Economic activity of the enterprise. Fundamentals of the economic activity of the enterprise Also the economic activity of the company the organization

Organization of economic activities

Property owners can effectively use it if they organize all economic activities in their own interests. To do this, it is necessary to clearly establish: what produce, how do it and for whom create economic benefits. In this case, the main links of organizational and economic relations between people are: 1) cooperation and division of labor, 2) the organization of economic activity in certain forms and 3) forms of economic management.

In this chapter, we have to sequentially consider these three types of organizational and economic relations.

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From the book Control and Auditing the author Ivanova Elena Leonidovna

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the author Boyko Elvira Viktorovna

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From the book Economic Analysis the author Litvinyuk Anna Sergeevna

56. A systematic approach to the analysis of economic activity A systematic approach is a direction in research methodology. It is based on the study of objects of complex systems, which consist of separate elements with numerous internal and external connections.

From the book Fundamentals of Economics the author Borisov Evgeny Filippovich

§ 1 The main role of economic activity Why people manage the economy To study economics, we begin with the question: has a person always managed the economy? If not always, then when and how did it arise? Historical science has established that the very distant ancestors of people did not lead any

From the book Enterprise Economics: lecture notes the author

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From the book A Long Time. Russia in the world. Economic history essays the author Gaidar Egor Timurovich

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From the book Theory of Statistics the author Burkhanova Inessa Viktorovna

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From the book Secretarial Affairs the author Petrova Yulia Alexandrovna

Chapter 6. Organization of activities of the head

From the book Law on Mass Media the author author unknown

Chapter II. ORGANIZATION OF THE MEDIA OF THE MASS MEDIA Article 7. Founder The founder (co-founder) of the mass media may be a citizen, an association of citizens, an organization, a state body. By the founder (co-founder) of the print media

Any society to ensure a normal (rather comfortable) level of his life, he carries out many types of specific work. For this purpose, certain organizations are created that jointly carry out a particular mission and act on the basis of certain rules and procedures. An enterprise (organization) is an organizationally separate and economically independent main (primary) link in the production sphere of the national economy that manufactures products, performs work or provides services.

In the practice of management, each enterprise as a complex production and economic system carries out many specific types of activities. Each enterprise independently plans its activities and determines the prospects (strategy) of development, based on the demand for manufactured products (work, services performed) and the need to constantly increase its own profits, and also provides material and technical support for production.

The functioning of the enterprise is accompanied by a continuous circulation of funds, carried out in the form of resource consumption and receipt of income, their distribution and use.

Every business has a specific goal. There may be several goals, they are usually set by the owners, and to achieve material and human resources are used, with the help of which financial and economic activities are carried out. That is, in essence, financial and economic activity is a tool for achieving hierarchical, economic and other goals facing a particular enterprise.

Financial and economic activity is a purposefully carried out process of practical implementation of the functions of an enterprise related to the formation and use of its financial resources to ensure economic and social development. It is carried out at all stages of the life cycle of an enterprise: from the moment of its birth to the moment of its liquidation as an independent business entity. The process of carrying out the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is characterized by a wide range of its financial relations with various subjects of the country's financial system.

The financial and economic activity of the enterprise is characterized, first of all, by the quantity and range of products, as well as by the volume of its sales. The volume of products produced directly depends on the availability and quality of production facilities, the availability of the necessary raw materials, materials or components, personnel of appropriate qualifications, and product markets.

In turn, the volume of manufactured products affects all other aspects of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise - the cost of products, the amount of profit received, profitability production, financial condition of the enterprise.

The financial and economic activities of enterprises are purposeful activities based on decisions made, each of which is optimized based on intuition or calculations. The risk of making a decision is understood as the probability of inconsistency of the obtained results of the implemented decision with the set goals.

There are a lot of factors influencing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise or organization. Not all of them can be analyzed. The most important are the available resources - financial, material, personnel.

The purpose of financial and economic activities- getting the best possible results. The tasks that are solved when the goal is achieved are: providing the production process with resources and managing them; organization of the production and technological process; the formation of positive results. The tasks of the management of financial and economic activities are: planning, control, adjustment, analysis, efficiency improvement.

Financial and economic activity is an activity, first of all, about its basis - the finance of the enterprise. However, the effectiveness of the organization of finance acts as the financial condition of the enterprise. The latter depends on the effective organization of the entire money turnover. Therefore, financial and economic activity as a concept covers a wide range of activities within the enterprise, consisting of control over the provision of cash settlements, receipt of cash income and implementation of expenses, the formation and distribution of cash savings and financial resources.

The various financial and economic activities of the enterprise are carried out on the basis of planned and forecast current and operational financial documents. The objects of planning, regulation and control in them are monetary and financial relations, materialized in the corresponding indicators. The main objects of financial and economic activity are those diverse monetary and financial relations of enterprises, which make up the content of the finances of enterprises.

The efficiency of the financial and economic activity of an enterprise should be understood as its result, obtained or potentially possible in the process of transforming certain resources into a final product (work, service). The level of efficiency of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is characterized by the level of its costs, results and financial condition. That is why, in order to determine the level of efficiency of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise, it is necessary to calculate a set of indicators characterizing its cost intensity, efficiency and financial condition.

To determine the essence of the financial and economic activity of the enterprise, it is necessary to define the main constituent elements of it. These elements are: enterprise finances, the structure of the enterprise's funds, the structure of the enterprise's property, the goals of financial analysis, the subjects of analysis.

Savitskaya G.V. writes that in a market environment, enterprise finance is becoming especially important. The growing role of enterprise finance should be seen as a worldwide trend.

The main purpose of assessing the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, according to V.P. Strazhev, is to obtain a small number of key (most informative) parameters that give an objective and accurate picture of the financial condition of the enterprise, its profits and losses, changes in the structure of assets and liabilities, in settlements with debtors and creditors, which will be discussed in the next paragraph of the final qualifying work.

An integral part of the economy of any society is economic activity, as a set of relations that develop in the social and production system of the country. Economic activity is the activity of individuals and enterprises of various organizations and organizations carried out within the framework of the current legislation and associated with production or trade, the provision of services or the performance of a certain type of work in order to satisfy the social and economic interests of not only the owner, but also

The economic activity of the enterprise, as the key basis of the country's economy, received its definition back in Ancient Greece, when the theory of the creation of various benefits for the life of society and its development first arose.

The basis of any modern state is the economic activity of enterprises for the production of various products, as well as organizations that carry out various scientific developments, scientific research. In addition to the main production, economic activities are also carried out by auxiliary production, which are engaged in organizing sales and providing marketing services, as well as after-sales services for manufactured products, numerous service and service organizations.

Modern economy as an economic activity includes various branches of material and non-material production, and is a very complex organism that constantly provides the vital activity of the whole society and each person individually. It all consists of two key points - production and distribution. These two areas of activity are inextricably linked, since only manufactured products can show the end result as a result of bringing it to the end consumer.

For the decision of the main country and economic activity in particular, the most important thing is to determine the most rational use of all resources and the correct organization of the distribution of the result obtained to meet the needs of the whole society. For this purpose, the main issues of the economy are being addressed.

The first question is what to produce? It is a selection of basic goods to meet the needs of the population. Since resources, both natural and human, are limited, and the needs are unlimited, the task of public authorities and private corporations is to determine the optimal set of goods and services needed to solve the problems of society.

The second question is how exactly to produce, by what means? This is a matter of technological and scientific development. When solving this issue, the main thing is to choose the most rational one in order to get the results of the invested funds and resources with the greatest speed and efficiency.

The third question is for whom to produce? It is necessary to determine the end consumer, his goals, requests and possible consumption volumes. This is a key issue for the conduct of any production and economic activity, since it is he who reveals the entire efficiency of the use of resources and the costs incurred at all stages of the path to the final consumer.

The listed issues imply the conduct of planned economic activities, competent management, as well as the need to control the result obtained. For this purpose, the enterprises constantly conduct statistical, accounting and analysis of the results obtained.

The work of any enterprise requires not only the constant introduction of modern methods of increase, but also qualified work in the field of financial and economic activities.

Definition of the concept

The definition of financial and economic activity means the purposeful activity of employees, which should optimize the work of the company on the basis of certain calculations.

This type of activity is characterized, first of all, by the volume of sales of finished products, the quantity and range of manufactured goods.

Production volume depends on factors such as:

production capacity level;
a sufficient amount of raw materials;
availability of the necessary equipment configuration;
availability of sufficient labor force;
streamlined sales of finished products.

Despite the fact that the financial and economic activity of an enterprise depends on many factors, they are not all amenable to formal assessment.

For forming an assessment pay special attention to resources such as:

labor;
material;
financial.

Goals

Each operating enterprise has its own goal, which is set directly by the managers themselves.

Financial and economic activities in this is a tool to solve the assigned tasks.

This type of activity should be purposeful. To achieve its effective performance, it is necessary to constantly balance common sense and calculation.

The risk of making a wrong decision in terms of financial and economic activities is always high, which can lead to a deterioration in the position of the enterprise and a deviation from the set course.

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Procedure for maintaining

The conduct of financial and economic activities primarily depends on a well-designed plan, which consists of parts such as:

title part;
content;
text part;
tabular part.

Let's consider each of the points in more detail.

Head part

This part indicates the officials who have the right to constitute the purpose of maintaining similar activity, with the obligatory confirmation of the seal.

Besides indicated:

the name of the enterprise;
date of creation of the document;
the address of the location of the enterprise.

At the end, a number and a signature are put.

This part of the plan for conducting financial and economic activities has the smallest volume and includes the content of the text and tabular sections.

Text part

In this part of the document must be clearly stated:

the purpose of carrying out the labor activity of the enterprise or its separate subdivision;
type of work and description of their paid part;
the total value of all property of the enterprise at the time of this document's preparation;
other additional information, which is added at the request of the management.

Tabular part

To this part of the plan are recorded:

information about the financial condition of the enterprise (financial assets and other liabilities);
information on receipts and payments of the enterprise.

Financial performance indicators businesses are always reflected for the most recent reporting period.

It should be noted that in the tabular section it is necessary to indicate:

the amount of the debt;
the size of the loan debt;
the total amount of the value of the property of the enterprise.

Display planned indicators for payments it is always necessary to form in the "Payments" section.

First of all, they should be directed:

to pay employees of the enterprise;
to pay tax fees;
for the purchase of the necessary equipment to ensure the stable operation of the enterprise, raw materials, and so on.

The entire process of conducting financial and economic activities must be monitored by the top management of the enterprise in order to avoid a worsening of the situation.

The procedure for the formation of the Plan of financial and economic activities of the institution is discussed in the following video lesson:

Required documents

Accounting for budgetary enterprises is carried out using accounting accounts in strict accordance with, which is approved by the Government of the Russian Federation. Its structure is based on international standards.

To the account grouping database the qualifications are laid economic features of business operations of the enterprise.

The formed structure of the Chart of Accounts allows, if necessary, to receive all the necessary information in the conduct of financial and economic activities.

All accounts that are necessary for conducting financial and economic activities consist of several groups, namely:

balance sheet;
off-balance sheet.

In turn, the balance sheet accounts include 8 classes... Let's consider in more detail:

1 class. Non-current assets. All accounts from this class are primarily used in accounting for tangible and intangible assets of the enterprise. These assets are intended for long-term use and in no way serve as a sale or expenditure in the coming year.
Grade 2. Stocks. In this class of accounts, the assets of material turnover are taken into account, which are on the balance sheet of the enterprise and will be sold during the year.
Grade 3. Funds, calculations and other assets. In grade 3 those funds are taken into account that reflect the current state of assets, namely:
- cash balance;
- availability in banking organizations;
- settlement with debtors.
4th grade. Own financial capital. Invoice documentation from this class is used in determining the results the performance of a variety of organizations.
Grade 5. Long-term commitment. Documentation of this class is used to record liabilities that will be settled at the beginning of the next year.
6th grade. Current responsibility. Documents on which the settlement of obligations will be made during the current year.
7th grade. Profit. From this class, documents are taken into account, which display income from budgetary and own funds.
8th grade. Expenses. The documentation is used in the process of accounting for the actual and budgetary expenditures of the enterprise.
In addition to the basic documentation from these accounts, others are used. They are classified as class 0. 0 grade. Off-balance sheet accounts. This documentation is used when calculating material values, other assets and liabilities.

It should be noted that this documentation from these classes is an integral part of the effective conduct of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. If you ignore any document, the efficiency can be significantly reduced.

Analysis order

The main role in the efficiency of the enterprise is played by analysis of financial and economic activities.

V based on analysis lies economic science, which, first of all, allows you to give:

economic assessment of the enterprise;
assessment of the property and financial condition of the enterprise;
the economic situation of the enterprise as a whole.

The main goal of this analysis is to identify unused funds and their further implementation to improve the economic situation of the enterprise, including the efficiency of the production part.

Upon completion of the analysis of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise, decisions are made on further actions aimed at achieving the set goals.

A simple example of this.

The consumption rate of raw materials, which is spent on the production of products, is set taking into account its optimal reduction in volume, which will not affect the quality of the finished product, but at the same time, the level of competitiveness increases.

After analyzing the financial and economic activities, you can easily see the fidelity or incorrectness of actions that contributed to the deterioration of the quality of the goods, and thus inflicted losses on the enterprise.

For financial and economic analysis of the enterprise huge responsibility is imposed.

With its help, you can identify the presence of any financial problems in the enterprise, find out the causes of their occurrence, and also determine further actions that will contribute to their early solution. With the help of this analysis, it is possible to find out the level of solvency and the degree of the enterprise, including predicting a possible situation associated with insolvency.

In the process of conducting financial and economic analysis can be identified factors that, if ignored further, could lead to.

Today it is impossible to imagine the activities of any enterprise that would not conduct such an analysis. According to statistics, more than 70% of enterprises, after conducting such an analysis, were able to predict their possible bankruptcy, and moreover, to find ways to eliminate financial problems and avoid insolvency.

Based on the analysis results can:

to identify the factors of deterioration of the economic condition of the enterprise;
find ways to effectively improve performance;
eliminate internal factors of influence on financial and economic activities;
see the big picture of financial and business activities.

The goals and rules for analyzing the financial and economic activities of an enterprise are described in the following video lecture:

Economic activity of the enterprise- this is the production of products, the provision of services, the performance of work. Economic activity is aimed at making a profit in order to satisfy the economic and social interests of the owners and the labor collective of the enterprise. Economic activity includes the following stages:

research and development work;
production;
auxiliary production;
production and sales service, marketing;
sales and after-sales support.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise

Made by the FinEkAnaliz program.

Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise it is a scientific way of understanding economic phenomena and processes, based on dividing it into components and studying the variety of connections and dependencies. This is an enterprise management function. Analysis precedes decisions and actions, justifies scientific production management, increases objectivity and efficiency.

The analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise consists of the following areas:

The financial analysis
- Analysis of solvency,% 20% 20% D0% B8% 20 financial stability,
Management analysis

Assessment of the place of the enterprise in the market for a given product,
Analysis of the use of the main factors of production: means of labor, objects of labor and labor resources,
Assessment of the results of production and sales of products,
Making decisions on the range and quality of products,
Development of a strategy for managing production costs,
Determination of pricing policy,

Indicators of economic activity of the enterprise

The analyst, according to the specified criteria, selects indicators, forms a system from them, and makes an analysis. The complexity of the analysis requires the use of systems, rather than individual indicators. The indicators of the economic activity of the enterprise are divided into:

1. Cost and natural, - depending on the underlying meters. Cost indicators are the most common type of economic indicators. They generalize various economic phenomena. If an enterprise uses more than one type of raw materials and materials, then only cost indicators can provide information on the generalized amounts of receipts, expenditures, and the remainder of these objects of labor.

Natural indicators are primary, and cost ones are secondary, since the latter are calculated on the basis of the former. Economic phenomena such as production costs, distribution costs, profit (loss) and some other indicators are measured only in value terms.

2. Quantitative and qualitative, - depending on which side of the phenomena, operations, processes is measured. For measurable results, use quantitative indicators... The values of such indicators are expressed in the form of some real number that has physical or economic meaning. These include:

1. All financial indicators:

revenue,
net profit,
fixed and variable costs,
profitability,
turnover,
liquidity, etc.

2. Market indicators:

volume of sales,
market share,
size / growth of the customer base, etc.

3. Indicators characterizing the efficiency of business processes and activities for training and enterprise development:

labor productivity,
production cycle,
lead time,
staff turnover,
the number of trained employees, etc.

Most of the characteristics and results of the organization, departments and employees cannot be strictly quantified. To evaluate them, use qualitative indicators... Qualitative indicators are measured using expert assessments, by observing the process and results of work. These include, for example, indicators such as:

the relative competitive position of the enterprise,
customer satisfaction index,
staff satisfaction index,
teamwork in work,
the level of labor and performance discipline,
quality and timeliness of submission of documents,
compliance with standards and regulations,
execution of orders of the head and many others.

Qualitative indicators, as a rule, are leading, as they affect the final results of the organization's work and "warn" about possible deviations in quantitative indicators.

3. Volumetric and specific- depending on the use of individual indicators or their ratios. So, for example, the volume of production, sales, cost of production, profit are volume indicators... They characterize the volume of a given economic phenomenon. Volume indicators are primary, and specific indicators are secondary.

Specific indicators calculated on a volumetric basis. For example, the cost of production and its cost are volume indicators, and the ratio of the first indicator to the second, that is, the cost per ruble of marketable output, is a specific indicator.

The results of the economic activity of the enterprise

Profit and income- the main indicators of the financial results of production and economic activities of the enterprise.

Income is the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) less material costs. It represents the monetary form of the enterprise's net output, i.e. includes wages and profits.

Income characterizes the amount of funds that comes to the enterprise for the period, and, net of taxes, is used for consumption and investment. Income is sometimes subject to taxation. In this case, after deducting tax, it is divided into consumption funds, investment and insurance. The consumption fund is used for remuneration of personnel and payments based on the results of work for the period, for a share in the authorized property (dividends), material assistance, etc.

Profit- part of the proceeds remaining after reimbursement of costs for production and sales of products. In a market economy, profit is a source:

replenishment of the revenue side of the state and local budgets,
enterprise development, investment and innovation activities,
satisfaction of the material interests of the members of the labor collective and the owner of the enterprise.

The amount of profit and income is influenced by the volume of products, assortment, quality, cost, improvement in pricing and other factors. In turn, profit affects the profitability, solvency of the enterprise and others. The gross profit of an enterprise consists of three parts:

profit from the sale of products - as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products (excluding VAT and excise duty) and its full cost;
profits for the sale of tangible assets and other property (this is the difference between the sale price and the cost of purchasing and selling). Profit from the sale of fixed assets is the difference between the proceeds from the sale, the residual value and the costs of dismantling and selling;
profits from non-operating transactions, i.e. transactions that are not directly related to the main activity (income from securities, from equity participation in joint ventures, renting out property, excess of the amount of received fines over paid, etc.).

Unlike profit, which shows the absolute effect of activities, profitability- a relative indicator of the efficiency of the enterprise. In general terms, it is calculated as the ratio of profit to costs and is expressed as a percentage. The term is derived from the word "rent" (income).

Profitability indicators are used for a comparative assessment of the performance of individual enterprises and industries that produce different volumes and types of products. These indicators characterize the received profit in relation to the expended production resources. Product profitability and production profitability are often used. There are the following types of profitability:

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