Protection and rational use of plants presentation. Use and protection of vegetation. Examples and additional information

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Current state and protection of vegetation. Polyakova Marina Nikolaevna, biology teacher, Secondary School No. 130, Ussuriysk, Primorsky Territory

Theme: “Current state and protection of vegetation.” Goal: to show that vegetation is an exhaustible, renewable resource; its rational use should be based on universal environmental laws. Epigraph: “Of all the “machines” that work for us, the forest is one of the most durable, but also the most difficult to repair.” (L. Leonov)

Problem: There was an alley of linden trees on the street. One day a bulldozer appeared and moved towards the trees. The first to see him were old women sitting on a bench and asked the bulldozer driver what he was going to do. He replied that pipes would be laid here and therefore the trees needed to be uprooted. And he got behind the wheel again. Then the women positioned themselves right on the ground in front of the trees. The guy was confused... and turned back. An engineer from the construction trust arrived. And it turned out that it was quite possible to lay a trench several meters to the side without touching the trees. Could there not have been a conflict? How might events develop? What decision did the construction trust workers need to make in order to solve their problem and not cause damage to the green spaces of the city?

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Current state and protection of vegetation. Continuation 1

Lesson plan: 1 The role of plant resources in the life of the biosphere and in human life. 2 Causes and consequences of forest loss. Fighting forest fires. 3 Protection and restoration of forests. Rational forest management. 4 Reasons for the disappearance of rare plant species. Protected plants of the native land.

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Introduction
The basis of territorial nature conservation in Russia is the system of specially protected natural areas (SPNA). The status of protected areas is currently determined by the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, adopted by the State Duma on February 15, 1995. According to the Law “Specially protected natural territories are areas of land, water surface and air space above them where natural complexes and objects are located, which have their own environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which are withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use, and for which a special protection regime has been established.”
Russia inherited from the USSR a rather complex system of categories of protected areas, which was formed evolutionarily. The Law distinguishes the following categories: state natural reserves, including biosphere, national parks, natural parks, state nature reserves, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, health resorts and resorts.
Among these territories, only nature reserves, national parks and wildlife sanctuaries of federal significance have federal status (sanctuaries can also be local); other forms of territory protection usually have local status and are not considered here. In addition, the Law postulates the possibility of creating other categories of protected areas, which is already being implemented. Traditionally, the highest form of protection of natural areas in our country is nature reserves.
The purpose of my essay is: to consider the protection and protection of the plant world. To achieve the goal, we will define the following tasks:
-consider environmental pollution,
- describe in detail the protection and protection of flora,
- characterize the standardization of the quality of the natural environment.
Forests have a dominant role in nature and in human life. Russia is rich in forests. No country has large timber reserves. The total forest area of ​​Russia today constitutes a significant part of all forests on Earth. As an object of nature, forests, in accordance with forest legislation, are large, large tree communities with connected tree crowns. Forests are an important economic resource. Forests also play a climate-regulating role, produce oxygen, and are called the “lungs of the planet.” Small groups of trees, single trees, and shelter belts are not considered forests, although they also play a protective role (from wind and water erosion). Other vegetation - trees and shrubs, not classified as forests (for example, fruit plants, medicinal herbs, algae, other aquatic vegetation, berries, mushrooms and other forest products, steppe feather grass, cacti, forest belts).

1. The importance of plants and forests in human life.
Plants are a source of food and clothing. They serve as medicinal and chemical raw materials, as well as building materials.
The forest plays the most important role in human life. It produces 60% biologically active oxygen. Thanks to photosynthesis, green plants enrich the atmosphere with oxygen and cleanse the air of excess carbon dioxide. Together with other ecological systems, the forest maintains equilibrium in the oxygen content in the atmosphere. One average-sized tree in 24 hours restores the amount of oxygen that is necessary for the breathing of three people during the day.
The forest improves the climate of the ground layer of air, softens sharp temperature fluctuations, accumulates and stores moisture, increases its turnover in nature, delays the wind and protects fields from destructive hot winds and dust storms. The forest prevents destructive mountain mudflows, which are a terrible disaster for humans; it protects the soil from washing away and erosion, and the formation of ravines.
Over the past 100 years, the forest area on earth has decreased by half. Every minute, about 20 hectares of forest are cut down in the world.
Forests are dying from fires. Now the cause of 80% of forest fires is not an extinguished cigarette butt or an unextinguished fire. No wonder they say: “You can make a million matches from one tree, and you can burn a million trees with one match.”
Tropical forests are the main “lungs” of our planet. And the rate of their destruction, which is carried away, is 23 hectares per minute, 5 minutes. trees per day. Jungles cover about 8% of the earth's surface but contain about half of the planet's living wood. Over the past forty years, half of the jungle has been cleared; now 8 million hectares are being destroyed every day. The total forest area on planet Earth is 4184 million hectares.
During the existence of man on Earth, 50% of forests have been cut down, and in some areas - up to 90% (for example, in England). Deforestation entails soil erosion, planetary changes in climate and atmospheric quality. About 300 thousand plant species have disappeared forever.
To increase the productivity and vitality of the earth's deposits, it is necessary: ​​care, drainage of swamps, control of tree pests, scientifically based scales of felling, reforestation work, and in dry steppes, forest reclamation. It is known that it takes 50-100 years to form a 1 cm layer of chernozem soil. Due to soil depletion in the world, there was a clear trend towards a decrease in the gross grain harvest. Every day, as a result of various processes of degradation and alienation, about 7 million hectares of arable land are irretrievably lost, and this is the basis for 21 million people, based on the existing norm - 0.3 hectares per person. According to the UN, soil losses due to erosion reach 3 billion tons annually, of which 512 million tons occur in the former USSR.
Trees in city alleys, boulevards, squares, gardens and parks improve the health of the air. City air contains increased amounts of carbon dioxide. One hectare of tree plantations absorbs 8 kg of carbon dioxide in one hour, i.e. How much is it released when 200 people breathe?
Plant leaves constantly evaporate the air, thereby refreshing, cooling the air and increasing its humidity by 20%. On hot days, trees reduce the air temperature by 4 and even 8 degrees.
In large industrial cities, there is a lot of fumes and dust in the air, clogging it and obscuring the brightness of sunlight. On average, up to 400 tons of soot settles per kilometer per year. And in the summer in cities, all this smoke and dust settling from the air is retained by the leaves of the trees. Dark gray from dust, they only noticeably become bright green after rain. Therefore, in cities, trees survive only with smooth leaves, from which dust can be easily washed off. Trees with rough leaf surfaces usually die. Tree leaves seem to filter the air, purifying its chemical and physical composition.
An urgent task is the practical organization of the protection of rare plants. An important role in this is played primarily by the activities of botanists and those associated with the disappearance of plant resources. They must monitor the condition of rare species and make recommendations for their protection and rational use.
The most complete state form of protection of rare natural objects is the organization of nature reserves.
An important task for the preservation of natural flora is also the development of recommendations and their practical implementation when collecting valuable medicinal and other plant materials. Any exploitation of wild plants, first of all, should be based on the need to preserve bases and their use in the future.
An essential measure for preserving the plant gene pool is the introduction of wild plants into cultivation. Many valuable medicinal forms are now propagated in nurseries and sown for mass harvests; a number of ornamental species have been introduced into the range of landscaping in populated areas. Many wild plants that have food value are used by farms in artificial grass mixtures or kept in cultivation for the purpose of breeding work. However, this only applies to the part of the plants that need conservation.
Forest restoration work is growing from year to year. To carry out their enormous volume, a large number of forest nurseries have been created, and seed forestry enterprises have been organized, in which high-quality seed material is procured. A lot of work is being done to protect forests from pests and diseases, fire protection, etc.

2. Protection of flora.

* forestry measures to increase the biological stability of forest biocenoses
* restoration of forest ecosystems
* forest pest control, forest fire protection
* organizing and maintaining monitoring of forest conditions
* regulation of recreational loads on forest ecosystems
The main goal of forestry activities is to increase the biological stability of forest biocenoses, especially in places of public recreation, as well as in plantations that are in the stage of oppression. Preference is given to technologies and methods that are close to the processes of natural development of forest systems.
Objects of the plant world are used:
a) for agricultural purposes (breeding, grazing, haymaking, beekeeping);
b) for commercial purposes (collection and procurement of wood, food, medicinal, industrial plants and their individual parts and products);
c) for social, environmental and aesthetic purposes (recreation, healthcare, landscaping, reclamation, field protection, soil protection);
d) for research and educational purposes.

3. Standardization of environmental quality
Standardization of the quality of the natural environment is carried out in order to establish maximum permissible norms of impact on the natural environment, guaranteeing the environmental safety of the population and preserving the genetic fund, ensuring the rational use and reproduction of natural resources in conditions of sustainable development of economic activity. Standards for maximum permissible harmful effects, as well as methods for their determination, are approved by specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and epidemiological supervision and are improved with the development of science and technology, taking into account international standards. In case of violation of the requirements of environmental quality standards, the release, discharge of harmful substances or other types of impact on the natural environment may be limited, suspended or terminated by order of specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection, sanitary and epidemiological supervision.
Standards for maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances, as well as harmful microorganisms and other biological substances that pollute atmospheric air, water, and soil, are established to assess the state of the natural environment in the interests of protecting human health, preserving the genetic fund, and protecting flora and fauna.
Taking into account the natural and climatic features, as well as the increased social value of certain territories (reserves, wildlife sanctuaries, national parks, resort and recreational areas), more stringent standards for maximum permissible harmful effects on the natural environment are established for them.
Standards for maximum permissible emissions and discharges of harmful substances, as well as harmful microorganisms and other biological substances that pollute atmospheric air, water, and soil, are established taking into account the production capacity of the facility, data on the presence of a mutagenic effect and other harmful consequences for each source of pollution, in accordance with current standards maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances in the natural environment.
The standards for maximum permissible emissions and discharges are approved by specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection (for chemicals), sanitary and epidemiological supervision (for microorganisms and biological substances).
These standards are approved by specially authorized state bodies of the Russian Federation in the field of environmental protection and sanitary and epidemiological supervision.
Maximum permissible standards for the use of mineral fertilizers, plant protection products, growth stimulants and other agrochemicals in agriculture are established in doses that ensure compliance with standards
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6. Literature used 1. Biological resources of Russia, based on materials from the Popular Report on the State of the Environment in Russia. Pankeev I.A., Rybalsky N.G., Dumnov A.D., Snakin V.V., Fedorov A.V., Gorbatovsky V.V. Russian environment at the turn of the millennium. Popular report on the state of the environment in Russia / Ed. I.A. Pankeeva and N.G. Rybalsky - M.: REFIA, NIA-Priroda, 2003. 2. Information and analytical note: “Issues of transferring forest lands to non-forest lands for use for purposes not related to forestry, in connection with the implementation of the main tasks of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation "; Bulletin of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation 1999. Materials from the official website of the Accounts Chamber of the Russian Federation. 3. “Ecology”, textbook, edited by prof. S.A. Bogolyubova - M., “Knowledge”, 1997. 4. “Ecology of Moscow”, Department of Press and Information of the Moscow Government. - M., 1996. 5. N.F. Vinogradova, “Nature management”. – M., 1994. 6. Konstantinov V.M., Chelidze Yu.B., Ecological foundations of environmental management: A textbook for students of secondary vocational education institutions. – M.: Masterstvo, 2002. – 208 p.

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The importance of plants for humans
Main types of vegetation and their
spreading

Plants play a vital role in nature. Thanks to photosynthesis, they ensure the existence of life on Earth. As producers, plants form organic substances from inorganic ones. Photosynthesis occurs everywhere in plants on Earth, so its overall effect is colossal. According to rough estimates, land vegetation annually assimilates 20-30 billion tons of carbon, and the phytoplankton of the oceans consumes approximately the same amount. Over the course of 300 years, the plants of our planet absorb as much carbon as is contained in the atmosphere and water in total. At the same time, plants annually produce about 177 billion tons of organic matter, and the annual chemical energy of photosynthesis products is 100 times greater than the energy production of all power plants in the world. All the oxygen in the atmosphere passes through living organisms in about 2000 years, and plants use and decompose all the water on our planet in about 2 million years.

Of all the plant resources on Earth, forests are the most important in nature and life. They suffered the most from economic activity and became the object of protection earlier than others.

Forests, including those planted by people, cover an area of ​​about 40 million km2, or about 1/3 of the land surface. The planet has 30% coniferous and 70% deciduous forests. Forests influence all components of the biosphere and play a huge environment-forming role (Fig. 127).

Forest is used in various sectors of the national economy (Fig. 128). It serves as a source of chemicals obtained from the processing of wood, bark, and pine needles. The forest supplies raw materials for the production of over 20 thousand products and products.

Rice. 127. The role of forests in nature

Almost half of the world's wood is used for fuel, and a third is used to produce building materials. Wood shortages are acute in all industrialized countries. In recent decades, forests in recreational and sanitary resort areas have acquired great importance.

Causes and consequences of forest loss. Deforestation began at the dawn of human society and increased as it developed, as the need for wood and other forest products increased rapidly. Over the past 10 thousand years, 2/3 of the forests on Earth have been cleared. Therefore they say: forests precede man, deserts accompany him. Over historical time, about 500 million hectares have turned from forests into barren deserts. Forests are being destroyed so quickly that the area of ​​deforestation significantly exceeds the area of ​​tree planting. To date, in the zone of mixed and deciduous forests, about 1/2 of their original area has been reduced, in the Mediterranean subtropics - 80%, in the monsoon rain zones - 90%.


On the Great Chinese and Indo-Gangetic Plains, forests have survived to only 5% of their former extent. Tropical rainforests are being cut down and shrinking at a rate of about 26 hectares per minute and are feared to disappear within 25 years. Deforested areas of tropical rainforest are not restored, and in their place unproductive shrub formations are formed, and with severe soil erosion, desertification occurs.

Due to deforestation, the water flow of rivers is reduced, lakes are drying up, groundwater levels are falling, soil erosion is increasing, the climate is becoming more arid and continental, droughts and dust storms often occur.

Forest protection and restoration. The main task of forest protection is their rational use and restoration. It is important to increase forest productivity and protect them from fires and pests.

With proper forest management, felling in certain areas should be repeated after 80-100 years, when the forest reaches full maturity. In many central regions of European Russia, they are forced to return to re-logging much earlier. Exceeding logging standards has led to the fact that in many areas forests have lost their climate-forming and water-regulating significance. The share of small-leaved forests has increased significantly.

Another important measure for forest conservation is the fight against timber loss. The greatest losses occur during timber harvesting. At the felling sites, many branches and pine needles remain, which can be used to prepare pine flour - the basis of vitamin and protein concentrates for livestock. These wastes are promising for the production of essential oils.

Some of the wood is lost during timber rafting. In some years, so many logs are carried into the northern seas by rivers that in the Scandinavian countries there are special vessels for catching them and an industry for processing them. Currently, irrational rafting of logs without combining them into rafts is prohibited on large rivers. Factories for the production of furniture from fibreboards are being built near woodworking industry enterprises.

The most important condition for the conservation of forest resources is timely reforestation. Only a third of the forests cut down in Russia annually are restored naturally; the rest require special measures for their renewal. At the same time, on 50% of the area, only measures to promote natural regeneration are sufficient, on the other, sowing and planting trees are necessary. Poor forest regeneration is often associated with the cessation of self-seeding, destruction of undergrowth, and soil destruction during logging and wood transportation. Clearing them of plant debris, branches, bark, and needles remaining after logging has a positive effect on forest restoration.

Drainage reclamation plays a major role in forest reproduction: planting soil-improving trees, shrubs and grasses. This promotes rapid growth of trees and improves the quality of wood. Forest productivity is increased by sowing perennial lupine between rows of pine, spruce and oak plantings.

In clearing areas where natural forest regeneration does not occur, after loosening the soil, seeds are sown or seedlings grown in nurseries are planted. They also restore forests in burnt-out areas and clearings. Highly productive, specially selected and bred tree varieties are planted in such areas.

Among forest protection measures, fire control is important. A fire completely or partially destroys a forest biocenosis. In forest burnt areas, a different type of vegetation develops, and the animal population completely changes.

Fires cause great damage, destroying plants, game animals, and other forest products: mushrooms, berries, medicinal plants. The main cause of fires is human carelessness with fire: unextinguished fires, matches, cigarette butts.

Agricultural burning, fire cleaning of cutting areas, flames and sparks from the exhaust pipes of tractors and cars, and diesel locomotive pipes pose a great danger to fires. Up to 97% of forest fires are caused by humans. Therefore, among measures to combat fires, fire prevention propaganda among the population should occupy an important place. Fire-prevention cutting areas, strips, ditches are created in forests, fire-fighting roads are laid, cutting areas are cleaned and sanitary fellings are carried out. In forest areas there is a sentinel service to detect fires. When extinguishing forest fires, aviation brigades are used, and sometimes military units and the entire population are mobilized to fight fires.

The use of bacteria has become widespread. Entobacterin and dendrobacillin are used as bacterial preparations in our country. The first is based on bacteria isolated from bee moth caterpillars. It causes the death of many forest pests. The second is prepared from a spore culture of bacteria obtained from Siberian silkworm caterpillars. It is specifically designed to combat this pest. Both drugs are used in dry powder form.

Methods for using viruses and fungi to control forest pests have not yet been sufficiently developed. To combat pests of forest plants, it is useful to attract insectivorous birds. They can regulate the number of insects, preventing their mass reproduction. To attract birds, favorable conditions are created for them: artificial nesting boxes are hung, and they are fed.

Biological methods of pest control are cheap, harmless, effective, and last a long time. They should be combined with other methods so that together they represent a single system of forest protection.

Protection of economically valuable and rare plant species. The protection of economically valuable and rare plant species consists of rational, standardized collection to prevent their depletion. Under direct and indirect human influence, many plant species have become rare, and many are in danger of extinction. Such species are included in the Red Books. The Red Book of the Russian Federation (1983) contains 533 species (Fig. 130). Among them are the following: water chestnut, lotus, jagged oak, Colchian boxwood, pitsundekaya pine, mainland aralia, yew berry, holly, ginseng, zamanikha. All of them need strict protection; it is prohibited to collect them or cause any other damage (trampling, grazing, etc.).

The most effective protection of rare plant species is in nature reserves and reserves. Thus, the lotus is protected in the Astrakhan Nature Reserve, the South Khanka Nature Reserve and on the island. Putyatina.

Rare plant species are bred in botanical gardens and other scientific institutions. Here, plants preserved for a long time serve as a reserve for their restoration in nature.

Listing a species in the Red Book is a signal of danger threatening its existence. The Red Book is the most important document containing a description of the current state of rare species, the reasons for their plight and the main rescue measures.


Examples and additional information

1. Plants provide humans with proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and vitamins. Almost all the vitamins a person needs are obtained from green plants. Man, like other animals, cannot synthesize them in his body. The exception is vitamins A and D, which are synthesized in the human body, but their formation requires so-called provitamins of plant origin.

2. Tree plantations clean the air of cities and towns from dust, harmful gases, soot, and protect residents from noise. Many coniferous trees secrete special substances - phytoncides, which kill pathogens. One hectare of spruce plantings can retain up to 32 tons of dust per year in the crowns, pine - up to 35, elm - up to 43, oak - up to 54 tons. The dust content in the air on a green street is 3 times less than on a street without trees. The most effective are beech plantings, each hectare of which retains up to 68 tons of dust per year.

3. During the growing season, white acacia can absorb 69 g of sulfur dioxide (in terms of 1 kg of dry leaves), common elm - 39, angustifolia oleaster - 87, black poplar - 157 g. Carbon monoxide is actively absorbed by maple, alder, aspen, spruce .

4. Of the huge number of plant species, humans use only a small part for their needs: only 2.5 thousand out of 500 thousand species of higher plants. From the world fund of higher plants, 2.5 thousand species are used for medicinal purposes. About 20 thousand tons of them are harvested per year. Tanning, essential oil, dyeing and other useful plants are used in industry. Many species are used as ornamental plantings and honey plants. It is necessary to take into account the useful by-products of forests: mushrooms, berries, nuts.

5. The intensive logging of evergreen tropical forests is causing concern throughout the world. Twenty years ago, tropical forests were disappearing at a rate of 21 hectares per minute; now this process has accelerated to 26 hectares per minute.

6. A forested area of ​​5-6% provides protection of fields from dry winds and erosion, 8-10% makes it possible to obtain commercial timber, 10-15% - business and construction timber, 15-25% creates conditions for the development of the local woodworking industry, and with more high forest cover, it is permissible to export timber outside the territory. In many areas, forestry activities are carried out in violation of these standards.

Questions.

1. What is the role and place of plants in the cycle substances in nature?
2. Why are forest fires dangerous and what are the measures to combat them?
3. What do you know about the damage caused to forests by insects, and what are the measures to combat them?
4. Why is the protection of vegetation also a fight against accelerated soil erosion?
5. Why is prohibitive protection of plant resources irrational and why should they be protected during use?
6. Why is it necessary to preserve rare and endangered plant species and how is this done?

Exercise.

Based on vegetation maps, establish the ratio of the main types of forests in your area, the ratio of natural vegetation to the area of ​​agricultural land, settlements, and mining industries. Express your opinion on the prospects for further economic development of the area and preservation of natural vegetation.

Topics for discussion.

1. Discuss what would happen if man completely cut down all the forests on Earth, replacing them with fields and pastures. What are the reasons for forest loss in Russia?
2. Recall and discuss the history of forest use in your area. During the discussion, determine whether they are used correctly.
3. Is it possible to preserve forests without reducing timber production?
4. Are there rare valuable plants in the area where you live? Name them. What is their value? Discuss how they are protected and what measures should be taken to preserve them.
5. Discuss why sustainable management of mature forests contributes to conservation and sustainable development.

Chernova N. M., Fundamentals of Ecology: Textbook. days 10 (11) grade. general education textbook institutions/ N. M. Chernova, V. M. Galushin, V. M. Konstantinov; Ed. N. M. Chernova. - 6th ed., stereotype. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 304 p.

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