Fundamentals of animal husbandry lectures. Organization of animal husbandry: basic principles and perspectives. on the course "Fundamentals of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine"

Economic value and biological characteristics of cattle

Cattle breeding is the leading livestock industry for raising cattle. In Ukraine, thanks to the functioning of this sector of the national economy, 99% of milk and 40% of meat from the total production of these products are obtained.

Cattle provide valuable and irreplaceable food products - milk and beef.

Milk contains all the essential nutrients and in a favorable ratio. Beef and veal are distinguished by high taste and are in high demand among the population. In the human diet, these products should account for 50% of the total requirement for animal protein.

From cattle breeding, valuable raw materials are obtained, as well as by-products of slaughter (blood, intestines, bones, horns, hair, etc.).

The biological properties of cattle allow up to 15-18 months of age to reach a weight of 450-500 kg.

Slaughter yield of meat, which is defined as the ratio of the mass of food products after slaughter of an animal to the total weight of an animal before slaughter, expressed as a percentage, for cattle is 50-70%.

Record indicators of milk yield reach 20-25 thousand kg of milk per year and up to 100 kg per day. Lactation (day) period lasts 300-305 days, dry - 60-65 days.

Animals reach economic maturity at 16-19 months of age and are used, as a rule, up to 10-12 years of age. The gestation period is 280-285 days. One calf is born, rarely two or more.

In animals of specialized dairy breeds, physiological sexual maturity occurs earlier than in meat breeds. Heifers of dairy breeds, under normal feeding conditions, first come to hunt at 6-9 months of age, and in bulls, spermatogenesis begins at 7-8 months of age. Economic puberty occurs later and is associated with the ability of animals to reproduce without harm to their health and development. For early maturing animals (Jersey, Dutch, Holstein breeds), this age ranges from 15-17, and for middle-sized animals (Simmental, Swiss and their crosses) - 16-18 months.

cattle are characterized by a relatively long life (35-40 years), which makes it possible to effectively use highly productive animal enhancers. In production conditions, cows are kept up to 10-12 years old. The normal duration of using cows with a productivity of more than 8000 kg of milk under favorable conditions is considered 18-20 years, that is, 15-17 calving. Bulls-producers in production conditions are used up to 8-10 years of age.

Due to their biological characteristics, cattle are able to consume and absorb well cheap plant-based feeds containing a lot of fiber. The presence of a chotirikamerny stomach in her enables her to digest fiber by 55-65%.

The microflora in the rumen of cattle enables it to use nitrogenous compounds of non-protein nature. Up to 25% of protein in livestock rations can be replaced with synthetic nitrogenous compounds, such as urea, ammonium salts, etc. Rumen bacteria use the nitrogen of these compounds to build their body and when they die off, they are digested, and their proteins are used by the animal body. Cows produce more products per unit of feed than other farm animals.

The biological characteristics of cattle make it possible to widely use mechanization in cattle breeding, which makes it possible to organize the production of milk and meat on the basis of industrial technology.

The transition to an industrial basis for the production of livestock products requires an improvement in the quality of animals, an increase in their productivity, the adaptation of animals to the industrial conditions of the production of livestock products.

Cattle breeding is closely related to agriculture, providing it with organic fertilizers and obtaining the necessary feed resources, which are processed into more nutritious food products. The creation of a solid fodder base on the farms, the maintenance of cattle breeding at the level of modern scientific knowledge and the thorough mechanization of production will contribute to the further development and intensification of this industry.

Animal husbandry is one of the main elements of the country's agro-industrial complex, the existing ones are manifested through a system of interconnections between the elements of the agro-industrial complex.

Livestock farming is one of the main sources of supply and delivery of such food products to end consumers as meat, milk, eggs, etc. All of these products are vital for the normal functioning and development of the human body.

Apart from this, animal husbandry is a branch of the national economy that supplies funny branches such as light industry and food processing.

In addition, the fundamentals of animal husbandry include elements of fertilization produced by cattle for fields and increasing the efficiency of returns from fertile and barren lands in Russia. It should be noted that unsuitable meadows and pastures for agriculture (sowing cereals, etc.) can be used for walking livestock, etc., which helps to optimize the use of all lands of the Russian Federation. In medical practice, many animal products are used for the production of medicines and other medicines.
Livestock also helps to dispose of various agricultural waste, as a means in the form of livestock feed (waste from vegetable growing, melons, etc.). Thus, the foundations of animal husbandry are supposed to create a production cycle, which reduces waste not only in this area, but also in other related sectors of the national economy. It should be noted that garbage dumps occupy 15% of the land area of ​​the world.

The basics of animal husbandry include opportunities for the formation and organization of a small or private business in this area of ​​economic activity, and high advanced technologies make it possible to organize such activities on a small plot of land and with little involvement of labor resources. Small business can take its rightful place in the process of economic activity of a subject of animal husbandry. In the CIS countries, in particular Russia, private entrepreneurs play the role of an intermediary between livestock enterprises and end consumers. This provides, on the one hand, simple conditions for the producer to find the final consumer, but on the other hand increases the price of livestock products due to the intermediary markup, which in most cases reaches 70%.

The fundamentals of agriculture involve combining livestock with crop production, and this relationship is very close, since the two areas depend on each other to prosper. We should not forget about the breeding and breeding of new individuals (selection and pedigree development of animal husbandry), which in its foundations involves improving the final product of animal husbandry and increasing the protection of individuals from all kinds of diseases and infections, as well as increasing their resistance to climatic conditions. At the same time, new heights are reached in the development of technical equipment in animal husbandry, which increases the productivity and productivity of this business area.

Federal State Educational Institution

higher professional education.

Kuban State Agrarian University

Department of Private Animal Science and Pig Breeding

V.A. Kuznetsov, O. N. Eremenko

BASICS OF LIVESTOCK
/ Study guide

for practical exercises

students of the Faculty of Agronomy /

_________________________

(Name of the student)

__________ ___________

course group

__________________________

academic year

Krasnodar, 2009

Developed by: Associate Professor V.A. Kuznetsov, assistant to O.N. Eremenko.
Under the methodical editorship of Doctor of Agricultural Sciences, Professor, Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences V.I. Komlatsky.

The educational-methodical manual provides the study by students of the Faculty of Agronomy of the chemical composition and nutritional value of forage crops, the formation of animals of the desired productive type, the regularities of the growth of farm animals, the determination of productive qualities and the use of animals in conditions of modern technologies for the production of livestock products.

The study guide was reviewed and approved at a meeting of the Department of Private Animal Science and Pig Breeding, Protocol No. 8 from 2nd of March 2009

2. Determination of the yield of nutrients from 1 hectare of sowing

various forage crops 9

3. Calculation of feed requirements for various

species of farm animals 17

4. Determination of the productive type of agricultural

animals 28

5. Determination of body condition of animals 43

6. Assessment of the growth and development of farm animals 50

7. Rationing, balancing and analysis of the ration of dairy cows 58

8. Calculation of the need for silage, haylage, green fodder and equipment

when preparing them at a dairy complex 65

9. Milk production technology. Dairy accounting

productivity 72

10. Meat productivity of farm animals 79

11. Calculation of the output of the pig-breeding complex

with completed production cycle 86

12. Technology of production of poultry products and accounting

egg production of poultry. 90

13. Studying the conditions of keeping and the main production and technological processes at livestock farms. 96

Topic 1. Determination of the total nutritional value of feed
The purpose of the lesson: To get acquainted with the essence of methods for determining the total nutritional value of feed and energy.
The nutritional value of 1 kg of dry (standard) oats, equivalent to 1414 kcal, is taken as a fodder unit. energy of fat deposition or the deposition of 150 g of fat in the body of a fattening ox, or it is such an amount of digestible nutrients, when consumed in the body of animals, about 150 g of fat is formed.

To calculate the nutritional value of feed in oat feed units, the following data are required:

a) the gross content of protein, fat, fiber and BEV in one or 100 kg of feed;

b) indicators of the productive action of pure nutrients, which show how much fat can be deposited in the animal's body when feeding 1 kg of protein, fat, BEV and fiber.

When calculating fat deposition, it must be remembered that 1 kg of digestible nutrients deposits a certain amount of fat in the animal's body, kg

Table 1. Productive effect of digestible nutrients in kg of stored fat

Methodology calculating the energy nutritional value of feed in oat feed units:

1. Getting the amount of digestible nutrients. (The content of protein, fat, fiber and BEV is multiplied by the coefficient of digestibility of these substances and divided by 100).

2. Determination of the expected fat deposition of individual nutrients. (The resulting amounts of digestible protein, fat, fiber and BEV are multiplied by the corresponding indicator of productive action).

3. The resulting products are summed up. The sum shows the amount of fat stored as a result of the use of all nutrients.

4. The calculated total fat deposition is corrected for fiber, the consumption of which reduces fat deposition in the following amounts:

Table 2. Reduction of fat deposition per 1 kg of consumed cell

From the total fat deposition, the correction for fiber is subtracted, the actual fat deposition is obtained.

5. The number of feed units is found by dividing the actual fat deposition (kg) by 0.150 (kg) (fat deposition of one feed unit).

Exercise 1. Determine the nutritional value below the specified feed in oat feed units.

Table 3. Nutrient content and digestibility factors


Stern

Contains,% in 100kg

Digestibility coefficients

Crude protein

Raw fat

Crude fiber

BEV

Crude protein

Raw fat

Crude fiber

BEV

Sainfoin hay

7,2
1,9
28,9
41,6
55
50
57
59

Green oats

3,1
0,7
4,0
8,5
74
80
60
65

Alfalfa herb

4,4
0,9
6,1
12,5
71
63
43
74

Carrot

1,2
0,2
1,1
9,5
67
50
54
96

Fodder peas

21,7
1,3
7,3
54
86
62
46
93

Fish flour

59,4
1,9
-
0,4
90
76
-
40

Calculate the total nutritional value in feed units per 100kg of feed Table 4.

Table 4. Calculation of the total nutritional value in feed units per 100 kg of feed


Stern

Digestible nutrients, kg

Productive effect of nutrients, kg of fat

Contains feed units

Protein

Fat

Cellulose

BEV

Protein

Fat

Fiber + BEV

Total

Decreased body fat

Actual fat deposition

Sainfoin hay

3,96
0,95
16,5
24,5
0,93
0,45
10,17
11,55
4,13
7,42
49,5

Green oats

Alfalfa herb

Carrot

Fodder peas

Fish flour

Task 2. Calculate the total nutritional value of the feed in Energy Feed Units (ECU).

In our country, a new system for assessing the nutritional value of feed in energy feed units has been developed, that is, the energy nutritional value of feed is determined by the value of the metabolic energy of the feed (EE), which is a part of the energy of the feed used to maintain life and produce. The amount of exchangeable energy can be determined as follows. According to the data of the chemical composition of the feed and the digestibility coefficients, the amount of digestible nutrients is determined. The metabolic energy content is then calculated using the appropriate regression equation (Nutrient Energy Coefficients).
1 kg of feed contains metabolic energy MJ:
For cattle OE = 19.46 pP + 31.23 pF + 13.65 pC + 14.78 pBEV

For sheep OE = 17.71 pP + 37.89 pF + 13.44 pC + 14.78 pBEV

For horses OE = 19.46 pP + 35.43 pF + 15.95 pC + 15.95 pBEV

For pigs OE = 20.85 pP + 36.63 pF +14.27 pC + 16.95 pBEV

For poultry OE = 17.71 pP + 37.89 pF +13.44 pC + 14.78 pBEV
Example: The exchange energy of 100 kg of sainfoin hay is:

KRS OE = 19.46 * 3.96 + 31.23 * 0.95 + 13.65 * 16.5 + 14.78 * 24.5 = 686000 KJ or 686 MJ

Sheep OE = 17.71 * 3.96 + 37.89 * 0.95 + 13.44 * 16.5 + 14.78 * 24.5 = 689.9 MJ

Horses OE = 19.46 * 3.96 + 35.43 * 0.95 + 15.95 * 16.5 + 15.95 * 24.5 = 764.6 MJ

Pigs OE = 20.85 * 3.96 + 36.63 * 0.95 + 14.27 * 16.5 + 16.95 * 24.5 = 768.2 MJ

Bird OE = 17.71 * 3.96 + 37.89 * 0.95 + 13.44 * 16.5 + 14.78 * 24.5 = 834.4 MJ

Table 5. Total nutritional value of feed in ECE (OE)


Kind of animal

Metabolic energy, MJ

Sainfoin hay

Green oats

Alfalfa herb

Carrot

Fodder peas

Fish flour

Cattle

686

Sheeps

689,9

Horses

764,6

Pigs

768,2

Bird

834,4

Conclusions___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Topic passed _______________________________________________________

Teacher's signature _____________________________________________

Topic 2. Determination of the yield of nutrients from 1 ha of sowing of various forage crops
The purpose of the lesson: To study the methodology for calculating the yield of nutrients for various feeds from 1 ha of crops.
Intensive development of animal husbandry is impossible without the creation of a solid forage base that provides farm animals with a sufficient amount of high-grade forage.

The biological value of this or that feed depends on the amount of nutrients contained in it, their digestibility and assimilation by the animal's body, on the presence of gustatory irritants in the feed that stimulate the animal's appetite and contribute to its eating. The feed should not have a harmful effect on the animal's body and the quality of the products obtained from it.

NS
chemical composition of feed

Nutrients consumed by animals in feed are used to form products, to replenish the costs incurred by the body in the course of its vital activity, and in a growing body are used as material for the formation of new body tissues of animals.
Exercise 1 . Option ______ . Using information about the chemical composition of feed and their nutritional value, perform calculations to determine the yield of nutrients from 1 hectare of crops of these feed crops.

Municipal educational institution

Staroisakovskaya secondary school

ELECTIVE COURSE

Technology teacher, master

industrial training

Explanatory note.

Livestock raising is one of the most important branches of agriculture. It is designed to meet the needs of the population in such valuable products as meat, butter, milk, as well as to provide raw materials for various industries.

Livestock also affects the increase in plant productivity, since it serves as a source of organic fertilizers. Thus, crop production
and animal husbandry are closely related branches of agriculture.

In connection with the use of advanced technology, mechanization and electrification of production processes, the requirements for the training of livestock breeders are also increasing. They must have good general education, polytechnic and special zootechnical training, know the biological characteristics of animals, a variety of machines and equipment, be able to manage them and use them rationally.

In classes on the basics of animal husbandry, as well as the mechanization and automation of livestock farms and complexes, students will get acquainted with modern methods of increasing animal productivity.

Relying also on the knowledge gained in biology, physics, chemistry, geography, mathematics, they will learn how to correctly perform the main production work on mechanized agricultural complexes.

Knowledge of this course will help students immediately after school to be involved in socially useful, productive work in animal husbandry, to study at a university or technical school in their chosen profession and specialty.


Academic-thematic plan

Young Farmer's Schools

on the course "Fundamentals of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary Medicine"

for the 2008/2009 academic year

Topic name

Number of hours

Including

lectures

practicalclasses

The state and problems of agriculturalproduction at the present stage

Legal framework for farming, land laws

Sustainable agricultural production

Marketing: research, sales and promotionproduct life

Optimization of the production structure and reAlization of investment projects

in the fermerskom economy

Business game: "Organization and activitymarketing service "

Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology of farm animals

Agricultural breeding basicsanimals

Fundamentals of agricultural feedinganimals

Status and prospects for the development of livestockleadership in the Russian Federation

Horse breeding

Pig farming basics

in farms

Sheep and goat breeding, their meaning

Poultry

Rabbit breeding is a promising industryanimal husbandry

Beekeeping

Fundamentals of Zohygiene and Veterinary Medicine

TOTAL

Study program

on the course "Fundamentals of animal husbandry and veterinary medicine

The program is designed for 68 hours. Good assimilation of the material will be facilitated by the personal experience of schoolchildren, since living in a rural area, they have a range of their constant household responsibilities for caring for farm animals and working on food corporation farms.

GENERAL ISSUES

Ø State and problems of agricultural production at the present stage (1 hour)

Ø Legal basis for farming, land laws (1 hour)

Ø Environmentally sound agricultural production (1 hour)

Ø Marketing: research, sales and product promotion (1 hour)

Ø Optimization of the structure of production and implementation of investment projects in the farm (1 hour)

Ø Business game: "Organization and activities of the marketing service" (1 hour)

Chapter 1. Fundamentals of Anatomy and Physiology

farm animals (3 hours)

The organism is characterized as a whole. The structure and functions of cells are outlined. The concept of fabric and its types. Organ system: voluntary movement, blood and lymph circulation. Blood composition. Small and large circles of blood circulation. Respiratory system. The digestive system. The concept of metabolism and energy. Protein, carbohydrate, and fat metabolism. Exchange of water and minerals. Vitamins. Thermoregulation. The characteristics of the excretory organs systems are given. Reproductive system. Pregnancy, its timing in different types of animals. The mammary gland and the process of lactation. Endocrine glands. Nervous system. Sense organs.

Chapter 2. Basics of breeding farm animals (3 hours)

Growth and development of animals. Average data on the duration of the main life periods of animals. The concept of the constitution, exterior and interior of animals. Animal productivity. Milk and meat productivity. The mass of animals. The concept of breed and breed formation. The basics of breeding. Selection and selection principles. Breeding methods: purebred, related mating, inbreeding, crossing (absorption, introductory, reproductive, variable), hybridization. Breeding technique. Sexual maturity, sexual heat. Organization of breeding. Forms of breeding. Zootechnical registration. Animal bonding.

Chapter 3. Basics of feeding farm animals (2 hours)

Chemical composition of feed. A diagram of the chemical composition of plants is given. Water as an integral part of plants and animals. Organic part of feed: nitrogenous and nitrogen-free substances, fats and enzymes. Minerals, trace elements and vitamins. Factors affecting the chemical composition of feed.

The concept of feed digestibility; factors affecting the digestibility of feed: age, size and composition of the diet. Preparing feed for feeding. Evaluation of the nutritional value of feed.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/009/images/image009_16.jpg "align =" left "width =" 234 "height =" 183 "> Concentrated feed: grain feed and by-products of grain and oilseeds processing ( oats, barley, corn, legumes; bran, flaxseed cake).

Remains of technical production (beet pulp, molasses, stillage, brewer's grains, potato pulp). Animal feed: milk, reverse, buttermilk, whey, fish and meat industry waste (meat, meat and bone, blood and fish meal). Vitamin feed. Antibiotics Amino acids. Mineral feed (table salt, tricalcium phosphate, feed chalk), protein-vitamin-mineral supplements (BVMD). The basics of rationed feeding. Megajoule (MJ). Diet structure and type of feeding.

Chapter 4. State and prospects of development of cattle breeding

in the Russian Federation / with a video screening / (5 hours)

The history of the development of cattle breeding in the USSR and Russia. Classification of breeds. Dairy breeds of productivity. Dutch breed. Black and white breed. Holstein breed. Kholmogory breed. Yaroslavl breed. Double productivity breeds. Simmental breed. Sychevskaya breed. Swiss breed. Kostroma breed.

Breeds of meat productivity. Hereford breed. Kazakh white-headed breed. Aberdeen Angus breed. Kalmyk cattle.

Cattle productivity. Milk productivity and its relationship with the breed, feeding and maintenance, age, with age at the first mating. Milking frequency and technique; factors affecting the fat content of milk. Meat productivity.

The structure of a herd of cattle. Cattle breeding technique. Puberty. Pregnancy. Preparing cows for calving. Reception of a calf at the hotel. Pedigree work in cattle breeding. Breeding work in the conditions of dairy industrial complexes.

Bonitization of cattle. Breeding work planning. Tribal books. Feeding and keeping of cattle. Feeding the cows during the start-up period. Feeding dairy cows. Winter feeding of cows. Summer feeding of cows. Feeding and keeping of bulls-producers.

Milking cows. Milk production on an industrial basis.

Growing young animals. Raising calves during the dairy period. Raising young animals after 6 months of age. Intensive rearing of young animals for meat.

Feeding and fattening of livestock. Industrial complexes for fattening cattle.

Chapter 5. Horse breeding (2 hours)

Condition, direction and tasks of development of horse breeding. Pedigree horse breeding. Sports horse breeding. Productive and enjoyable horse breeding. Equestrian factories. State stations for breeding and artificial insemination. Hippodromes. Classification of horse breeds. Riding, high-harness, harness. Productive horse breeding. Meat and dairy horse breeding. The working qualities of a horse. Traction force. Normal and maximum tractive effort. The mode of feeding, keeping and using horses. Feed: coarse (hay, straw, chaff), concentrated (oats, barley, bran, corn), succulent (carrots, beets, silage, etc.), green feed and vitamin and mineral supplements (premixes). Feeding rates for horses. Horse care. An adobe floor. Temperature and humidity conditions. Skin cleaning. Hoof trimming and horse shoeing.

Horse breeds. Heavy trucks: Brabonsons; percherons; Russian ardens; Vladimir horse. Riding horses: Arabian; thoroughbred horse; Donskaya and others. Tersk plant of the Arabian horse. Akhal-Teke horse. Tersk horse. Kabardian horse (for the mountains).

Harness horses: the Oryol trotter. The Russian trotter is a cross between the Oryol trotter and the American one. Local breeds: Mongolian horse, Kazakh horse, Trans-Baikal horse, Altai horse, Adayev horse, Bashkir steppe horse.

Sexual and physiological maturity of the mare. Mating season. Sexual hunting of the mare. Intrauterine growth and development of the fetus Dennik. Regular exercise of stallions. Diet: wheat bran, peas, millet, raw eggs, milk and sugar, carrots. The main diseases of horses.

Chapter 6. Basics of Pig Breeding in Farms (4 hours)

The role and importance of pig breeding in providing the population with meat products. Biological characteristics of pigs. Fertility, gestation period, growth and development indicators. The quality and nutritional value of pig meat. Productive qualities of pigs and main breeds. Premises and keeping of pigs. Development and reproduction of pigs. Getting and raising piglets. Pig fattening. Feeding pigs.

Chapter 7. Sheep and goat breeding, their meaning (2 hours)

Economic and biological characteristics of sheep. Sheep production. Wool and its types. Fine wool. Semi-fine wool. Crossbred wool. Coarse coat. Semi-coarse wool. Mutton. Sheep's milk. Sheepskin. Sheepskin fur. Sheepskin coats. Leather sheepskin. Smushki. Wool fibers. Down or undercoat. Ost. Transitional or intermediate hair. Dead hair. Technical properties of wool: wool crimp, length and thickness of wool. Strength, extensibility, firmness, elasticity, coat color. Yield of pure wool. Wool defects and ways to improve its quality. Weed wool. Burdock wool. Defective coat. Wool blemishes. Shearing. Industrial classification of sheep breeds. Fine-wool breeds. Wool and meat breeds. Meat and wool breeds. Semi-fine wool breeds. Semi-coarse breeds. Coarse breeds. Breeding work in sheep breeding. Selection and selection of sheep. Bonitizing sheep. Sheep feeding. Feeding of rams-producers. Feeding of pregnant queens. Feeding suckling queens. Feeding the young. Dairy, wool, downy, meat and mixed goats. Russian goat. Gorky goat. Negrelian goat. Downy goats (near Don and Orenburg). Feeding and keeping goats. Rejection of goats. Goat meat.

Chapter 8.Poultry keeping (4 hours)

The main breeds, lines and crosses of chickens used in poultry farming. Definition of concepts about breed, line and cross of chickens. List of the main breeds, lines and crosses.

Egg production technology. Cellular content. Standards for growing young egg chickens (area, feeding front, size of cages, feeders, etc.). Temperature regime for rearing young animals and other parameters of the indoor microclimate. Chickens - broilers production technology. The main technological parameters in the production of meat - broilers. Parameters of the microclimate of the premises when growing broilers. Approximate norms of live weight by age. Basics of meat production of ducks, turkeys, geese. Veterinary and sanitary and preventive measures in poultry farming.

Chapter 9. Rabbit breeding is a promising industryanimal husbandry (2 hours)

Rabbit. Early maturity. Fertility. Features of the sexual cycle. Rabbit milk production. Fundamentals of anatomy and physiology of rabbits. System of organs of movement. Digestive system. Vascular system: circulatory and lymphatic. Respiratory system. Nervous system. Skin and its derivatives. The structure of the mammary glands.

Feeding the rabbits. Characteristics of the main feed used in rabbit breeding. Concentrates. Remains of technical production. Animal feed. Green forage. Juicy feed. Vitamin and mineral feed (additives). Feeding types. Rabbit breeds and genetics of their coloration. Characteristics of the main breeds of rabbits: Soviet chinchilla, white giant, gray giant, silver, black-brown, Vienna blue, Soviet marder. Short-haired rabbits (rex). Angora downy. White downy. Basics of breeding in rabbit breeding. Selection and selection. Rabbit breeding technique. Okrol, jigging and feeding of young animals. Keeping rabbits. Rabbit products. Skins. Meat. Pooh.

Fundamentals of Zoohygiene and Veterinary Prophylaxis. Non-communicable diseases. Infectious diseases. Invasive diseases.

Chapter 10. Beekeeping(1 hour)

Bee products, their properties and meaning.

Organization, placement and equipment of the apiary. Biology of the bee colony.

Bee keeping and breeding technology. Tribal business. Food base, pollination of agricultural crops by bees.

Chapter 11. Fundamentals of Zoohygiene and Veterinary Medicine (2 hours)

The concept of zoo hygiene. The concept of veterinary medicine.

Non-contagious, infectious and invasive animal diseases. Zoohygienic and veterinary and sanitary requirements for livestock buildings. Zoohygienic requirements for feed and water. Non-infectious diseases of the stomach and intestines of adults and young animals. Diseases of the respiratory system, metabolism. Diseases of the genitourinary system. Mastitis. Infectious diseases: foot and mouth disease, leukemia, necrobacillosis, calibacillosis. Zooanthroponosis: rabies, tuberculosis, brucellosis, anthrax, salmonellosis, trichophytosis (ringworm). Invasive diseases: cysticercosis (finnosis), echinococcosis, fascioliasis, dicroceliosis, ascariasis.

Labor protection when handling animals. Prevention of non-communicable and infectious diseases in humans when working with animals.

LITERATURE

1. . Cattle breeding. M., 1970

2.. Breeding of farm animals, 4th edition, M., 1967

3.,. Ecological agricultural production. The Farmer, issue 4.M., 1997

4., R. A, Khaertdinov. Golishstinsky cattle in Tatarstan "href =" / text / category / tatarstan / "rel =" bookmark "> Tatarstan. Kazan, 1995

5. . Forage of the Tatar ASSR, their composition and nutritional value. Tatar Book Publishing House, 1975

6. and other Handbook of a farmer-livestock breeder. Kazan, 1993

7., etc. Rates and rations for feeding farm animals. Moscow, Agropromizdat, 1985

eight. , . Zootechnician reference book. M., 1986

9., etc. Epizootology and infectious diseases of farm animals. Moscow "Kolos", 1984

ten. . Cattle breeding. Cattle, vol. 1, M., 1961

11. and other Hygiene of farm animals. M., "Kolos", 1977

12. , . Educational book of the rabbit breeder. M., 1985

13. , . Diseases of young animals in industrial animal husbandry. M., "Kolos", 1984

14. Veterinary encyclopedia, volumes 1-6.M.,

The livestock business will be productive only if the basic hygiene standards for keeping animals are observed, they are properly fed and kept in an optimal climate. Knowing the main directions of the organization of production, the farmer will be able to get the maximum profit from the business and use useful products for personal purposes.

Livestock breeding is, along with crop production, one of the two key sectors of agriculture. According to various sources, the products of livestock farms account for 50 to 60 percent of the goods produced in the agro-industrial complex of Russia. At the same time, the livestock industry has its own unique specifics and the organization of production in it is subject to the influence of factors that are not typical of other types of production.

Essence and branches of animal husbandry

Animal husbandry is a fairly extensive industry, consisting of many subsectors, united by a common production concept, namely, the breeding of farm animals for the sake of obtaining meat, milk, wool, skins and other products of animal origin. The most important subsectors of animal husbandry in Russia are:

  • cattle breeding (breeding cattle for meat, milk and skins),
  • pig breeding,
  • poultry,
  • rabbit breeding,
  • fish farming, etc.

The ways of organizing the production process for each of these areas are different from each other. The difference in approaches and technologies is determined not only by the physiological and behavioral difference between different types of animals, but also by the type of products that must be obtained in the production process.

Obviously, a pig farm and a fish farm will be organized in completely different ways, already due to the fact that pigs can live in ordinary sheds and enclosures, while fish need an aquatic environment. Also, dissimilar approaches can be used even when breeding the same animals for different products: for example, breeding chickens strictly for meat or strictly for eggs.

The main directions of the organization of production

From the point of view of organizing the production of livestock products, the main task of enterprises is to ensure maximum production efficiency. That is, for a unit of production (a liter of milk, a kilogram of meat, a dozen eggs), as little feed as possible should be spent, the working time of personnel and other resources should be spent. An alternative approach is to produce as many products as possible while maintaining the current number of personnel, production and technical base and consumables.

It is noteworthy that such a task is faced not only by the management of individual livestock farms, but also by the state as a whole. Business owners are interested in continually improving efficiency because in this way they increase their profit margins. In turn, for the state, the high efficiency of the entire livestock industry means an increase in food security and, in general, the formation of a more dynamic economy, since the resources freed up on a large scale can be used to create additional material benefits.

There are two main approaches to increasing the level of production efficiency:

  • introduction of more progressive methods of management and analysis of production results;
  • modernization of production by introducing more modern technologies and using the latest equipment.

As a rule, in practice, work to improve efficiency is carried out in both directions at once, since this way it is possible to achieve better results. Ultimately, the organization of livestock production is reduced to the following actions:

  • drawing up clear production plans and their prompt correction depending on market conditions;
  • equipping the enterprise with the most modern and efficient equipment;
  • introduction of the most progressive methods and technologies based on the latest achievements of science;
  • the most rational use of labor resources, the maximum possible mechanization of production processes;
  • the use of the most productive breeds and animal hybrids.

Production organization principles

Livestock production will be efficient and highly profitable only when it is organized on the key principles that underlie any production. If you ignore these principles, then in the medium term the economy will lose financial stability and simply cease to exist. When creating a new enterprise, or in the course of modernization and structural and organizational restructuring of an existing economy, you need to follow these principles:

  1. Plannedness. All economic activities of an enterprise should be subject to a single strategy that pursues a specific goal, expressed in numerical values. That is, there should be a strategic task (for example, to produce 100 tons of milk per month, or to bring the quarterly profit to 100 million rubles, etc.) and a clear plan for its implementation. Based on forecasts and analytical reports on current and expected prices for feed and finished products, operational, annual and long-term plans are drawn up.
  2. Specialization. The management must clearly understand the role, place and tasks of their enterprise in the existing economic system. Also, this principle implies that an enterprise that produces several types of products must have a clear internal structure, where each type of production has its own functional unit.
  3. Complexity. The organization of animal husbandry must take into account all factors that can affect the financial results of the enterprise. For example, mastering the breeding of a new species of animals, unusual for a given region, for whose products there is a high demand, you should make sure that the enterprise has the technical capabilities to create the necessary conditions for them.
  4. Optimality. Any organizational and technical change in the manufacturing process should ultimately generate more revenue than expenses. If, for example, the transition to new, more expensive feed did not lead to an increase in profit by an amount greater than the difference in price between the new and old feed, then such an innovation is unacceptable.

One of the main factors that determine the order and method of organizing the production of livestock products is the system of keeping animals adopted in the farm.

Depending on the degree of intensification of the production process and the natural and economic characteristics of the region, the following housing systems can be used for cattle, sheep, goats and some other ungulates:

  • pasture,
  • stall-pasture,
  • stall-camp,
  • stall.

The pasture system involves year-round grazing of animals on natural or cultivated pastures. Due to climatic conditions, it is not used in Russia.

The stall-pasture system presupposes that the animals walk on pastures (usually natural) in the summer period, where they feed on fresh grass, and in winter the animals are kept indoors and fed on fodder. At the moment in Russia it is used only by small agricultural producers (small family-type farms and private farmsteads).

The stall-camp system provides for the accommodation of animals in the winter period - indoors, and in the summer - in camps (large corrals in the open air). It is used in regions where there are no natural pastures.

With the stall system, animals are indoors all year round. This technique is used by large farms and livestock complexes with industrial production volumes.

In pig breeding, there are only two systems of keeping - walking and without walking. As you might guess, the first system involves walking animals in the open air, and the second does not.

In the poultry industry, the following systems are used:

  • Cellular. It is mainly used for industrial herds of eggs and meat.
  • Floor-standing on a deep bedding. This is how breeding herds of chickens, as well as turkeys, ducks and geese are kept.
  • Aviary. It is widely used in the southern regions for all types of poultry.

Animal nutrition and hygiene

General concepts of the organization of the animal husbandry industry assume that the conditions of housing and the diet of animals are the most important elements of the production process. If on natural pastures this issue is not an acute problem, then in artificially created conditions of keeping all care for the condition of animals falls on the shoulders of a person.

The feed received by livestock in stalls, pens, open-air cages and cages is usually divided into the following groups:

  • vegetable origin - green fodder (grass, fruits, vegetables), silage, roughage (hay, straw, chaff), roots and tubers, grain, residues of technical production;
  • animal origin - milk and dairy products;
  • waste from meat and fish processing plants;
  • mineral dressing;
  • vitamin preparations, fodder protein substitutes, antibiotics;
  • compound feed.

As you can see, partly the issue of hygiene is solved with the help of feeds, which are supplemented with various medications. Nevertheless, to a much greater extent, the health of animals depends on the conditions of detention:

  • regular disinfection, cleaning and cleaning of premises from waste products;
  • temperature, humidity and level of illumination of premises;
  • the safety of the materials from which the cowsheds, pigsties, chicken coops and rabbitries are built;
  • preventive vaccinations, if any are necessary for this type of animal;
  • purity of feed and drinking water.

 

It might be helpful to read: