoclassical economics, which is dominant in economics and is based on the principle of rational individualism, seem to the members of the Club to be ineffective in understanding these problems. His research widely uses computer modeling and institutional methodology based on an interdisciplinary approach and primary attention to institutions - organizations and cultural values. The concept of synergetics proposed by I.Prigozhin (a full member of the Club) which are connected with each other by numerous interdependencies.

If initially the Club of Rome focused on the contradictions between society and nature, then it began to give priority to social problems.

The Club of Rome's influence on world public opinion reached its peak in the 1970s and 1980s. Under the influence of his activities, globalistics was formed as an interdisciplinary social science discipline. In the 1990s-2000s, the ideas of global studies entered the scientific culture, but the activity of the Club of Rome and the public's attention to it fell noticeably. Having fulfilled its role as a "pioneer" in the study of global problems of our time, the Club of Rome has become one of the many international organizations that coordinate the exchange of views between intellectuals on topical issues of our time.

Analysis by the Club of Rome of global problems in the "society - nature" system.

The severity of global problems associated with the contradictions between society and the environment is due to their connection with the safety of earthly civilization. The modern highly developed technological civilization has lost the ability to self-regenerate, which was possessed by more primitive ancient and medieval societies. If it collapses as a result of any cataclysm, then it will be almost impossible to restore it. Even if humanity survives this, it will not be able to return to the Iron Age, since most of the main mineral resources have already been depleted to such an extent that their extraction will require complex technologies that require metal-intensive equipment. In the event of the death of the current "world of technology", the new civilization can only be agrarian, but will never become industrial.

It was with the analysis of the relationship between society and the environment that the work of the Club of Rome began. The initial work at the suggestion of the Club was carried out by an American specialist in computer modeling, J. Forrester. The results of his research, published in the book World Dynamics(1971) showed that the continuation of the previous rates of consumption of natural resources will lead to a global environmental catastrophe in the 2020s.

Report to the Club of Rome created under the guidance of the American specialist in systems research D. Meadows Limits to Growth(1972) continued and deepened the work of J. Forrester. This report has gained a reputation as a scientific bestseller, it has been translated into several dozen languages, its very name has become a household word.

The authors of this report, the most famous published by the Club of Rome, have developed several models based on extrapolation of observed trends in population growth and the depletion of known natural resources.

According to the standard model, if there are no qualitative changes, then at the beginning of the 21st century. first, a sharp decline in the average per capita industrial production will begin, and then in the population of the planet (Fig. 2). Even if the amount of resources doubles, the global crisis will only be pushed back until about the middle of the 21st century. (Fig. 3). The only way out of the catastrophic situation was the transition to the development planned on a global scale according to the model global equilibrium(in fact, “zero growth”), that is, the conscious conservation of industrial production and population (Fig. 4).

The prologue to the birth of this organization was the meeting of a well-known Russian specialist in the field of systems analysis of social systems, academician Jermen Gvishiani (currently a member of the International Publishing Council of our journal) with Aurelio Peccei, who repeatedly visited Moscow in the early 60s. Recalling his meetings with Aureli Peccei, Academician Gvishiani writes in his book prepared for publication: “He constantly convinced me of the need for Soviet participation in the work of the Club of Rome. While fully agreeing with him, I thought with dismay how difficult it would be for us to get a formal decision on this matter. At first, we agreed that even without formal decisions, since this is not an official organization, but a club, I will actively cooperate within the limits of my personal capabilities and the competence of the SCST.

Guided by the general official aims to expand the scientific and technical contacts of our country with foreign countries and international organizations, I, as far as possible, took part in some events of the Club of Rome, organized trips to the events held by other scientists and specialists interested in global issues. Among them were professor S.P. Kapitsa, academicians O.T. Bogomolov and E.K. Fedorov and others."

The Club of Rome carries out the most important mission - it reveals the "difficult" problems facing humanity and develops a strategy for their solution at the global, regional and local levels. In 1972, the first report of the Club of Rome was published under the title "Limits to Growth", which received worldwide recognition.

The club analyzes government reports and is the center where new ideas accumulate. It does not formulate political doctrines, but promotes dialogue and exchange of opinions on the issues of the international economy, education and training activities, the environment and many other issues of importance for the present and future of mankind.

Active members of the Club are 100 world-renowned entrepreneurs, public and political figures and scientists. The Club also welcomes the support of honorary members of the Club, such as Prince Al Hassan bin Talal of Jordan, ex-USSR President Mikhail Gorbachev, ex-President of Germany Richard von Weizsacker, French politician Jacques Delors, ex-US President Jimmy Carter. Corresponding members of the Club are people who are interested in its activities and are ready to cooperate with it. The Club has no staff and no formal budget. Its activities are coordinated by the Executive Committee of eight people.

The members of the Club of Rome set themselves the following goals:

to give society a methodology by which it would be possible to scientifically analyze the "difficulties of mankind" associated with the physical limitations of the Earth, the rapid growth of production and consumption - these "principal limits of growth";

convey to mankind the concern of the Club's representatives regarding the critical situation that has developed in the world in a number of aspects;

“tell” society what measures it should take in order to “deal wisely” and achieve “global balance”.

An attempt to achieve these goals was also made at the Moscow conference.

“Think globally – act locally.” This motto of the Club of Rome has served as a measure of reasonableness in human actions for more than 30 years. It was fully manifested in the discussions at the Moscow conference, which took place in four working sessions: “Prospects for political stability in Russia”, “Russia is a transitional society in search of cultural sustainability”, “The relationship between the market and the state”, “Challenges for the environment” . State Duma Deputy Academician Yevgeny Primakov, General Secretary of the Club of Rome Uwe Müller, Minister of Culture of the Russian Federation Mikhail Shvydkoy, Academician-Secretary of the Department of Economics of the Russian Academy of Sciences Dmitry Lvov, Chairman of the Committee of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Professor Alexander Shokhin, members of the Club of Rome Gerhard Bruckmann (Austria), Raoul Weiler (Belgium), Eberhardt von Korber (Switzerland), Esko Kalimo (Finland), Anthony Kuklinsky (Poland), Sergey Kapitsa (Russia), Klaus Steilmann (Germany) and others.

During the meeting, many members of the Club of Rome gave exclusive interviews to representatives of our publication.

The editors of the journal, in accordance with the profile of the publication, plan to publish in the next issue a detailed report on the work of the Club of Rome in Moscow.

Original taken from rumata_75 to the Club of Rome - the older brother of the Bilderberg Club, or the younger one ...

The Club of Rome is an international public organization created by the Italian industrialist Aurelio Peccei (who became its first president) and the OECD Director General for Science Alexander King on April 6-7, 1968, bringing together representatives of the world political, financial, cultural and scientific elite. The organization has made a significant contribution to the study of the prospects for the development of the biosphere and the promotion of the idea of harmonizing the relationship between man and nature.

From the very beginning, the Club of Rome considered it one of its main tasks to attract the attention of the world community to global problems through its reports. The Club's order for reports determines only the topic and guarantees the funding of scientific research, but in no case affects either the progress of the work or its results and conclusions; the authors of reports, including those who are members of the Club, enjoy complete freedom and independence. Having received the finished report, the Club considers and approves it, as a rule, during the annual conference, often in the presence of the general public - representatives of the public, science, political figures, the press - and then disseminates the results of the study by publishing reports and discussing them in various audiences and countries around the world.

Research

The Club of Rome organizes large-scale research on a wide range of topics, but mainly in the socio-economic field.

The theoretical activity of the Club of Rome is ambiguous: it includes a wide range of specific scientific developments that served as an impetus for the emergence of such a new area of scientific research as global modeling and general philosophical reasoning about human existence in the modern world, the values of life and the prospects for the development of mankind. Works in the field of global modeling, building the first computer models of the world, criticizing the negative trends of Western civilization, debunking the technocratic myth of economic growth as the most effective means of solving all problems, searching for ways to humanize man and the world, condemning the arms race, calling on the world community to join forces, stop interethnic strife, preserve the environment, improve the well-being of people and improve the quality of life - all this is the positive aspects of the activities of the Club of Rome, which attracted the attention of progressive scientists, politicians, statesmen.

The theoretical studies of the representatives of the Club of Rome, as well as the research methodology, are used in various sciences.

Club membership

Membership in the Club of Rome is limited (100 people). "As a general rule, members of governments cannot be members of the Club of Rome at the same time." None of the members of the Club of Rome represents any state organization and does not display any one - ideological, political or national - view
Story

Hasan Ozbekhan, Erich Janch and Alexander Christakis, who developed a mathematical model of civilization development commissioned by Aurelio Peccei and Alexander King, stood at the origins of the global modeling of the dynamics of the development of society on a planetary scale. The zero global mathematical computer model of the development of the world was created by the American philosopher and mathematician of Turkish origin Hasan Ozbekhan.

In the early 1970s, at the suggestion of the Club, Jay Forrester applied his computer modeling technique to world problems. The results of the study were published in the book "World Dynamics" (1971), which stated that the further development of mankind on a physically limited planet Earth would lead to an ecological catastrophe in the 20s of the next century. Dennis Meadows' The Limits to Growth Project (1972), the first report to the Club of Rome, completed Forrester's research. But the "system dynamics" method proposed by Meadows was not suitable for working with a regional world model, so the Meadows model was criticized fiercely. Nevertheless, the Forrester-Meadows model was given the status of the first report of the Club of Rome. The report "The Limits to Growth" marked the beginning of a number of reports of the Club, in which issues related to economic growth, development, learning, the consequences of the use of new technologies, global thinking were deeply developed. In 1974 the second report of the Club was published. It was headed by members of the Club of Rome M. Mesarovich (en) and E. Pestel. "Humanity at the Crossroads" proposed the concept of "organic growth", according to which each region of the world should perform its own specific function, like a cell in a living organism. The concept of "organic growth" was fully adopted by the Club of Rome and still remains one of the main ideas it advocates.

The next work of the members of the Club, dedicated to the world system, is the report by J. Tinbergen "Revisiting the International Order" (1976). It differs significantly from previous works. Tinbergen presented in his report a project for restructuring the world economy. He put forward specific recommendations concerning principles of conduct and activity, the main directions of policy, the creation of new or the reorganization of existing institutions in order to provide conditions for a more sustainable development of the world system.

An important role among the reports to the Club is played by the work of the President of the Club A. Peccei "Human qualities" (1980). Peccei proposes six, as he calls "starting" goals, which are related to the "outer limits" of the planet; "inner limits" of the person himself; cultural heritage of peoples; formation of the world community; environmental protection and reorganization of the production system. A person in his activity should proceed from the possibilities of the nature around him, not bringing them to extreme limits. The central idea of this report is "internal limits", that is, the improvement of a person, the disclosure of his new potential. As the author writes: "It was necessary to make sure that as many people as possible could make this sharp leap in their understanding of reality."

A special place among the reports to the Club of Rome is occupied by Eduard Pestel's report "Beyond Growth" (1987), dedicated to the memory of Aurelio Peccei. It discusses the current problems of "organic growth" and the prospects for their solution in a global context that takes into account the achievements of science and technology, including both microelectronics, biotechnology, nuclear energy, and the international situation. “Only by developing a common point of view on these fundamental issues - and this should be done primarily by rich and powerful countries - can we find the right strategy for the transition to organic growth, which we can then pass on to our partners at the subsystem level. Only then will it be possible to manage the world system and manage it reliably.” Pestel's report sums up fifteen years of debate about the limits of growth and concludes that the issue is not growth per se, but the quality of growth.

In 1991, for the first time, a report appeared on behalf of the Club of Rome itself, written by its president Alexander King (en) and general secretary Bertrand Schneider - "The First Global Revolution". Summing up the results of its twenty-five years of activity, the Council of the Club again and again refers to the recent changes in the world and characterizes the current state of global issues in the context of the new situation in international relations that have arisen after the end of the long confrontation between East and West; a new economic situation emerging as a result of the creation of new blocs, the emergence of new geostrategic forces; new priorities in such global problems as population, environment, resources, energy, technology, finance, etc. The authors of the report carried out a systematic analysis of the activities of the Club of Rome, summarized the materials of the reports presented by the club, did an enormous research work and, on this basis, proposed program of action for solving world problems. This is the most significant work describing the main activities of the Club of Rome.

In 1997, another report of the Club of Rome “Factor Four. The cost is half, the return is double”, which was prepared by Weizsacker E. (de), Lovins E., Lovins L. The purpose of this work was to resolve the issues raised in previous works of the Club of Rome and, above all, in the first report “Limits to Growth”. The main idea of this report aroused unprecedented interest around the world. Its essence lies in the fact that modern civilization has reached a level of development at which the growth of production in virtually all sectors of the economy can be carried out in a progressive economy without attracting additional resources and energy. Humanity "can live twice as rich with only half the resources."
Roman Club in Russia

In 1989, the Association for Assistance to the Club of Rome was established in the USSR; after the collapse of the USSR, it was reformed into the Russian Association for Assistance to the Club of Rome, and operates under the auspices of the Advanced Research Support Fund. At various times, academicians D. M. Gvishiani, E. K. Fedorov, E. M. Primakov, A. A. Logunov, S. P. Kapitsa, Ch. Aitmatov, V. A. Sadovnichiy, honorary members — M. S. Gorbachev and B. E. Paton. At present, Russia is represented in the Club of Rome as a full member by S.P. Kapitsa.

On May 29-30, 2000, for the first time in Russia, a conference of the Club of Rome was held on the theme “Sustainable Future of Russia?!”, organized by the Club of Rome - the European Support Center (Vienna, Austria), the Klaus Steilmann Institute (Bochum, Germany) and the Moscow State university. M.V. Lomonosov.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Club of Rome

(Club of Rome) an international non-governmental organization whose activities are aimed at stimulating the study of global problems. It was founded in 1968 by the Italian manager and public figure A.Pecchei.

Essence and typology of global problems. Phenomena commonly called "global problems" arose in the middle of the 20th century and were recognized by the scientific community 20 years later. Global problems these are problems concerning (to one degree or another) all countries and peoples, the solution of which is possible only through the combined efforts of the entire world community. The very existence of terrestrial civilization or, at least, its further development is connected with the solution of these problems ( see also GLOBALIZATION; ANTI-GLOBALIST MOVEMENT).

Global problems are complex in nature, closely intertwined with each other. With a certain degree of conventionality, two main blocks can be distinguished (Fig. 1):

1) problems associated with the contradiction between society and the environment (the "society nature" system);

2) social problems associated with contradictions within society (the “man society” system).

Nevertheless, it is correct to consider the middle of the 20th century as the moment of the birth of global problems. It is during this period that two processes are unfolding that seem to be the main root causes of modern global problems. The first process is the globalization of socio-economic and political life, based on the formation of a relatively unified world economy. The second is the deployment of the scientific and technological revolution (NTR), which has multiplied many times all the possibilities of man, including self-destruction. It is in the course of these processes that problems that previously remained local become global. For example, the danger of overpopulation affected all countries when waves of migrants from developing countries poured into developed countries, and the governments of these countries began to demand a “new international order” gratuitous aid as payment for the “sins” of the colonial past.

The Club of Rome played a primary role in understanding global problems and finding ways to solve them.

Organization of the activities of the Club of Rome. The Club began its activities in 1968 with a meeting at the Accademia dei Lincei in Rome, from where the name of this non-profit organization came from. Its headquarters is in Paris.

The Club of Rome has no staff and no formal budget. Its activities are coordinated by an executive committee consisting of 12 people. A.Pecchei, A.King (19841991) and R.Dies-Hochleitner (since 1991) have successively held the post of club president.

The work of the Club of Rome is facilitated by more than 30 national associations of the Club of Rome, which promote the club's concepts in their countries.

Russia in the early 2000s is represented in the Club by three people: an honorary member of the club is M. Gorbachev, full members D. Gvishiani and S. Kapitsa. Previously, members of the Club were E.K. Fedorov, E.M. Primakov and Ch. Aitmatov. In 1989, the Association for Assistance to the Club of Rome was established in the USSR; after the collapse of the USSR, it was reformed into the Russian Association for Assistance to the Club of Rome (President DV Gvishiani).

Table. ANALYTICAL MATERIALS DEVELOPED UNDER THE AUSPICE OF THE CLUB OF ROME
Year	Titles	Developers
1972	Limits to Growth	D. Meadows and others.
1974	Humanity at the Turning Point	M. Mesarovich and E. Pestel
1975	Redefining the international order	J. Tinbergen
1976	Beyond the Age of Waste	D. Garbor and others.
1977	Goals for Humanity	E. Laszlo and others.
1978	Energy: countdown	T. Montbrial
1979	No limits to learning	J. Botkin, E. Elmanjra, M. Malica
1980	Third world: three quarters of the world	M. Guernier
1980	Dialogue on Wealth and Wealth	O.Jiriani
1980	Routes leading to the future	B. Gavrylyshyn
1981	Imperatives for North-South Cooperation	J. Saint-Jour
1982	Microelectronics and Society	G. Friedrichs, A. Schaff
1984	The third world is able to feed itself	R. Lenoir
1986	The future of the oceans	E.Mann-Borgese
1988	Barefoot Revolution	B. Schneider
1988	beyond growth	E. Pestel
1989	The limits of emptiness	O. Giarini, V. Ciel
1989	Africa overcoming hunger	A. Lemma, P. Malaska
1991	First global revolution	A.King, B.Schneider
1994	Ability to manage	E. Dror
1995	Scandal and shame: poverty and underdevelopment	B. Schneider
1995	Taking Nature Into Account: Towards a National Income Conducive to Life	W. Van Dieren
1997	Factor Four: Doubling Wealth, Doubling Resources	E. Weizsacker, E. Lovins, L. Lovins
1997	The Limits of Social Cohesion: Conflict and Understanding in a Pluralistic Society	P. Berger
1998	How should we work	O. Giarini, P. Liedtke
1998	Managing the Seas as a Global Resource	E.Mann-Borgese
1999	Online: a hypothetical society	J.-L. Cebriand
2000	Humanity wins	R. Mon
2001	The Information Society and the Demographic Revolution	S. Kapitsa
2002	Art makes you think	F. Fester
2003	The double helix of learning and work	O. Giarini, M. Malica
2004	Limits to growth - 30 years later	D. Meadows and others.
2005	Limits of privatization	E.Weizsäcker

The methods of the neoclassical economic theory, which is dominant in economics and is based on the principle of rational individualism, seem to the members of the Club to be ineffective in understanding these problems. His research widely uses computer modeling and institutional methodology based on an interdisciplinary approach and paramount attention to institutions organizations and cultural values. which are connected with each other by numerous interdependencies.

If initially the Club of Rome focused on the contradictions between society and nature, then it began to give priority to social problems.

The Club of Rome's influence on world public opinion reached its peak in the 1970s and 1980s. Under the influence of his activities, globalistics was formed as an interdisciplinary social science discipline. In the 1990s-2000s, the ideas of global studies entered the scientific culture, but the activity of the Club of Rome and public attention to it fell noticeably. Having fulfilled its role as a "pioneer" in the study of global problems of our time, the Club of Rome has become one of the many international organizations that coordinate the exchange of views between intellectuals on topical issues of our time.

Analysis by the Club of Rome of global problems in the system "society nature". The severity of global problems associated with the contradictions between society and the environment is due to their connection with the safety of earthly civilization. The modern highly developed technological civilization has lost the ability to self-regenerate, which was possessed by more primitive ancient and medieval societies. If it collapses as a result of any cataclysm, then it will be almost impossible to restore it. Even if humanity survives this, it will not be able to return to the Iron Age, since most of the main mineral resources have already been depleted to such an extent that their extraction will require complex technologies that require metal-intensive equipment. In the event of the death of the current "world of technology", the new civilization can only be agrarian, but will never become industrial.

According to the standard model, if there are no qualitative changes, then at the beginning of the 21st century. first, a sharp decline in per capita industrial production will begin, and then and the population of the planet (Fig. 2). Even if the amount of resources doubles, the global crisis will only be pushed back until about the middle of the 21st century. (Fig. 3). The only way out of the catastrophic situation was the transition to the development planned on a global scale according to the model global equilibrium(actually "zero growth"), that is, the conscious conservation of industrial production and population (Fig. 4).

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