Modern ideas about the origin of life on earth presentation. Methodical development of the lesson "the emergence of life on earth". The emergence of life on Earth
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The presentation on the topic "Hypotheses about the origin of the earth" (grade 8) can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Astronomy. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report - click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 30 slide (s).
Presentation slides
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In one galaxy, there are about 100 billion stars, and in total in our Universe, scientists suggest, there are 100 billion galaxies. If we wanted to travel from Earth to the very edge of the universe, it would take you more than 15 billion years, provided that we move at the speed of light - 300,000 km per second.
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During this time, many millions of species of plants and animals appeared and died out on it; the highest mountain ranges grew and turned to dust; huge continents either split into pieces and scattered in different directions, or collided with each other, forming new giant land masses. How do we all know this?
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The fact is that, despite all the disasters and cataclysms that the history of our planet is so rich in, surprisingly much of its turbulent past is imprinted in the rocks that exist to this day, in the fossils that are found in them, as well as in the organisms of living beings living on Earth today. Of course, this chronicle is incomplete. We only come across fragments of it. And yet, even in such a truncated form, the history of our Earth will not yield in fascination to any detective novel.
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In ancient times - several millennia ago - the Earth seemed huge to man, larger than the Sun and other stars. People already had some experience in the construction of buildings, temples, pyramids. It was this experience that the first sages carried over to their reflections on the Earth. The earth was also represented as a huge building. And the builders? ... Difficulties immediately arose. After all, the Egyptian pyramids were erected by thousands of slaves. But the Earth is bigger than all the pyramids ... And then in the imagination of people there appeared fabulous creatures, strong as thousands of elephants, and wise as thousands of people. These creatures became called gods.
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Judging by the data of archeology, in the most ancient period of Egyptian history there were no cosmic gods to whom the creation of the world was attributed. According to this version, the sun was born from the union of earth and sky. This personification is undoubtedly older than the cosmogonic ideas of the priests from the major religious centers. As usual, the already existing myth was not abandoned, and the images of Heb (the god of the earth) and Nut (the goddess of the sky) as parents of the sun god Ra are preserved in religion throughout ancient history. Every morning Nut brings out the sun and every evening he hides it in his womb for the night. Theological systems that offered a different version of the creation of the world probably arose at the same time in several of the largest cult centers: Heliopolis, Hermopolis, and Memphis. Each of these centers declared its main god to be the creator of the world, who was, in turn, the father of other gods who united around him.
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Common to all cosmogonic concepts was the idea that the creation of the world was preceded by the chaos of water immersed in eternal darkness. The beginning of the exit from chaos was associated with the emergence of light, the embodiment of which was the sun. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe expanse of water, from which a small hill appears at first, is closely related to Egyptian realities: it almost exactly corresponds to the annual flood of the Nile.
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Divine Earth Emergence
Belief in one God, the creator of heaven and earth, was known to the ancestors of the Israelites for thousands of years. This means that there was a people who did not adopt the cult of worship of heavenly bodies - this is the Israelite people, the Jews. How obvious it was for Israel that the creator of all things is God, and not the gods of the sun or moon, can be seen from the first chapter of Genesis: light was created on the first day of God's creation week. Only on the fourth day did God create the sun, moon and stars, and therefore it was quite obvious to the Israelites that the heavenly bodies are not gods and that God himself is the source of light and life. Even the names "sun" and "moon" are not used in the description of creation: we are told only about the "small luminary" and "great luminary."
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Therefore, the Bible forbids the practice of astrology. There is only One, holding the future in His hands, only in Him can people hope: this is Yahweh, the Lord. A Bible reader will also find mention of the Word of God, who created the world and sustains it: "In the beginning was the Word, and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. It was in the beginning with God. Everything through Him began to be, and without Him nothing is began to be, that began to be. In Him was life, and life was the light of men. "
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"In the beginning God created the heaven and the earth" . This contradicts the many opinions according to which space and matter exist forever. Ancient Greek philosophers could not imagine the beginning of this world or its creation from nothing. The words of the Bible are also strikingly different from the legends of the ancient Egyptians. The Egyptians had four different legends about the origin of the world, for example, through the god Ta-Tsien and the primeval mountain near Memphis. The second is about Atum, the creator, the first of the gods, whose homeland is the city of Iliopol. Associated with him is the thought of a giant egg that once hovered in empty space, from which the world later hatched. This egg was to be laid by a large goose, the so-called "great crow." Further, in the ancient Egyptian legends there is also Neferta, the goddess of the lotus, and Ptah, who creates the world with thought and word. Both of these latter representations come from Memphis again.
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What is a hypothesis?
A hypothesis is a scientific assumption or conjecture put forward to explain some phenomenon. As a rule, a hypothesis is expressed on the basis of a number of observations confirming it, and therefore looks plausible. The hypothesis is subsequently either proven, turning it into an established fact, or refuted, transferring it into the category of false statements.
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Georges Buffon's theory
In the middle of the XVIII century. French naturalist Georges Buffon expressed the idea that a gigantic cosmic catastrophe preceded the birth of planets: in his opinion, a comet crashed into the liquid Sun like a cannonball. The solar matter "splashed" to the sides, and its fiery liquid drops, cooling down, turned into planets. At the level of modern knowledge, Buffon's hypothesis is simply a delusion and does not stand up to criticism. The sun is not liquid at all, and comets have nothing to do with cannonballs. A collision cannot occur when a comet approaches the Sun.
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Now, on the basis of the physical properties of substances, it has been mathematically proven that the planets could arise only with prolonged adhesion of cold solid particles. But at one time, Buffon's hypothesis was progressive, since it explained the origin of the planets not as a result of divine creation, but as a result of the action of the forces of nature.
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Immanuel Kant's theory
The famous theory formulated in 1755 by the German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Kant believed that the solar system arose from a cold dusty cloud, a kind of primordial matter, until then freely scattered in space. Particles of this matter moved in different directions and, colliding with each other, lost speed. The heaviest and densest of them, under the action of the force of gravity, connected with each other, forming a central clot - the Sun, which, in turn, attracted more distant, smaller and lighter particles.
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Pierre Laplace's theory
Half a century later, already during the years of the Great Revolution, another French scientist - astronomer, physicist and mathematician Pierre Simon Laplace put forward a hypothesis about the Joint origin of the planets and the Sun from a slowly rotating nebula, consisting of hot vapors and gases. The nebula gradually cooled, condensed and contracted. As the speed of rotation increases, the nebula flattens out at the poles, taking the shape of a disk. Ultimately, the ever-increasing rotational speed leads to disc instability. At a tremendous speed in the far equatorial belt, a "hoop" peels off from the rotating nebula. The substance of the "hoop" is being cooled much faster than the entire mass of the nebula, and it will have to thicken into the planet.
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The nebula continues to cool, decreases in size, unwinds, flattens, and the second ring, the second "hoop", peels off from it. So the nebula is stratified into several rings, and a hot star remains in its center. In his hypothesis, Laplace repeated and developed some of the ideas of the famous German philosopher Immanuel Kant. Laplace gave Kant's ideas a slender, finished form. He supported Kant's general philosophical propositions with mathematical calculations.
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James Jeans theory
At the beginning of the XX century. Englishman James Jeans developed in detail the ideas previously expressed by other scientists about the origin of planets as a result of the "meeting of two suns", that is, as a result of another star passing near the Sun. This was a new "catastrophic" hypothesis in the spirit of Buffon's hypothesis. A passing star, according to Jeans, pulled out a stream of matter from the depths of the Sun, which then disintegrated into clots that gave rise to planets.
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Comparative sizes of planets depending on their location in the protoplanetary cloud
The torn jet was supposed to be in the shape of a cigar, and Jeans saw important evidence for his hypothesis that the planets closest and farthest from the Sun were indeed small in size, and that the thickest part of the "cigar" did indeed contain giant planets.
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Subsequent calculations showed the complete inconsistency of this hypothesis. Even in the ideal case, if a massive star passed as close to the Sun as desired, the ejected jet of matter would in no way be enough to form planets. It would not be a powerful jet of gas in 6 billion km, which was required by Jeans, but a tiny release - "pig's tail", as one of the critics caustically dubbed it.
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The theory of Otto Yulievich Schmidt
Soviet geophysicist O.Yu. Schmidt had a slightly different idea of \u200b\u200bthe development of the solar system, working in the first half of the 20th century. According to his hypothesis, the Sun, traveling across the Galaxy, passed through a gas-dust cloud and carried away part of it. Subsequently, the solid particles of the cloud underwent adhesion and turned into planets, initially cold. The warming up of these planets occurred later as a result of compression, as well as the influx of solar energy. The warming up of the Earth was accompanied by massive outpouring of lavas to the surface as a result of volcanic activity. Thanks to this outpouring, the first covers of the Earth were formed.
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Fred Hoyle's hypothesis
The English astrophysicist Fred Hoyle proposed his own hypothesis. According to her, the Sun had a twin star that exploded. Most of the debris was carried away into space, the smaller part remained in the orbit of the Sun and formed planets.
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Contemporary views
The theory that most modern scientists adhere to is that the universe was formed as a result of the so-called Big Bang. An incredibly hot fireball, whose temperature reached billions of degrees, exploded at some point and scattered streams of energy and matter particles in all directions, giving them a tremendous acceleration.
Therefore, in the course of chemical reactions, each chemical element behaves only in its own way. Everything in the universe, from the largest galaxies to the smallest living organisms, is made up of chemical elements.
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Since the fireball that exploded as a result of the Big Bang had a very high temperature, the tiny particles of matter had too much energy at first and could not connect with each other. However, after about a million years, the temperature of the Universe dropped to 4000 ° C, and various atoms began to form from elementary particles. The lightest chemical elements, helium and hydrogen, appeared first.
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Gradually, the Universe cooled more and more and heavier elements were formed. The process of the formation of new atoms and elements continues to this day in the depths of stars such as, for example, our Sun. Their temperature is unusually high. The universe was cooling down. The newly formed atoms gathered in giant clouds of dust and gas.
Dust particles collided with each other, merged into a single whole. Gravitational forces pulled small objects towards larger ones. As a result, galaxies, stars, planets have formed in the Universe over time.
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The earth came into being in an instant?
New geological evidence suggests that the Earth almost instantly arose as we know it now, with continents and oceans washing them. Having carried out radiometric dating of the Jack Hills rocks, the researchers found that the continents were finally formed on Earth in the first 500 million years of its existence. "Everything indicates that in the first 100 million years after the birth of the planet, continents already existed on it, as if the Earth was created in an instant." In 2001 prof. Mojis, along with colleagues from the University of Colorado, published the results of another study, the results of which lead to the conclusion that there were water bodies on the Earth's surface about 4.3 billion years ago. Its results lead to discouraging results - life on Earth could have arisen much earlier than previously thought.
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All hypotheses explain in different ways the origin of the solar system and the relationship between the Earth and the Sun, but they are unanimous in that all the planets originated from a single clot of matter, and then the fate of each of them was decided in its own way. The earth had to travel a path of 5 billion years, undergo a series of fantastic transformations before we saw it in its modern form. However, it should be noted that there is still no hypothesis that does not have serious flaws and that answers all questions about the origin of the Earth and other planets of the Solar System. But it can be considered established that the Sun and the planets were formed simultaneously (or almost simultaneously) from a single material environment, from a single gas-dust cloud.
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The more knowledge we acquire, the more insistently the question arises: how did all this appear? Is there an infinite creative Intelligence that we call God outside of our consciousness? If so, did this God really do everything as described in the Bible, or is there a better explanation? Science of the last century has indeed led to the emergence of two polar points of view: creation (creation) and evolutionary (development) models of the world. In the first case, we proceed from the existence of a creator God, who not so long ago and in a short time created the Universe, earth and life. Then our land has a relatively short history and has experienced a series of gigantic disasters. The evolutionary model, on the contrary, assumes that the age of the Universe is billions of years, that the earth's crust was formed gradually and that life on planet Earth arose from inanimate matter as a result of a series of random transformations. What does the emergence of heaven and earth look like in the evolutionary model? Humanity will ask itself these questions for many years to come. Perhaps we will never find the answer to this question ...
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Lesson Objectives:
- To acquaint with the main hypotheses of the origin of life;
- Show how the views on the origin of life have changed with the accumulation of knowledge.
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Friedrich Engels
"Life is a way of existence of protein bodies, an essential point of which is a constant exchange of substances with the external nature surrounding them, and with the cessation of this metabolism, life also stops, which leads to the decomposition of protein"
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Hypotheses about the origin of life
- The origin of the living from the living
- The origin of the living from the non-living
- Abiogenesis
- Biogenesis
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Aristotle
"Nature makes the transition from lifeless objects to animals with such a smooth sequence, placing between them creatures that live without being animals, that between neighboring groups, due to their close proximity, you can hardly notice the difference."
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Spontaneous generation of Bernakel geese
This goose grows on fragments of a pine tree, rushing through the depths of the sea. Initially, it looks like a droplet of resin. It attaches with its beak to a tree and provides a hard shell for safety, in which it lives calmly and carefree. After a while, feathers grow on the goose, and then it descends from a piece of bark into the water and begins to swim. And one day it flaps its wings and flies away.
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Van Helmont (1577-1644)
described how, in three weeks, he created mice.
All you need for this: a dirty shirt, a dark wardrobe and a handful of wheat, and for the process to begin - human sweat.
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Theophrastus Paracelsus
Homunculus recipe
“Take a well-known human liquid and leave it to rot first in a sealed pumpkin, then in a horse's stomach for forty days, until it begins to live, move and swarm, which is easy to notice. The result is not at all like a person, it is transparent and without a body. But if then daily, secretly and carefully, with prudence, nourish it with human blood and keep it for forty weeks in the constant and uniform warmth of a horse's stomach, then a real living child will occur, having all the limbs, like a child born of a woman, but only very small growth ".
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Francesco Redi (1626-1698)
- conclusion: flies sit on rotting meat and lay larvae in it, as a result of which new flies are born.
- They are born, and do not appear by themselves.
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Joseph Needham (1713-1781)
Found bacteria in a tightly closed flask with meat broth using a microscope
CONCLUSION: Microorganisms can spontaneously generate
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Vitalism (from Latin vitalis - vital, life-giving, alive)
- "Life force" is present everywhere
- It is enough just to "breathe" it, and the inanimate will become alive
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Lazzaro Spallanzani (1729-1799)
- Conducted an experiment: boiled meat broth for an hour, sealed the elongated neck of the flask. Microorganisms did not appear in the sealed flask.
- CONCLUSION: The high temperature has destroyed all forms of living things, and without them nothing living can arise.
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Louis Pasteur
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Creationism
- everything that exists in the Universe, including life, was created by a single Power - the Creator as a result of several acts of supernatural creation in the past.
- The created species were excellently organized from the very beginning and endowed with the ability to some degree of variability within certain boundaries.
- This hypothesis is adhered to by the followers of almost all the most widespread religious teachings.
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Stationary hypothesis
- The earth never arose, but existed forever; she was always able to sustain life, and if she did change, then very little; species have always existed as well. This hypothesis is sometimes called the hypothesis of eternism (from the Latin eternus - eternal).
- Nominated by the German scientist W. Preyer in 1880
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Panspermia hypothesis
- life on Earth did not arise from inorganic substances, but was brought in from other planets.
- LIFE EXISTS FOREVER AND IS TRANSFERRED FROM PLANET TO PLANET BY METEORITES.
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KSU "Zyryanovsk Agricultural College" ORIGIN AND INITIAL STAGES OF LIFE ON EARTHSlide 2
Lesson objectives: Educational: students should -know the conditions and stages of the emergence of life on Earth in the course of biochemical evolution. - to understand that life, as a way of existence, is unique - to be able to compare and analyze various hypotheses, to correctly define them by their essential characteristics. - to apply the acquired knowledge when working with diagrams, tables. Developing: develop - the ability to compare, analyze, draw conclusions; skills in working with information, tables, diagrams. Educating: students should: - show such qualities as composure, responsibility, attentiveness. - to foster interest and a positive attitude towards biological science and the search for a comprehensive theory on the problem of the origin of life on Earth.
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“Oh, solve for me the riddle of life, a painful ancient riddle over which so many heads have been beating - heads in hats painted with hieroglyphs, heads in turbans and black berets, heads in wigs and thousands of other poor human heads ...” G. Heine ...
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Problematic questions How did life on Earth come about? What are the views and hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth? Which one is the most convincing?
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Life is ... "nutrition, growth and decrepitude" Aristotle "stable uniformity of processes with different external influences" G. Treviranus "a set of functions that resist death" M. Bishat "chemical function" A. Lavoisier "complex chemical process" IP Pavlov "a special, very complex form of motion of matter" A.I. Oparin
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"Life is a way of existence of protein bodies, the essential moment of which is a constant exchange of substances with the external nature surrounding them, and with the cessation of this metabolism, life also stops, which leads to the decomposition of protein" Friedrich Engels (November 28, 1820 - August 5, 1895, London) - German philosopher, one of the founders of Marxism, friend, associate and co-author of Karl Marx
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"Living bodies that exist on Earth are open, self-regulating and self-reproducing systems built from biopolymers - proteins and nucleic acids" Mikhail Vladi mirovich Volkenshtein (10 (23) October 1912, St. Petersburg - 18 February 1992, Moscow) - Soviet physicochemist and biophysicist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
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"Life is a phase-isolated form of existence of functioning autocatalysts capable of chemical mutations and undergoing a fairly long evolution due to natural selection" Valentin Nikolaevich Parmon (born April 18, 1948, Brandenburg) - Russian scientist. Specialist in the field of catalysis and photocatalysis, chemical kinetics.
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Criteria are the main properties of living organisms. - the complexity and high degree of organization of living things - metabolism and energy. - the unity of the chemical composition - discreteness (discontinuity, separation). - irritability - growth of organisms - development. - self-reproduction (reproduction). - the ability to self-regulation.
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Life is a complex of properties: metabolism, the ability to grow and develop, reproduce their own kind, irritability and mobility.
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A hypothesis is an assumption that has insufficient evidence. A theory is views that have solid evidence. Biogenesis is a scientific theory that explains the emergence of life only as a result of the vital activity of living organisms. Abiogenesis is a scientific theory that explains the emergence of life through the gradual formation of organic compounds from inorganic ones. Protobionts are primitive organisms that first appeared on Earth. Coacervates are clots in the form of a multimolecular drop with an outer thin aqueous shell. Evolution is an irreversible historical development of living nature. Autotrophs - (ancient Greek αὐτός - itself + τροφή - food) are organisms that synthesize organic substances from inorganic ones. Heterotrophs - (ancient Greek ἕτερος - "different", "different" and τροφή - "food") are organisms that use only or mainly organic substances produced by autotrophs for nutrition. New concepts
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Both the Earth and life are created by the Highest Mind (God) ABIOGENESIS Life arose repeatedly as a result of spontaneous generation. Main points of view on the origin of life on Earth BIOGENESIS Living organisms appeared on Earth 3.5 billion years ago in the course of biochemical evolution. Life was brought from space along with meteorites, then - evolution. The earth has existed forever, has always been able to support life; if changed, then very little (hypothesis of eternal life)
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Hypotheses of the origin of life № Name of the hypothesis Supporters of the hypothesis Conceptions about the origin of life 1. Creationism - Divine creation of the world Creationism - lat. wordcreatio - creation
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Life was created by the Supreme Mind (God, the Creator) Creationist hypothesis However, the victory of the theory of biogenesis led to another problem. For the emergence of one living being, another living organism is needed. Where did the first living organism come from? In other words, how and when did life first appear on Earth? In the theories of the formation of the Earth and the solar system, the emergence of life on Earth, there are many "blank spots"
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Panspermia hypothesis (from the Greek "pan" - everything, "sperma" - seed) Anaxagoras (500-428 BC) - ancient Greek philosopher, mathematician and astronomer, the founder of the Athenian philosophical school. In the V century. BC. expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bspace sowing - panspermia: life arose from a “seed” that exists “always and everywhere”, “the embryos of life” are brought to Earth by meteorites or cosmic dust ... However, the victory of the theory of biogenesis led to another problem. For the emergence of one living being, another living organism is needed. Where did the first living organism come from? In other words, how and when did life first appear on Earth? In the theories of the formation of the Earth and the solar system, the emergence of life on Earth, there are many "blank spots"
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Eustace Liebig (1803-1873), a German chemist, put forward and formulated the panspermia hypothesis: life is transferred from planet to planet by meteorites. "Seeds of life", getting to a new planet and finding favorable conditions here, multiply, giving rise to evolution from the simplest forms to complex ones. Panspermia hypothesis Supporters of the panspermia hypothesis: Vernadsky Vl. Yves. (1863-1945) Svante Arrhenius (1859-1927)
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The theory of a stationary state, or ... He considered the incandescent masses of the emerging globe as giant living organisms with their own special metabolism. The cooled masses fell out of the circle of life and constituted an inorganic nature. The Eternal Life Hypothesis In 1880 was put forward by the German scientist W. Preyer.
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Vitalism (from Lat. Vitalis - vital, life-giving, alive) "Life force" is present everywhere, you just need to "breathe" it, and the inanimate will become alive
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In the Middle Ages, it was "possible" to observe the emergence of living things, such as insects, worms, eels, mice, in decaying or decaying remains of organisms It was believed that there are trees, from the fruits of which, falling to the ground, birds are formed, from those that fell into the water - fish ... Spontaneous generation of lambs Spontaneous generation of Bernakel geese SELF-GENERATION OF LIFE
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The Belgian physician Van Helmont (1579-1644) proposed a recipe for the birth of mice: “Put grain in a pot, plug it with a dirty shirt and wait. What will happen? After 21 days, mice will appear: they will be born from the vapors of caked grain and a dirty shirt ... "Hypothesis of spontaneous generation Aristotle (384 - 322 BC), who is called the founder of biology, wrote that" frogs and insects start in a damp soil ... "In Europe up to the middle of the XVI century. obscurantism prevailed, an intolerant attitude towards the development of sciences, especially natural sciences. Alchemy flourished at this time. Among the alchemists there were many naive and ignorant people, but there were others - excellent scientists, whose names have gone down in history. Among them are the Belgian physician Van Helmont and the Swiss physician Paracelsus, the greatest reformer of the Renaissance, the father of modern medicine. Alchemists dreamed of finding the Philosopher's Stone and getting gold. But there were others ... Having set their tables with cans, retorts, erected stills and other devices, they boiled, distilled, insisted, filtered ... Everything that came to hand was poured into the flasks. We tried our best. Some called for God's help, others were ready to give their souls to the devil, just to see how some tadpole, frog, or mouse would be wrapped in a flask. Alas, nothing worked. Apparently, the whole point is in the recipe. Van Helmont got down to business.
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“Take a well-known human liquid (urine), leave it to rot first, sealed in a pumpkin, then in a horse's stomach for 40 days, until it begins to live, move and swarm, which is easy to notice ... then daily, secretly and carefully, with prudence, feed it with human blood and keep for 40 weeks in the constant and uniform warmth of the stomach, then a real living child will occur, having all the limbs, like a child born of a woman, but only of very small stature. " Alchemists called such a little man from a test tube HOMUNCULUS (homunculus) Theophrastus Paracelsus (1493 - 1541) The Swiss physician, alchemist, wrote: Paracelsus also proposed his recipe. It's too small to mess around with getting mice, frogs, scorpions. If we get down to business, then so that a homunculus appears in the test tube. You, who have not studied Latin, do not understand this word. But you have heard the word "homo" more than once - a person. The diminutive of the word "man" - "little man", and in Latin - "homunculus". But "homunculus" was called a fantastic creature that was to be created in a laboratory, even if it was a giant. Homunculus is a memory of dreamers who dreamed of creating living things from non-living things. The great magician in his dimly lit laboratory with a vaulted ceiling, tables lined with flasks of colored liquids, alembics and retorts. On the walls - bunches of bats, shabby, moth-eaten stuffed animals and birds. There is a crocodile under the ceiling. He writes the recipe: “Take the famous human liquid. (urine) leave it to rot first in a sealed pumpkin, then in a horse's stomach for forty days, until it begins to live, move and swarm, which is easy to notice. The result is not in the least human, it is transparent and without a body. But if then daily, secretly and carefully, with prudence, nourish it with human blood and keep it for forty weeks in the constant and uniform warmth of a horse's stomach, then a real living child will occur, having all the limbs, like a child born of a woman, but only very small growth ". Pouring the "well-known human liquid" into a pumpkin is easy, then pouring it into a horse's stomach will not be difficult either. But “to nourish carefully and with prudence” that invisible and transparent that should be buried in a rotting liquid is not very easy. There are so many loopholes in a recipe that you can always get away with. Let's imagine that an alchemist apprentice enters his laboratory, bows respectfully to the Teacher and speaks with trembling. Disciple. Master, I did everything that is written in your recipe. But I didn't succeed! Paracelsus. Yes? And did you do everything exactly? Disciple. Yes, Master. Paracelsus. No, no and NO! You didn't follow all the instructions! Have you been prudent and careful? Did you give the liquid enough to rot? Did you pour it from the pumpkin into your stomach in time? Have you kept a secret? The student lowers his head. Yes, about the secret - he could not resist, boasted in the tavern to his comrades that soon an "unborn" man would appear in his laboratory. Paracelsus. Well? Confess! Disciple. You are right, Master. Again the unhappy disciple fills the pumpkin and waits. Every day he looks: rotting or not rotting. In due time, it pours the rotten liquid into the horse's stomach, turning the nose to the side. It smells very unpleasant. Yes, Paracelsus cleverly fooled everyone. New "creators" of fantastic stories appeared. No one knew where worms, flies, frogs, snails came from. Why do they sometimes appear in huge numbers? Nobody saw their birth, their eggs, their development. Here is the conclusion: they spontaneously originated from dirt, rotting parts of plants, animals, but you never know from what. However, skeptics appeared who did not believe in anyone or anything. Sometimes they tried to protest. But ... (pause) the authority of the Greek scientists and the wisest of them - Aristotle was unshakable. Who dares to contradict him! A menacing cry was immediately heard.
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Redi took 4 wide-necked pots, put a dead snake in one, some fish in the other, eels in the third, a piece of veal in the fourth, and closed them tightly. Then I put the same in 4 other pots, leaving them open. Soon the meat and fish in the open vessels became fermented, and one could see how flies freely fly into the vessels and fly out of them. There were not a single worm in the closed pots, although many days have passed since the experiment was started. The experiments of Francesco REDI, 1668 “Flies are not born from rotting meat. Worms don't start spontaneously in rotting meat. They emerge from the testicles laid there by flies ... ”1668. Redi took four wide-necked pots, placed a dead snake in one of them, some fish in the other, Arno eels in the third, and a piece of veal in the fourth, closed them tightly and sealed them. Then he put the same in four other pots, leaving them open. Thus, the scientist decided to control the course of his experiment. It was mid-June outside the window. Soon the meat and fish in the open vessels became fermented, and one could see how flies freely fly into the vessels and fly out of them. In the closed pots, not a single worm was found, although many days have passed since the experiment was started. Redi: “Flies are not born from rotting meat. Worms don't start spontaneously in rotting meat. They emerge from the testicles laid there by flies. " It was a brilliant experiment. Redi proved the impossibility of spontaneous generation of flies. His data confirmed the idea that "life can arise only from a previous life." By striking a blow to the theory of abiogenesis, Redi laid the foundation for the theory of biogenesis.
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Lazzaro Spallanzani, Italian abbot, mathematician and naturalist: "... One has only to solder the bottles and boil the infusion for an hour - and not a single microbe will appear there, no matter how long the infusion stands ..." Ideas of biogenesis: Ideas of abiogenesis Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de Buffon, French writer, naturalist, biologist, mathematician, artist: "... Microbes originate from tinctures and gravies! .." ... And microbes must have parents! .. 1729 - 1799 1707 - 1788 On the origin of microorganisms, scientists were divided into two camps , some argued that microorganisms self-generate, others argued that spontaneous generation is impossible. The Frenchman Buffon and the Irishman Nidgem were representatives of one camp, the other was represented by the Italian Abbot Lazzaro Spallanzani.
Slide 27
I can make infusions from peas and almonds, yellow foliage leaves, or a carnation flower. And the composition of the animals will be the same everywhere. But only on condition that all infusions are prepared in the same water. A simple conclusion follows from this: animalcules fall along with water. There is nothing surprising. Indeed, in nature, these crumbs live in water: swamp, pond, lake, sea and even well. And when they dry, they die. Refutation of spontaneous generation ... MM Terekhovsky 1740-1796 Spallanzani's ally was the Russian scientist Martyn Matveyevich Terekhovsky. In dozens of books you can read about the dispute between Spallanzani and Buffon and Nidgem, but you can rarely find the name of Terekhovsky, our compatriot, who experimentally proved the impossibility of spontaneous generation almost simultaneously with Spallanzani. At the University of Strasbourg, Terekhovsky wrote and defended his work "Zoological and physiological dissertation on the liqueur chaos of Linnaeus." "Pouring chaos" is a little understandable name for us. "Chaos" in his system of animals, Linnaeus called the section to which he attributed the most diverse creatures that have one common property - the smallest size. For example, ciliates, the very name of which comes from the Latin "infusion, liqueur". Terekhovsky, unlike Spallanzani, did not argue with Buffon. He worked only with ciliates and flagellates, which after a while appear in infusions from seeds, fruits and herbs. But where do they come from? Terekhovsky. The reason is in the water. I can make infusions from peas and almonds, yellow foliage leaves, or a carnation flower. And the composition of the animals will be the same everywhere. But only on condition that all infusions are prepared in the same water. A simple conclusion follows from this: animalcules fall along with water. There is nothing surprising. Indeed, in nature, these crumbs live in water: swamp, pond, lake, sea and even well. And when they dry, they die. There was another way for these crumbs to get into the infusions - the air. However, the doctor decided that this probability was too small. The water was the most suspicious. Terekhovsky began to experiment with water. Terekhovsky. To begin with, I will take clean water - raw and boiled, pour it into the vessels and leave them open. I'll see what happens. So, animalculi appeared in a vessel with raw water, but they are not in boiled water. Add raw water to a vessel with boiled water. So, now there are "cute crumbs" in it. Consequently, they get into infusions with raw water! I will also do the following experiment: I will heat one jar of animals above 35 ° C, and I will freeze the other. What happens? In both banks, animals perished. Now I will leave the vessels with cooled and melted water for a long time. The animals did not appear! So, I'll boil the grass, fill it with raw and boiled water. Now the animals have appeared in a can of raw water. And in a jar with boiled them, they are not, although it stood for many days. And if I brew tea, why not infusion? But no one wound up in it either. There is no spontaneous generation! Terekhovsky made many experiments. The result was the same. Animalculi appeared in infusions made with raw water and when raw water was added to the decoction after cooling. Now you and I know what could have happened in a different way - cysts of protozoa could get into vessels with boiled water from the air. But this did not happen: the vessels were in the rooms, and the cysts of protozoa, in contrast to the spores of microbes, are very small in clean air - 1–2 per cubic meter of air. However, at the time of Terekhovsky, they simply did not know anything about protozoan cysts, and for his time he convincingly proved that animalculi do not arise in infusions. The Paris Academy of Sciences decided to put an end to these disputes and appointed a prize for the final experimental solution of the problem, saying that "no ambiguities in the formulation of experiments should obscure their results." Pasteur, the famous "germ hunter", having learned about the competition, set to work. Pasteur. Fools! They think that if microbes are not visible in the air, then they are not there. No matter how it is! I'll prove it to them! It's not difficult either. I will take a glass tube and put a piece of cotton in it. I will attach a pump to one end of the tube, put the other in the window and begin to suck in the outside air. Four hours passed, the cotton wool in the tube darkened. I will rinse it in a watch glass and squeeze it over another. I will do this operation several times. The cotton wool became clean, all the dust from it was washed off. Well, let's see, let's see what is in the flush from the fleece. I will place a drop of water on a glass slide and examine its contents under a microscope. Here are fungal spores, mold spores, microbes and their spores! Now it was necessary to learn how to catch microbes. Pasteur is an excellent microbiologist. The scientist poured nutrient solutions into the cones and boiled them. Then he heated the neck of the flask, pulled it into a long tube and sealed the tip. With such a flask it was possible to start hunting. Going out into the courtyard, Pasteur broke off the sealed tip. Air rushed into the flask and carried microbes and their spores there. After that Pasteur sealed the neck again. Pasteur. So it is, the microbes that got into the flask multiplied. This can be seen by the cloudy cloud formed on the surface of the broth. Oh, these are clouds of germs! Pasteur did not stop there. Now he needed to find out which air contains more microbes. Flasks in hand, he wandered through the Parisian garbage dumps. Then he stumbled over the roots and stumps of trees in the forest, elm in swamps, wandered along the seashore, climbed high mountains, even climbed the glaciers of Mont Blanc. Everywhere he opened and sealed flasks. And then in the laboratory he was engaged in accounting: under a microscope he kept a careful record of microbes. Pasteur. Well, it is, microbes are everywhere. True, in some places there are a lot of them, in others there are few. There are the fewest of them in the air of glaciers. And I didn’t always manage to catch a single microbe here. So the first part of the problem was solved - microbes and their spores were flying in the air everywhere and could get anywhere. But the second part was much more difficult - to prove that it is the microbes, getting from the air into the flask, are misleading the researchers. The well-known rule "Warm up the air, kill the microbes in it" is no good. Even Needham argued that heated air is not suitable for life, so spontaneous generation does not occur in it. The air cannot be warmed up, which means that microbes can remain in it, and ... the tale of the white bull begins. How to solve this problem? What barrier to put on the path of microbes into the flask? Pasteur was lucky. He met someone who gave good advice. This is how the famous "Pasteur flask" appeared. The neck in such a flask is elongated into a long tube and bent like a swan's neck. Pasteur set up a new series of experiments: he poured various nutrient media into flasks (yeast solution with added sugar, sugar beet juice, pepper infusion, urine) prepared under normal conditions. Above the fire, he pulled out the neck of the flask into a long tube, with tweezers pulled the tip of the elongated neck down, and then up. The result was a bend. The liquid boiled in the flask for several minutes. During boiling, steam escaped freely through the long narrow end of the flask. After the flask was cooled, the nutrient solutions remained clear. At first glance, it may seem that microbes could enter the cooling flask in the usual way - through the neck, along with air. In fact, all dust and microbes from the air settle in the humid places of the bend of the tube and do not get to the nutrient solution. If, after several months of storing the infusion in such an open flask, break off the curved neck, then various microorganisms will appear in the infusion very quickly. Pasteur. See? No spontaneous generation! The flask contains both nutrient solution and air! Where is your generating power? Where is spontaneous generation? Show it to me. Pouchet and his associates - two professors from Toulouse - stuffed sealed Pasteur flasks with boiled hay infusion into their pockets and climbed into the mountains. The results of the expedition showed that microbes always appeared in the flasks. Even in air samples taken from Mount Mladetta, which is significantly higher than Mont Blanc. Pouche. Monsieur Pasteur! Well, is there spontaneous generation or not? Pasteur did not doubt the purity of his experiments and doubted the accuracy of the experiments of Pouchet and his supporters. He, who had experienced many different environments, did not want to repeat all the work and also check the hay infusion. Why waste precious time on nonsense? Pasteur. Let the commission figure it out! And he will find the error Pouchet. The Academy of Sciences decided in its own way. Commission? A commission has been appointed. But to understand Pouchet's experiments? No! The solution is as follows: in the presence of the members of the commission, Pasteur and Pouchet must stage their experiments. Pouchet refused. Perhaps he doubted his research. There were also rumors that the commission found fault with the French scientist, having previously preferred Pasteur. What really happened is beyond us. But Pouchet refused, and the commission issued a verdict: Pasteur's experiments are convincing. However, 10 years later in England, physician Bastian conducted a new series of experiments with hay infusion. And indeed, microbes appeared in the flasks each time, although the experimenter exactly reproduced Pasteur's experiment. So what, Pasteur was wrong, is Pouchet right? Pasteur. I thought Pouchet got it wrong. But Bastian has a similar result ... Anyway, something is wrong here! We need to find a reason. Pasteur also solved this riddle. Both Pouchet and Bastian were wrong: there was no spontaneous generation in the hay infusion. In this case, microbes got into the infusion not from the air. They were present in the hay from which the infusion was prepared. There is such a microbe - "hay stick". Spores of this microbe do not die during boiling, maintaining a temperature of 100 C. Therefore, simply boiled hay infusion teems with hay bacillus spores. As long as the flask is sealed, there is no oxygen in it, microbes do not develop. But it is worth breaking off the neck of the flask, air passes into it, and microbes begin to multiply. This is what Pouchet and Bastian observed. Pasteur found a hay stick and figured out how to kill it: you need to boil the infusion for at least 20 minutes at a temperature of 120 C and at high pressure in closed vessels. To achieve such conditions, Pasteur invented what is now called an "autoclave". Autoclaves are now used to sterilize medical instruments. And then the objections of Pouchet and Bastian were refuted. Pasteur. My prize! And he got it. The dispute, which lasted hundreds of years, ended with the victory of the theory of biogenesis. This was in 1862.
Views and hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth
Biology 9th grade
Vlasov school
Teacher:
Ostanina G.M.
"Oh, solve for me the riddle of life, a painful ancient riddle over which so many heads have been beating - heads in caps painted with hieroglyphs, heads in turbans and black berets, heads in wigs and thousands of other poor human heads ..."
G. Heine.
Van Helmont. “Put the grains in the pot, plug it with a dirty shirt and wait. What will happen? In twenty-one days, mice will appear: they will be born from the vapors of caked grain and a dirty shirt. "
Problematic issues
How did life on earth come about?
What are the views and hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth?
Which one is the most convincing?
What is life?
Living properties:
the ability to move, the ability to grow and develop, metabolism, respiration, nutrition, irritability, reproduction, cellular structure.
Life is the process of existence of complex systems consisting of large organic molecules and inorganic substances and capable of self-reproduction, self-development and maintenance of their existence as a result of the exchange of energy and matter with the environment.
A hypothesis is an assumption that has insufficient evidence.
A theory is views that have solid evidence.
Origin of life hypotheses
Hypothesis name
Supporters of the hypothesis
Divine creation of the world
Slide number 10
Origin of life hypotheses
Hypothesis name
Supporters of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Creationism - Divine Creation of the World
Creationism - lat. the word creatio - creation
Life on earth was created by the Creator, God once, organisms, well organized and endowed with the ability to change.
Slide number 11
Origin of life hypotheses
Hypothesis name
Supporters of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Slide number 12
Aristotle (384–322 BC) wrote that frogs and
insects start
in moist soil.
Plato spoke of
spontaneous generation of living
creatures from earth to
the process of decay.
Slide number 13
In the Middle Ages, it was "possible" to observe the emergence of living things, such as insects, worms, eels, mice, in the decaying or decaying remains of organisms
Spontaneous generation of lambs
Spontaneous generation
Bernakel geese
Slide number 14
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
Francesco Redi (1626-1697)
In 1668 Redi conducted an experiment with
vessels in which they were placed
dead snakes on which appeared
fly larvae.
Conclusion: what is life
may arise
only from
previous life.
Slide number 15
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
Anthony van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723) examined under a microscope the simplest
Conclusion: Tiny organisms, or "animals", descend from their own kind.
Lazzaro Spallanzani
(1729-1799) Experiments with sterilized meat broth.
Conclusion: impossibility of spontaneous generation of microorganisms.
Slide number 16
Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) French microbiologist
Pasteur's experiment with curved S-necked flasks
Conclusion: living organisms originate only from other living organisms.
Slide number 17
Origin of life hypotheses
Hypothesis name
Supporters of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
The spontaneous origin of life hypothesis
Aristotle,
Plato,
Francesco Redi, Anthony van Leeuwenhoek,
Lazzaro Spallanzani, Louis Pasteur
Living organisms arise spontaneously; either inorganic compounds or decaying organic residues can serve as a source of origin.
Slide number 18
Origin of life hypotheses
Hypothesis name
Supporters of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Slide number 19
Origin of life hypotheses
Hypothesis name
Supporters of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Stationary hypothesis
Hypothesis of eternism (from Latin eternus - eternal).
The earth has never arisen, but has existed forever and has always been able to support life. The species of animals and plants have always existed as well.
Slide number 20
Origin of life hypotheses
Hypothesis name
Supporters of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Slide number 21
German scientist G. Richter in 1865 expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe cosmic (extraterrestrial) origin of life
Slide number 22
Scientists J. Thomson and G. Helmholtz are of the opinion that the spores of bacteria and other organisms could be brought to the Earth with meteorites.
Slide number 23
Nobel Prize laureate English biophysicist F. Crick believes that life was brought to Earth by accident or deliberately by cosmic bodies or aliens.
Slide number 24
Origin of life hypotheses
Hypothesis name
Supporters of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Panspermia hypothesis - cosmic origin of life
Panspermia - (from the Greek.pan - all, everyone and sperma - seed)
G. Richter, J. Thomson, G. Helmholtz, F. Crick
Life on Earth was brought accidentally or intentionally by space bodies or space aliens.
Slide number 25
Origin of life hypotheses
Hypothesis name
Supporters of the hypothesis
Ideas about the origin of life
Biochemical evolution hypothesis,
or "coacervate hypothesis".
Slide number 26
Biochemical evolution
Oparin A.I.
(1894–1980)
In 1924, Alexander Ivanovich Oparin, a Russian biologist and biochemist, who created the theory of the origin of life on Earth from abiotic components, suggested that with powerful electrical discharges in the primary earth's atmosphere, which 4-4.5 billion years ago consisted of ammonia, methane , carbon dioxide and water vapor, the simplest organic compounds necessary for the emergence of life could arise.
Slide number 27
J. Haldane
(1892–1964) In 1929, the English scientist-naturalist John Haldane, an English biologist (geneticist, evolutionist, physiologist, biochemist, biometrist), popularizer and philosopher of science, came to a similar conclusion, independently of A.I. Oparin.
One of the founders of modern population, mathematical, molecular and biochemical genetics, as well as the synthetic theory of evolution.
Slide number 28
The Oparin-Haldane hypothesis asserts that life on Earth arose abiogenically ("living from non-living").
Life theory
Slides: 10 Words: 482 Sounds: 0 Effects: 85The emergence of life. Theories of origin. Theories of the origin of life. Scientific. Creationism. Evolutionism. Intermediate theories. Briefly about creationism: Creationism was most widespread in Ancient Greece and Ancient Egypt. Ancient Greece. Everything came from eternal Chaos. Ancient Egypt. BUT there are still many gods in the religion of Ancient Egypt. Let's remember monotheism. Monotheism is one of the directions of creationism. Monotheistic religions include: Christianity Buddhism Islam. The concept of monotheism: Consider the example of Christianity. Initially, all beings, including humans, lived in a wonderful world - paradise. - Theory of Life.ppt
The emergence of life
Slides: 8 Words: 261 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The emergence of life on earth. Hypotheses of the origin of life. Creationism. Considers the emergence of life as a manifestation of the will of God. Spontaneous generation. Panspermia hypothesis. Biochemical evolution hypothesis. Life in the Earth. The Earth as a planet, according to most scientists, has existed for 5 billion years. Influence of space on living beings. Cosmic radiation also affects the variability in weight and offspring. Experiments have shown that birds are able to navigate by the stars and by the magnetic field. Seagull in flight. - Emergence of Life.ppt
Origin of life
Slides: 13 Words: 615 Sounds: 0 Effects: 52Theories of the origin of life. The experiments of Louis Pasteur. The spontaneous origin of life. Refutation of the theory of spontaneous generation. L. Pasteur boiled various nutrient media in a flask. Despite the access of air, spontaneous generation was not observed. However, Pasteur carried out experiments not only to refute the theory of spontaneous generation. The work was prepared by a student of grade 10 "A". Dmitriukova Ekaterina. Creationism. Creation theory speaks of the origin of life as the created world of God. Stationary state theory. The steady state theory states that there has always been life on Earth. The theory of panspermia. - Origin of Life.ppt
The theory of life on earth
Slides: 18 Words: 1006 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The emergence of life on Earth. Theories of the origin of life on Earth: The theory of biochemical evolution. The theory of panspermia. The theory of the stationary state of life. However, the stationary state hypothesis fundamentally contradicts the data of modern astronomy. The theory of spontaneous generation. Ancient world. Since ancient times, mankind has solved the origin of life in a rather unambiguous way. In Babylon, people believed that worms appear by themselves in the channels. Antiquity. Middle Ages. Renaissance. By the 16th century, the theory of spontaneous generation of living organisms reached its climax. Refutation of the theory of spontaneous generation. - The theory of life on Earth.ppt
The origin of life on Earth
Slides: 12 Words: 358 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The origin of life on Earth. Theories of the origin of life on Earth. Theories of the origin of life. Divine theory. Space theory. The theory of spontaneous generation. The essence of the theory. Development of life on Earth. Archean era. The traces of life are insignificant. Proterozoic era. Organic remains are rare and scarce, but they belong to all types of invertebrates. The appearance of primary chordates - a subtype of cranials. Palaeozoic. Ordovian, 60 Cambrian, 70 Marine invertebrates thrive. Widespread distribution of trilobites, algae. Silurian, 30 Lush development of corals, trilobites. The emergence of jawless vertebrates - corymbs. - The origin of life on Earth.ppt
The theory of the origin of life
Slides: 15 Words: 1895 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Theories of the origin of life on Earth. Introduction. Spontaneous generation of life. The scientist boiled various environments in water in which microorganisms could form. Pasteur attached a sealed flask with a free end to an S-shaped tube. Spores of microorganisms settled on a curved tube and could not penetrate into the nutrient medium. Theory of biopoiesis. Miller and Yuri's experience. It was conducted in 1953 by Miller and Urey. Sugars, lipids and nucleic acid precursors have also been found. The experiment was repeated several times in 1953-1954. Subsequent rains dissolved the polypeptides. - Theory of the origin of life.ppt
Origin of life theories
Slides: 12 Words: 261 Sounds: 0 Effects: 75Let's talk about theories of the origin of life. Let's consider the main theories using an example of an elementary scheme. The origin of life on Earth. Biogenesis. Abiogenesis. Creationism? Spontaneous generation. Panspermia. Refutation with self-generation. Evolutionism. What are the main differences between biogenesis and abiogenesis? So ... Living from living. Living from non-living. Think about panspermia. A word about creationism. Biochemical evolution. Founder: A.I. Oparin (1894-1980). - Theories of the origin of life.ppt
Theories of the emergence of living
Slides: 21 Words: 868 Sounds: 0 Effects: 16Public lesson. My best lesson. Hypotheses of the origin of life. Stages of the appearance of the solar system. Debate. Distribution of duties. Group work in the classroom. Lesson structure. Game regulations. Work of judges. Rules of Judicial Ethics. Lesson stage. Modern hypotheses. History of ideas about the origin of life. History of performances. Theories of origin. Chemical evolution transition scheme. The problem of nature. Additional question. Matter. Nebula. - Theories of the origin of the living.ppt
The emergence of living organisms
Slides: 21 Words: 351 Sounds: 0 Effects: 19The initial stages of life development. A - aromorphosis I - idioadaptation D - degeneration. The Earth is an atomic gas cloud. The earth is a hot, compacted body (surface temperature is more than 10,000 C). Cooling the planet. Heavy showers. The emergence of reservoirs. A set of conditions. The temperature of the planet's surface is high enough. Active volcanic activity. Lightning electrical discharges. Ultraviolet radiation. Synthesis of organic substances from inorganic compounds in the aquatic environment. Coacervate droplet \u003d a clot of organic matter. The disintegration of a single drop into two or more smaller ones. - The emergence of living organisms.ppt
How life appeared on Earth
Slides: 30 Words: 1507 Sounds: 4 Effects: 28The emergence of life on Earth. Topic: Development of ideas about the origin of life. To form knowledge about the main hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth. To form knowledge about stages 1 and 2 of biochemical evolution. Both the Earth and life are created by the Higher Mind. Microorganisms were brought from space together with meteorites, and then - evolution. Hypotheses of abiogenesis. Life has arisen repeatedly as a result of spontaneous generation. Biogenesis hypotheses: Basic hypotheses of the origin of life on Earth. Theories of abiogenesis have lasted for many centuries. Hypotheses of abiogenesis: spontaneous generation. What will happen? - How life began on Earth.ppt
The emergence of life on Earth
Slides: 42 Words: 1748 Sounds: 0 Effects: 189The emergence of life on Earth. Lesson objectives. Lesson plan. 1. The history of ideas about the origin of life on Earth. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe origin of life on Earth of scientists - philosophers of antiquity and the Middle Ages. Theories of biogenesis and abiogenesis. The hypothesis of spontaneous generation of life. 2.Analysis of the definition of life by F. Engels and modern scientists. Definition of life according to F. Engels. Life criteria. Definition of life according to modern concepts. The place of the biological form of the movement of matter among other forms. 3. Prerequisites for the emergence of life on Earth. Evolution of chemical elements in outer space. - The emergence of life on Earth.ppt
The origin of life on earth
Slides: 15 Words: 531 Sounds: 0 Effects: 43Integrated lesson. The origin of life on Earth. So how did life come to be on our planet? Michelangelo Buanarotti: The Creation of Adam. The hypothesis of the spontaneous origin of life. Old engravings: on the left - the transformation of fruits into fish and birds; on the right - into the ducks. Stationary hypothesis. Earth and life have always existed, forever. Species have always existed, but they could die out, or change their numbers. Panspermia hypothesis ("seeds everywhere"). Hypothesis of Biochemical Evolution. Stages of the emergence of life on the planet (according to Oparin): Geophysical stage. "Big Bang". - Origin of Life on Earth.ppt
Origin of life hypotheses
Slides: 45 Words: 1386 Sounds: 0 Effects: 56Lesson topic: Development of ideas about the origin of life on Earth. Hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth. How did life on earth come about? What are the views and hypotheses about the origin of life on Earth? What is life? Fri? Drich E? Ngels (November 28, 1820 - August 5, 1895, London) - German philosopher, one of the founders of Marxism, friend, associate and co-author of Karl Marx. Mikhail Volkenshtein (10 (23) October 1912, St. Petersburg - 18 February 1992, Moscow) was a Soviet physicochemist and biophysicist, corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Sciences. Valenti? N Nikolaevich Parm? N (born April 18, 1948, Brandenburg) is a Russian scientist. - Hypotheses of the origin of life.ppt
Hypotheses of the origin of life
Slides: 10 Words: 295 Sounds: 0 Effects: 3Human origins. Hypotheses. Hypotheses of the origin of life: Creationism. Divine creation of the world. Spontaneous generation. Pan-death hypothesis. Stationary state. Oparin-Kholdin theory. Hypothesis of biochemical evolution, or "coacervate hypothesis". A.I. Oparin gave primacy in the education of life to proteins, and J. Haldane - to nucleic acids. - Hypotheses of the origin of life.pptx
The emergence and development of life
Slides: 11 Words: 159 Sounds: 0 Effects: 47The emergence and initial development of life on Earth. F ales. Water is everything ... A nak simand r. The origin of all that exists is "apeiron". HERAKLIT. Everything is based on fire ... DEMOKRIT. The beginnings of the Universe are atoms and emptiness. Aristotle. The world consists of five elements: earth, water, air, fire, and ether. Assembly of coacervates. Experimental coacervate drops. S External environment. A The substance enters the drop. B Reaction product. Z External environment. Open system diagram. Conclusions. Life arose on Earth in an abiogenic way. A long chemical evolution preceded biological evolution. - The emergence and development of life.ppt
Theories of the origin of life on Earth
Slides: 26 Words: 3535 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The origin of life on earth. Life fills every corner of our planet. For billions of years, life has been walking across the Earth as a unique self-organizing system. Today science knows about 4.5 million species of animals and plants. Since time immemorial, the origin of life has been a mystery to humanity. Preconditions for the emergence of life on Earth. Such gaseous-dusty matter is found in interstellar space at the present time. Hydrogen is the predominant element in the universe. One of these conditions is the size of the planet. An example of such planets is the Earth's satellite, the Moon. - Theories of the origin of life on Earth.pptx
Problems of the origin of life on Earth
Slides: 16 Words: 1540 Sounds: 1 Effects: 229The emergence of life on Earth. History of ideas about the origin of life. Conditions for the emergence of primitive living beings. Representations of ancient and medieval philosophers. Works of L. Pasteur. Theories of the origin of life. History of carbon. From carbon to proteins. The possibility of the formation of complex organic compounds. Age of the Earth. The emergence of primary organisms. Coacervate droplets. Life development. The emergence of multicellular organisms. - Problems of the origin of life on Earth.ppt
Development of ideas about life on Earth
Slides: 37 Words: 1175 Sounds: 0 Effects: 77Development of ideas about the origin of life on Earth. Heads in caps. A life. The way of existence of protein bodies. Properties of the living. Hypothesis. Problematic issues. Democritus. Jan Van Helmont. Francesco Redi. Gottfried Leibniz. Anthony van Leeuwenhoek. Lazzaro Spallanzani. Louis Pasteur. Forms. Soviet biochemist. The theory of biochemical evolution. Experiments. Charles Darwin. The process of the existence of complex systems. Divine creation of the world. German scientist. Stages of the process of the emergence of life. English biologist. Oparin's hypothesis. The living comes only from the living. Life in the Earth. - Development of ideas about life on Earth.ppt
Panspermia theory
Slides: 8 Words: 397 Sounds: 0 Effects: 13The theory of panspermia - life on our planet is brought from outside, from the Universe. The hypothesis was put forward in the middle of the 19th century. Hypothesis. Panspermia was used to explain the appearance of life on Earth. Proof of. Technogenic panspermia. Current evidence for panspermia. Fred Hoyle's proposal. As a result, the universe remains unchanged on average. - Panspermia theory.ppt
The Big Bang Theory
Slides: 11 Words: 291 Sounds: 0 Effects: 6The emergence of life on earth. The Big Bang Theory. Creationism spontaneous generation steady state theory panspermia theory biochemical evolution. Theories of the origin of life on earth. Molecules of organic substances combined with each other, forming chains of nucleic acids. Apparently, such complexes were the prototype of future cells. Biochemical evolution. The Big Bang theory was proposed by scientists Friedman and Lemaitre. The space quickly expanded, t of the flying high-energy particles began to decrease. The Big Bang period is conventionally called the time interval from zero to several hundred seconds. -
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