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St. Petersburg, December 3 - RIA Novosti, Anna Yudina. It is no coincidence that the day of the nuclear icebreaker fleet of Russia is celebrated on December 3rd. Exactly 53 years ago, in 1959, on this day the flag was raised on the ship, which was destined to become the second legendary icebreaker after the Yermak, which the whole world knew about. "Lenin" is the first-born, "grandfather" of the nuclear icebreaker fleet, the first nuclear one - as soon as he is not called, trying to emphasize the significant role that he played in the development of the peaceful atom in Russia.

Dive into history

The Museum of the Admiralty Shipyards is a small red building that cannot be found without a guide in the vast factory area. Inside - clean, warm, on the first floor there is twilight. Stumbling on stands with portraits of Peter the Great and drawings of sailboats, which 300 years ago were made by skilled St. Petersburg shipbuilders, I pass along with the head of the museum, Elena Polikarpova, to the second floor. There - the history of the 20th century in a variety of layouts: from armored cruisers and the famous "pikes" ( torpedo diesel-electric submarines of the Shch project - ed.) to modern titanium deep-sea vehicles and giant gas carriers.

- Of the veterans who participated in the construction of "Lenin", no one is left alive, - Elena Viktorovna sighs. - Judge for yourself - almost 60 years have passed since the bookmark, and even more since the development of the project. If there are now deep old men who remember "Lenin" standing on the stocks, then then they must have been very young laborers. The "founding fathers" admitted to the project left a long time ago.

In the museum of shipyards "Lenin" there are only two stands and a beautiful, carefully executed model about a meter long and 50 centimeters high. The archives carefully store project documentation - the so-called technical passport of the vessel. This is a thick book, where all the parameters of the ship are carefully spelled out, its detailed drawing, metal grades, spare parts, and so on are given. Every vessel, ship, submarine has such a document, but it only bears, as a rule, the abbreviation DSP, that is, "for official use."

“It was a project far ahead of its time. Why was the first icebreaker given to be built by the admiralty, and not by the Baltzavod, located on the opposite bank of the Neva? There are different versions of this. One of them says that the shipyard construction technology was at that time less costly for the Soviet government. For the post-war decade, the issue of price in the country was important, says Polikarpova.

How "grandfather" was born

We can say that "Lenin" was, in a sense, the brainchild of the "cold war" that unfolded then between the USSR and the USA, says the Hero of Socialist Labor, the famous polar explorer Nikolai Kornilov. The Arctic has always attracted the attention of the leading powers, and above all - not even as a field for scientific research, but as a territory for the possible deployment of military aviation bases, submarines - in a word, as close as possible to the shores of the enemy.

- After all, when the SP-2 was landed ( "North Pole-2" is the second Soviet research drifting station. She worked from April 2, 1950 to April 11, 1951 under the direction of Mikhail Somov - ed.), then nothing was said or written about her at all. This is because the military worked there in parallel with the scientists,” Nikolai Aleksandrovich explains.

"Lenin", of course, was not a warship. And his goals were still peaceful - piloting ships in the ice, helping those who were stuck in ice captivity on the routes of the Northern Sea Route. The phrase itself - "peaceful atom", perhaps, became stronger in the minds of people precisely because of it.

According to Polikarpova, in the early 1950s, the Leningrad TsKB-15 (now the Iceberg TsKB) was involved in the development of Project 92. Why exactly 92? It is this number in the periodic table that uranium, the basis of nuclear fuel, bears. ( Later, when "Lenin" came to work in Murmansk, "Base 92" was created there, which in half a century turned into FSUE "Atomflot" - ed.).

"The chief designer of the project was Vasily Neganov. Under the guidance of the outstanding scientist Igor Afrikantov, a nuclear plant was designed. The shape of the hull contours was worked out in the ice basin of the Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute. Ship turbines were created at the Kirov Plant, the main turbine generators for the icebreaker were built by the Kharkov Electromechanical Plant, propeller electric motors - the Leningrad plant "Elektrosila", - said Polikarpova.

"Lenin" was laid down at the Southern slipway of the Admiralty shipyards ( on the famous Galerny Island, located between two branches of the Fontanka River at its confluence with the Neva - ed.). Half a century later (in 2009), the giant tanker Kirill Lavrov was launched from the same slipway, the length of which was twice the length of the "grandfather" of the nuclear icebreaker fleet.

© Photo: from the archive of the museum of JSC "Admiralty Shipyards"

In total, about 300 enterprises and research institutes participated in the creation of the first nuclear-powered ship. In books on the history of the creation of "Lenin", the authors often cite various figures and facts: 70 thousand parts, the total length of welds is more than 6 thousand kilometers (approximately the distance from Moscow to Vladivostok), testing of a new technique for assembling large-sized parts according to a large-scale plan, photo projection method body parts markings. Simply put, the project was new, the steel was also new for it (heavy-duty), it was necessary to build in a short time, therefore, it was necessary to mark out future details, and cut metal for them, and bend it, and assemble one whole from parts had to be innovative ways.

"Lenin" was so big in those days that they even lowered it from the stocks with the help of special pontoons - so that the hull weighing 11 thousand tons would not "burrow" into the bottom of the Neva when leaving the slopes, which turned out to be a bit short.

- They assembled "Lenin" in the open air - such a hero simply would not fit into any workshop. The residential superstructure was assembled separately and lowered in parts onto the already finished building, Polikarpova explains.

The launch took place on December 5, 1957, immediately after the midday cannon shot at the Peter and Paul Fortress, and in September of the 59th, the nuclear-powered ship entered the Gulf of Finland for testing in order to enter the Soviet fleet on December 3, 1959. The first captain of the "Lenin" was Pavel Ponomarev.

First years of life

- From 1954 to 1961, I worked in Tiksi, where I heard about the "Lenin", and met its second captain, Boris Makarovich Sokolov, in those parts. Boris Makarovich sailed on the "Lenin", first as a backup captain for Ponomarev, and then ( in 1962 - ed.) headed the crew, - continues the story of Nikolai Kornilov.

The first Arctic navigation "Lenin" began in 1960. Even then, the first problems with ice boxes arose. These are special devices for receiving seawater for cooling a power plant, which are fundamental for the safe and efficient operation of any icebreaker, especially a nuclear one. Ice boxes "Lenin" were located too high and constantly clogged with ice crumbs, leaving the nuclear-powered ship without cooling.

— Of course, not everything went smoothly with its operation, and the boxes had to be redone, and a lot more to be finalized. But we were not even afraid of a nuclear installation when we went on flights. We had no fear,” Kornilov stressed.

There were accidents at the Lenin power plant, but, fortunately, there were always no casualties. The most well-known fact today is a leak in the pipelines of the reactor plant in 1967, which ended in significant damage to the reactor, writes Vladimir Blinov in the book "Icebreaker Lenin. The First Nuclear."

Initially, the nuclear-powered ship had three reactors. In 1967-70, in Severodvinsk, a unique operation was carried out on it, which has no analogues to this day: they cut out and then "knocked out" with directed charges the central compartment with a faulty reactor plant, which was a quarter of the weight of the icebreaker. Then the reactor compartment was towed to Novaya Zemlya and flooded in the strictest secrecy.

After that, the peaceful atom never let down the "grandfather" of the icebreaker fleet: the OK-900 two-reactor unit was installed on the Lenin, which, with minor changes, was subsequently installed on all next-generation nuclear-powered ships (of the Arktika type).

Working with polar explorers

The landing of the drifting research station "North Pole-10" (SP-10) was the first ever landing of the station from a ship (icebreaker). Prior to this, ships were used only at SP-1, and even then during the evacuation of the station.

“Now it’s a common thing to land drifting stations from a nuclear-powered icebreaker,” says Nikolai Kornilov, “but in 1961, when it became known that we would be drifting on SP-10, the idea of ​​landing a station from a nuclear-powered icebreaker was new.

SP-10, headed by Nikolai Alexandrovich, was supposed to be landed in the fall, since in the spring of 1961 an ice floe from SP-9 collapsed and it was necessary to urgently look for a new ice floe and organize a station to replace it.

- In August 1961, for the first time in my life, I saw the "Lenin" in Murmansk, where Dmitry Maksutov, the head of the high-latitude expedition "North-13", arrived to participate in the preparations for the flight. Yes, the icebreaker made a positive impression, to be sure. We went around him from top to bottom,” smiles Kornilov.

For its first scientific task, the nuclear-powered ship was more than well prepared: while it was going to the landing site, the polar explorers assembled seven houses on the helipad so as not to waste time on the ice floe.

- We were carrying 510 tons of diesel fuel with us - a reserve for two years to calmly drift. Compared to airplanes, landing from an icebreaker is, of course, incomparable - everything is delivered to the place immediately. True, there was some tightness - the guys (polar explorers) slept in the gym, I crouched on the couch of the senior mechanic. Moreover, 13 correspondents went with us on that flight, ”recalls Kornilov.

© Photo: from the archive of the museum of JSC "Admiralty Shipyards"

The ice floe for the landing of the station helped the icebreaker to search for an ice reconnaissance aircraft. Found a good pack ice ( multi-year ice at least three meters thick - ed.), but at the same time they feared that the icebreaker might not calculate the approach maneuver and split the desired site, Kornilov noted. However, the fears turned out to be in vain: SP-10 was opened on October 17, 1961 and lasted until April 29, 1964, having worked three shifts.

Since then, "Lenin" worked smoothly for 30 years - until 1989. As a result of the commissioning of the nuclear-powered icebreaker, navigation in the western region of the Arctic was extended from three to 11 months. It was Lenin who for the first time worked without interruption for more than a year (13 months) in the Arctic. He was able to overcome ice at a constant pace, which were previously considered impassable for diesel icebreakers.

"Lenin" exceeded the term of operation set for the project by five years, writes Vladimir Blinov. During this time, he led 3,741 transport icebreakers in the ice of the Arctic, covering more than 654 thousand nautical miles (including 563.6 thousand in ice). Approximately the same distance will be obtained if 30 times around the globe along the equator.

- If we talk about subsequent ships with a nuclear power plant, which were already made by the Baltic Shipyard, then, of course, they absorbed all the best that was gained during the creation and operation of the Lenin. The first nuclear plant gave rise to a whole trend in domestic shipbuilding. Without nuclear-powered ships, the presence of the USSR, and then Russia, in the Arctic would not have been so obvious. And by the way, the role of St. Petersburg, as a design and construction center of the country, in this case is also difficult to overestimate, - Elena Polikarpova summed up.

After the "Lenin" was put into sludge, the threat of disposal loomed over it. However, veterans of the nuclear icebreaker fleet, public figures of Murmansk managed to defend it from destruction. Rosatom State Corporation, which has owned the country's nuclear icebreaker fleet since 2008, financed the nuclear-powered icebreaker's restoration, its radiation treatment and berthing at the Murmansk Marine Station. Since then, "Lenin" has become one of the symbols of the capital of the Arctic, in fact, being a museum of the nuclear fleet, but has not yet officially received this status.

And finally

From the time of construction, sea trials and hoisting of the flag, "Lenin" never again returned to the Baltic - to its native Leningrad shores. This was done by his "grandchildren" and "great-grandchildren" - the nuclear-powered ships "Vaigach", "Rossiya" and "50 Years of Victory", which in 2011 and 2012 for the first time in the history of Atomflot came to work in the Gulf of Finland.

... Now, on the Southern slipway, from which the first-born of the nuclear icebreaker fleet went into the water more than half a century ago, nothing reminds of that December day, when the entire territory of the Admiralty Shipyards adjacent to it was literally crowded with people welcoming the unprecedented ship. Only a brass plaque attached to the wall of the workshop reads: "The world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker Lenin was laid down on this slipway on August 28, 1956 and launched on December 5, 1957.

At the "Admiralty Plant" in Leningrad in 1956, the laying of the first Soviet nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" took place. The surface vessel with a nuclear power plant has navigated more than 3.7 thousand ships along the Northern Sea Route over 30 years of operation. In the USSR and in Russia, nine more similar ships were created, including the Sevmorput lighter carrier. In addition to our country, the construction of such ships is not carried out anywhere in the world. "Lenta.ru" talks about the first in the history of the nuclear civilian ship "Lenin".

That icebreaker combined the advanced engineering developments of the Soviet era. In particular, it was distinguished from diesel ships by a trim system that allows the ship not to get stuck in the ice. To do this, "Lenin" was equipped with a special ballast plant for pumping water from one side to another. As a result, the vessel lurched and swayed, breaking the surrounding ice.

The most comfortable conditions were created for the crew inside the icebreaker: cabins for one or two people, a sauna, a wardroom with a piano, a library, a room for watching movies and a smoking room. The ship could stay in autonomous navigation for up to a year.

The icebreaker "Lenin" worked in the most difficult conditions of the North. Navigation in the area between the mouth of the Yenisei and the Barents Sea was not complete without it. "Lenin" worked even where typical icebreakers could not cope. At the very beginning of operation, the ship proved itself so well that the USSR actually abandoned its use as an experimental ship. Probably, it was precisely this arrogance that led to two accidents with the OK-150 APPU, which occurred already when their service life exceeded the planned one.

The decision to develop a powerful Arctic icebreaker with a nuclear power plant was adopted by the Council of Ministers of the USSR in November 1953. The main goals were declared to be the demonstration of the peaceful possibilities of using atomic energy and the intention to make the Northern Sea Route one of the country's main transport routes. Leading scientists of the country took part in the creation of the icebreaker. The nuclear physicist Anatoly Alexandrov was appointed the scientific director of the project, and the shipbuilder Vasily Neganov was appointed the chief designer.

The displacement of the icebreaker was 16,000 tons, length - 134 meters, width - 27.6 meters, height - 16.1 meters, the depth of the ship's immersion in water - 10.5 meters. This made it possible to place two masts on the ship, and a platform for a helicopter in the stern of the ship. The icebreaker was able to move at speeds up to 36.3 kilometers per hour in clear water and 3.7 kilometers per hour - breaking ice about two meters thick.

The Lenin was launched in December 1957, and the ship began to operate in 1959. Only in the first five years of work - in 1960-1965 - the ship covered more than 137 thousand kilometers, of which about 105 thousand kilometers were on ice.

The main pride of "Lenin" is a unique nuclear power plant developed by the Design Bureau of the Gorky Plant No. 92 (modern OKBM Afrikantov JSC) under the guidance of the Soviet designer of nuclear reactors Igor Afrikantov. The technical design of the APPU OK-150 nuclear steam generating plant was completed in 1955 and approved two years later at a meeting of the scientific and technical council in the relevant ministry.

The icebreaker was equipped with three APPU OK-150 with a capacity of 90 megawatts each, in the form of a thick-walled cylindrical vessel made of carbon steel with a flat lid and bottom. The installation diameter was 1.86 meters, the wall thickness was 0.14 meters; the reactor core was located in the center of a cylindrical vessel and surrounded by several layers of steel, between which water flowed. In 1966, the OK-150 APPU ran out of time and four years later, in 1970, they were replaced by two OK-900 APPUs.

The reduction in the number of reactors is associated with an increase in their power to 159 megawatts and the absence of the need for three units, which was shown by the operation of the OK-150 APPU. The design of the new unit was more durable and optimal, it was equipped with an automation system that freed the crew from constant duty at the APPU, which made it possible to reduce the number of icebreaker personnel by a third - from 243 to 151 people - and reduce the cost of generated electricity by half.

Despite the stable operation of the OK-900 APPU, the wear of the icebreaker's hull led to the fact that since 1984 the vessel began to be used in a sparing mode - mainly between June and December, during the most favorable navigation between Murmansk and Dikson Island. In 1989, the exploitation of the Lenin was stopped, and in 2005 the ship, which was laid up in Murmansk, was converted into a museum.

The successful service of the first nuclear-powered icebreaker, which exceeded the planned period by five years, made it possible in 1975-2006 to lay eight nuclear-powered icebreakers - Arktika, Sibir, Rossiya, Sovetsky Soyuz, Taimyr, Vaigach, Yamal” and “50 Years of Victory”, as well as a lighter-container carrier “Sevmorput”. It is expected that by 2020 the Russian fleet will be replenished with two more universal nuclear-powered icebreakers.

In December 1957, the world's first surface ship with a nuclear power plant was launched in Leningrad. This wonderful news, shortly before the 42nd anniversary of the Great October Revolution, spread all over the world.

Foreign newspapers were full of headlines: “The Russians commissioned a nuclear-powered ship”, “The Polar Colossus of the Soviets is on the Neva”, “The victory on the peaceful front of the use of atomic energy was won by the Soviet Union” ...
1. The decision to build the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker was made at a meeting of the USSR Council of Ministers on November 20, 1953. The new ship was necessary for the development of navigation along the Northern Sea Route. Ordinary diesel-powered icebreakers had a very high fuel consumption, which reduced their efficiency, while a nuclear-powered icebreaker could actually sail indefinitely.
2. About 300 enterprises and research institutes of the Soviet Union were involved in the construction of the world's first nuclear icebreaker. The construction of the icebreaker was carried out in the open, since none of the existing workshops was suitable for the construction of a vessel of this magnitude. Despite this, from the laying of the ship at the Leningrad shipbuilding plant named after. A. Marty before launching it took less than a year and a half - from August 25, 1956 to December 5, 1957.


Construction of the nuclear icebreaker Lenin.
3. The project of the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker, named "Lenin", turned out to be completely unique in terms of openness - during construction and sea trials, it was visited, in particular, by British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan and US Vice President Richard Nixon.
4. The nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" had not only a nuclear power plant, but also an advanced design, unusual for Soviet ships of that time - there was a cinema hall, music and smoking salons, a sauna, a library on board, and the crew cabins were designed for 1-2 people. The interior of the vessel was trimmed with Karelian birch and Caucasian walnut.

Nuclear icebreaker "Lenin" descends from the stocks.
5. The launch of the first nuclear-powered icebreaker frightened the NATO countries and ... the leadership of Leningrad. When the ship left the shipyard, the city authorities demanded guarantees that an atomic explosion would not occur on the Lenin. During the transition from Leningrad to Murmansk, "Lenin" was accompanied by NATO warships, which conducted an analysis of the radiation background around the vessel. The fears turned out to be in vain - for all the years of operation of the icebreaker, not a single member of its crew suffered from radiation.
6. On December 3, 1959, the atomic icebreaker "Lenin" was officially assigned to the Soviet fleet. Pavel Akimovich Ponomarev was appointed the first captain of the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker. Interestingly, earlier Ponomarev was the captain of the Ermak icebreaker, the world's first icebreaker of the Arctic class.


7. In 1961, the Lenin icebreaker carried out the first ever landing of a drifting research station from a vessel. The station "North Pole-10" was opened on October 17, 1961 and worked until April 29, 1964. From that moment on, disembarking polar expeditions from an icebreaker has become a common practice.
8. On November 4, 1961, Boris Makarovich Sokolov became the captain of the Lenin icebreaker, who did not leave his post for almost 30 years, until the ship was withdrawn from the fleet in 1990. In 1981, Boris Sokolov was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor.


9. After the commissioning of the nuclear icebreaker "Lenin", the navigation time in the western region of the Arctic was increased from three to 11 months. "Lenin" has been successfully operating for more than 30 years, exceeding the estimated service life by five years. Over the years, the icebreaker has traveled more than 654 thousand nautical miles (563.6 thousand in ice), escorting 3,741 ships through the ice of the Arctic. Icebreaker "Lenin" became the first ship that was on a continuous watch in the Arctic for 13 months.
10. After being decommissioned in 1990, the Lenin icebreaker was in danger of being scrapped. However, the veterans of his crew managed to achieve the creation of a museum on its basis. At present, the world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker "Lenin" is permanently moored in Murmansk, becoming one of the symbols of the polar city.

In November, I went on an excursion on the atomic icebreaker "Lenin", which is permanently moored in Murmansk.

As befits "Lenin", this is the grandfather among icebreakers (he recently turned 61 years old) and the world's first surface ship with a nuclear power plant - before it there were only submarines.

Since 1959, the icebreaker was assigned to the Murmansk Shipping Company and served the Northern Sea Route, guiding other ships through it.

"Lenin" served for 30 years, and in 1989 it was decommissioned and turned into a museum. Now the nuclear-powered ship is moored at the Marine Station of Murmansk, and you can go on an excursion there. The entrance ticket costs 500 rubles, you can order a guided tour in Russian (1000 rubles) or in English (1500 rubles).

This is a cabin. If you didn't know, this is a space on the ship where the whole crew can gather for lunch, gatherings, etc. And in the case of the icebreaker "Lenin", apparently, political information for two minutes of hatred.

The interior of the icebreaker is distinguished by an abundance of wood. As the guide said, this is an unprecedented case in the fleet, and expensive woods were used - mahogany, bird's eye maple, ash and walnut.

The world's first nuclear-powered icebreaker was supposed to become a new symbol of the Soviet state, and its creators took care, among other things, of the interior. During the Soviet era, the icebreaker was visited by Yuri Gagarin, Fidel Castro and other honored guests.

By the way, for 60 years there has not been a single reconstruction or restoration on the icebreaker, almost everything has been preserved in its original form. Only in some places modern screens were installed.

Modern icebreakers quite often go to the North Pole. It was first reached by the Soviet nuclear icebreaker Arktika on August 17, 1977. Since then, Russian icebreakers have visited the Pole 117 times, while icebreakers from all other countries have visited the North Pole only 11 times.

Why do our icebreakers go to the North Pole so often? It turns out that these are mainly tourist cruises that have been made since 1990. Swimming in the ice costs about $30,000 (2.08 million rubles).

By the way, renting an icebreaker costs about 65-70 thousand dollars a day. That is, in theory, if you are a millionaire, you can rent a whole icebreaker to, for example, arrange a wedding for yourself at the North Pole. Two travel agencies are engaged in flights, Russian and American. From each cruise they receive approximately $ 9 million in income (excluding the cost of rent and other components).

On the right in the corner you can see the Olympic torch, which was presented to the sailors by the Olympic Committee.

View of nuclear reactors (there are two of them on the icebreaker)

One of the turbines

If the officers usually dined in the wardroom, then the rest of the sailors and various secondees - in the dining room.

There are 85 seats here, but in the first years of operation there were so many people on board that food had to be organized in three streams. And they feed in the fleet 4 times a day! That is, the canteen was used 12 shifts per day.

And in the evening the dining room turned into a cinema hall. On the sides of the screen, you can see windows where ready-made meals were served on trays, and waitresses (!) carried them around the hall. Women also served on the icebreaker - according to the guide, up to 1/5 of the crew.

This room is called PES - the post of energy and survivability. This is the control center for all icebreaker propulsion systems and control over them.

Two operators of nuclear reactors were constantly on duty here.

In addition, an operator responsible for electric propulsion systems, a radiation safety control operator (there are 300 control points on the ship) and a shift supervisor worked in this room. These 5 people ensured the operation of the icebreaker around the clock.

At the end of the 1950s, the Americans, in parallel with the USSR, were building their first civilian nuclear-powered icebreaker Savannah. To save time and overtake the United States, Soviet designers used on the icebreaker "Lenin" solutions applied on the nuclear submarine "Leninsky Komsomol" (K-3). For example, the entire control module is taken from there.

Deck view

The glass on the icebreaker is very heavy and durable, they had to withstand the shock wave from a nuclear explosion. By the way, once an icebreaker got into such a wave when in 1961 the USSR tested the thermonuclear Tsar Bomba on Novaya Zemlya.

navigation bridge

Here are the wheelhouse, navigational cabin, radio room.

On modern icebreakers, radio communication is no longer used, everything has been replaced by a computer. And amateurs now come to Lenin, using its equipment to arrange radio sessions with the whole world.

The icebreaker was controlled using a real steering wheel!

The helmsman had to be able to absorb the inertia of 20,000 tons of metal and maintain a given course, which is quite difficult.

Well, these three levers are needed for maneuvers. If you maneuver incorrectly in the Arctic, you can even lose the ship, which will simply be crushed by ice. As sailors say, "the straightest road in the Arctic is a curve."

captain's cabin

Here the captain held meetings on flights.

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