How to make production efficient in short. How to make production efficient. Summary of the chapter

Practically all entrepreneurs are concerned about whether it is effective or not. In fact, the prosperity and life of any manufacturing company directly depends on quality. However, problems with production should not be considered separately from other processes in the enterprise. Since the business must always function as a whole, otherwise measures taken in only one sector may not bring the expected results.

The main problems of manufacturing enterprises

Virtually all organizations face the same type of problems. In most cases, they are easy enough to identify, especially since many employees are well aware of them.

Given that many enterprises suffer from such problems, it can be concluded that the cause of such phenomena is rather difficult to identify. Unfortunately, there are very rare cases when the solution to the problem lies in plain sight, or this solution is simple enough to quickly get rid of all negative manifestations.

Most often, you have to do a fairly complex job, analyze and check all stages of the production cycle. Moreover, the analysis cannot be done in isolation from other company processes. So, supply, sales, and accounting should be subject to detailed study. To identify the weak link of any company, not only a manufacturing one, it is necessary to examine the entire order path under a magnifying glass: from the receipt of an application to the manager until the moment the goods are shipped to the client.

In fact, identifying the root cause negatively affecting the enterprise is the most important goal. And when deciding how to make production efficient, the first step is to identify the root cause in order to focus efforts on it.

Reasons for inefficient production

Very often, the identification of the main problems is complicated by the incorrect formulation of the question. On the one hand, it is wise to keep costs down. The main expenses of any company, on which you can save:

Save on rent.
Save on raw materials.
Save on salaries.
Save on material assets.

However, such methods of reducing costs can lead to very negative consequences.

In turn, measures such as increasing the number of employees or purchasing new machines can also have little effect on production efficiency. Its essence is not general or revenue. It is much more correct to calculate this parameter based on each person working in the enterprise.

This approach allows you to immediately see the many weaknesses in production. In fact, the main problem of the low profitability of any business, quite often lies in the poor organization and coherence of all processes, as well as their lack of transparency for the participants themselves.

What is needed for production success

The natural goal of every business owner is to maximize profit at the lowest cost. Moreover, this question is relevant for all areas of production. Basic methods of achieving high profitability work in almost all industries. For example, how to make grain production efficient? Or how to make school desks more profitable? When answering these questions, it is necessary to take into account similar performance indicators, as well as carry out general basic optimization measures. In further work on improving production, the specifics of the enterprise will come to the fore.

Considering that there is a reasonable limit for cost savings, after which cost reduction can seriously harm the enterprise, a logical question arises: "How to make production efficient using other methods?"

Boost methods

The most important method is to assess the effectiveness of each individual process and employee. There are several necessary conditions, the fulfillment of which allows you to understand how to make production efficient:

Each employee fulfills his or her duties. That is, you should not contain universal people who are responsible for many areas of work and eventually begin to make mistakes.
Testing of all processes. This must be done in order to identify the most optimal work options.
Remove repetitive actions. For example, when at the stage of working with a client, each person working with him enters data about him into his database. Usually this is a manager, then accounting, lawyers, etc.
Transparency of all processes for employees. Suppose a manager who has accepted an application from a client must know whether he paid for it or not, at what stage is the order being fulfilled, etc. At the same time, the shop manager must also know which orders will arrive in the near future, whether raw materials.

Conclusion

Thus, the personal productivity of each employee comes first, which allows you to get a truly efficient production. Russia has come a long way in terms of business development. Often, a lack of information makes it necessary to implement methods copied from foreign companies in manufacturing enterprises.

However, this approach can bring negative consequences, since many methods are simply not adapted to our realities.

\u003e\u003e Summary of the chapter

BRIEF CONCLUSIONS TO THE CHAPTER

1. Economy how science studies the use of limited resources of society for the production of material goods in the face of constantly growing needs of people. Economic activity is aimed at solving the key problem for society, the efficient use of limited resources. The rational behavior of the main subjects of the economy - producers and consumers - is one of the conditions for the successful solution of this problem. The use of various indicators to measure economic activity allows you to get an idea of \u200b\u200bthe state, quality and results of economic processes in society.

2. The economic growth - the most important criterion for the progress of the economy and society, its rates allow us to judge the level and quality of people's lives. It is possible to reduce the gap between rich and poor countries if the latter are aware of the goals and methods of economic development, the need for changes in economic life and the structure of the economy. When analyzing the factors and ways of achieving economic growth, as well as forecasting economic processes, it is important to take into account the cyclical nature of the development of a modern market economy.

3. The market is an important regulator of economic processes in society. The economic laws of the market, competition contribute to increasing production efficiency, rational use of limited resources. Modern economics - a socially oriented mixed economy, which simultaneously uses state and market mechanisms to regulate economic life.

4. Free enterprise is an important factor in the effective development of the economy and social production. The state is interested in creating favorable legal and social conditions for supporting and developing entrepreneurial activity of citizens. The entrepreneur's success is facilitated by the availability and rational use of various sources of business financing, knowledge of the basics of management and marketing.

5. The state performs important economic functions in modern society, exercising influence on economic processes in order to ensure stable development of the economy, its efficiency and achievement of economic growth. To this end, it uses, in particular, the methods of fiscal and monetary policy, redistributing the social product and national income produced in the country, reducing the negative effects of inflation. The role of the state is significant in those areas where the market mechanism shows its inconsistency: regulation of employment and the fight against unemployment, production of public goods, compensation for external effects, social protection of the population.

6. Individual countries are linked to each other by the system of international economic relations. The unification of countries in a single world economy, along with other factors, is facilitated by international trade. The state uses various methods of its regulation, applying the policy of protectionism or free trade. At present, the transition of many countries to an open market economy contributes to the strengthening of the free trade policy and the deepening of the process of globalization of the world economy.

QUESTIONS FOR THE FINAL REPEAT

1. What is the role of economic activity in the life of society?

2. Why is economic growth one of the criteria for the progress of the economy and society?

3. What are the features of market regulation of the economy?

4. How to make production efficient?

5. What is required for business success?

6. What economic tasks does the modern state solve?

7. Who and how regulates cash flows in the economy?

8. Why does the economy need a labor market?

9. Why are countries forced to trade with each other?

10. How can a manufacturer and a consumer make rational economic choices?

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Before talking about how to make production efficient, how to create efficient production or how to increase the efficiency of existing production, it is necessary, in my opinion, to define what “efficient production” is.

And the definition is very simple:

Efficient production, and indeed an efficient enterprise, is an enterprise that satisfies simple conditions:

it makes more money.
it spends less.

All other indicators are a game of numbers.

An efficient enterprise is one that earns more and spends less. But how to do that? These questions are brilliantly answered by Goldratt's Theory of Constraints, the introduction of which in enterprises around the world (even Toyota notes this) has already proven this many times.

If these two simple rules are paraphrased, it becomes clearer how to do it:

it is a company that produces what the market needs.
it does it quickly and on time.
it does it well.
it does it with minimal cost (investment).

A very simple example to illustrate this:

Suppose you are making a product. For simplicity and clarity, we will assume that you produce it sequentially. That is, according to the principle "produced - sold - produced - sold", etc. You earn n rubles on each product.

If the production speed is one week, then you will earn a maximum of 52n rubles per year.

If the production speed is a month, you will earn 12n.

It is obvious that an increase in the speed of production is the key to increasing the level of production efficiency in particular and the enterprise as a whole.

How much are you spending?

Let's say your revenue is 1,000,000. And in your warehouses you have stocks (+ unfinished) for 10,000,000. And who said that your stocks cannot be equal to your revenue or even be less?

Stocks should be. There should not be a lot of them, so as not to freeze working capital, there should not be a few of them, so that production does not stop because of this.

How much do you need to spend to earn a ruble? This ratio reflects your productivity.

You can also spend in different ways. Your inventory is your cost. This is the money that you have tied, frozen. Less inventory means less cost.

Production speed is directly related to how much you make. In other words, production speed is the time you waste before you make money.

You will say that you cannot influence the speed of production because your machines cannot run faster. It's not about the machines. The point is how many losses you have. Pick up any of your products. What is its net labor intensity (that is, the time of direct processing by machines, people)? Now compare the net labor intensity with the real production time of this product. Production speed is not the speed at which a part is processed by a machine or by a person. Production speed is the time that elapses from the start of the first production order for the product until the delivery of the FINAL product. The fact that one of your machines is processing parts at incredible speed does not change anything at all. The speed of not one section is important, but the entire production as a whole.

Let's say your production is a black box. On the one hand, it includes components (raw materials, materials), and on the other hand, finished products come out. The time from the first event to the second is the speed of your production. And here everything is not at all as rosy as with the speed of processing a certain semi-finished product by one of the machines in the process of manufacturing the product.

The coefficient reflecting the ratio of net labor intensity and real production time can be tens or even hundreds. These can be colossal losses. All these losses lead to a significant increase in the volume of work in progress and a decrease in the overall production speed and, as a result, efficiency.

Losses can be divided into several main areas:

waiting for a resource (machine, human).
waiting for components or related products.
losses in logistics.

Waiting for resource

When the part arrives at the site, it turns out that the site is occupied by some other task and will not be free soon. This situation is the result of incorrect prioritization of tasks. This means that there is simply no system in production that clearly defines in what sequence to perform tasks on the site. What is the most important task at the moment? Which task should be completed first, and which one can wait?

Who makes the decisions about which task to perform and how? What system is he using? What is the logic behind determining the importance of assignments?

If there is no such logic, then the necessary tasks will always, as luck would have it, be performed last. They will be somewhere at the bottom.

Just think about it. Take any area (painting, cutting, drilling, etc.). New tasks constantly come to the site. Find out how the sequence of execution is determined? I'm even interested, contact me through my LJ, for example, and tell me. If you have the courage to implement a prioritization system, then you’ll tell us what has changed and how.

Determining the priority of tasks should depend on the complexity of the task, the timing of the final product and the availability of components. Each site should simply have a list of tasks, sorted by priority. This system is described in Goldratt's book, The Same Purpose. The priority system should not only determine the most important tasks at the moment for each section, but also determine which tasks to do not necessary.

This is a very simple system in logic, which is completely resistant to external factors. External factors are Murphy, who constantly haunts us all, breaking our plans and disrupting them. I wrote about something similar. The system is extremely simple. You always need to carry out the highest priority task at the moment. If for some reason you cannot complete this task, just do the next most important task.

It makes no sense to do a task if this semi-finished product will still lie on the next section for a week, waiting for the arrival of another semi-finished product or components. This approach does not affect the production speed in any way. It only affects the growth of work in progress. By completing the task in advance, you not only waste a resource, but also waste components that would be very useful for a task that is actually important to do now. But now there are not enough components (you used them for a not so important task), and the next task is waiting for components ...

Waiting for components

One of the most frustrating moments in production. You have everything: both machine resources and people. But there are no components. Sometimes the purchase can take weeks. This is a hit to production speed. Perhaps it is the waiting for components that can have the greatest effect in terms of increasing production time.

To prevent this from happening, you need to maintain the components. This should also be a system. Here is a buffer in one component in the amount of 10 pieces, but the second also has 10 pieces. Both there and there consumption took place. The first one remains in the warehouse five, and the second only 2 pieces. Replenishment of the buffer with the second component has a higher priority. This means that the purchasing department must also work according to a clear system. Not only should there be no purchases “just like that” or “just in case”, but all purchases should be carried out in strict accordance with the priorities of needs. First of all, you need to buy what is needed now. Ask your buyers why they are buying this now, or why are they buying it now and not in a week? By what system do they determine what to buy and when?

But you can expect on the site not only purchased components, but also manufactured ones. It is wrong when a semi-finished product comes to the site, and then lies there for a week waiting for the second. If a company has a clear system of priorities based on labor input and timing, then this should not be the case. And it won't.

Losses in logistics

I personally observed how not optimal are the logistics movements of the product during the production process. The manufacturing process should be like a flow. On the one hand it enters, on the other it exits. A does not enter in the middle, then goes to the end, then to the second floor, then returns to the end of the first floor, then to the beginning, and ends again in the middle.

And the transfer of semi-finished products between sites takes place through the warehouse, from which you can pick up only the next day, having previously issued an application and waiting until the storekeeper is free. Well, you know these storekeepers - “I have a lot to do without you,” as they say.

5 steps

The Theory of Constraints (in particular, in the book "The Same Goal" or "Goal1") describes five main steps, the application of which will bring any production to a fundamentally different level. Subsequently, these five steps were even given the common name "5 steps".

Step 1

Find the bottleneck. Find your boyfriend with the backpack from Goldratt's The Same Purpose. I guess this is not the most difficult task. The bottleneck is the one before which there is the most work (work in progress, blanks, no matter what). It may happen that you have heaps in front of many production areas. So the weakest is the one in front of which the largest pile is. But this is not always the case. Heaps can be heterogeneous in essence (in front of the sections there are completely different in essence blanks). Then it's harder. But do not despair and do not rack your brains. Just assign one of these places to weak. The system will then correct you and help you determine this place accurately.

Step 2

Make the most of the weakest link. The weak link should not work "for the warehouse", only "for orders". Eliminate downtime of the weak link as much as possible. Minimize changeovers, changeovers and anything that stops this link. There is an opportunity to give some of the work of the weak link to the side - give it back.

Step 3

Agree and subordinate all other links to the weak one.

All sections of the production flow must operate in a bottleneck rhythm.

Step 4

Increase your narrow link throughput.

Step 5

Return to step # 1.

Most entrepreneurs are aware that the organization of production is a crucial step that requires serious preparation. To achieve the necessary indicators of profitability, you need to carefully plan the activities of the enterprise at every stage - from the search for suppliers of raw materials to the sale of finished products. But it is impossible to foresee all possible scenarios for the development of events, and therefore the influence of external or internal factors sometimes leads to an unexpected decrease in profit for the business owner.

In such circumstances, an entrepreneur inevitably has a question - how to make production profitable? Obviously, the easiest way is to initially choose a direction of activity that is in demand and popular with clients, and then try to maintain its position by implementing a balanced and well-thought-out management strategy. However, practice shows that, thanks to correctly carried out optimization measures, it is possible to significantly increase the profitability of almost any enterprise, while a frivolous attitude towards this issue can bring even the most profitable business to the brink of bankruptcy.

How to improve production efficiency?

Almost all entrepreneurs in theory know how to make the production of services and goods efficient: for this it is necessary to achieve maximum profit, provided that costs are minimized. It would seem that the simplest way to increase profitability is austerity, but after reaching a certain limit, it begins to bring only harm to the enterprise. Therefore, the problem must be solved comprehensively, using all available optimization methods:

The search for suppliers should be done constantly. New companies often appear on the market trying to attract customers with favorable terms;
When choosing equipment, you need to give preference to used foreign lines. Foreign users carefully observe the operating rules, therefore the condition of such machines may approach the factory;
It is necessary to constantly optimize the personnel structure to reduce the costs of payroll. It is recommended to outsource non-core operations, as well as attract cheap labor to perform simple routine work;
The machines should not be idle. Since production can be made efficient only with continuous operation of the equipment, it is advisable to hire additional employees to organize shift work;
To motivate personnel, a combined form of remuneration should be established - for example, in the form of a small rate and a bonus that the worker receives only when the production plan is fulfilled;
It is necessary to locate production as close as possible to the sources of raw materials and places of sale of products. This way you can reduce transport costs;
To reduce the cost of products, it is necessary to reduce their material consumption, replace individual components with cheaper analogues, try to reduce the amount of waste;
The introduction of energy-saving technologies, reducing the consumption of electricity and fuel also helps to minimize overhead costs;
When considering how to make production profitable, attention should be paid to the policy of re-using resources through their recycling, disposal and recovery;
To reduce operating costs, it is necessary to liquidate, sell or lease unnecessary or rarely used fixed assets;
An increase in production capacity can be achieved by modernizing and updating technological lines, installing automatic machines.

What kind of production is profitable to open?

Studying the most profitable business areas, you can see that a high level of profitability is typical for the production of goods that are massively demanded by private buyers.

These include:

Food;
Clothes and accessories;
Home textiles;
Cabinet, upholstered and garden furniture;
Building and finishing materials;
Children's toys and attractions;
Goods for pets;
Souvenir products.

Moreover, small businesses often perform better than large factories in terms of economic performance. The reason for this is simple: such business entities usually do not have excess funds, and therefore cannot afford the maintenance of unnecessary assets, the hiring of a large number of support personnel and the misuse of resources.

Food

Why is food production so profitable? The need for food is the most important for any person, therefore eggs, dairy and bakery products, meat and fish, oil and vegetables are in demand regardless of the state of the economy and the political situation. Moreover, even exotic and unusual products for the domestic consumer sometimes become in demand and find their customers.

In this business, you can always find free niches: despite the high level of competition, the manufacturer of quality and inexpensive products will certainly take its place in the market. Also, in recent years, there has been an increase in citizens' interest in healthy eating, which leads to an increase in the popularity of small businesses that are guaranteed to comply with technologies and use only organic raw materials. Which production is profitable to open:

... As a result of the introduction of sanctions on the import of dairy products, free niches have appeared on the domestic market. Therefore, there is a growing demand for products made in small cheese factories by handicraft, according to foreign or old domestic recipes;
Baking cakes. Large factories that produce standard cakes from inexpensive raw materials cannot satisfy the market's need for high-quality exclusive desserts. For this reason, it becomes profitable to produce small-scale cakes from natural ingredients on order or in small batches;
Production of pasta. Pasta, popular due to its wide assortment and affordable prices, can be found on tables of absolutely all categories of consumers. Both budget products and expensive ones made according to special recipes are in demand;
Making smoked meats. Is it profitable to be engaged in the production of smoked meat, fish and sausages as part of a small business? Of course: large factories massively use liquid smoke and other surrogates in the technological process, which significantly worsen the taste and quality of the finished product.

Clothes and accessories

With a decrease in income, citizens begin to massively switch from branded goods to good-quality products of domestic production: this fact inspires novice entrepreneurs who want to start sewing clothes. However, the opening of a sewing workshop requires thorough preparation, since numerous tailors who previously worked in different ateliers are also trying to occupy this niche. To compete with them, you need not only entrepreneurial but also creative qualities.

At the initial stage, an enterprise should not try to capture the widest possible segment or enter into competition with well-known brands: such a policy requires the attraction of huge resources and the experience of managing them. It is better to single out a fairly narrow target audience in the average price niche, for which the quality of the product is more important than the logo on the tag. Which production is profitable in Russia:

1. Sewing workshop. Consumers are no longer delighted with Chinese or Polish products, which are imported in large quantities by sellers: the quality of such products leaves much to be desired, and the dimensions do not meet standards. Against this background, good-quality inexpensive clothes made at local factories look advantageous;

2. Sewing bags. Studying which production is the most profitable, it should be noted that every woman buys one or two new bags every year. Men are also showing an interest in business briefcases, backpacks, and travel cases. An addition to such a purchase will be made in a similar style:

Purses and wallets;
Bags for cosmetics;
Key holders, cases for glasses;
Covers for mobile devices.

3. Sewing leather gloves. Gloves are used not only for protection from the cold, but also as a fashion accessory. In addition, sportsmen, motorcyclists and cyclists periodically buy special gloves. For the manufacture of such products, a large area and expensive machines are not needed;

4. Manufacturing of leather belts. Is it profitable to manufacture leather belts? The market has an abundance of cheap Chinese and expensive European products, while the middle segment is less than half full. Also, exclusive handicrafts are in demand.

Home textiles

Home textiles are a variety of fabric products intended for household use. This category includes towels, bed linen, tablecloths, covers and bedspreads, throws, curtains and decorative hangings. According to buyers, such products should combine an original appearance, functionality and practicality: the hostess is unlikely to like a napkin that does not absorb moisture well, or a towel that fades during washing.

When planning the organization of textile production, you must first of all study the needs of the customers for whom it will be designed. So, in small settlements, people prefer to focus exclusively on a low price. In large cities, on the contrary, cost is a secondary factor, yielding in importance to high quality. The most popular, of course, is the average price niche, however, due to high competition, it is quite difficult for a beginner to take a place in it. Which production is profitable to open in Russia:

1. Making decorative pillows. It is easy to find decorative pillows for interior decoration in almost any style. In addition, bright and original products are used as gifts.

In a small production, you can sew:

Furniture decoration pillows;
Souvenir pillows with images and inscriptions;
Branded pillows for hotels;
Pillows in the form of objects or letters.

1. Manufacturing of eurofences. When choosing a method of fencing their plots, owners of private houses prefer inexpensive construction materials that have an attractive appearance. Such properties are possessed by eurofences, for the production of which only a vibrating table, a concrete mixer and a welding machine are needed;

2. Release of aerated concrete blocks. Due to their low weight, high strength and good thermal insulation, aerated concrete blocks are widely used in construction. Similar - a business with minimal investment that does not require complex tools and technologies;

3. Foam production. Polyfoam is the most popular heat-insulating material that combines low price, light weight and durability. These characteristics determine its use for:

Insulation of building structures and floors;
Making decorative items;
Insulation of pipelines, heating mains;
Packaging for food, electronics and medical products.

Manufacturing of SIP panels. Such a fencing structure consists of two sheets of corrugated board or OSB, between which expanded polystyrene insulation is glued. As a business, it involves the use of SIP panels as the main elements of walls and floors.

Toys and attractions

Studies of the structure of the Russian toy market show that practically in all its segments there are no signs of a deficit, and the variety of goods is sufficient to satisfy any wishes of consumers. At the same time, the share of domestic producers in this industry does not exceed 15%. The remaining parts are high-quality but expensive products of well-known world brands (40%), and cheap Chinese handicrafts from raw materials of dubious origin (45%).

Many parents demonstrate a willingness to buy toys of the middle price segment, produced by domestic entrepreneurs, but most often they do not find what they are looking for on the shelves. The problems here lie in the boring design and the limited assortment, only occasionally replenished with interesting novelties. Therefore, the business prospects for the manufacture of original and high-quality products from safe materials seem obvious. What mini production is profitable to open:

1. Sewing toys according to children's sketches. This idea is quite difficult to implement, since for each product you have to make your own patterns and patterns. However, parents who want to please a child with a character made according to his drawing are unlikely to refuse to spend 3000–5000 rubles on such a toy;

2. Sewing anti-stress toys. Toys are sewn from elastic fabric and filled with grainy material, so it is pleasant to wrinkle and deform them. Why does this profitable production for small businesses attract entrepreneurs? Mainly due to the simplicity of technology and the high mark-up on finished products;

3. Manufacture of wooden toys. In the past, wood was massively used to make toys, but with the development of plastic processing technologies, the fashion for it passed. Today this material again becomes relevant, because:

The tree is environmentally friendly and harmless to children;
The toys are produced in small series with exclusive designs;
In terms of strength, wood is not inferior to plastic, and in terms of tactile sensations, it surpasses it.

Making trampolines. As a business idea, it looks promising mainly due to the simplicity of the technology and the growing demand from customers who are disappointed with the poor quality of Chinese products.

The most popular are:

Inflatable air trampolines;
Inflatable slides;
Inflatable advertising figures.

Goods for pets

Business in this area is characterized by fairly broad opportunities and a large number of types of products suitable for production. For example, you can implement your ideas in the segment of products for pets - cats, dogs, fish, birds and other small pets. It is obvious that the owners, trying to create the most comfortable living conditions for them, willingly spend money on special food, accessories, furniture and hygiene products.

An equally interesting and promising direction is the production of goods for businessmen engaged in farming and industrial breeding of poultry and animals. The needs of such enterprises for feeders, drinkers, cage batteries, heating and ventilation systems, mixed fodders and other similar products significantly exceed the volumes inherent in the private market.

What kind of production is profitable for a small business:

1. Making pet food. This food does not need to be prepared, which greatly simplifies the process of feeding your pet. Canned food is made mainly from thermally processed and crushed by-products, and dry food is made from meat processing waste with the addition of plant components and vitamins;

2. Manufacturing of furniture for animals. Pet owners try to provide their pets not only with high-quality feeding, but also with a comfortable existence in an apartment. What goods are profitable to produce:

Mattresses, rugs and hammocks for cats and dogs;
Houses for cats and kennels for dogs;
Multilevel play structures for cats;
Reduced options for regular furniture for any pets;
Scratching posts.

3. Production of compound feed. The idea is designed to meet the needs of businessmen in livestock, poultry and fish farming. Often they are forced to order the delivery of compound feed from afar, since there are no manufacturers of a quality product in the immediate vicinity of the farms;

4. Making mesh cells. Metal cages are mainly bought by farmers and owners of private household plots who breed birds and animals. Choosing which production to open in 2020, you can study the availability of demand among the residents of nearby villages and start making such cells in your garage.

Souvenir products

The souvenir business includes a huge number of directions belonging to one of two categories - advertising or consumer. The first one unites various goods used in the activities of enterprises and supplied with the customer's corporate identity - image, promotional souvenirs and gifts to managers. The second is gift, tourist and memorable items, as well as handmade souvenirs purchased by ordinary citizens for personal purposes.

Thanks to this diversity, both large players producing products for corporate customers and private workshops producing gifts in small batches can find their place in the souvenir business. The industry is constantly evolving, so new technologies, sophisticated multifunctional machines and modern composite materials are becoming available for enterprises of all sizes.

Which production is profitable now:

Printing on mugs or T-shirts. Thanks to the technology of thermal transfer printing, such souvenirs can be made even in single copies. It takes a few minutes to apply the image, therefore, when the center is opened in a place with high traffic, the order is carried out directly at the client;
Making souvenir magnets. In any small business, the most profitable production should be based on the mass and availability of the product. Thus, unusual souvenir magnets made of vinyl, wood, ceramics and rubber are in great demand as gifts for friends and souvenirs for tourists;
Production of photocrystals. To make a crystal, a picture, photograph or company logo is printed on a transparent film, which is then glued to the back of a thick glass. This idea can be realized with a small investment and a minimum set of equipment;
Making business cards from wood. It represents a new production in Russia in 2020, which may become popular due to the increased availability of laser engraving machines. For additional profit, you need to make not only business cards, but also postcards, wedding invitations.

Conclusion

In addition to those described above, there are hundreds and thousands of other business areas, each of which, with the right approach, can be very profitable. For example, making polycarbonate greenhouses or making metal fasteners can generate significant profits for a successful entrepreneur.

Of course, the organization of production activities is difficult for beginners: the owner of such a company must simultaneously know the secrets of technology and the rules for operating equipment, understand personnel management and be able to sell. However, numerous examples of efficiently operating enterprises show that this large-scale task is quite solvable.

Efficient production (and indeed an enterprise) satisfies four simple requirements:

Produces what the market needs
Produces it qualitatively
Produces it quickly and on time
Produces it cost effectively

I will focus on two of the four requirements here:

how to produce quickly and on time
how to produce with minimal cost

Both of these questions are brilliantly answered by Goldratt's Theory of Constraints, the study and implementation of algorithms of which I have devoted the last few years. This is such an enterprise management system. Primarily a manufacturing enterprise. The effectiveness of which has even been noted by such "guru" of production management as Toyota.

It is impossible to fit all such a system into one post, but I will tell you about the principles. And if someone deems it necessary to study it deeper, he will read the books of both Goldratt himself ("the very goal"), and the same Schragenheim ("production at incredible speed"). I am sure that reading these books will give you an answer to the seemingly rhetorical question “How to make production efficient”.

Why is it that the "net" production time of the product and the actual production time differ by tens, or even hundreds of times? Obviously, because there is a waste of time. They are of three types:

waiting for resource
waiting for components (nodes)
losses in logistics

Imagine a production site. For example, a painting area. Some workpieces that need to be painted constantly come to the site. The key question to be answered is: "What to paint now and what later" ?

If this is not understood, then the workpiece that needs to be painted right now will, as luck would have it, lie at the very bottom and will remember about it even when the customer is hysterical that his product has been expired for a week.

And it will be the same at every site.

This is waiting for a resource. The workpiece is waiting for the resource until it becomes free. But ... he is constantly busy with something else.

A system that clearly defines the sequence of execution of tasks should be literally in every area of \u200b\u200bproduction. It should unambiguously determine which task should be performed first, which second, etc.
The order of tasks is determined by the complexity of the task and the date the final product leaves production. As the release date approaches, the assignment grows in importance and moves up in priority.

Here you have a product. It consists of three nodes (which also consist of something): U1, U2, U3. I will not draw, the artist from me is so-so Moreover, in the video, I did portray him on the board. The product must be manufactured on 02/10/2013. Its final assembly takes an hour. This means that 08-09.02.2013. (the exact date is determined by a combination of labor intensity and production factors) the final assembly site must have all three units.

The presence of unit U3 on the site of the final assembly a month before is completely undesirable. It's even worse than being late. Because, firstly, this will not affect the delivery time of the finished product (there are no other two nodes), and secondly, this means that:

used up components that could be spent on something really necessary.
place is occupied.
you wasted your money (on the production of this node). They had to be spent much later.
resources were wasted (for the production of this node), and some NECESSARY node was waiting.

The ingenious Theory of Constraints not only tells you what SHOULD be done at every moment, but also what SHOULD NOT be done.

The production of unit U3 should be linked to the date of its delivery. That is, from 02/08/2013. Depending on the complexity of this unit, a date is set before which this unit cannot be produced. And starting from this date, the node changes its color as the date X approaches. First it is green, then yellow, then red. If 02/08/2012 has already arrived, and it has not been done yet, then it will be black.

At each site, all tasks must be performed in reverse order. First black, then red, then yellow, then green. White tasks should not be completed at all.

Waiting for components is an even more unpleasant situation that can completely disrupt all deadlines.
Let's take our notorious knots. Morning 02/08/2013 Assembler in place. U1 and U2 too. Y3 no. Where he got stuck - nobody knows. Proceedings begin. It turns out that he is somewhere in the initial stage ... For the reason described above. So the production master will run, plugging such holes.

But waiting for nodes is not that scary yet. The expectation of purchased components is much worse. Because, as a rule, the purchase takes much longer than the production itself.

I will not delve into procurement management, because about this. The main thing in procurement is to strictly observe the principles of priorities laid down in the Theory of Constraints. Always buy WHAT you need and WHEN you need it. Conserving, thereby, precious working capital.

I mentioned the losses in logistics in the video, and I regularly describe such things in my LJ. The ingenious Henry Ford, for example, invented a conveyor belt to avoid these losses. A hundred years ago. To avoid losses in logistics, it is necessary to minimize the loss of time when transferring products from site to site.

There is one more nuance. The production management system must be simple and sustainable. Resistant to external changes in the first place. I once wrote about such changes. The simplicity (external, of course) of the Theory of Constraints lies in the fact that you should always perform the top task, that is, the highest priority. If you can't top, do the second from top. All.

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