What types of painting exist. Russian folk paintings. Mezen wood painting technology

Murals

Many works of folk artists are examples of genuine art, in which form, decor and content are in an indissoluble unity. For centuries, people have selected perfect forms in nature, joyful combinations of colors, stylized them and created new ones, surprising and delighting with their ingenuity and taste. The art of all the peoples of our multinational Soviet country has reached a brilliant flowering. Its diversity is clearly expressed in local national artistic traditions (plot, compositional, color, technical), which is most conveniently traced by the paintings of the masters of Khokhloma, Gorodets, Zhostov, Zagorsk, Semenov, Polkhov-Maidan, Dymkov, Gzhel, by the patterns of Vologda lace and Russian heels, in ornaments of Uzbek ceramics and Ukrainian fry and in the works of masters of other national art centers. They are beautiful, full of an optimistic outlook, express their shape well and can be used in work with children in order to foster artistic taste, love for their native nature, for the people and their art, and, of course, for the development of technical and compositional skills and abilities.

The program for art activities in kindergarten provides for the following tasks for decorative painting: to teach to draw based on Russian embroidery, ceramics, carpet weaving, Easter eggs, folk toys; perform patterns on a rectangle, square, circle, various flat paper forms that imitate household items. To form the ability to rhythmically place the elements of the pattern over the entire area, along the edges, in the middle; use pattern elements: lines, strokes, dots, circles, rings; color associations are inherent in embroidery and ceramics. The program provides for the acquaintance of children with such types of decorative painting as: Petrikovskaya, Dymkovskaya, Gzhel, Khokhloma, Gorodetskaya, Polkhov-Maidanovskaya, Oposhnyanskaya ceramics.

Petrikovskaya painting

The village of Petrikovka in the Dnepropetrovsk region is one of the few where the traditions of ancient folk crafts are carefully preserved. The famous Petrykivka painting has long become the hallmark of Ukraine. They were painted with brushes made of cat hair, matches wrapped in soft cloth, and just fingers. The paints were bred on eggs and milk, and the colors were chosen the brightest, to match the colorful nature of the Dnieper region. The hostesses competed with each other, striving to make their home the most picturesque, and jealously looked at other people's art. They said about the most successful paintings: beautiful, like in a church. But if the hut remained white, they stopped greeting the hostess as if it were someone else's.

Masters of Petrikovskaya painting use a variety of materials and devices - homemade brushes, pipettes, nipples, cotton swabs, toothpicks, squirrel brushes and just the master's fingers.

Before starting painting, you need to dilute the paint. Put a small amount of gouache on the palette with a palette knife, add PVA glue in proportions 2: 1, stir everything with a palette knife and, diluting with water, bring sour cream to a thickening. For the first training work, it is enough to dilute some one paint. The brush is held like an ordinary pencil, while the hand should rest on the table so that the strokes are even and accurate. The base on which you are drawing can be rotated in different directions, so it is more convenient to guide the brush and perform the correct strokes. The resulting flowers and leaves are drawn with a thin brush with a darker paint, and small yellow dots representing stamens are made with the back of the brush.

In the compositions of Petrikovskaya painting, in addition to large, large flowers and leaves, small elements are also depicted - these are small flowers, daisies, buds, berries. Mainly for small elements use a thin brush # 1 or a brush made of cat hair.

Small compositions in the form of postcards are called “little ones”. After completing all the previous exercises, you can start small things.

The color scheme of the Petrikov painting is very diverse and therefore always pleasing to the eye. And yet the traditional color combinations are green leaves and red shades of flowers, and auxiliary paints are yellow, burgundy and orange.

"Runners" - they are also called "paths" or "friezes" - decorate various products and household items, decorate decorative panels. In all friezes, the rhythm is observed, both in the construction of the composition and in the color scheme.

In the Petrikov painting, floral ornament predominates, of course, but many masters, in addition, also depict insects (grasshoppers, butterflies) and various birds, both real and fabulous (cockerels, owls, firebirds, etc.) .). Painting is performed on paper, metal, glass, ceramics and wood (Appendix 1).

Dymkovo painting

On the low bank of the Vyatka River opposite the city of Kirov there is an old wooden settlement Dymkovo. From time immemorial, here, in a marginal area with a harsh climate, they were engaged in sculpting clay toys depicting horses, deer, goats, ducks, turkeys, ladies, water bearers, nurses, horsemen, etc. This craft was exclusively a woman's business. In autumn, red clay was prepared in the meadows for the whole winter, and clean sand was prepared on the banks of the river. Mixing clay with sand and water, kneaded thoroughly until a homogeneous mass was obtained. First, large main parts of the toy were molded from thick clay dough and, separately, small ones, which were then glued and applied with a wet rag. The sculpted toy was dried for 2-4 days at room temperature and burned in a Russian oven on burning logs and iron baking sheets. Upon cooling, the surface of the product was whitewashed with chalk diluted with skim milk. 6-10 paints were prepared for work, for which the colorful powder was ground on a cast-iron stove, a little water was added, and before painting a whole raw egg, as a result of which an egg tempera paint was obtained, with which a bright multi-colored painting was applied on the white background of the toy. The painting begins with the image of two strands of hair in black paint; with a thin splinter - "eyeball" - two points of the eyes and thin arches of the eyebrows are applied, with the other stick of bast - "speck" - print the mouth and two red circles of blush on the cheeks. The toy comes to life. At the second stage, the headdress is painted over (“smeared”) with yellow or red paint, and the jacket is painted with another saturated color. At the final stage, with a free brush, a pattern is improvised on a skirt, dress, apron, kokoshnik. The nature of the patterns of the clay Dymkovo toy was determined by the generalized shape of the figures, which required conventional decorative elements: circles, stripes, straight and wavy lines, dots and strokes, from which a geometric ornament is formed. At the same time, the peculiarities of the natural coloring of animals were peculiarly imprinted in the Dymkovo pattern; apples in the form of colored circles, rings, dots on the croup of horses, deer, cows and goats. In the ornamentation of human figures, woven patterns of linen motley, embroidery, bright patterns of paintings of arcs, sledges, rocker arms, etc. are reflected. pattern. Small straight or wavy lines - snakes are drawn along these stripes. Sometimes on both sides of the snakes, colored dots are placed with a thin stick, evenly filling the entire strip. Often, solid colored stripes are replaced by stripes of dots and circles, decorated with two or three short strokes or double crosses. Also used in painting is a mesh ornament of stripes and cells filled with circles, dots and strokes. The color scheme of painting is determined by the predominance of warm or cold colors. In the first case, the brightness of, for example, yellow, orange and red elements is enhanced by small elements - blue or green. Otherwise, blue, blue and green sounds are accentuated by a pink, red or orange element. Such a tactful inclusion of a contrasting color in the painting increases its emotional impact on the viewer, helps to avoid variegated colors, to achieve a harmonious fusion of all elements.

The simplicity of decorative elements and gouache technique, a variety of combinations of bright colored figures attract the interest of children to ornamental art.

Gzhel painting

Gzhel is an ancient village located in the Ramensky District of the Moscow Region. It is believed that it got its name from the words "gzhel", "burn", which expressed an important aspect of the firing industry. Here and in the surrounding villages, rich in high-quality clays, from ancient times they were engaged in the creation of pottery and toys, which have always been called Gzhel. The art of Gzhel masters already in the 18th century. reached a high flowering. In the XIX century. 50 porcelain and faience factories and about 40 workshops for painting porcelain worked in Gzhel. Gzhel dishes are distinguished by a wide variety of forms and especially by the beauty of painting, which has absorbed the richness of forms of nature and the expressiveness of traditional folk art.

The painting is applied to the surface of the fired product with a free brush with ceramic paint, mainly cobalt blue. With a wide stripe or bouquet, it distinguishes the body as the main part of the vessel, with narrower ribbons - the edges of the throat, bottom and handles. The pattern is always associated with the form, emphasizing its features and integrity. The main motives for the painting were grass, cereals, birds, wild and garden flowers - roses, asters, carnations, the shape of which is processed and becomes rather conventional, but picturesque and decorative.

Various technical methods of work: clear strokes of petals and leaves of dark blue color or strokes with soft blurred edges are applied with the whole brush with abundantly saturated paint, with different pressure; with the end of the brush, veins, shading and whimsically curved stems and antennae are applied; with a brush moistened with paint on one side, by turning around the handle, a "smear with shadows" is obtained, that is, a multi-colored image of a volumetric petal or leaf. Often, the dark blue color of the painting is enriched by the sheen of thin golden lines and strokes that depict the veins and outlines of leaves and flowers. If the white surface of the product is entirely painted with cobalt, creating a cornflower blue background, then the painting is applied only with gold.

The painted product is covered with glaze, which, when fired, forms a glossy transparent film that protects the painting, which is why the latter is called underglaze. Overglaze multicolor painting is also possible.

Love for their art, hard work and talent of the Gzhel masters once again called out of oblivion the ancient symbols of happiness and dreams of beauty - blue roses and blue birds - and inspired patterns and the world of human things with them.

Khokhloma painting

Khokhloma is the name of a large trading village in the Trans-Volga region, where craftsmen from neighboring villages and villages have long brought their products for sale, and from where they dispersed not only throughout Russia, but also beyond its borders. Later, the products themselves, sent from the village of Khokhloma, began to be called "Khokhloma". The homeland of the Khokhloma art is a group of villages located in the depths of the once impenetrable forests of the Volga region, along the banks of the Uzola River, which flows into the Volga near the ancient Gorodets. The picturesque nature of this region had a great influence on the education of the artistic tastes of local masters. Indeed, every work of the Khokhloma masters is imbued with a subtle sense of nature.

Khokhloma has developed peculiar varieties of ornament - "grass", "kudrina", "letter under the leaf", "writing under the background", dating back to two ancient traditions or systems of Khokhloma painting - "supreme" and "background" writing. Briefly, their difference can be defined as follows: "riding letter" is a pattern applied with paint on the golden surface of the background. On the contrary, in the case of “background writing,” the master covers the gold background with red or black color, leaving the silhouette forms of the motifs in gold. On the basis of these two systems, a truly inexhaustible wealth of Khokhloma patterns developed.

Gorodets painting

Gorodets wood painting, a traditional art craft that developed in the middle of the 19th century in the villages along the Uzola River in the vicinityGorodets Nizhny Novgorod region.

The emergence of murals originates in productionGorodets spinning mill Donets , inlaid with bog oak and decorated with contour carvings. Unlike the widespread spinning wheels, hewn from a single wooden monolith, the Gorodets spinning wheels consisted of two parts: the bottom and the ridge. The bottom was a wide board, tapering towards the head with a pyramidal “hoop”, into the hole of which the ridge leg was inserted. When the spinning wheel was not working, the comb was removed from the piggy bank, and the bottom was hung on the wall, becoming a kind of decorative panel.

The Gorodets masters transferred to the painting not only the plots previously used in inlay, but also the generalized interpretation of the images, prompted by the techniques of carving. The painting used bright rich colors - red, yellow, green, black, mixed with liquid wood glue. Over time, the range has expanded; In addition to the traditional spinning wheels, the Donets began to make and paint boxes-urinals, wooden toys, furniture, even parts of the house - shutters, doors, gates.

Gradually, the original methods of Gorodets painting were developed, which in their multistage are close to professional painting. Initially, the background is painted, which is also a primer. On a colored background, the master makes "underpainting", applying the main color spots with a large brush, after which he models the shape with thinner brushes. Finishes painting "razzhivka" with whitewash and black, uniting the drawing into one whole. The finished plot is usually enclosed in a graphic frame or stroke. In Gorodets painting, there are many simple ornamental motifs - kupavka roses, buds, herbs.

Polkhov-Maidan painting

Polkhov-Maidan painting is one of the youngest artistic crafts in Russia.
It got its name from the large village of Polkhovsky Maidan in the south.Nizhny Novgorod areas ... Almost every family here is engaged in the manufacture and sale of wooden paintedtoys ... Polkhovsko-Maidana toy or as the masters themselves call it "tararushka", appeared inthe end 1920s years ... Since the 1960s a similar toybecome do the residents of the village of Krutets, located near the village of Polkhovsky Maidan.
Toys grind on lathe from linden or aspen. Then they are covered with liquid potato starch. Then, with a metal pen and ink on a dry surface, draw ("direct") the contour of the future pattern and paint with aniline paints:pink , red , green, yellow, blue. Free brush painting is also used.After this toy is coated with a colorless varnish. Applying the technique of "glazing" - the imposition of pure paints in layers one on top of the other, and using a combination of contrasting colors (Red - green, yellow - blue, etc.)artists achieve special brightnessmurals .
The main motives of the patterns of this painting are flowers: rose, poppy,chamomile , tulip, rosehip. There is also a plot painting. Most often it is a rural landscape with a river, houses,church and the windmill on the shore, as well as the obligatory red dawn in the sky. The assortment of tararushka toys is varied. One group - children's toys: nesting dolls, bird whistles, horses, toy dishes, mushroom piggy banks, balalaikas, apple boxes. Another group of products is traditionalRussian utensils: salt shakers, bowls,sugar bowls , "supplies" - cylindrical vessels for storing bulk products, samovars, boxes. They grind and paint in large quantitiesEaster eggs .

Opishnyansky pottery art products

Opishnya ceramics - folk art pottery with engobe (clay) underglaze painting, produced by artels in the city of Oposhnya, Poltava region, Opishnya has long been famous for its pottery, the production of which developed there thanks to large deposits of high-quality clays nearby. The development of modern craft dates back to the 19th century, when the majority of Oposhnya's population was engaged in the production of original decorative jugs for wine with a body in the shape of a donut (Kumans), eggplants, flasks, barrels with legs (barilla), rams, bowls and other utensils; whistles (clay toys) in the form of animal figurines and oven tiles. Modern Opishnyansky ceramics have retained a cheerful character and a rich variety of forms, among which, along with traditional national ones, a number of new ones have appeared - vases, decorative dishes, etc. , without sharp broken lines, having softened, often rounded outlines. Flowers are very conventional in shape, on one branch they often have a completely different pattern, their character is close to Ukrainian multicolored wall paintings, the technique of execution gives them a certain specificity.

Opishnyanskaya utensils have a rather thin and smooth reddish-yellow stalk, a relatively low weight in relation to their size, and a clean finish. The color of the shard is explained by the fact that the main component of the mass from which the dishes are made is light yellow plastic clay, into which 25-30% of dark brown clay is added to compact it and give greater strength to the shard. Household utensils and sculptural vessels are molded on foot pottery wheels by hand (pulled from a lump of clay), some small attachments (handles, spouts, stands) are imprinted in plaster molds, and then attached with liquid clay - slip. The painting is carried out with colored engobes (fr. Obscure), prepared from local white clay with small additions to it of chalk, kaolin, sand and the corresponding metal oxides, which give the engobe one color or another. Red, yellow, cherry, dark brown, black, engobes are made from local red and yellow clay with the addition of appropriate dyes. The painting turns out to be somewhat embossed, protruding above the background of the product, due to the imposition of a large number of thick engobes.

The painting on the items is done by women, whose craftsmanship is passed down from generation to generation; made on paper, however, they do not constrain the creativity of the craftswomen: no one copies the samples, and the painting is performed in an endless variety of options. It is applied to the dried surface. But not yet burnt products, without any preliminary marking or powder, directly with a colored engobe, with the help of a rubber pear, at the end of which a piece of straw is inserted, making it possible to obtain thin lines. First, the craftswoman places the piece on the potter's wheel and, slowly rotating it, applies horizontal, straight and wavy stripes of different widths. Then, holding the item on her knee, she draws a contour pattern, starting with the largest elements that organize the entire composition and determine its main axes, the direction of movement, scale. At the same time, the combination of colors is taken into account, since the craftswoman, in accordance with her imagination, performs different parts of the drawing with engobes of different colors. At the end of the drawing of the contour drawing, it is painted, some elements of the contour are completely filled with one color, in others an ornamental cut is given. Large color spots are connected by the image of stems, grasses, leaves, which help to balance the entire composition, give it integrity and completeness. The difficulty of painting is that the real color of the engobe is revealed under the glaze only after firing. A craftswoman, drawing, must mentally imagine what the coloring of the finished products will be. A special type of decorating crockery with colored engobes is flanding, which is carried out mainly on bowls and is a pattern of a combination of horizontal and vertical lines and spots on the background of a shard of natural color or engobe. Performed with liquid engobe. After painting, the items are covered with colorless glaze and fired. Some types of tableware are not decorated with painting, but are completely poured over with colored glazes - brown (manganese) and green (copper).

The whistles are molded by hand and painted in the same way as the dishes, only with a smaller and simpler ornament.

The most common motives are peas, leaves, stripes. The painting emphasizes the conventional character of the figurines. The sculptural shape of the whistles is solved in a very generalized way. The smoothed surface is not modeled: the horns and wings are molded separately and attached to the body, which is molded together with the legs and head on a round stick, so that the whistle remains hollow inside. The circle of animals and birds depicted: a horse, a ram, a goat, a deer, a pig, a cow, a rooster, etc. Despite the conventionality of the shape and painting of the figures, they are very specific and depict not fantastic creatures, but animals that exist in reality.

Zhostovo painting

Zhostovo painting is a Russian folk craft of artistic painting of forged metal (tin) trays, which has existed since 1825 in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region. The tiny village of Zhostovo is famous all over the world for its trays with magnificent flower bouquets. Together with Khokhloma and Gzhel, trays with floral ornaments have become a real visiting card of our country, personifying Russian folk crafts, and are recognizable far beyond the borders of Russia. According to their purpose, trays are divided into two groups: for household purposes (for samovars, for serving food) and as decoration.

Painting is usually done on a black background (sometimes on red, blue, green, silver), painting is carried out without transferring the pattern to the surface.

The main motive of the painting is a flower bouquet in which large garden and small wildflowers, leaves, buds and stems alternate. The center of the bouquet is represented by images of large flowers: poppy, rose, dahlia or aster. Wildflowers are introduced into the drawing as elements that complement and enrich the composition.

The bouquet can be located in the center of the tray, in which case it is said about the assembled bouquet.

The elements of the Zhostovo painting are depicted in several stages:

Zamalevok (the beginning and basis of the composition of the future pattern, i.e. silhouettes of flowers and leaves in accordance with their intention);

Tenezhka (the word “shade” is consonant with the word “shadow.” The flowers have volume, the shady places of plants are indicated);

Laying (one of the most crucial stages of painting. The shape of the bouquet takes on flesh - many details are clarified, a contrasting or more harmonious structure of the entire composition is lightened and realized);

Glare (glare overlay reveals light and volume. The bouquet appears to be lit. Glare creates mood and color).

Drawing (this is the final part of the work. With the help of a special thin brush, the artist applies small but very significant strokes - veins and lace edges on the leaves, "seeds" in the center of the flower cups);

Binding (with the help of thin stems, blades of grass and antennae, the bouquet is formed into a single whole and connected to the background).

Tidying up the edges of the tray (decoration of the side of the tray, consisting of geometric or floral patterns. Cleaning can be modest, or it can rival the luxurious antique picture frames. Without cleaning, the product looks unfinished).

This is a very long and complicated process.

Acquaintance of preschoolers with Zhostovo painting takes place in the senior and preparatory groups. The whole process of the step-by-step creation of a flower arrangement is difficult for preschoolers to depict. I want to bring to your attention a lightweight version available for preschoolers, which I use in my work with older preschoolers.

To make the strokes beautiful, neat, round squirrel and columnar brushes are used in brush painting. If you don't have one, use a fine-nib brush for painting.



It would seem that artistic painting has no place left in the pragmatic 21st century, and now it can be admired only in museums. However, so far in Of Russia you can find thriving workshops that have preserved the ancient traditions of various artistic painting and continue to amaze modern inhabitants with their skill.

Zhostovo




Origins Zhostovo painting date back to the early 19th century. At that time, in several neighboring villages of the former Troitskaya volost (now the Mytishchi district of the Moscow region), craft workshops arose that were engaged in the manufacture of painted decorative items from papier-mâché coated with varnish. Artists painted boxes, cigarette cases, sugar bowls and metal trays. Gradually, the number of trays produced increased, thereby displacing other products.
The main motives for painting are flower bouquets. At the beginning of the 20th century, with the advent of Soviet power, the villages were united into an artel "Metallopodnos", and the masters had a hard time when new plots for drawing were imposed on them, dictated by the then trends of realism. However, the artists managed to preserve their originality, and the Zhostovo trays passed from the category of household items to decorative panels, which are appreciated not only in Russia, but also abroad.

Khokhloma





Khokhloma originated in the 17th century in the vicinity of Nizhny Novgorod. The name of the fishery came from the village of Khokhloma, where finished products were brought from nearby villages. The founders of this wood painting are called the Old Believers who fled from the new church order. It was they who owned the secrets of the "golden" painting on dishes.
By the way, the painting is based not on golden, but on silvery tin powder. A special composition is applied on top of it, then subjected to heat treatment, and only then they begin to paint. The main motives of Khokhloma are rowan clusters, berries, leaves and flowers.

Gzhel




Gzhel is called the hallmark of Russia in the field of applied crafts. It is believed that Gzhel dates back to the 14th century. Some argue that the name comes from the river Gzhelka (Gzholka), on which there was a village where the craftsmen lived. Others believe that "gzhel" is a paraphrased word "zhgel", that is, the firing of ceramics. 60 km from Moscow there is a "Gzhel bush", which consists of 27 villages, where they are engaged in firing and painting ceramics. They were painted with cobalt blue in two ways: overglaze and underglaze. First, the drawing was applied to wet clay, and then again to the glaze. The craft of Gzhel pottery flourished, since the rich used table silver, and the common people used rough pottery of various sizes. Over time, Gzhel became available to all segments of the population, but it did not lose its beauty and relevance.

Fedoskino




The village of Fedoskino (Moscow region) is famous for painting with varnishes. In the 18th century, near the village, there was a Lukutinskaya factory for the production of lacquered visors for hats. Then she changed direction, and 80 civilian workers began painting products from papier-mâché and wood with varnish. The amazing glow and brilliance of boxes and other miniatures was achieved by means of "through writing". This was the name of the technique when a thin layer of gold leaf and mother-of-pearl was applied to the surface before directly drawing. The most popular subjects for drawing are associated with the life of the common people.

Mezen painting





Like many other folk crafts, the Mezen painting got its name from the area in which it developed - in this case from the name of the Mezen river, located in the Arkhangelsk region. The technique in which the masters work goes back to the ancient Slavic tribes. The main ornaments are rhombuses, crosses, solar discs, which are repeated in a certain sequence.
Mezen wood painting is dominated by only two colors - black (soot) and reddish (ocher). Basically, ornaments are applied to household items: boxes, spinning wheels, ladles. After painting the utensils, drying oil is applied to it, which protects the drawing from erasure and gives it additional shine.
Many contemporary artists continue to engage in ancient crafts, while adding something of their own. So an artist from Izhevsk

Since ancient times, dishes and other household items made of ceramics have been widely known in Russia. One of the most famous settlements in Russia, whose inhabitants were engaged in the manufacture of ceramic porcelain dishes, is Gzhel (now the city is located on the territory of the Ramensky district of the Moscow region). Since the 17th century, or even earlier, Gzhel has been the most famous center for the manufacture of porcelain and ceramics. The products of local craftsmen are sold throughout Russia. It should be noted that in the old days this city was one of the centers of the Old Believers-priests. The heyday of Gzhel fell on the time of the activity of the "Partnership for the production of porcelain and faience products M.S. Kuznetsov "at the end of the XIX - beginning of the XX century.

The formation of the Gzhel color palette familiar to us falls on the beginning of the 19th century. Researchers point out that since the 1820s, an increasing number of Gzhel items were painted white and painted exclusively with blue paint. Nowadays, painting made in blue is a characteristic feature of Gzhel products. The popularity of such dishes turned out to be so great that similar products began to be created in other localities, but had a similar blue and white ornament. There were also many fakes.


Experts say that only author's works can be called authentic Gzhel products, which formed the usual style of Gzhel in the 80s of the XX century. These are the works of such artists as Azarova, Denisov, Neplyuev, Fedorovskaya, Oleinikov, Tsaregorodtsev, Podgornaya, Garanin, Simonov and others. Each of these craftsmen puts a personal signature or stamp on the product of the company they work for. If the master is an employee of the enterprise, then his products are transferred to the production workshop for the purpose of replication.

Zhostovo painting

In the middle of the 18th century, in the Urals, where the Demidovs' metallurgical plants were located, a new type of craft arose. Local craftsmen began to paint metal trays. It is interesting that such workshops appeared in cities where a large part of the population was made up of Old Believers, who still have prayer houses and temples there. These are Nizhny Tagil, Nevyansk and Vyysk, founded in 1722. This is how the so-called Tagil trays appeared. The industrialists Demidovs, who oversaw this craft, were very concerned about the quality and artistic value of the products. In order to educate and train professional personnel, they founded a school in 1806. The historical style of Tagil trays was created thanks to this school and its most authoritative teacher - a graduate of the Imperial Academy of Arts V.I. Albychev.


Painted Tagil trays were sold throughout the country. They began to try to produce similar products in other places. The most successful such attempt was the organization of the production of painted trays in the village of Zhostovo, Moscow province. The trays made there became famous in the first half of the 19th century. Since then, this type of fishing has received the name "Zhostovo painting". To this day, the craft of painting a tray has survived only in Nizhny Tagil and Zhostovo. Painting is done mainly on a black background (occasionally on red, blue, green).


The main motives for painting are: flower bouquets, both lush garden flowers and small wildflowers; Ural landscapes or ancient cities. On some old trays you can see people, fabulous birds. Painted trays are used either for their intended purpose (for a samovar, for serving dinner), or for decoration. According to their shape, trays are divided into round, octagonal, rectangular, oval.

Palekh miniature


After the October Revolution and the beginning of the persecution of religion, Palekh icon painters had to look for a new way of earning money. Thus, many were retrained as masters of lacquer miniatures. This type of miniature is made with tempera on papier-mâché. As a rule, boxes, caskets, money boxes, brooches, panels, ashtrays, pincases and more are painted. The painting is done in gold on a black background. The original technology of the last century, which was used by the first Palekh craftsmen in the 1920s and 1930s, has been partially preserved.


Typical plots of Palekh miniatures are borrowed from everyday life, literary works of classics, fairy tales, epics and songs. Many plots are devoted to the events of history, including the revolution and the civil war. There is a series of miniatures dedicated to space exploration. Since the beginning of the XXI century, among some masters working in the Palekh style, there has been a tendency to return to icon-painting subjects.

Fedoskino miniature is another type of traditional Russian miniature lacquer painting. It is carried out with oil paints on papier-mâché. Unlike Palekh miniatures, the techniques of which came from icon painting, Fedoskino miniature was originally formed as a kind of applied art, hence the more "down-to-earth" manner of painting.

Fedoskino miniature originated at the end of the 18th century in the village of Fedoskino, Moscow province. The main motives of the miniature: "troikas", "tea drinking", scenes from the life of peasants. The most highly valued were caskets and boxes, which were decorated with complex multi-figured compositions - copies of paintings by Russian and Western European artists.

In the 19th century, Fedoskino miniature served mostly for decorative purposes. In the middle of the 20th century, the author's direction began to develop. The plots of the miniatures became more complicated.

Khokhloma

Nizhny Novgorod decorative Khokhloma painting is known throughout Russia. The craft originated in the 17th century in the village of Khokhloma. It is located on the territory of the former Semyonovsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod province, known in the old days for large Old Believer monasteries, such as the Sharpansky and Olenevsky sketes. It is no coincidence that in the famous novel by Andrey Melnikov (Pechersky) the Old Believers of the Semenovsky district are engaged in the manufacture of wooden dishes. We also did this in Khokhloma. Khokhloma masters nevertheless became known throughout Russia for their unusual bright paintings. They painted wooden dishes and furniture. Mostly black, red, golden, sometimes green colors were used.


To achieve the golden color characteristic of Khokhloma, local craftsmen apply silver tin powder to the surface of the product when painting. After that, they are varnished and processed in the oven three to four times, which achieves a unique honey-golden color, which gives the light wooden tableware a massive effect.


Thanks to this khokhloma technology, which creates an unusual color, it has become popular all over the world. Plates and spoons made in this style began to be perceived in the 20th century as a symbol of Russian national dishes.

Gorodets painting appeared in the middle of the 19th century in the area of ​​the ancient town of Gorodets in the Nizhny Novgorod province. Through the efforts of the Old Believers, Gorodets became the center of wooden shipbuilding and bread trade with all-Russian fame. Old Believer merchants donated significant sums for the construction of churches, for the maintenance of hospitals, orphanages, public education and improvement of the city.

Gorodets painting is bright and laconic. The main themes of the painting are scenes from fairy tales, figurines of horses, birds, flowers, peasant and merchant life. Painting is performed with a free stroke with white and black graphic strokes. Spinning wheels, furniture, shutters, doors, chests, arches, sleighs, children's toys were decorated with Gorodets painting.


Here's what says V.S. Voronov about Gorodets painting:

The Nizhny Novgorod style presents us with the purest version of genuine pictorial art, which has overcome the framework of graphic captivity and is based solely on the elements of painting.

Mezen painting

Mezen wood painting (palaschel painting) is a special type of painting of household utensils, in particular spinning wheels, ladles, boxes, brothers, which took shape by the end of the 19th century in the lower reaches of the Mezen River. Since ancient times, these places, like all the seaside, have been inhabited by Old Believers. And from December 1664 to February 1666, Archpriest Avvakum was in exile in the Mezen itself. The oldest surviving spinning wheel with a Mezen painting dates back to 1815.


Artistic motives of the Mezen painting can be found in the manuscript books of the 18th century, which were made in Pomorie. The main colors of the Mezen painting are black and red. The main motives of the geometric ornament are discs, rhombuses, crosses. The painted object was covered with linseed oil, which protected the paint from abrasion and gave the product a golden color.


At the end of the 19th century, Mezen painting was concentrated in the village of Palashchel, where whole families of craftsmen worked: the Aksenovs, Novikovs, Fedotovs, Kuzmins, Shishovs. In the mid-1960s. Mezen painting was revived by the descendants of old palaschel masters: F.M. Fedotov in the village of Palaschel and S.F. and I.S. Fatyanov in the village of Selishche. The exhibition of Mezen spinning wheels in 2018 was the first event in the newly opened Museum named after I. Gilyarovsky, that in Stoleshnikov lane in Moscow.

Vologda lace is a Russian craft that originated in the Vologda region in the 16th century. Lace is woven on bobbins (wooden sticks). As a separate craft with its characteristic features, Vologda lace was already known in the 17th-18th centuries. However, until the 19th century, lace-making was a home craft, primarily by private craftswomen. With the increasing popularity of Vologda lace, the production of products was put on stream. In the 19th century, lace factories appeared in the vicinity of Vologda.


All the main images in the connected Vologda lace are made with a dense, continuous, braid of the same width. For the manufacture of Vologda lace, a roller pillow, juniper or birch bobbins, pins, and splinters are used. Linen is a typical material for Vologda lace.


The subjects of Vologda lace are very different - from floral ornaments to figured compositions. In the Vologda lace one can find Christian and ancient folk symbols.

Yelets lace is no less famous. It is spun on bobbins. This type of lace appeared at the beginning of the 19th century in the town of Yelets.


Lace is distinguished by a soft contrast of a small pattern (vegetative and geometric) and a subtle openwork background.


It is believed that Yelets lace is lighter and more graceful than Vologda lace.

Mtsensk lace is a type of Russian lace that is woven on bobbins.


Mtsensk lace appeared in the city of Mtsensk, Oryol region in the 18th century. This became possible thanks to the local landowner Protasova, who gathered craftswomen from different parts of Russia and founded a manufactory - the largest lace production in Russia at that time.


A distinctive feature is the use of geometric motifs. Compared to Vologda lace, the pattern in it is less dense and saturated, as experts say - more "airy".

At the beginning of the 18th century, lacemakers appeared in the Vyatka province. However, the production of lace acquired an industrial scale only in the second half of the 19th century. This trade is carried out by craftswomen from the peasants. In 1893, a zemstvo school of lacemakers was organized in the Kukarka settlement of the Yaransky district of the Vyatka province. The shapes of the products are varied and sometimes unusual: these are vests, braids of scarves, collars, napkins with patterns in the form of butterflies, lush flowers, whimsical loops.


The most interesting products from Vyatka lace were created in Soviet times. These achievements are associated with the name of the famous lace-maker, laureate of the State Prize of Russia named after Repin Anfisa Fedorovna Blinova. Her works are in the Tretyakov Gallery, the Russian Museum, the Russian Art Fund, the Moscow Research Institute of the Art Industry.


During the economic crisis of the 90s of the XX century, a lace factory located in the city of Sovetsk (former Kukarka settlement) was closed. Only quite recently, in 2012, a production cooperative-artel “Kukarskoe lace” was created in the city, gradually reviving the traditions of the ancient craft.

Orenburg downy shawl is a knitted shawl from the unique down of Orenburg goats, applied to a special base (cotton, silk or other material).


This craft originated in the Orenburg province in the 18th century. The products are very thin, like spider webs, but at the same time they have, as a rule, a complex pattern and are used as decoration. The fineness of the product is often determined by 2 parameters: whether the product passes through the ring and is placed in a goose egg.


In the middle of the 19th century, downy shawls were presented at exhibitions in European countries, where they received international recognition. Repeated attempts were made, including abroad, to open the production of such fluff for the needs of light industry. However, they were unsuccessful. It turned out that in order to obtain such a thin and warm down, goats need rather harsh climatic conditions and a certain diet, the combination of which is possible only on the territory of the Orenburg Territory.

In the middle of the 19th century, in the city of Pavlovsky Posad, they began to produce woolen shawls with the so-called printed pattern, which was applied to the fabric using forms with a relief pattern. Pavloposad shawls are products of traditionally black or red color with a three-dimensional floral pattern.


In the 70s. XIX century, the usual palette of scarves is formed, the range of scarves with naturalistic floral motifs is expanding. Craftswomen prefer images of garden flowers, especially roses and dahlias.


Until the 1970s, the drawing was applied to the fabric with wooden carved forms: the outline of the drawing - with boards - "manners", the drawing itself - with "flowers". The creation of a scarf required up to 400 overlays. Since the 1970s, dye has been applied to fabrics using silk and nylon mesh patterns. This allows you to increase the number of colors, the elegance of the pattern and improves the quality of production.

Kresttskaya stitching (or kresttskaya embroidery) is a folk craft that has developed since the 1860s in the Krestetsky district of the Novgorod province, which has been inhabited since ancient times by Old Believers.


Sacral stitching is the most labor-consuming and complex stitching in the technique of execution.


The embroidery was carried out on linen fabric, with the threads, warp and weft trimmed and pulled out of the fabric, forming gaps, like a net. This fabric was used to create a variety of patterns and embroidery. Items of clothing, curtains, and towels were adorned with cross-stitch embroidery.

Kasli casting - art products (sculpture, lattices, architectural elements, etc.) made of cast iron and bronze, produced at the iron foundry in the town of Kasli.


This plant was founded in 1749 by the merchant-Old Believer Yakov Korobkov, who arrived here with his family from Tula. He was guided by the decree of Peter I, which read:

It is deigned to everyone and everyone, the will is given, no matter what rank and dignity, in all places, both on our own and on foreign lands, to look for, melt, cook, clean all kinds of metals and minerals.


Sculpture "Russia" by N.A. Laveretsky, Kasli casting, 1896

Most of the workers of the plant were also Old Believers who came from different places to the Urals, where the persecution of the old faith was not so noticeable.


The traditions of Kasli casting - graphic clarity of the silhouette, the combination of carefully finished details and generalized planes with an energetic play of highlights - took shape in the 19th century. During this period, the owners of the plant attracted new talented sculptors, artists, embossers and molders to work. Castings from Kasli won the Grand Prix at the prestigious 1900 Paris World Exhibition of Applied Arts.

Shemogodskaya cut birch bark, which originates in the Vologda region, has gained particular popularity. Birch bark, despite its apparent fragility, is a fairly strong and durable material. Vologda craftsmen make a variety of baskets, dishes, toes, jewelry, and even shoes and clothes.


The peculiarity of these products lies in the fact that natural plant ornament, leaves and berries, flowers and stems, animals and people are intertwined with the traditional pattern. Traditional patterns of Shemogodskaya cut birch bark are engraved on birch bark sheets with a blunt awl and cut with a sharp knife to remove the background. Colored paper or another layer of birch bark is sometimes placed under the openwork; the thread is complemented by embossing. In the 19th century, these products were nicknamed “ birch bark lace».


In Soviet times, products made from Shemogodskaya cut birch bark were considered a symbol of the Russian forest and were in demand among foreigners. At the same time, a birch bark carving workshop was organized at the Shemogodsky furniture plant (Vologda region). And today, not a single Russian fair is complete without birch bark dishes.

This Russian craft arose among professional Nizhny Novgorod woodcarvers. The craftsmen use the tubular bone of cattle as the main raw material - " tarsus"And a horn. Also, for the manufacture of expensive types of products, more rare and valuable types of mammoth and walrus bones are used.


Barnabas bone carving is used mainly in the manufacture of women's jewelry (hairpins, combs, hairpins, combs, brooches, pendants, beads, necklaces, pendants, bracelets, earrings, rings, rings), caskets, caskets, fountain pens, decorative utensils and other souvenirs.


The peculiarity of such products lies in the absolute originality and individuality. Each piece is made by hand, without any templates or stamps.

Abramtsevo-Kudrinskaya carving is an artistic craft of woodcarving, formed at the end of the 19th century in the vicinity of the Abramtsevo estate near Moscow.


Using this technique, they made ladles, dishes, vases and boxes, as well as any home decor and household items. The peculiarity of these products is the prevalence of various curls, rosettes, twigs, tinting and wood polishing.


The heyday of this craft falls on the Soviet period of time - 20-40s. Orders for the workers of the Kudrinskaya artel "Vozrozhdenie" came even from the Tretyakov Gallery. Historical and modern products made in the style of Abramtsevo-Kudrinsky carving were presented at the international exhibition in Paris in 1937. After the collapse of the USSR, the Kudrinskaya carving factory was closed. Today the craft is preserved thanks to the work of private craftsmen.

The history of Gusev crystal began in 1756, when the Oryol merchant Akim Maltsov founded the first glass factory on the banks of the Gus River in the dense Meshchera forests.


The first mentions of the Guss volost date back to the 17th century. When a ban was imposed on the construction of glass factories in the Moscow region due to excessive deforestation, the first crystal factory was built in the village of Gus on the river of the same name, for which craftsmen were specially brought from Mozhaisk. This is how the history of not just production began, but a whole folk craft, which is flourishing to this day.


Now the plant is primarily famous for its artistic glass. Gusev artists, taking into account the peculiarities of the material, give it a highly artistic expressiveness, skillfully using color, shape, and decor.

Filigree

Filigree (or filigree) is a jewelry craft using an openwork pattern or a pattern of fine gold, silver, etc. soldered onto a metal background. wire. The elements of the filigree pattern are very diverse: rope, lace, weaving, herringbone, track, satin stitch. The individual filigree elements are connected into a single whole by soldering. Filigree is often combined with grains - small metal balls that are soldered into prepared cells (recesses). Grain creates a spectacular texture, a play of light and shade, due to which the products acquire a particularly elegant, sophisticated look. The materials for filigree products are alloys of gold, silver and platinum, as well as copper, brass, cupronickel, nickel silver. Filigree jewelry is oxidized and silver. Filigree is often combined with enamel (including enamel), engraving, and chasing.


Filigree products were made in royal or monastery workshops. In the 18th century, large forged products were made, along with stones, crystal and mother-of-pearl were widely used. At the same time, small silver items became widespread: vases, salt shakers, caskets. Since the 19th century, filigree products have already been produced by factories in large quantities. These are expensive dishes, church utensils and much more.


The centers of the scanning business today are:

  • The village of Kazakovo, Vachsky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region, where the enterprise of art products is located, which produces unique jewelry products in the ancient technique of artistic metal processing - filigree.
  • The village of Krasnoe-on-Volga in the Kostroma region, here is the Krasnoselsky school of artistic metalworking, the main task of which is to preserve the traditional Krasnoselsky jewelry craft - filigree, enamel, chasing and more.
  • The city of Pavlovo, Nizhny Novgorod region, where the technical school of folk arts and crafts of Russia is located.

Enamel

Enamel - the manufacture of works of art using glassy powder, enamel on a metal substrate. The glass coating is durable and does not fade over time; enamel products are particularly bright and clear of colors. The enamel acquires the desired color after firing with the help of additives for which metal salts are used. For example, additions of gold give the glass a ruby ​​color, cobalt blue, and copper green.


Vologda (Usolskaya) enamel is a traditional painting on white enamel. The craft originated in the 17th century in Solvychegodsk. Later, a similar enamel was practiced in Vologda. Initially, the main motive was plant compositions applied with paints on a copper base: floral ornaments, birds, animals, including mythological ones. However, at the beginning of the 18th century, monochromatic enamel (white, blue and green) became popular. Only in the 1970s, the revival of the "Usolskaya" multicolored enamel by Vologda artists began. Production continues now.


There is also Rostov enamel - a Russian folk art craft that has existed since the 18th century in the city of Rostov Veliky, Yaroslavl Region. Miniature images are made on enamel with transparent refractory paints, which were invented in 1632 by the French jeweler Jean Toutin.

Malachite products

Malachite is a green mineral with rich shades that lends itself well to processing. The stone can be from light green to black and green, and the first craft is more than 10 thousand years old. Dense varieties of malachite with a good color and a beautiful pattern are highly valued, since the end of the 18th century they were used for cladding flat surfaces. Since the beginning of the 19th century, malachite has been used to create voluminous works - vases, bowls, dishes.


Malachite gained wide popularity outside Russia thanks to the orders of the World Exhibition in London in 1851, prepared by. Thanks to the Demidovs, from the 1830s, malachite began to be used as a material for architectural decoration: the first malachite hall was created by order of P.N. Demidov by architect O. Montferrand in a mansion in St. Petersburg on st. B. Morskaya, 43. Luxurious interior work with malachite was performed in St. Isaac's Cathedral. Malachite is also used to make jewelry. The technique of facing with malachite is called " russian mosaic". It is based on a principle that was used by European craftsmen to reduce the cost of lapis lazuli products back in the 17th century: finely sawn stone plates cover the surface of an object made of metal or cheap stone. This creates the illusion of a monolith carving.


The tales of the Russian writer Pavel Petrovich Bazhov, who began his career as a teacher in a school in the remote Ural village of Shaidurikha, inhabited by Old Believers, are dedicated to the malachite trade. From them, the writer adopted many interesting stories and legends related to life in the Urals and the folklore customs of the local population.

Everyone can easily name Khokhloma and Gzhel. But few people know that there are many more types of Russian folk painting. This article will describe the most famous decorating styles.

general information

Art painting is the art of decorating a surface with paints. Painting for a short period of time has become a part of a person's everyday life.

Russian folk painting styles were used to decorate various items. They painted both wood and ceramics and metal. According to this criterion, it can be divided into three groups.

1. The basis is wood. This type of art includes:

  • Khokhloma.
  • Fedoskinskaya.
  • Painting of the Northern Dvina.
  • Prikamsk painting.
  • Mezenskaya.
  • Palekh.

2. The basis is ceramics. This type of art includes:

  • Gzhel.

3. The base is the metal that was used to make the trays. It includes:

As you can see, the most popular Russian folk painting on wood. And this is quite understandable.

The most famous types of Russian folk painting will be described below. Among them are Khokhloma, Gzhel, Zhostovo and Gorodets painting.

Khokhloma

The most famous Russian folk painting is Khokhloma. The painting is unique in that, due to special processing in ovens, products do not deteriorate even from hot food. Thus, wood acquires the properties of a ceramic.

History

This Russian folk style goes back to the 17th century in the village of the same name, which was located in the region of Nizhny Novgorod. According to one version, the very idea of ​​the Khokhloma craft was brought up by the Old Believers who were fleeing persecution for the "old faith". There were many icon painters among such people. By the beginning of the 18th century, this place became a real artistic treasure.

Currently, Khokhloma has "moved" to the village of Semino and the city of Semyonov. Here they are still engaged in painting, but already on a factory scale.

Elements of Russian folk painting

Red, black and gold are the three primary colors, while yellow and green were used as complementary and in small quantities. The brushes are made from squirrel tails. It is this material that makes it possible to draw a thin line.

Products can be painted in two ways. The first method - first, the background is painted over with completely black paint, and a picture is applied on top. The second way - first, the outline of the ornament is applied, only after that the background is painted over.

If you carefully look at the various works made in the Khokhloma style, you can distinguish several main patterns:

  • Sediments. For this pattern, you need to lightly stroke the tip of the brush from top to bottom.
  • Blades of grass. The element looks like a small brush stroke with a gradual thickening.
  • Droplets.
  • Antennae.
  • Curls.
  • Bush. Drawn by combinations of sedges, blades of grass, droplets, tendrils and curls. Moreover, the elements were always located symmetrically to each other.
  • Berries. Mostly they painted lingonberries, currants, mountain ash, strawberries or gooseberries.

Manufacturing technology

At the very beginning, a wooden base was created. For the most part, these were household items: spoons, bowls, and so on. This basis was called "linen". After drying, the base is covered with specially cleaned clay and left to dry for 7-8 hours. During the drying process, the product is coated with linseed oil several times.

The next step is called "tinning". Aluminum powder is rubbed into the product with a special swab made of sheep's skin. After this procedure, the object acquires shine and is ready for painting.

Gzhel

No less famous Russian folk painting is Gzhel, in which only all kinds of shades of blue on a white background are used to draw patterns.

History

The name of the Russian folk painting Gzhel comes from the Gzhel bush region. This is a union of more than 20 villages in the Moscow region. The first mention of this type of Russian folk painting was in the 14th century during the reign of Ivan Kalita. Initially, Gzhel was colored, but in the 19th century Dutch tiles and Chinese porcelain became fashionable. The products were made in white and blue colors. It soon became an integral part of the Russian pattern.

Main plots

Birds, roosters or flowers become the central characters of almost all products made in the Gzhel style. The plots of the master of the Russian pattern are taken from their environment. At the same time, the painting itself and the shape of the product do not contradict each other, but form a single whole, complementing each other.

Manufacturing technology

Before painting, the quality of the porcelain was checked. The product was dipped in fuchsin. Thus, the porcelain was painted pink, and the slightest cracks could be seen on it.

As a rule, craftsmen used cobalt-based paint. Before firing the item, it was black. In the work, the master only needed a brush and paint. But using various techniques, more than 20 shades of blue were created.

which was used to decorate metal trays. They exist to this day in the village of Zhostovo, which is located in the Moscow region.

History

The history of Zhostovo painting begins at the beginning of the 19th century in a number of villages in the Trinity Volost. The first masters of painting lacquerware made using the papier-mâché technique appeared here.

The emergence of the familiar is directly related to the Vishnyakov brothers. Thanks to their shop, the production of trays increased. The first things made of metal began to appear. They gradually replaced other papier-mâché crafts.

Main plots

In the Zhostovo painting, the main characters of the works are flowers and floral ornaments. Sometimes they depict scenes of everyday life, landscapes, scenes of festivities, weddings, and so on. But the most common is the image of a bouquet, which is located in the middle of the tray, along the edges of which there is a small gold pattern. Usually there were several rather large flowers in the bouquet, surrounded by a scattering of smaller ones.

Technology

Trays were used for two purposes: for domestic use (as a stand for a samovar or for serving food) and as an element of the interior. The material for making the tray is ordinary sheet metal. The shape of the finished product can be any: round, rectangular oval, etc. Before applying the pattern, the product goes through several important stages:

  • Padding.
  • Puttying.
  • Grinding.
  • Varnishing.

This makes the tray surface perfectly flat. Oil paints are used for painting. At the end of the work, the product is covered with several layers of colorless varnish.

The painting itself was carried out in several stages:

  • Stage 1. Background. At this stage, the main color is selected. It will be used as a background. Black was preferred, but they could use white, red, blue, etc.
  • Stage 2. Zamalek. At this stage, the basis for the future pattern is made. With diluted paint, the master applies the outlines of the future composition in accordance with his idea. After that, the trays are sent to dry in the oven for several hours.
  • Stage 3. Shadowing. At this stage, the master, using translucent paints, applies shadows to the flowers. Thus, making them voluminous.
  • Stage 4. Gasket. This is the most crucial stage. Now the master begins to clarify many details, to highlight and implement a contrasting or more harmonious structure of his composition.
  • Stage 5. Glare. At this stage, with the help of highlights, light and more volume appear on the flower petals. Glare is needed to create mood and color.
  • Stage 6. Drawing. This is the last stage of work on the creation of the bouquet. Using a very thin brush, the artist paints subtle veins on the leaves of the plant, makes a lace edge on the leaves and seeds in the center of the flower.
  • Stage 7. Binding. This stage is the penultimate one in the Zhostovo painting. The artist paints the finest stems, blades of grass and tendrils emanating from the bouquet itself. Thus, the master establishes a connection between the bouquet and the background.
  • Stage 8. Cleaning. At this stage, the side of the tray is decorated. Usually a geometric or floral pattern is used for this purpose. The style of cleaning depends on the wishes of the master. It can be quite modest and consist of one repeating element, or it can be richly and variedly decorated. If you skip this step, the product will look unfinished.

So you can find endless options for similar motives. But you can never find exact copies or repetitions.

Russian folk Gorodets painting has existed since the middle of the 19th century. Bright and unusual, it served as an adornment for spinning wheels, furniture, shutters and doors.

History

Hints of Gorodets painting can be seen in the carved spinning wheels. In Gorodets, they were unique in that the bottom (the place where the spinner sat) was decorated with the help of a special technique. Wooden figures cut from a different breed were inserted into the recesses. Only two types of wood allowed Gorodets craftsmen to create stunning works of art. Later, a touch-up was added to this.

In the second half of the 19th century, the need for such products increased, which prompted the craftsmen to abandon wood inlay as a complex technique, to switch to simple pictorial elements.

Main plots

Nizhny Novgorod painting is divided into two types: Pavlovsk and Gorodets. They were used to decorate chests, arches, sledges and so on.

Gorodets Russian folk painting is rich in content. Here you can see a variety of plots. For the most part, these were situations of an everyday nature. At the same time, most of the plot was assigned to floral motifs. You can also meet birds and animals as the main characters of the painting. They can be both stylized and realistic. Typically, the images were symmetrical, with animals or birds looking at each other.

This painting is characterized by the use of underpainting circles, spirals, drops, arcs, staples, strokes and dots. At the same time, the last types of patterns are applied by the artist at the final stage in order to "revive" his work.

There are not so many colors used in the painting: red, green, blue and black. The images are applied to the tree without preliminary drawing. Patterns are applied immediately with a brush, while the master can use both wide and loose strokes, and the finest strokes.

Technology

To create a painting, tempera is used - a paint that is made on the basis of dry pigments in the form of a powder. Moreover, it can be created both from natural materials and from their artificial counterparts. Sometimes they use mixtures of gouache with PVA glue. But it must be borne in mind that when dry, the color becomes whitish. Therefore, before applying the next layer, allow the previous one to dry.

The painting is done immediately on a wooden base. If desired, it is primed with red, yellow or black paint. The future composition can be outlined with a thin line using a simple pencil. But experienced artists tend to skip this step and apply the pattern immediately with a brush.

After the drawing is completely dry, the product is covered with transparent varnish in several layers, each of which is carefully dried. Either oil varnish is used, which is applied with a special swab, or nitro varnish, for which the help of a spray gun is needed. This ensures that the finished product is even and smooth. Such a coating is needed to protect the product from chemical or mechanical damage.

Russian folk painting today

Even in the 21st century, painting does not lose its relevance. Painted items are not just a part of the interior. Many of them have a wide functional load and are actively used in everyday life. For example, cutting food on a decorated cutting board or storing bread in a bread box, which is painted by a master of their craft, are still relevant.

Painted products will add their own flavor even to a modest room, making it unique. But do not overload the apartment with such things, as many of them look very bright. Two or three will be enough.

Also, different types of Russian folk painting are actively used to decorate walls, columns, borders and other interior elements. Such a solution looks great in a children's room or in the kitchen, as it will make the atmosphere brighter and more positive.

Khokhloma- an old Russian folk craft, born in the 17th century in the Nizhny Novgorod district. The painting is done in red, green and black on a gold background. Traditional elements of Khokhloma are red juicy berries of rowan and strawberry, flowers and branches. Birds, fish, and animals are not uncommon.

Gzhel- one of the traditional Russian centers for the production of ceramics. The word "gzhel" probably comes from "burn". For the first time, the Gzhel area is mentioned among others in the spiritual charter of Ivan Kalita. The colors of the Gzhel painting are juicy blue, bright blue, cornflower blue, color.

Zhostovo painting - folk craft of artistic painting of metal trays, existing in the village of Zhostovo, Mytishchi district, Moscow region.
Painting is usually done on a black background, sometimes on red, blue, green, silver, and the master works on several trays at once.
The main motive of the painting is a floral bouquet of a simple composition, in which large garden flowers and small wildflowers alternate.

Mezen painting - one of the most ancient Russian art crafts. Its origins are lost in the distant centuries of the initial formation of the Slavic tribes.
The main motives are a geometric ornament - solar discs, rhombuses, crosses - reminiscent of similar elements of a trihedral-champlevé carving. Available in two colors black and red. The painted object was covered with linseed oil, which protected the paint from abrasion and gave the product a golden color.

Gorodets painting - Russian folk art craft. It has existed since the middle of the 19th century in the area of ​​the town of Gorodets. The Gorodets craftsmen used a peculiar technique - inlay: the figures were carved from wood of a different species and inserted into a recess corresponding to the shape. The inserts made of dark bog oak stand out in relief on the light surface of the bottom. Thus, having only two shades of wood and an uncomplicated instrument, folk craftsmen turned the surface of the bottom board into a real picture. Later, the masters began to use tint for fine wealth, a bright combination of yellow with dark oak, the addition of blue, green, red colors made the bottom even more elegant and colorful

Permogorye Is a pier on the highest, mountainous bank of the Northern Dvina. The villages of Bolshoy Bereznik are 4 kilometers away. These villages, united by the common name Mokraya Evdoma, were the center of the Permogorian painting.
The basis of the Permogorsk painting is a floral pattern. The flexible shoots are strung with three-lobed, slightly curved leaves with sharp tips and tulip-shaped flowers, reminiscent of the ancient krin flower. Among them are bushes of rounded leaves, sirens, fabulous fabulous birds. In the folk paintings of Permogorye in the 19th century, various genre scenes from peasant life usually fit into the floral pattern on almost all household items.

 

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