The main features of the oligopoly market. Characteristics and main features oligopoly oligopoly and its characteristic features

Similar documents

Oligopoly as a modern market structure. Its characteristic features and development trends in Russia. Analysis of the essence of oligopolistic pricing on the basis of various models of behavior of firms. Section and control of the oil market by OPEC countries.

course work, added 07/15/2013

Theoretical foundations of oligopolistic behavior of firms in Russia. Types and models of oligopoly. Options for behavior of firms in oligopolistic markets. Features of the behavior of oligopolistic firms of cellular communications in Russia. The strategy of the behavior of oligopolists.

abstract, added 04.06.2015

Brief description of monopolistic competition. Differentiation of products as the basis of monopolism. The concept of oligopoly and characteristic features of the oligopolistic market. Monopolistic competition and oligopoly in the markets of Russia: differences and similarities.

course work, added 08/17/2015

Oligopoly and its main signs, economic nature and modern theories, models of interaction of participants. Analysis of the processes of formation of oligopoly in the Russian economy. The study of competition in the market of aviation equipment of Russia and the United States.

course work, added 07.05.2016

Oligopoly - a special structure in which several firms dominate the market: concept, essence, features; Characteristics and efficiency. Directions of the behavior of an oligopolist, features of imperfect competition. Pricing under oligopoly.

coursework, added on 03/14/2011

The main features and the concept of oligopoly. The behavior of the company in the short-term and long-term periods, in the event of an uncommonly oligopoly. The role of cartels in a market economy. Kartel-like market structure. Features of the market of oligopoly in Russia.

course work, added 03/23/2016

Features of the functioning of the oligopoly - the situation when a small number of firms controlling most of the market is present on the market. Study of signs of oligopoly on the example of the market of oil products of the Russian Federation. Functions of the Federal Antimonopoly Policy.

course work, added 02/28/2010

Research of oligopoly as a market model. Fighting for market power and basic models of oligopolistic pricing. Leadership in prices. Studying the problems of mergers of firms-oligopolists. Game theory. Equilibrium in the market of oligopolies. The model of duopolia is KURN.

coursework, added 12/25/2015

Oligopoly and its distinctive features. Oligopoly theory: Model Korcheni, model of a broken demand curve, conspiracy and cartels. The main oligopolistic markets of Russia and their industry features: ferrous metallurgy, oil and automotive industry.

course work, added 02/25/2010

The concept of "oligopoly", its signs and becoming. Model of oligopoly with a broken demand curve, Dugolia models Kourno, Bertranda, price leadership, cartel. Main oligopolistic markets. Application of game theory for making management decisions.

Oligopoly is such a market structure at which a small number of sellers dominates, and the entrance to the new producers is limited by high barriers.

The first characteristic feature of the oligopoly lies in the neglence of firms in the industry. This indicates the etymology of the very concept of "oligopoly" (Greek. "Oligos" - a few, "Poleo" - sell, trade). Usually their number does not exceed ten Fisher, S. Economy / S. Fisher, R. Dornbush, R. Shmalenzy. M., 2010. p.213.

The second characteristic feature of the oligopoly is high barriers to entry into the industry. They are primarily connected, with savings on the production scale (scale effect), which acts as the most important cause of widespread and long-term preservation of oligopolistic structures.

The effect of scale is an important, but not the only reason, since the level of concentration in many industries exceeds the optimal effective level. The oligopolistic concentration is generated by some other barriers to entering the industry.

The third characteristic feature of the oligopoly is universal interdependence. Oligopoly arises in the event that the number of companies in the industry is so small that each of them in the formation of its economic policy is forced to take into account the reaction from competitors.

Oligopoly is one of the most common market structures in the modern economy. In most countries, almost all industrial industries (metallurgy, chemistry, automotive, electronics, ship and aircraft construction, etc.) have exactly such a structure.

Figure 1 - Microeconomics oligopoly features. Theory and Russian Practice: Tutorial / Count. Aut.; Ed. A.G. Mudnova, A.Yu. Yudanova. M., 2006. p.354

The most notable feature of the oligopoly is in a few acting in the market of firms. Do not, however, think that companies can literally recalculate on the fingers.

In the oligopolistic industry, as with monopolistic competition, along with large, quite a few minor firms are often valid. However, several leading companies account for most of the total turnover of the industry, which it is their activities that determine the development of events.

Formally, the oligopolistic usually belongs to those industries where several largest firms (in different countries per point of reference are made from 3 to 8 firms) produce more than half of all products. If the concentration of production turns out to be lower, the industry is considered valid in conditions of monopolistic competition.

In Russia, the oligopolistic nature is distinguished by raw materials, black and non-ferrous metallurgy, i.e. Almost all industries that managed to survive in the current crisis and to which the domestic economy is relying.

The concentration of production in the hands of 8 leading firms here ranges from 51 to 62%. Undoubtedly, oligopolys and main subproduces of chemistry and mechanical engineering (fertilizer production, automotive, aerospace industry, etc.).

A sharp contrast to them is the light and food industry. In these industries, the largest 8 firms account for no more than 10%. The state of the market in this area can be confidently characterized as a monopalistic competition. Moreover, the differentiation of the product in both industries is exceptionally large (for example, the variety of candy varieties, which do not even produce the whole food industry, but only one of its sub-sectors - confectionery industry) industry economy: Tutorial / A.S. Pelih et al. Rostov N / D, 2011. p.115.

Of course, the establishment of a quantitative boundary between oligopoly and monopolistic competition is largely conditional. After all, two named market types have qualitative differences.

With monopolistic competition, the decisive cause of the imperfect market is the differentiation of the product. In the conditions of oligopoly, this factor also matters. There are oligopolistic industries in which the product differentiation is significant (for example, the automotive industry). But there are also industries where the product is standardized (cement, oil industry, and most of the subproduces of metallurgy).

The main cause of the formation of oligopoly is the savings on the scale of production. The industry acquires an oligopolistic structure in case the major amount of the company provides significant cost savings and, therefore, if large firms in it have significant advantages over small.

However, large firms in the industry can never be much. Already a multi-billion dollar value of their factories serves as a reliable barrier on the way of the emergence of new companies in the industry.

With the usual development of events, the company is consolidated gradually and by the time the oligopoly is developing in the industry, the narrow circle of the largest firms is already actually defined. In order to invade him, the "stranger" must immediately post the amount that the oligopolists gradually invested in a decade. Therefore, the story knows only a very small number of cases when the giant firm was created "on an empty place" by one-time enormous investment (they would compare it in AvtoVAZ in the USSR and on Volkswagen in Germany; it is characteristic that in both cases the state acts in the investor, i.e In the formation of these firms, non-economic factors played a major role).

But even if there were funds to build a large number of giants, they would not be able to work profitably. After all, the market capacity is limited. Consumer demand is quite enough to absorb the products of thousands of small bakeries or car repair shops. However, no one needs a metal in those quantities that thousands of domain giants could be paid.

Oligopoly and its main models.

1. Surprise of oligopoly and its characteristic features

2. The main indicators of the market concentration measurement (indexHerfindal - Hirschman)

3. Model Kourno (Dugolia)

4. High-grade based on a secret collusion

5. Voligopoly, not based on a secret collusion

6.Modes costs

1) Essence of oligopoly and its characteristic features

Oligopolythe type of market structure in which several firms and each of them are able to provide independent influence on the price.

Believe it:

Aluminum production;

Copper production;

Steel production;

Automotive industry;

Refrigerators, vacuum cleaners, etc.

Main features:

1) a small number of firms that dominate the market

2) Products may be homogeneous or differentiated

3) restrictions on access to the market of new companies (natural obstacles include: the effect of scale that can make non-profit coexistence of many firms on the market, since This requires large financial resources. We are talking about natural oligopoly. In addition, patenting and licensing production technologies. In addition, firms can take strategic actions that make it difficult to penetrate new firms into this market)

4) Each firm is able to influence the market price, but it depends on the nature of the interaction of firms. A significant impact on pricing has a secret collusion

5) Universal interdependence of firms (the oligopolyster must foresee the response of competitors to change its price strategy, given that competitors can predict the situation. All this is called oligopolistic interconnection.

2) the main indicators of the measurement of the concentration of the market (index Herfindal - Hirschman)

In practice, when one or another market structure is being studied, then use such a characteristic as its concentration. This is the degree of predominance in the market of one or several firms. There is an indicator reflecting this concentration. This is a concentration coefficient-percentive ratio of all sales for a certain number of firms. The most common is the "share of four firms": the volume of their sales is divided into sales of the entire industry. Maybe the "share of six firms", "share of eight firms", etc. But this indicator has a limit: does not take into account the difference between monopolies and oligopolys, because The coefficient will be the same where one firm dominates the market and, where 4 firms share the market. The disadvantage is overcome using the Herfinda index - Hirschman. It is calculated by building a market share of each firms and summarizing the results obtained.

H \u003d d 1 2 + d 2 2 + ... + d n 2, where

n-number of competing firms;

d 1, D 2 ... DN - share of firms in percent

With increasing concentration, the index increases. The maximum value is inherent in monopoly, where it is equal to 10,000. Consider what is the choice of the optimal production volume and price with oligopoly. So this is a choice that maximizes profits. Since the choice depends on the behavior of the firms, then there is no uniform model of the behavior of the company in the conditions of oligopoly. There are various models:

1) Corno Model

2) Model based on a secret collusion

3) model. not based on a secret conspiracy (prisoner)

4) silent conspiracy (leadership in general)

3) Model Kournot (Dugolia)

The model was presented in 1938 by the French economist Augustine Koro.

Dugolia - Private case of oligopoly when only two firms compete on each other on the market.

Firms produce a homogeneous product and a market demand market curve is known.

The volume of production of one firm A 1 varies depending on how, in the opinion of its leadership, A 2 will grow. As a result, each firm builds its reaction curve. She talks about how much a company will produce with the estimated volume of its competitor. In equilibrium, each company establishes the volume of production in accordance with its reaction curve, therefore the equilibrium of production is at the intersection of two curves of reactions. This is equilibrium-equilibrium Koro. Here, each dopolist establishes the volume of production that maximizes its profits under this volume of competitor production. This is the equilibrium an example of the fact that in the theory of games is called Nash's equilibrium, when each player playing poker makes the best that can be done with the specified actions of the opponent. As a result, no player has an incentive to change his behavior. This game theory was described by Neuman and Mongershtern in the work "Game theory and Economic Behavior" (1944).

4) Oligopoly based on a secret collusion.

Collusion-actual agreement between industry firms in order to establish fixed prices and production volumes.

In many industries, a secret conspiracy is considered illegal. The factors contributing to the secret collusion include:

a) availability of legal framework

b) high concentration of sellers

c) approximately the same average costs of companies in the industry

d) the impossibility of penetrating new firms to the market

It is assumed that, with a secret conspiracy, each company will equalize its prices when lowering and raising prices. At the same time, the firms produce homogeneous products and have the same average costs. Then, when choosing the optimal volume of production, maximizing profits, the oligopolist behaves like a pure monopolist.

If two firms have conspited, then they build contracts of contracts, which shows various combinations of the production of two firms that maximize profits. The secret conspiracy is much more profitable for firms, compared with perfect equilibrium and compared with the equilibrium KURNY, because They will produce less products by setting a more favorable price.

(Question 5) Oligopoly, not based on a secret collusion

If there is no secret conspiracy (inherent in the US), then the oligopolists are faced with the price dilemma prisoner. This classic example of the theory of games in the ecnomica.

Two prisoners accused of joint crime. They are sitting in different cameras and cannot support each other. If both confesses, the term of imprisonment for each will be 5 years. If not, then it's not done to the end and everyone will receive 2 years. If the first confesses, and the other is not, then the first will receive 1 year in prison, and the second 10 years.

There is a matrix of possible results:

Before prisoners, there is a dilemma: recognized or not in the commission of a crime. If they could agree, not to admit, they would receive for 2 years in prison. But if such an opportunity existed, they could not trust each other. If the first prisoner is not recognized, he risks that the other can take advantage of this. Therefore, in order not to make the first, it is more profitable to admit the second. Then it is more likely to admit both and go to prison for 5 years.

Oligopolists are also often encountered with the dilemma of the prisoner. Let there be two firms. They are the only sellers in the market of this product. Before them is a dilemma: a high or low price set?

1) If both firms establish a high price, then will receive at 20 000000 rubles.

2) If they set a relatively low price, then will receive 15 000000 rubles.

3) If the first firm increases the price, and the second will lower, the first will receive 10,0000 rubles, and the second 30,0000 rubles due to the first one.

Conclusion: It is obvious that each company is beneficial to establish a relatively low price, regardless of how the competitor comes and receive 15,0000 rubles. The prisoner's dilemma explains the rigidity of the price at oligopoly.

(question 6) costs

The broken "demand curve" describes the behavior of the firm that does not conduct a secret conspiracy with competitors. The model is based on the fact that there are options for the behavior of market participants. When the price is changed, one of the competitors can choose one of the possible solutions:

1) level prices and adapt to a new price

2) Do not respond to change in price one of the competitors

3) Let one firm raises prices, then the rest will raise the prices after this company. Industries will lose some sales volumes, so if one company increases the price, others do not react to it.

4) Let one firm at the market reduced prices, then if competitors do not drop prices, the firm selects part of buyers. Therefore, if one firm will reduce prices, other firms also do.

Conclusion: Reduce prices following a decrease in competitor prices and not respond to an increase in prices the latter - the essence of the broken "demand curve" in the market of the oligopoly.

There is a broken demand curve in the oligopoly market.

P.-The set of products;

Q.- Number of products;

D.-demand;

P. about - Basic price in the market

If the firm and will raise the price above the existing base (P o), then the competitors will most likely be raised. As a result, the firm will lose part of its consumers. The demand for its products above the point is very elastic. If the firm d will lower the price, then competitors will also reduce the price. Therefore, at a price below P on demand less than elastic. The decline in prices by the company A can also cause price war when the firms are in turn reduce the price until for some of them such actions will lead to a loss and closure of production. Therefore, in the conditions of war, the strongest wins. But the policy is risky, therefore it is unknown, which of firms more "Boykaya".

Model "Costs +" The firms determines the level of costs per unit of production, and then adds the costs of the planned level of profit (approximately 10% -15%). The principle is used where the products are differentiated (for example in the automotive industry). The model shows that the firm does not adjust its costs under the market price. Such behavior of the firm is possible in the absence of a tangible pressure of competitors.

The oligopoly is a market structure in which there is a small number of sales companies in the market of any product, each of which occupies a significant market share and has significant control over prices. Do not, however, think that companies can literally recalculate on the fingers. In the oligopolistic industry, as with monopolistic competition, along with large, quite a few minor firms are often valid. However, several leading companies have such a majority of the total turnover of the industry, which is precisely their activities to determine the development of events.

The main cause of the formation of oligopoly is the savings on the scale of production. The industry acquires an oligopolistic structure if the major amount of the company provides significant cost savings and, therefore, if large firms in it have significant advantages over small.

It is usually taken to say that "Big Two", "Big Troika", "Big Four", etc. prevails in oligopolistic industries, "big four", etc., more than half of sales falls out of 2 to 10 firms. For example, in the United States, four companies account for 92% of all cars. Oligopoly is characteristic of many industries in Russia. So, cars are produced by five enterprises (VAZ, AZLK, GAZ, UAZ, IZHMASH). Dynamous steel produces three enterprises, 82% of tires for agricultural machinery - four, 92% of soda soda - three, all production of the magnetic tape is focused on two enterprises, automotive drivers - on three choosavin N. Side effect. Expert number 38. 2003 ..

A sharp contrast to them is the light and food industry. In these industries, the largest 8 firms account for no more than 10%. The state of the market in this area can be confidently characterized as a monopolistic competition, especially since the product differentiation in both industries is exceptionally large (for example, the variety of candy varieties that do not even produce the entire food industry, but only one of its sub-sectors is a confectionery industry).

But it is not always possible to judge the structure of the market based on indicators relating to the entire national economy. So, often, certain firms that own the negligible share of the national market are oligopolists in the local market (for example, shops, restaurants, entertainment enterprises). If the consumer lives in a big city, it is unlikely to go for the purchase of bread or milk to another end of the city. Located in the area of \u200b\u200bhis stay two bakers can be oligopolists.

Of course, the establishment of a quantitative boundary between oligopoly and monopolistic competition is largely conditional. After all, two named market types have other differences from each other.

Products on the oligopolistic market can be both homogeneous, standardized (copper, zinc, steel) and differentiated (cars, household electrical appliances). The degree of differentiation affects the nature of competition. For example, in Germany, automobile plants usually compete with each other in certain classes of cars (the number of competitors reaches nine). Russian automobile plants practically do not compete with each other, since most of them are narrowly specialized and turn into monopolists.

An important condition affecting the nature of individual markets is the height of barriers enclosing the industry (the value of the initial capital, the control of existing firms over the new technology and the latest products with patents and technical secrets, etc.).

The fact is that large firms in the industry can never be a lot. Already a multi-billion dollar value of their factories serves as a reliable barrier on the way of penetrating new companies in the industry. With the usual development of events, the company is consolidated gradually and by the time the oligopoly is developing in the industry, the narrow circle of the largest firms is already actually defined. To invade it, it is necessary to immediately have such an amount that the oligopolists gradually invested in the case for decades. Therefore, the story knows only a very small number of cases, when the gigant company was created "on an empty place" by one-time enormous investment (a Volkswagen in Germany can be considered an example, but the state acts in this case, i.e. in the formation of this company a large role was played non-economic factors).

There are significant restrictions in the availability of economic information in this market structure. Each market participant thoroughly protects commercial secret from its competitors.

A large proportion in the production of products in turn provides firms-oligopolists a significant degree of market control. Already each of the companies separately is large enough to influence the situation in the industry. So, if the oligopolyster decides to reduce the production of products, this will lead to an increase in the price of the market. In the summer of 1998, AvtoVAZ took advantage of this circumstance: he moved to work into one shift, which led to the absorption of non-sold car reserves and allowed the plant to raise prices. And if several oligopolists begin to carry out a general policy, their joint market power will come close to the one with the monopoly.

A characteristic feature of the oligopolistic structure is that the firms in the formation of their pricing policies should take into account the reaction of competitors, i.e., all manufacturers protruding on the oligopolistic market are interdependent. With the monopolistic structure of such a situation, there is no competitors (there are no competitors), with perfect and monopolistic competition - also (competitors, on the contrary, too much, and it is impossible to take into account their actions). Meanwhile, the reaction of competitors can be different, and it is difficult to predict it. Suppose that the firm speaking in the household refrigerator market decided to reduce prices for their products by 15%. Competitors can react to it in different ways. First, they can reduce prices by less than 15%. In this case, this company will increase the sales market. Secondly, competitors can also reduce prices by 15%. The amount of implementation will grow from all firms, but due to lower prices, profit can decrease. Thirdly, a competitor can declare "War of Prices", that is, to reduce prices to a greater extent. Then the question will fall, if His call will take. Usually, large companies do not enter into the "war price" among themselves, since its outcome is difficult to predict the good effect of N. Side effect. Expert number 38. 2003 ..

Oligopolistic interdependence is the need to take into account the reaction of competitors to the actions of a large firm in the oligopolistic market.

Any model of oligopoly must proceed from accounting for competitors. This is an additional substantial limitation that must be taken into account when choosing a scheme of the behavior of an oligopolistic firm. Therefore, a standard model for determining the optimal volume of production and product prices for oligopoly does not exist. It can be said that the definition of the price policy of the oligopolist is not only science, but also art. Here, the subjective qualities of the manager are played here, such as intuition, the ability to make non-standard solutions, to risk, courage, determination, etc.

Oligopoly- This is the market on which a relatively small number of sellers serves a lot of buyers. Oligopoly refers to the type of market structure of imperfect competition, in which the extremely small number of firms prevails.

Examples of oligopoly can be called passenger aircraft manufacturers, such as Boeing or Airbus, car manufacturers, such as Mercedes, BMW.

The conditions for the occurrence of oligopoly

Oligopolies often arise naturally, as companies grow and begin to capture an increasing market share, gradually ousting or absorbing competitors. Over time, the number of companies offering certain products and services begins to decline to several large corporations. Customers in turn when choosing products tend to trust more eminent and solid brands.

In the formed oligopoly, dominant companies feel pretty freely and can afford to fully control the pricing. So, for example, many mobile phones manufacturing companies will significantly overestimate the price of their products just because they are popular and can afford it.

Basic features of oligopoly

When a small number of firms are present on the market, they are called oligopolies. In some cases, oligopolys may be called the largest firms in the industry. The products that the oligopoly supplies is identical to the competitors' products (for example, mobile communication), or has differentiation (for example, washing powders).

At the same time, price competition is very rarely manifested at the oligopol markets. As a rule, the entrance to the oligopol market of new firms is very difficult. The barriers are either legislative restrictions, or the need for the initial capital of large size. Therefore, a large business acts as an example of oligopoly.

Thus, oligopolistic markets have the following signs:

small number of firms and a large number of buyers. This means that the volume of the market offer is in the hands of several large firms that implement the product to many small buyers;

differentiated or standardized products;

solutions of oligopolists regarding production and price volumes - interdependent, i.e. Oligopolies in all over each other. So if one oligopolist will reduce prices, then others will definitely follow its example. But if one oligopolist increases prices, others may not follow its example, as they risk losing their market share;

the presence of significant obstacles to the entry into the market, i.e. high market entry barriers;

the firms in the industry are aware of their interdependence, so price control is limited.

Price policy

One of the main factors of the influence of dominant companies to the market as a whole are relationships with competitors in terms of pricing policy. The price policy of the company - the oligopolist plays a huge role in her life.

As a rule, the company does not benefit the prices of their goods and services, since the likelihood that other firms will not follow first, and consumers will "go" to the rival company.

If the company lowers prices for its products, so as not to lose customers, competitors usually follow the dropping price by the company, also reducing the prices of the goods offered by them: the "Race of the leader" occurs. That is, when the company reduces prices or offers new services or products, competitors must follow its example. Otherwise, if they do not provide customers with an alternative, they can even lose those businesses.

Thus, the so-called price wars often happen between oligopolists, in which companies establish the price for their products, not greater than that of the leader's competitor.

Types and structure of oligopoly

Oligopolies can be classified as follows:

net oligopoly is a situation in which companies produce homogeneous products (cement, steel, oil, gas.);

differentiated oligopoly is a situation where companies produce similar products (cars, airplanes, telephones, computers, cigarettes, drinks, and so on);

collective oligopoly is when firms cooperate with each other in determining the price or volume of product release. Such a structure bears signs of collusion and monopolization of the market.

Strategies of the behavior of oligopoly

The strategies of the behavior of oligopoly are divided into two groups. The first group provides for the coordination of actions by firms with competitors (cooperative strategy), the second is the lack of consistency (non-opoperative strategy).

Models of oligopoly

In practice, the following models of oligopoly distinguish:

model of leadership at prices (volume);

cartel model;

berran model (price war model);

model Koro.

Pricing Leadership Model (Volume)

As a rule, among the totality of firms, one, which becomes the leader in the market is allocated. This is due, for example, with a duration of existence (authority), the availability of more professional personnel, the availability of scientific units and the latest technologies, a higher share of them in the market. The leader is the first to make changes regarding the price or volume of production. At the same time, the remaining firms repeat the actions of the leader. As a result, there is consistency in general actions. The leader must be most informed about the dynamics of demand for products in the industry, as well as on the possibilities of competitors.

Model of cartel

The best strategy for oligopoly is a conspirass with competitors about the production prices, product volumes. Credit makes it possible to strengthen the power of each of the firms and use the possibility of obtaining economic profits in such a size in which it would receive if the market was monopoly. Such a collusion in the economy is called the cartel.

Berran model (price war model)

It is assumed that each company wants to become even larger and ideally capture the entire market. To force their competitors, one of the firms begins to reduce the price. The rest of the firms not to lose their share are forced to do the same. The price war continues until one firm remains on the market. The rest are closed.

Model KURNY

The behavior of firms is based on a comparison of an independent forecast of market changes. Each company calculates the actions of competitors and chooses such a production and price that stabilizes its position in the market. If the initial calculations are erroneous, the firm corrected the selected parameters. After a certain period of time, the share of each company in the market is stabilized and in the future do not change.

Pros and Cons Oligopoly

If we talk about the positive and negative points of oligopoly as structures, it should be noted that there are both significant advantages and cons.

The advantages can be attributed to the fact that large companies compete quite strongly with each other than stimulate the growth of the quality of products and scientific and technological progress in general.

Nevertheless, such competition combined with the enormous opportunities of large firms can significantly limit the emergence of new players on a specific market of goods or services.

Antimonopoly legislation

Antimonopoly legislation - legislation aimed against the accumulation by firms dangerous to society of monopoly power. The goal of antitrust regulation is to force monopolists to appoint such a price for the goods that provided them with only normal profits, and not.

Measures of antitrust regulation are: regulation of prices of monopolist firms, reducing the terms of the licenses of monopolist firms, fragmentation of monopolist firms, the nationalization of monopolists.

There are still questions on accounting and taxes? Ask them on the accounting forum.

Oligopoly: details for accountant

Basics of the pricing mechanism
Competition Markets - market of oligopolistic competition (oligopoly, oligopsony) and a clean monopoly market ...
"Big Four" equated to oligopoly
Four "audit companies" Oligopoly "and called on the Committee on ...
The largest rating agencies charged the undermining financial stability
And Moody's) in oligopoly. In his opinion, artificial regulation ... "Now it is more appropriate to stop oligopoly" Fitch, Standard & Poor & Rsquo ...; S and Moody's. Oligopoly, we recall, is a type of market ... Trading on European stock exchanges. Oligopoly, indeed, felt. When the other day ...

Perhaps it will be useful to read: