Development of a small business lending market. Major trends and prospects. Reunova L.V. Trends in the development of a small and medium-sized business market of the Republic of Adygea, rebranding and positioning a group on the Russian market as an international

The modern Russian economy inherited a high concentration of production from the previous formation. Small enterprises appeared in Russia only in the late 1980s. in the form of cooperatives. As you know, cooperatives acted on the principles of voluntary and accessibility of membership, democratic management, collective income distribution. Cooperation developed as a complex system that is functioning with the support of the state, providing it with freedom of economic activity and certain property benefits. For example, in 1990, for the use of a short-term loan, the cooperative was paid to state specialized banks with 1% per annum, for attracting a long-term loan - 0.75%, for the storage of funds banks charged the cooperatives of 0.5% per annum.

The economic conditions of that time contributed to a rapid increase in the number of cooperatives. If at the beginning of 1989, there were 77.5 thousand of them in the country, on January 1, 1990 - already 193 thousand, i.e. almost 2.5 times more. The population occupied in cooperatives during that period increased by 3.5 times. In 1988, revenue from the sale of products, works and services of cooperatives amounted to about 7 billion rubles, its share in the shaft national product did not exceed 1%. In 1989, the revenues of cooperatives increased almost 6 times, reaching 40 billion rubles, and its share in the shaft national product was 4.4%. Subsequently, the cooperative form of economic entities has been changed.

For more than a 20-year history of the MB, reached certain results: in 2008 there were over 1.3 million small enterprises in which more than 10.5 million people worked. Their turnover amounted to about 18.7 trillion rubles, or 26% of the aggregate gross income of Russian enterprises. However, the share of MB is insufficient for the implementation of the economic goals of state policy: the formation of a competitive environment in the economy, diversification of Russian production, ensuring employment and the development of self-employment of the population, increasing the share of taxes paid by the subjects of small and medium-sized taxes in the tax income of the federal budget, budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and local budgets .

The poll of the Federal State Statistics Service (hereinafter referred to as Rosstat) of the owners of MB enterprises shows that among the factors that limit its development in Russia, the most important lack of their own financial resources, a high percentage of the loan and a complex mechanism for obtaining. Also in crisis 2008-2009. The uncertainty of the economic situation in the country was named (Table 1.10).

Table 1.10

The structure of factors limiting the development of small enterprises (in % from the number of respondents) *

Indicator
Insufficient demand for products
Lack of own financial resources
High percentage of loan
Complex loan receipt mechanism
Investment risks
Unsatisfactory condition of the technical base
Low profitability of investment in fixed capital
The uncertainty of the economic situation in the country
Imperfect regulatory framework regulating investment processes

* The structure of factors exceeds 100%, since the survey participants had the right to distinguish several factors.

The further development of MB largely depends on the establishment of the relevant market institutions, the development of government programs, the infrastructure for supporting small and medium-sized businesses, the availability of the MP bank loan, the level of interest rates on loans, credit period and the complexity of the loan procedure. According to experts, at present, the needs of MB enterprises in lending are satisfied by no more than 20%. It is almost impossible to obtain the so-called starting loan on business development of the newly created and not yet proven itself in the MP market.

In Russia, market institutions ensuring the development of MB were not formed in Russia. Under the institutions in modern theory, the rules of the game in society or the restrictive framework created by man, which organize relations between people, as well as a system of measures that ensure their execution. They create the structure of the motives of interaction, organizing everyday life, reduce uncertainty.

Mix formal and informal institutions. Under formal are the rules created and supported by the authorized bodies. Under informal institutions, generally accepted conventions and ethical norms of human behavior are usually understood. The absence of relevant institutions was manifested, in particular, in the fact that the concepts of small and medium-sized businesses, their infrastructure, species and forms of support for MB were not legally identified. Commercial banks independently, based on the structure of borrowers and their activities, determined which enterprises should be attributed to the small category, and which to the category of the average businesses. Often an enterprise considered by a large bank as small, for a small bank was medium or large.

The absence of unified criteria limited the use of federal and regional support programs for small and medium-sized businesses. Only with the adoption of the Federal Law "On the Development of Small and Medium Entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation" and the Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of July 22, 2008 No. 556 "On the limit values \u200b\u200bof revenue from the sale of goods (works, services) for each category of small and medium-sized enterprises "(Dadeu - Resolution No. 556) The legal foundations were created for the dignity of the Mad and Medium Business in Russia.

First of all, subjects of small and medium-sized businesses were identified, to which the legal entities contributed to the Unified State Register (EGRUL) consumer cooperatives and commercial organizations (with the exception of state and municipal unitary enterprises), as well as individuals entered into the Unified State Register of Individual Entrepreneurs (JRIP) and entrepreneurial activities without the formation of a legal entity, peasant (farmer) farms. The law on small and medium-sized entrepreneurship was established that the average number of employees for the previous calendar year should not exceed the limit values \u200b\u200bof the average number of employees for each category of small and medium-sized businesses: for medium-sized enterprises - from 101 to 250 people inclusive, for MP - up to 100 man inclusive; Among the MP, microenterprises are allocated - up to 15 people. The limit values \u200b\u200bof the revenue from the sale of goods (works, services) were established for the previous year without taking into account the value added tax for attributing to the categories of small and medium-sized businesses, including for microenterprises - 60 million rubles, small enterprises - 400 million rubles. , medium enterprises - 1 million rubles.

The law on small and medium-sized businesses was determined by the infrastructure for supporting small and medium-sized businesses, as well as forms, conditions and procedure for this support. The infrastructure for supporting small and medium-sized businesses, in particular, includes centers and agencies for the development of entrepreneurship, state and municipal fund support funds, lending facilities (guarantee funds, guarantee funds), joint-stock investment funds and closed mutual investment funds attracting investment For small and medium-sized businesses, technoparks, scientific parks, innovative and technological centers, business incubators, chambers, craft centers, marketing and educational and business centers, exports support agencies, leasing companies, consulting centers and other organizations.

Forms of support for small and medium-sized businesses include financial, property, informational, consulting assistance in areas of training, retraining and advanced training of workers, innovation and industrial production. The law provides for support for small and medium-sized businesses exercising foreign economic, agricultural and some other activities. Financial support for SMEs, in particular, is carried out at the expense of the budgets of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation, local budgets by providing subsidies, budget investments, state and municipal guarantees for the obligations of small and medium-sized businesses and organizations that form the infrastructure for supporting small and medium-sized businesses.

Another step towards the formation of market institutions that promote the development of MB is the expansion of the number of participants in the lending market for small business entities. In 2009-2010, new participants appeared on the loan market - credit cooperatives and microfinance organizations. Federal Law of July 18, 2009 No. 190-FZ "On Credit Cooperation" regulates the activities of credit consumer cooperatives aimed at organizing financial mutual assistance of members of the credit cooperative. Federal Law of July 2, 2010 No. 151-FZ "On Microfinance Activities and Microfinance Organizations" (hereinafter referred to as the Microfinance Activity Act) identified the procedure for acquiring the status of microfinance organizations and the implementation of their activities, the size and conditions for the provision of microloans were established. Microloans are funds provided for the temporary use of the Microfinance Organization of the Borrower in the currency of the Russian Federation in accordance with the current legislation in an amount not exceeding 1 million rubles.

Currently loans provided by MP, the most expensive - more than 20% per annum. The level of interest rates on MB loans commercial banks are associated with high risks due to often the opacity of the business, the lack of reliable deposits, credit stories. Many small and micro enterprises are simplified. The reporting provided by enterprises makes it difficult for the Bank to assess the creditworthiness of traditionally used techniques and technologies. For small business, the lack of reliable collateral is characterized, since most of his representatives do not own securities and liquid property of high cost capable of exceeding a loan in the proportions required by commercial banks.

Due to the small term of the existence of the MB itself in Russia and its high susceptibility to change (change of the place of the position, products) and economic cataclysms, as a result of which some MPs leave the market, others arise again, only a small amount of MP has a credit history. As a rule, a positive credit history allows the client to take a loan on more attractive conditions. MB enterprises that have no credit stories operating on the market for less than one year and have no guarantor, get a loan is quite difficult. In addition, against the background of significant amounts of overdue debt arising from the crisis, the Bank of Russia increased the requirements for banks in the risk management system. The regulator demanded that the formation of reserves for loans provided by MP, in the amount of from 50 to 100%. The need to complete risks MB commercial banks also restrains the development of credit relations between credit institutions and MP.

The lack of interest of banks in the development of credit relations with small and medium-sized businesses does not contribute to the creation of specialized credit products, optimization and reduced the cost of the process of lending and maintenance of MB. Credit organizations have not yet done everything possible to create appropriate technologies to consider the credit application, processing documents, decision-making. The absence of a sufficient amount of accumulated information on MB enterprises, special scoring methods for assessing creditworthiness, risks, standardization and automation of loans procedures does not allow reduced costs and timing of processing MP documents. Methods of working with MB enterprises identical on the organization of relations with large corporate borrowers, on the one hand, lead to an increase in the processing of documents and the decision to provide a loan, on the other - to a higher loan price.

According to the all-Russian public organization of small and medium-sized entrepreneurship "Support - Credit", they are most actively working with SMEs 17 Russian banks. However, their share in the structure of loans to enterprises of small and medium-sized businesses is unequivocal. The largest market participants are OJSC Sberbank of Russia - more than 56% of loans, CJSC Inteza Bank - 25.5%, JSC Bank URALSIB and NOMOS-BANK - 4.6%. The share of these four banks exceeds 86% of the total amount of loans provided by the market leaders to small and medium-sized businesses (Table 1.11).

Table 1.11

Banks - participants in the lending market of small and medium-sized businesses *

Name	Net assets, thousand rubles.
Sberbank of Russia

Bank Intesa
Bank "Revival

Promsvyazbank
NOMOS-BANK


Rus Bank

The ending

Name	Net assets, thousand rubles.	The volume of loans to small and medium businesses, thousand rubles.	Share of loans to small and medium businesses in the structure of assets-net,%	Share in the total amount of loans provided by 17 banks,%
Solid Bank
Forus Bank
Gazstroybank

Rosorbank
Metcombank
UniCredit Bank

* Calculated according to http://www.opora-credit.ru/banks.

The share of the remaining participants in the lending market of small and medium-sized businesses in the structure of the total amount of loans granted to small and medium-sized businesses of the market leaders ranges from 3.4 to 0.1%. In addition, these tables allow you to allocate credit organizations that have significant components or specializing in the maintenance of small and medium-sized businesses. Such organizations include CJSC "Foril Bank", in which the share of SME loans is about 73% of net assets, CJSC Inteza Bank - about 65% of net assets, JSC Bank URALSIB - more than 47% of net assets, JSC AKB GAZSTROYBANK - 39%, OJSC "Bank" Revival "," Supreme Bank "CJSC, METKOMBANK OJSC - more than 25% of net assets.

Being the largest participant in the lending market for small and medium-sized businesses, Sberbank of Russia nevertheless directs less than 7% of net assets to crediting SMEs. However, the Bank has to pay increased attention to working with small business entities, since their number is more than 80% of corporate clients and individual entrepreneurs serving. In 2008-2009, under the influence of crisis phenomena, the number of creditworthy borrowers in this segment was significantly reduced. Under conditions of instability and reduced consumer demand, MB preferred to reduce the level of debt burden and repay previously taken loans. In the structure of the corporate loan portfolio in 2009, the share of MP did not exceed

11% and was more than 3 times less than the share of medium and 4.5 times less than the share of large enterprises serviced by Sberbank of Russia (Fig. 1.13), which is not enough and does not fully meet the state development goals in the country of small businesses.

Fig. 1.13. The structure of the loan portfolio of Sberbank of Russia in 2009

Sberbank of Russia provides loans to business owners with annual revenue to 4.5 million rubles, IP and MP with an annual revenue of up to 25 million rubles. The bank does not require the provision of collateral, confirmation of the goal of lending and does not charge the loan commissions. The officially announced period of consideration of the issue of credit is up to three working days. Minimum loan amount for business owners with annual revenue up to 4.5 million rubles. - 30 thousand rubles, for IP and MP with annual revenue up to 25 million rubles. - 80 thousand rubles. The maximum loan amount cannot exceed 1 million rubles. Launch period - from 6 to 24 months. The loan rate is one of the lowest in Russia for MP - 19%.

For a positive decision on granting a loan, a guarantee of a physical or legal person is necessary, depending on the form of business ownership: For IP, the guarantee of an individual; For limited liability companies, the guarantee of a limited liability company, whose owner is the borrower.

Another market leader of the lending to small and medium-sized businesses - "Bank Intesa" offers loans to replenish working capital and investment purposes. The loan amount is from 150 thousand to 120 million rubles. For up to seven years. The officially announced loan grant period is from three days. Motor transport, real estate, equipment, personal property, guarantee, goods in circulation are accepted into the provision of a loan. Interest rate on loans floating. On loans for up to 60 months by client decision, the rate can be fixed (Table 1.12).

Table 1.12

Interest rates on loans for the Bank of Intesa by small enterprises for up to 60 months *

Loan amount, rub.		Credit term

	Fixed rate, %
150 000 - 900 000
900 001 - 1 500 000
1 500 001 - 3 000 000
3 000 001 - 15 000 000
15 000 001 -75 000 000 75 000 001 - 120 000 000	The rate is established individually

* According to the official website of OJSC Bank Inteza: http://www.bancainte.sa.ru.

The Bank charges a one-time committee for providing a loan in the amount of 1-5% of the loan amount. Commission for the boost return of the loan - 1% of the early paid amount. In the case when the loan amount is more than 1.5 million rubles. And provided that the starting return is made after 36 months from the date of receipt of the loan, the Commission is not charged. If in connection with the provision of a loan or the conclusion of a security contract is an insurance contract, the Insurer tariffs apply. The commission for the early termination of the deposit on the application of the pledger or the replacement of the subject of pledge is from 0.02 to 2% of the estimated value of the pilable subject, determined by the parties in the pledge agreement, at least 100 rubles. The repayment of the loan can be made by annuity, differentiated payments, or an individual payment schedule can be compiled, taking into account the seasonality of the client's business.

Conditions for the provision of a loan to small businesses by Sberbank of Russia and the Inteza Bank, considering this direction of banking activity as one of the priorities, quite comfortable and this is beneficial to the conditions of credit and credit institutions. CJSC "Bank.

VTB-24, for example, provides IP loans and MB owners worth from 100 thousand to 2 million rubles. The credit period is from six months to five years. For registration of the VTB-24 loan, it recommends using the life and ability to work program, which guarantees the repayment of debt to the bank in case of illness, injury or death of the borrower. The official period of consideration of the credit application and solving the issue of granting a loan is five days. The Bank charges the Commission for issuing a loan of 2% of the amount, but not less than 3 thousand rubles. The cost of the loan on average is 24-27% per annum.

See: The official website of the Federal State Statistics Service: http://www.gks.ru.

See: North D. Institutions, Institutional Changes in Functioning Economics: Per. from English A.N. Nesterenko. M.: Start, 1997. P. 17.

According to the annual report of Sberbank of Russia for 2009, the official website of Sberbank of Russia: http://www.sbrf.ru.

Microfinance is one of the effective methods developing small entrepreneurship. This is the financial industry aimed at providing various financial services to persons who are not able to use regular banking services for one or another, for example, novice entrepreneurs who lack funds for current activities.

Those. Everything rests on money. The first problem of a novice entrepreneur is the initial (starting) capital. If this problem is solved, the second problem occurs - the further development of the business that is difficult to solve without an affordable lending system, and the starting capital will not be enough here.

Therefore, the task of development of the Microfinance Institute has appeared in the activities of the Government Commission for the Development of Small and Medium Entrepreneurship. In addition, the development of microfinance is included in the package of anti-crisis measures provided for by the federal program of support for small and medium-sized businesses.

Microfinance activities are the activities of organizations established for the purpose of providing access to small and medium-sized enterprises and organizations of the infrastructure of small and medium-sized businesses to financial resources, by providing loans (loans) to small and medium-sized businesses.

In essence, this activity is aimed at microcredit entrepreneurs. The key feature of such organizations is the small size of the issued funds covering entrepreneurs. Thus, the main component of microfinance is microcredit, and in our country, where the microfinance market just began to develop, these concepts are practically identical.

The microfinance problem in the Russian economy today has acquired specific importance, and it should be considered not only as the most important tool for solving the problems of secondary and small business and promoting entrepreneurship, but also as an anti-crisis policy tool.

Microfinance solves two most important tasks: first, it helps to develop a small business, passing entrepreneurs to work with borrowed funds and form a credit history; Secondly, promotes overcoming poverty and unemployment.

According to the Ministry of Finance, there are currently about 450 organizations in Russia, which in their organizational and legal form and the type of activity can correspond to the signs of microfinance organizations.

Activities, alternative bank lending regulates the Law "On Microfinance Activities and Microfinance Organizations". The regulator in the microfinance lending market is the Ministry of Finance.

Now there are many different microfinance programs. They are developing and offered to customers not only banks, but also specialized credit organizations engaged in the financing of small and medium-sized businesses. Small business microfinance and entrepreneurship support funds are carried out. They can be both state and non-state. But their main service is the provision of microcredits.

So, microcredit is a kind of loan provided to small business entities under certain conditions.

According to the Russian Microfinance Center, the volume of loans on the Russian market of microfinance services is estimated at 26-27 billion rubles, of which 54% are loans for business development, 35% - for consumer needs. Middle loans - 100-150 thousand rubles. Maximum microcredit - 1 million rubles. At the same time, 80% of loans are issued for up to 1 year.

The economic situation in Adygea is noticeably different from what is happening in other subjects of the federation. The republic at one time did not go along the path of some regions, including major cities that, taking large loans for development, were now hostage to the crisis.

In this regard, the leadership of Adygea managed to prevent a negative scenario for the development of the economic life of the republic. For the lack of debts from outside, it costs those resources that she has. And the most effective anti-crisis measure was the rate on a small business.

The package of anti-crisis measures at the federal level provides for the support of small and medium-sized businesses in three directions. They were priority and in the republic. First of all, it is an increase in the amount of microcredit under moderate percentage, improving the work of the established warranty fund, as well as subsidizing interest rates on loans.

In order to improve the mechanism for the provision of financial support, small and medium-sized businesses approved the program of microcrediting subjects of small and medium-sized businesses of the Republic of Adygea.

According to AU of RA "Agency for the Development of Small Entrepreneurship", funds in the amount of 45,000 thousand rubles were listed for the implementation of the program in 2010. including:

9,000 thousand rubles. - Subsidies from the republican budget of the Republic of Adygea;

36,000 thousand rubles. - Subsidies from the federal budget of the Russian Federation.

In 2010, 68 meetings of the Credit Commission of the AU RA "Agency for Small Entrepreneurship Development" were conducted, on which 256 credit applications of small businesses were considered, positive decisions were made on 228 applications, totaling 54,630.0 thousand rubles. It was denied or postponed a positive decision on 28 applications. The main reasons for refusal:

Non-compliance with the criteria for the selection of potential borrowers;

Lack or deficiency of collateral;

Inconsistency of lending objectives to the tasks of priority areas of state support;

Availability of activities that do not meet the conditions for the provision of state support defined by the FZ-209 "On the Development of Small and Medium Entrepreneurship in the Russian Federation";

Providing an incomplete package of documents;

Providing unreliable information.

After analyzing the approved credit applications in Tables 1 - 3, it can be concluded that a total of 80% of loans issued in Maykop, Maykop and Giaghinsky districts in such activities, such as trade and agriculture (Table 1 - 2). Most of Adygea enterprises working in the trade sector - enterprises with employees are no more than 15 people. More than 97% of loans were taken to replenish working capital (Table 3).

Table 1. - Distribution of borrowers by districts and citiesRepublic of Adygea

Place of business	the number of approved applications	share,%	approved loans, thousand rubles.
Giaginsky district	32	11,09	6 060,00
Schogenovsky district	22	4,14	2 260,00
Koshablsky district	27	7,35	4 010,00
Krasnogvardeysky district	3	2,75	1 500,00
Takhtamukay district	3	0,92	500,00
Teuzhuksky district	3	1,37	750,00
Maykop district	22	13,12	7 170,00
maykop.	112	56,06	30 630,00
g. Adygeysk	4	3,20	1 750,00
TOTAL:	228	100,00	54 630,00

Table 2. - Distribution of borrowers in directionsactivities

Branches of activity	loan	share,%	loan amount	share,%
Production of goods	28	12,28	13 960,00	25,55
Trade	90	39,49	15 320,00	28,05
Household services of the population	14	6,15	3 300,00	6,04
Construction	4	1,75	1 250,00	2,28
Agriculture	59	25,87		19,68
Transport services	10	4,38	1 250,00	2,28
Other	23	10,08	8 800,00	16,12
TOTAL:	228	100,00	54 630,00	100,00

Table 3. - Distribution of borrowers for lending purposes

Users of financial support in the framework of the "Microcredit Program of small and medium-sized businesses of the Republic of Adygea" as of January 1, 2011 are 393 subjects of small and medium-sized businesses, of which 92 small and medium-sized entrelers are engaged in the production of agricultural products. Among borrowers are 53 peasant farms.

The anti-crisis program provides for preferential microcredit for the short time of beginners and developing their business businessmen. It is this category of entrepreneurs most vulnerable to a crisis because it does not have a deposit base, credit history and a working current account. Under these conditions, banks cease to lend a small business. In Adygea, the maximum amount of microcredit on working capital is increased from 300 to 500 thousand rubles. The amount of microcredit is established for commodity and the development of tourism infrastructure - a million rubles under 16% per annum.

Anna Viktorovna Kompanov
Kristina Dmitrievna Savina Financial and Economic Institute of the Tyumen State University

annotation

Purpose of work.The aim of the work is to analyze the small and medium-sized lending market for the period 2015-2017, as well as the identification of development trends for 2018. Method or methodology of work.The study is based on the methods of factor analysis and interdisciplinary synthesis, which suggest an accurate distinction between the socio-economic forces acting on the object being studied. The basis of this work is the studies of domestic and foreign scientists on the problems of lending to small and medium-sized businesses. Results.The main indicators characterizing the state of this market segment on the last three-year period are analyzed. Key problems are identified that slow down the development of bank lending to legal entities. Based on the analysis carried out, a forecast of the main trends in the development of this sector for 2018 was given. For example, the expansion of the loan product line will lead to the attraction of a larger circle of clients among subjects of SMEs, which will further contribute to the establishment of stronger and long-term relationships between the lender and the borrower. Scope of results.The results of the research can be used by the management bodies of economic entities in the formation of a financial development management system. Findings.Based on the study, it is possible to draw conclusions that there will be a tendency of simplified credit products, online lending to lending to small and medium-sized businesses for the next year, and solutions will be accepted on the basis of an analysis of large arrays of available information on each individual borrower. A stimulating lever will be a decline in key rates by the Bank of Russia and simplify the mechanism for granting a loan to evaluate the borrower.

Small and medium business is the basis of the stable development of the economy of any country: the development of SME allows you to increase the growth rate of the economy, to create a steady internal solvent demand, and also contributes to the improvement of the quality of life of the population through the formation of the labor market in the contender. However, the development of small and medium-sized businesses is associated with serious financial investments that can be made only by attracting credit funds. Therefore, the development of the lending market of subjects of SME is the priority task of any national economy. The editorial board of the site asked the leading expert department of analysis of banking services of the portal banki.ru Irina Safronov on trends in the lending market of small and medium businesses in Russia.

What are the main trends of lending to SMEs been noted at the end of last year?

Last year, banks slightly reduced the cost of their credit proposals for small and medium-sized businesses. The average loan rate for business, calculated by Banki.ru experts for banks included in the top 100 in terms of loan portfolio issued to enterprises and organizations, has decreased by only 0.99% percentage points, while in the first six months of 2017 this indicator decreased by 1.35 pp. Such a low dynamics of low-cost credit resources is explained by a slow decline in the key rate by the Bank of Russia. At the same time, the interest of the state in support of the SME sector stimulates the conclusion to the market all new credit programs with state support that somewhat improves the situation in the KMB market.

What is the risk (reduction) of the ITB loan portfolio last year?

Last year, the loan portfolio changed slightly increased, which is explained by several factors. First, it is a high key rate and, as a result, expensive loans. A, secondly, due to the crisis situation in the bank, the banks in the desire to reduce the risks from lending to such an unstable sector as much as possible tightened requirements for borrowers, which again did not contribute to the increase in demand for credit resources. Many banks have increased the requirements for business existence - up to two years, as collateral began to demand highly liquid property with compulsory insurance in an agreed insurance company and Ave.

What obstacles exist in the Russian economy for a significant increase in bank loan portfolios in the Small and Medium Business segment?

A sharp increase in the loan portfolio is hampered by the high cost of credit resources, as well as the high riskiness of this sector of the economy. As a consequence, banks are presented to borrowers hanged requirements, and often limit their circle only "their" proven customers, which makes it possible to study the borrower's activities in more detail and control it during the actions of the loan agreement.

What are the key differences between lending to SME and large business?

Large business is much more stable. Often, major players attract financing, already having much large amounts on deposit accounts, which is a certain guarantee for the return of the loan issued and allows us to offer special lending conditions. The SMEs sector enterprises often attract funds to cover current spending or to purchase fixed assets, transferring property as security, which the bank cannot always be quickly implemented in case of non-return of the loan.

Are there state programs of support for business borrowers?

Currently there is a program for state support for small and medium-sized businesses implemented by SMEs. It has already accredited 51 banks. The first preferential loan was issued at the end of 2015, and already in 2017 the Central Bank of the Russian Federation increased the limit on this program to 175 billion (+ 50 billion rubles). To enterprises wishing to attract funding within the framework of state support, a number of mandatory requirements are put forward. At the same time, funding is not provided to enterprises from the following industries: credit and insurance organizations, investment funds, NPF, Lombardam, professional participants in the securities market, participants of the Production Development agreements, enterprises of gambling business, enterprises carrying out the production and / or implementation of excisable goods, and Also mining and / or implementation of minerals (with the exception of common minerals).

What trends in the SME lending segment are observed in the current year?

Since the beginning of the year, many banks regularly reduce rates on their credit proposals for small and medium businesses. The website banki.ru will appear a new calculation of the average loan rates for business. An explanation of this is several reasons. Of course, in the first place, it is a repeated decline in the key of Russia a key rate. This is also a state program to support small and medium businesses. There is hope that the decline in interest rates on lending programs to SME will continue further during the year.

What are the long-term prospects for small and medium-sized businesses in Russia?

The small and medium-sized lending market is most dependent on the economic situation and fluctuations in the market than the corporate or retail lending market. Therefore, in my opinion, it is not worth waiting for sharp growth in the coming years. To attract small businesses to banks it is necessary to simplify the conditions for obtaining financing, to offer more loyal conditions. At the same time, credit organizations make sense to engage in financial literacy in the environment of small and individual entrepreneurship, because For a successful start, they sometimes need not only financial, but also information support. For example, the SME Business Navigator is working on the SME Business Navigator, with which it is possible to determine the saturation of the market by those or other enterprises, as well as calculate the business plan in their introductory.

Dmitry Nilekov

SMALL AND MEDIUM BUSINESSES In market systems, accumulates more occupied, greater share of GDP, and often a large proportion of patents for inventions than large enterprises. But in our country, small and medium-sized enterprises have always been very vulnerable. To become a reliable foundation of the economy, they must pass through the period of transformation, to get support and guarantees, master new - first of all new financial - technologies. This is a long way, so only for the third year of economic turbulence, small and medium-sized enterprises begin to feel the soil under their feet, and the financial environment becomes more favorable for them.

And 2014, and (especially) 2015 were heavy for SMEs. Their number is somewhat declined, although the number of such companies has never been an objective indicator of the sector development. For example, according to Rosstat for 2015, from 2.24 million only 1.5 million actually operated activities - approximately the ratio of real and non-functioning firms remains over the years. The numbers in numbers are often associated with one-day firms or existing on the banks only on paper. A much more important metric is the number of employees at SME enterprises. According to the results of the most difficult for the 2015 sector, the number of employed (including individual entrepreneurs) amounted to 18.5 million, or 25.7% of all citizens employed in the economy. At about 25%, this indicator was kept before. And if you judge it, no extinction of small enterprises happened. Despite its economic vulnerability, they retained employees and continue to work.

Smart loans, loans on the Top-UP system and other new ways to make the life of an entrepreneur easier.
Tells Sergey Bessonov,
Senior Managing Director of Sberbank

Small and medium enterprises increase activity and hire staff.

The sector experienced quite active development until 2014 inclusive. However, at the end of 2014 and in 2015 there was a slowdown in the activity and a decrease in demand for loans from high-quality borrowers from the number of SME enterprises.

Sergey Bessonov

The share of entrepreneurs in SME for 2015
from the total number of citizens employed in the economy

The share of entrepreneurs in SMEs, which actually operated in 2015 from the total number of registered

IN RECENT YEARS Even large enterprises had problems with access to borrowed funding. Small and medium enterprises were forced to get used to life without new loans. The real boom, celebrated in 2010 and 2011 (the growth of new loans by 57% and 39%, respectively), was replaced by a calm pace of 15-16% in 2012-2013 and failure in 2015 (minus 28%). In parallel, the share of overdue loans has grown sharply - over 15% of the total amount of them. Some signs of recovery appeared on the horizon only in the middle of last year. In May 2016, for the first time in a few years, timid positive rates of lending to SME were noted - plus 1%. In June - already plus 8%. In the following months, credit activity ran out again, so that at the end of 2016, different experts expect a reduction in the loan portfolio by 2-3% (official results for all 12 months of 2016 are not available, according to the results of 11 months, the indicator is minus 3%). Does this mean that 2016 was unsuccessful? It is clear that the overall positive result would be preferable, but the fact that the decline has almost ceased, it is worth a lot. And most importantly, the results of 2016 say that in the coming months, the rise in lending to small and medium enterprises will almost inevitably begin.

The first wave of reducing rates was held in October-November last year.
In 2017, loans will become even more affordable.

Over the second half of 2016, the number of credit applications from SME enterprises increased by 10% compared with the first half of the year - which is already very good. When we speak with customers, I hear that a cautious faith appeared and an understanding of what will happen next. In 2015, everything, conventionally speaking, "fried": it is not clear what will be even after 6 months, so the demand for money has decreased. And now many investment projects, frozen in 2015 and early 2016 come to the market. And in 2017, we expect a calm market growth at the level of about 10%.

Director of the Department of Credit
sberbank products and processes
Sergey Bessonov

Increased credit applications from SME subjects for the 2nd half of the year
2016 compared with the 1st

INTERESTINGthat the proportion of Russian SME enterprises that received a loan requested in the Bank in full - 65%. It almost corresponds to the average for the European Union and more than in countries such as Spain or Italy. Fortunately, the Banking System of Russia works steadily. And what happens in the opposite case, it is seen on the example of Greece - there only 31% of small and medium-sized companies received the requested loan. But at the same time, in recent years, the small involvement of SME in lending has been manifested. Only about half of Russian companies from this segment have ever applied for a loan. Yes, and now, according to Nafta polls, only 10% of enterprises believe that they need a loan, and only a third of them are going to contact him in the near future. In Russia, among small business, lending is a completely unwarked form of financing. The problem is not that loans are not issued. For loans do not appeal. Why - can be seen on the chart with interest rates in the market.

The share of Russian SME enterprises who received the requested bank loan in full

In 2015, the rates exceeded 18% per annum, in 2016 they dropped to about 15% per annum, but it is still a lot. Does this mean that Russian banks are trying to catch up on a small business or put prohibitively high barriers on their way? If we compare the refinancing rate of the Central Bank and the loan rate in other countries, then no. In Italy or China, the difference in percentage points is about the same as in Russia. Just the refinancing rates are much smaller there. Back in 2015, the rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation was fully due to inflation, but in 2016 inflation slowed sharply and remain low in 2017. So, the rate of the Central Bank will inevitably decrease, which will immediately make lending to more satisfying for small and medium-sized entrepreneurs.

Dynamics of interest rates on loans in Russia
in 2015 and 2016

The growing demand for loans at the end of last year has demonstrated:
small enterprises acquire confidence in the future.

Rates on loans decreased significantly in 2016. Our last action took place in October last year, the rates were reduced by 1.5-5% per annum. I appreciate that in the event of the preservation of positive trends in 2017, the rates will continue a moderate decline - by 1-2%. If you take the dynamics of reducing rates to 2016-2017 as a whole, then this is a significant decline, and it is very important for the client: if the rates are high, you have to do ultra-hatchery projects and risk hard. When the rate for small business companies drops to 18% per annum, then up to 15% per annum, and in perspective and up to 12% per annum, business can afford much more projects with less risks. By the way, for medium businesses, this promising offer is available today.

Director of the Department of Credit
sberbank products and processes
Sergey Bessonov

Forecast reduction in interest rates on loans in 2017, while maintaining positive trends

At the junction 2016 and 2017 You can fix a few more kind signs. First, the growth of "delay" turned back. In 2015, he was threatening, almost twofold. In 2016 slowed down sharply. Maximum (15.2%) was achieved in mid-2016, and since then this parameter decreases. Secondly, the share of loans issued for a period of 3 years is gradually growing. This is an important indicator of market stability and faith in the future of both lenders and borrowers. Thirdly, when many entrepreneurs took loans in conditions of very high rates, refinancing was extremely relevant (it requires 12% of the respondents to the Names of SMEs) - this is a large market for banks and great relief for entrepreneurs. Fourth, the confidence of the businessmen themselves in tomorrow is now somewhat higher. After the recession in the first half of 2016, optimism began to prevail: 36% of SMEs are assessed by perspectives as good and very good. Like bad and very bad - 20%.

The share of representatives of SMEs evaluating development prospects as good and very good

It is extremely important that the largest players are increasingly increasing in lending to small and medium-sized businesses - banks from the first thirty and even the state itself. Until the end of 2015, banks from Top-30 reduced SME lending even faster than the market as a whole. From the beginning of 2016, a fracture of the trend is marked: the largest banks become the driver of this segment. And government programs are both regional and federal - allow to obtain preferential lending to both certain categories of enterprises and all representatives of SMEs in certain regions where pilot programs are operating (which in 2017 will certainly spread wider). Technologies are also becoming an important factor in improving the economic environment. First of all, such as remote banking services and BigData analysis, which makes it possible to quickly assess risks, issue loans faster and at best conditions (as in the case of SMART loans from Sberbank).

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