Labor rationing: recording the working hours of key production workers. Production labor standards: types and calculation methods Calculation of time to complete work

Standard time(N vr)- this is the amount of working time spent (n-hour, n-min.) established to perform a unit of work by an employee or group of workers of appropriate qualifications in certain organizational and technical conditions:

Where: N d - duration norm (determines the time during which a unit of work can be completed on one machine or at one workplace);

N c - the norm of the number of workers performing this operation.

The time standard includes the cost of working time required to complete a unit of work. The composition of the time norm for manual, machine-manual and machine operations in practice is usually calculated using the formula:

Where: T Fri - time of unavoidable interruptions provided for by the technology and organization of the production process.

In practical calculations, the time standard can have the following varieties: piece time (G), incomplete piece time (G), piece-calculation time (T t), norm one-

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rational time (T).

Piece time calculated using the formulas:

for single production:

Where K obs, Kosh- respectively, the standard time for servicing the workplace, the standard time for rest and personal needs as a percentage of operational time.

Where: TO - coefficient showing the ratio of the duration of a work shift to the time of operational work during this shift.

In conditions of large-scale and mass production:

Where: TO- standard time for workplace maintenance as a percentage of the main time;

K oo - standard time for organizational maintenance of the workplace as a percentage of operational time.

In the case when the time for servicing a workplace, time for rest and personal needs and time for breaks for organizational and technical reasons have an absolute expression, the calculation formula T pcs has the following form:

During multi-machine operation T pcs calculated:

Where T - cycle duration of multi-machine operation (min.), (2ts - number of products produced by this unit in one cycle (pcs.)

In single and small-scale production, preparatory and final time (T pz) may be included in the time standard as a percentage of piece time. This norm is called piece-costing (T pieces) and used to calculate the standard time required for batch processing T desks products.

Where: P - number of products in the batch.

If it is necessary to determine the time standard for a batch of parts T p The formula used is:

Partial piece time consists of the time of the main work and the auxiliary time not covered by the main time (T in) and time for servicing the workplace:

Using standards for incomplete piece time, the rate for an operation is determined by multiplying the transition time by their number or the time per unit of surface by the size of the surface being processed.

In the latter case, the time norm (N) is determined by the formula

where: G PC - incomplete piece time;

G - time for installation, alignment and fastening of the product;

T s- time to unfasten and remove the product.

Operating time norm equal to the sum of the main (machine) time and auxiliary non-overlapping time:

Where: T - free machine time, i.e. the time during which the machine (apparatus) can operate without any participation of workers; T in- auxiliary time not overlapped by the main one, min.; G is the worker-operator’s busy time, including the time of machine-manual work, auxiliary time (overlapping and not overlapping with the main one), transition time and time of active monitoring of the progress of the technological process.

Production rate is defined as the quotient of dividing the time fund, for which it is advisable to take the duration of the shift, by the time standard. In general, the production rate is calculated as:

Where: T d - period of working time (hour, shift, etc.).

In cases of individual labor organization, when a worker’s work can be standardized in terms of time spent, the production rate is determined:

1. In single production:

2. In mass production:

3. In mass production:

In continuous instrumental processes I is determined by

formula:

Where: T p - duration of the planned accounting period;

TO - coefficient taking into account equipment downtime during scheduled preventive maintenance;

Q- equipment performance standard;

But- standard of service.

Calculation of production standards is carried out differently depending on the period for which they are established and for how many performers.

1. If the time standard per unit of production is 1 hour, then the production rate for an eight-hour working day will be:

2. If the time norm for 1 kg of product is 6 minutes, then the production norm for a work shift of 8 hours will be

3. If the time standard per unit of production is 10 minutes, then the production rate per hour will be

If not one, but a group of workers, participates in the manufacture of products when performing a task, then the formula for calculating production standards will take the form:

where: G is the duration of the period for which production standards are established, hour, shift, day, month;

H- the number of workers involved in the work;

I „ - the standard time required to complete the unit

products, man-hours, man-min.

Standard time N time per unit of production 0.5 hours; the work is carried out by 10 people. The production rate for an eight-hour working day will be:

The rate of production by standard time can also be determined if the rate in man-hours is divided by the number of workers, and then the length of the working day is divided by the resulting value. So, with the same data, the production rate will be

There is the following relationship between changes in time and output rates:

Where: X - percentage of reduction (tightening) of time standards or percentage of saving working time;

y - the percentage increase in output or the percentage increase in the productivity of individual (living) labor.

This relationship between time and production standards is widely used in practical work, in particular, when revising labor standards. To facilitate and simplify the calculations, the percentage ratio when changing the production rate or time is determined using graphs or tables built on the basis of the above formulas.

Number of people (N h) - This is an established number of employees of a certain professional qualification required to perform specific production, management functions or volumes of work. Based on headcount standards, labor costs are also determined by profession, specialty, group or type of work, individual functions, for the enterprise or workshop as a whole, and its structural division.

When servicing several units by one employee, the headcount rate is calculated:

1) per shift

2) for a day

types of additional leave, maternity leave, performance of government duties, sick leave, administrative leave, full-shift downtime, absenteeism).

When servicing one piece of equipment by several workers (in accordance with staffing standards):

• 1) per shift N c = M X N;
• 2) per day LF = M X N X TO";,

3) planned (list)

Where: N - standard number of workers per unit of equipment or other service facility.

When performing a certain function (work) according to its complexity:

1) per shift

2) per day ;

3) planned (list) ,

where: Z7 7 - labor intensity of the function (work) in standard hours for the billing period per shift;

K in - compliance rate

Maintenance rate (N obs) is established on the basis of the standard service time, which, in essence, represents piece time. The calculation is made using the formula:

Where: N vro(n-hour) - time standard for servicing one piece of equipment;

N drp - standard time for transition between service facilities.

Multi-machine service norm N mo calculated using the following formula:

1. When servicing backup machines:

Where: t m- time of machine-automatic work on one machine; K Iv - machine utilization rate over time; t 3- time of worker’s employment on one machine, min.

2. When servicing machines with different production cycles, the total time is taken into account t m And t:

Meaning TO accepted in single and small-scale production equal to 0.65-0.75; in serial - 0.70-0.80; in large-scale production - 0.75-0.85; in mass - 0.85-0.90.

Standardized task- this is the established composition and volume of work that a worker or group (crew) must perform for a certain period of time, or the time during which it is necessary to complete a given amount of work in compliance with established requirements for the quality of products (works).

Standardized tasks, along with production standards in natural units, are a type of production standards per unit of time, established in the form of a specific set of works. By regulating the composition, sequence and frequency of work, standardized tasks specify the standards of service or number and thereby contribute to the growth of labor productivity.

Depending on the organization of production and the nature of the work performed, standardized tasks can be set for a shift, a month or a period of complete implementation of a given amount of work.

Standardized tasks are most widely used in production maintenance work: adjustment, repair, overhaul maintenance, transportation work, i.e. for most auxiliary work. It is inappropriate to use them for categories of personnel whose main functions are to ensure the correct operation of the equipment being serviced (steam boiler operators, compressor units); performing work, the volume and composition of which cannot be foreseen in advance (crane operators involved in transporting and installing parts on machines).

When deciding whether to establish a standardized task, it is necessary to take into account not so much the specifics of the worker’s profession as the content and composition of the functions he performs.

Methods for determining standardized tasks depend on the nature of the workers’ labor processes. The most significant factor determining the choice of method is the degree of stability of the work in terms of composition and execution time.

For workers engaged in work with a stable composition, the volume of which can be known in advance, standardized tasks are established by a set of works based on time standards, output, taking into account production tasks, work schedules, and equipment passport data. This group includes the predominant part of the main workers paid on a time basis (on conveyor lines, automatic lines, etc.), as well as auxiliary workers in a number of professions (machine operators in repair shops, toolmakers, controllers, transport workers, etc.).

The form and frequency of issuing standardized tasks depend on the degree of repeatability of the work; depending on where the work is performed - at one or several sites. Based on these characteristics, workers can be divided into three subgroups:

• 1) workers performing one job at a specific workplace;
• 2) workers performing various types of work at the workplace;
• 3) workers performing work at various workplaces or facilities.

The first subgroup includes temporary workers employed in areas and workshops of mass and large-scale production. Determining standardized tasks for them is similar to calculating production standards for deal workers. Valuable experience in establishing standardized tasks for workers in this subgroup has been accumulated at a number of enterprises, in particular at VAZ.

For workers of the second subgroup, standardized tasks for a certain period of time (shift, month) include work based on the production plan or work schedule and time standards in force at the enterprise. For example, for workers engaged in scheduled preventive maintenance of equipment, standardized tasks are developed based on time standards for unit-by-unit repair operations.

The third subgroup includes workers engaged in stable work at various workplaces or facilities. Standardized tasks are issued in the form of a set of works or in the form of a schedule.

Temporary workers performing unstable work include such auxiliary workers as adjusters, mechanics for between-repairs maintenance of equipment, electricians on duty, storekeepers - tool distributors, as well as some main workers (operators servicing equipment installations, etc.).

To establish standardized tasks, these workers need to reduce the amount of casual work to a minimum. For these purposes, many enterprises widely use regulation of production maintenance work by developing repair schedules, equipment adjustment, and transport services; maps of labor organization for the main professions of auxiliary workers.

However, even with the regulation of work, some of them are random in nature, so standardized tasks for workers in this group should be established taking into account the time reserve for performing random work.

When developing standardized tasks, the following requirements must be taken into account and observed:

• tasks are calculated on the basis of progressive standards;
• tasks must be real, i.e. feasible for most workers engaged in these jobs;
• deliver tasks systematically and timely to performers;
• create conditions at each workplace for the fulfillment of established tasks;
• constant tracking of task completion;
• as organizational and technical conditions change, revise standardized tasks.

For workers performing work, the composition of which is constant over a long period of time, and the volume can be determined in advance, standardized tasks are established by determining the labor costs for a set of works based on time (output) standards calculated by methods of technical standardization of labor for each of the work performed.

The method of establishing standardized tasks for workers with an unstable composition of work (i.e., performing planned and random work) differs from that discussed above in that it, along with a certain time for performing planned work, provides for taking into account the time required to perform random work. Based on the schedule for performing planned work and the time standards for these works, the volume of work assigned to the worker (crew) is determined, and at the same time a reserve of time is provided for performing random work.

The sequence of development of a standardized task includes the following stages:

• 1) determination of the share of workers of individual professions in the total number of workers of a plant, workshop, site;
• 2) determining the degree to which one or another category of personnel is involved in fulfilling the production plan and increasing the productivity of workers in the production of main products;
• 3) analysis of the coverage of labor standards for service workers;
• 4) establishing a list of professions for which it is necessary (advisable) to establish a standardized task;
• 5) determining the form of task development (individual, team) and the period of its validity;
• 6) development of an organization map and other documentation regulating the work of workers;
• 7) determination of the list of normative materials that must be used when establishing a standardized task;
• 8) calculation of NON based on selected materials;
• 9) instructing workers in workshops and services that will be directly involved in setting tasks;
• 10) carrying out explanatory work among workers about the meaning and procedure for establishing a task.

Experience shows: where standardized tasks are introduced, the use of working time improves significantly, the workload of workers becomes more uniform, the quality of work improves and, as a result, the productivity of auxiliary workers increases by approximately 10-15%.

The introduction of standardized tasks gives an economic effect when the work of workers is standardized according to service standards and numbers. By regulating the composition, sequence and frequency of work, standardized tasks specify the specified labor standards and thereby contribute to the growth of its productivity.

Adjustments to time standards taking into account data on the development of new types of work and operations. The development of labor standards is usually considered in connection with the transition of an enterprise (production) to the production of new types of products. This is not entirely true: many enterprises systematically develop and implement time standards due to the introduction of new or modernization of existing technological processes, changes to the existing system of organizing the labor process, etc., despite the fact that this type of product has been produced for many years. Under these conditions, the duration of development is only indirectly determined by the complexity of the manufactured product and depends mainly on changes in the structure and content of the elements of the work (operation) performed by the worker.

Let us consider in detail the structure of factors that determine the dynamics of changes in piece time standards, as well as methods for taking them into account in relation to the conditions for mastering new work operations or work performed, assuming that technically sound time standards are developed for the design organizational and technical conditions of work performance.

In relation to a labor operation, the change in actual time spent (rate of development) depends on:

• from equipping the workplace and creating organizational conditions for performing work, as provided for by the project;
• from the acquisition by workers of certain skills in performing a given labor process.

Reducing labor costs during the period under review depends on two interrelated and interdependent processes: organizational, technical and labor mastery (mastery of work by workers).

Each of these processes should be considered separately, since a change in the organizational and technical conditions for performing work entails an immediate deviation in the amount of labor costs. In the conditions of labor development, there is a constant and continuous reduction in working time costs.

Organizational and technical development includes the implementation of a set of measures that contribute to achieving the design level of labor costs within the regulatory time frame. In case of deviations from the conditions for performing work provided for by the project, in each specific case, an extra charge should be established for the operation to the design technically justified standard, the amount of which depends on the type of deviation (lack of necessary equipment, fixtures, tools, etc.).

If the actual organizational and technical conditions correspond to the design ones, the allowance should be cancelled. This group of development factors is taken into account quite fully by existing methods of labor regulation.

Labor development is the development in a worker of a certain dynamic stereotype for performing a given job, when, as a result of its repeated repetition, the worker’s specialized skills grow, the most rational methods and techniques for its implementation are selected, which ensures that the work is completed at an optimal (design) pace with minimal physical and nervous stress. costs.

As a result, not only the auxiliary, but also the main time for performing a given operation or work is reduced. Thus, mastering a job is an objective process that occurs with any changes in the nature and structure of the work performed and has a psychological nature. The duration of full labor development ranges from 6 to 12 months. depending on the complexity and novelty of the operation. When moving to new types of work, the time spent on manufacturing the first parts increases due to the lack of skills to perform this work. During this period, one should care first of all about the quality of development, and not about production, and control only development. The pace and rhythm of execution, the use of working time, the choice of the most effective work methods, their correct order, etc. depend on the “quality” of mastering a new type of work.

Labor development consists of the following stages:

• workability - duration can vary from 1 to 2 months;
• growth of specialized skills and development of an optimal method of work - duration - 2-4 months;
• Full mastery of this method of work takes from 3 to 6 months. and is characterized by: impeccable quality of operations, the worker’s absence of unsuccessful and repeated movements, short stops to think about further movements, smooth movements;
• creative improvement of the labor process occurs after the worker reaches the level of labor costs provided for by the design standard. The difference in mastering time is due to the influence of two factors: the level of preliminary training of the worker and his individual characteristics. If we take the total reduction in piece time costs as 100%, then it will depend by 50-70% on labor development factors.

Mastering a new operation is the process of developing a rational method of labor, in which the time spent on performing an operation when it is repeated many times is constantly reduced.

A model of the first labor method, corresponding to the time specified in the design standard for each new operation, can be built based on the use of microelement analysis. Labor mastery allows a worker to achieve the level of labor costs inherent in this model as a result of the worker forming a stable dynamic stereotype for a given job while maintaining the individuality of the actual method of labor.

Every operation (work) consists of labor movements and labor techniques, taken in various combinations and sequences of execution. Each performer performs them at a different speed (tempo) and with unequal efficiency. Consequently, the time it takes to complete a labor technique depends on the speed (tempo) of work and the efficiency of the labor method. The faster a work technique is performed with the appropriate labor method, the less time it requires, and vice versa. The high speed (tempo) of the worker, but the insufficient efficiency of the work method does not guarantee a minimum time. Only an organic combination of speed (tempo) with the rationality of the method makes it possible to objectively assess the effectiveness of a worker’s labor movements and the level of their development - these indicators are established during time-keeping observations through the efficiency coefficient of labor movements ( Kef), which can be determined by organizing engineers visually or using filming.

Working at the pace specified by the standards does not cause pathological changes in the worker’s body, since the degree of its refinement does not go beyond acceptable limits. Such work indicates that the worker has fully mastered this operation.

Studying the dynamics of changes in time costs according to time-keeping observations allows us to obtain curves for reducing labor costs depending on the number of products manufactured since the beginning of production, and to determine the numerical values ​​of the parameters of mastering formulas for certain types of work (Fig. 14).

Rice. 14. Establishment of time standards and the amount of allowances for them for the development period T pcs - time spent on manufacturing the first product; x - design level of standards;

L 2 - additional costs during the development period (if fully developed)

a, b - boundaries of the interval (batch) of processed parts;

T. - time standards for the i-th stage of development;

N- the number of parts processed (operations performed) since the beginning of mastering.

As can be seen (see Fig. 14), the actual time spent is steadily decreasing, approaching the value of the design norm established for the conditions of the main production. The period during which this level is reached is the period of mastery.

The reduction in working time costs occurs in the future, but it occurs at a much slower pace.

The development process is characterized by a power-law dependence, so the calculation is made according to the formula:

Where: t- time spent on completing a unit of work;

A - a constant value characterizing labor costs at the beginning of development;

X- quantity of products produced from the beginning of production (serial number of the manufactured product); a is an indicator of the degree of development.

Values A and a is calculated on the basis of mathematical methods, when determining the dependence of the cost of piece time on the serial number of the part from the beginning of production.

The dynamics of the process of mastering design time standards depends on:

• type of production;
• the number of products produced since the start of production;
• type of work (machine, forging, assembly, etc.);
• complexity of work;
• the degree of novelty of mastered operations, types of work and parts (assemblies, products) in labor and technological terms;
• level of labor mechanization;
• duration of the operation;
• qualifications of the employee and his psychophysiological capabilities.

To simplify the calculations, individual factors are not introduced into the model, but are taken into account by grouping the source data according to these facts. Thus, all survey results are grouped first by the duration of the operation, then the operations of each of the resulting groups are distributed into subgroups, depending on the complexity of the work and the proportion of machine time. For each subgroup, equations are calculated.

The following can be used as initial data when determining the values ​​of selection factors:

• production accounting statistics (performing shift tasks, data on production per shift, day, decade, etc.);
• data on labor standards and their implementation for the analyzed period;
• results of direct measurements of working time costs (timing, photography).

When creating standards to take into account the peculiarities of the process of mastering production when conducting time-keeping observations, it is necessary to take into account:

• batch sizes of parts, frequency of their repetition;
• the number of parts manufactured from the start of production to the time of timing;
• complexity and novelty of the operation for the worker.

Considering the hyperbolic nature of reducing labor costs when carrying out timing, the structure of the operation and the time spent in relation to a specific part or batch should be recorded.

During serial production of products, when parts are processed in separate batches with significant intervals in their processing, observation must be carried out over each batch of parts, taking measurements at the beginning, middle and end of processing of the batch in order to determine the rate of reduction in labor intensity as they are mastered, both within the batch itself, So in comparing the dynamics of costs from batch to batch, the goal of the observation results should be systematized in special maps.

When conducting time-keeping observations, all changes in the organization and maintenance of workplaces, equipment operating modes, and the structure of production operations should be specifically recorded.

Having determined, using economic and mathematical methods, the dependence of the cost on selected factors (mainly the number (serial number) of parts produced since the start of production), we begin to establish the validity period and the value of correction factors that must be used to justify the temporary norms introduced in addition to the design norms of piece time for the development period.

When deciding on the validity period of correction factors, we proceed from the fact that actual costs during the development period change continuously, but the norm must remain unchanged for a certain period of time. Based on the requirement of equal intensity, the magnitude of deviations of standards from actual costs should not exceed a given limit. In other words, the amount of non-fulfillment or over-fulfillment of standards should not exceed the established limit values.

The following values ​​are taken as the limit of deviations of standards from actual costs: for mass and large-scale production - + 10%, for serial production - + 15%; for small-scale production - +20%.

At the first stages of development, characterized by a high intensity of labor cost reduction (35-40%), using the above-mentioned indicators as a criterion for establishing the validity period of the coefficients correcting the design norm would lead to frequent revision of the norms. This, in turn, would complicate the work of standard setters and create a feeling of uncertainty among workers. From these positions, some expansion of the boundaries of deviations of design standards from actual costs becomes completely justified.

Since the quantity of processed products (batch size) leads to a reduction in labor intensity, in practice they always strive to increase it, although the nature of the dependence of the reduction in labor costs on the increase in the number of processed products for various types of work has not yet been studied enough.

In addition, available evidence indicates that increasing batch size only to a certain extent reduces labor costs. When this limit is reached (full mastery), then even a significant increase in the number of parts in a batch reduces labor intensity by a very small amount, unless any changes are made in technique, technology and labor organization. This limit is not the same for different types of work. Thus, compliance with the labor standardization requirement that the time standards developed and the regulatory materials used for this correspond to the type of production largely depends on how objectively the standards take into account the specifics of the formation of labor costs as the number of units produced increases.

Self-test questions

• 1. List the features of the work of employees.
• 2. The work of which categories of management personnel can be standardized and what norms and standards are applied?
• 3. What are the features of rationing the labor of workers?
• 4. What is an operation and what is its structure?
• 5. What is the composition of the norm for piece and piece-calculation time?

• payroll where: Nch - the norm of the number of employees, people; M - number of units of serviced equipment (or other objects); But - the standard of service; Ksm is the shift coefficient of equipment (facilities); Fn and Fr are the nominal and real working hours of one employee per year, respectively. The nominal working time fund is calculated as the difference between the calendar time fund and weekends and holidays. The real working time fund is the difference between the nominal time fund and absences from work (regular and all

Before calculating the standard working time, you need to decide on the billing period. The most difficult thing is to calculate for the year, since you need to take into account all public holidays and weekend transfers. And if employees work on a shift schedule, then in addition to the norm, the number of overtime hours must be determined.

Information on working hours is contained in Article 91 of the Labor Code of the Russian Federation. This period refers to the period of time when a person performs labor functions. By law, the standard duration of this time is 40 hours per week. In practice, such working hours are rarely used.

Firstly, in many enterprises the production process cannot be stopped, so the work schedule there is shifting. Secondly, some categories of employees cannot work for such an amount of time, since by law they are entitled to a reduction in labor standards. These are minors, people with disabilities, etc.

However, the rules for calculating working hours stipulate that a 40-hour working week should be taken as a basis.

Calculation for a month

Determining labor standards allows employers to correctly set work schedules, keep records of hours worked, pay wages and distribute vacations. Knowing how to correctly calculate the standard working time, you can easily determine how many hours an employee must work. One calendar month is often taken as the billing period.

Working hours are calculated as follows:

1. First you need to find out how many working days there are in the selected accounting period, and how many weekends, holidays, etc.
2. Next, the number of working hours per day is calculated. At the same time, do not forget that the normal length of a working week is 40 hours. This means you calculate the number of hours per working day. Example: 40/5=8.
3. The number of days in a month when a subordinate works must be multiplied by 8 hours.

An example of such a calculation could be as follows:

1. Let's say there are 21 working days in June.
2. The authorized employee must determine the standards by which the personnel will work.
3. For this, the time standard will be calculated using the following formula: 21*8=168 hours. This is exactly how much each subordinate must work on average.

Quarterly calculation

It is also important to know how to calculate the standard working hours for a quarter, that is, for three months. The standard working day is 8 hours. All calculations are carried out very simply. First you need to determine what the labor norm is in each month.

Calculation example:

1. Let's assume that there are 168 work hours in July. It remains to calculate the amount of time only for the next 2 months.
2. There are also 168 working hours in August, and 160 in September.
3. This means that the norm for the quarter is as follows: 168+160+168=496 hours.

If necessary, a similar calculation can be carried out for each quarter. Most often, company management uses the definition of the norm on a quarterly basis.

Calculation for a year

Labor rationing is an important procedure that allows you to determine the number of hours that employees are required to work. When making calculations, the calendar year is often used as the accounting period. Hours are calculated in two ways. You can use the method that is used to calculate the quarter. You just need to determine the amount of the working period for all 12 months.

Another procedure for determining the norm was established by order of the Ministry of Health and Social Development of the Russian Federation No. 588n. The calculation is carried out using the formula: 40/5*number of working days per year. After this, from the resulting number you should subtract the number of hours that the employees did not work. We are talking about reductions before the holidays.

When determining the norm for 2019 according to the billing period, the following nuances should be taken into account:

1. Sunday must be counted as a day off. And it doesn’t matter how many days of rest a subordinate actually has per week - 2 or 1. For some categories of subordinates, it is possible to transfer the day of rest to another date.
2. Don't forget about official holidays, which are not used in calculations.
3. When a holiday falls on a day of rest, the day off is postponed. These rules do not need to be used only when calculating labor standards for January.
4. The length of the working day before a holiday is always reduced by 1 hour.

When making calculations, you must follow these rules, otherwise the final number of hours will be incorrect.

Shift work

When determining standards, the standard number of days of labor per week is used. But not all employers can afford such a working regime. Therefore, the standard working time during a shift schedule has to be calculated a little differently. This is the so-called summation, when the total number of hours worked is determined.

But their number during the accounting period should not exceed the established norm. That is, all hours that were worked in excess of the norm are additional or overtime. As an example, you can use the following data: in a calendar month, the employee worked 175 hours against the norm of 160 hours. Therefore, 15 of them are counted as additional.

Summarized accounting at an enterprise is established according to the following rules:

1. The duration of the billing period is determined. The standard ones are used - month, quarter, year.
2. A specific schedule is established according to which the employee works.

The accounting period can be anything in length, but not more than one calendar year. There are special restrictions that prevent large numbers of overtime hours. For example, there cannot be a 4-hour overtime for 2 days in a row. And per year - no more than 120 hours.

Cumulative accounting implies that wages are paid based on hours worked. Most often, different tariffs are used. Example: a person’s hourly rate is 100 rubles. This means that for a 10-hour shift he receives 1 thousand rubles. If we take into account that he works 50 hours a week, then his earnings will be 5 thousand rubles.

Types of charts

The length of the working day most often depends on production needs. Therefore, it is rare that employers can provide their staff with a standard 5-day period. The most commonly used modes are:

1. 24 hour shift with several days off.
2. Work shift with 10 or 12 hours of work. Then the staff has more days off than planned.
3. Shift is 12 hours, with alternating day and night shifts.

Note: these are not all the regimes that able-bodied citizens have to face. But, based on the specifics of some professions, a regular 8-hour shift may be disadvantageous for both management and the subordinates themselves.

Production calendar

In order for managers to correctly calculate labor standards, there is a special document. This is the so-called production calendar, which takes into account all working days, as well as rest days, including holidays. This document is not a normative act and therefore has no legal force.

However, it is very useful for accountants or HR employees whose responsibilities include keeping time records and calculating earnings. The production calendar can be found online and used at your discretion. Also, the law does not prohibit organizations from independently developing such documents. To do this, you can take a regular calendar and indicate working days and weekends in it in accordance with established rules.

Standard working time is a very important concept, as it allows you to control the performance of professional duties. In addition, using the obtained result, the employer cannot increase the load on his subordinates by forcing them to work beyond measure. Employees can also follow a procedure to verify the amount of time worked.

Attention! Due to recent changes in legislation, the legal information in this article may be out of date!

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Posted On 03/26/2018

Yu.I.Rebrin
Organization and production planning
Taganrog: TRTU Publishing House, 2006

Brief theoretical part

Standardized time is the time required to complete an operation or work.

Irregular time occurs due to various technical and organizational problems (not included in the standard time).

Standardized time is divided into:

– for preparatory and final (tp.z.);

– basic (to.s.);

– auxiliary (tvs.);

– organizational maintenance of the workplace (to.o.);

– technical maintenance of the workplace (t.o.);

– rest and natural needs (t.n.).

The structure of standardized time (performing an operation, work) (tshk, tshk) is shown in Fig. 6.

Fig.6. Structure of piece-calculation time

Preparatory and final time tп.з. – time spent by a worker performing the following work:

– receipt and familiarization with technical documentation (drawings, specifications, technological process);

– preparation of equipment (adjustment, readjustment), tools, devices, measuring instruments (selection and receipt);

– actions related to the end of processing.

Preparatory and final time is spent on the entire batch of parts (products) and does not depend on its size.

In mass production tп.з. no, since parts (products) are processed continuously throughout the entire production period.

The main time toc is the time during which the technological process is directly carried out (the shape, dimensions, physical and chemical properties of the part or product change).

to.s. May be:

– manual;

– machine-manual;

– machine-automatic;

– hardware.

Auxiliary time tв., spent on actions that directly create the opportunity to perform work elements related to the main time:

– installation and removal of a part (product);

– securing and detaching a part (product);

– measurements;

– supply and removal of tools;

– turning equipment on and off.

In conditions of mass and serial production, when group processing methods or instrumental technological processes (thermal, galvanic, etc.) are used, the main and auxiliary time is set for the batch, depending on the throughput of the equipment. The time for one part can be determined using the formulas

where toc.par., tv.steam. – respectively, the main and auxiliary time for a batch of parts (products);

n – number of parts (products) in a batch (in a cassette, pallet, etc.).

Time for organizational maintenance of the workplace tо.о. – time for cleaning waste and the workplace, receiving and handing over tools, measuring instruments, devices, accepting the workplace from the shift, etc., spent during the shift.

Workplace maintenance time tt.o.:

– time for lubrication, adjustments, changing dull tools, etc. during the shift.

Time for rest and natural (personal) needs ten. installed to maintain the worker’s performance during the shift.

In accordance with the above classification of working time costs, its structure is established (Fig. 6.) and a technically justified standard of time is calculated.

Standard piece time tpcs. – used in mass production conditions:

.

Time to.to. and ten. usually expressed as a percentage of the operating time top. Then

tpcs. = top (1 + Photo + Ken.),

where is Koto. and Ken. – shares of time (from top), respectively, for organizational and technical services and rest and natural needs.

Norm of piece-calculation time tshk. – used in mass production, where the proportion of preparatory and final time is high:

;

where n is the number of parts (products) in the batch.

Production rate - the amount of products that must be produced by a worker per unit of time (hour, shift, etc.)

where Nв – production rate, units;

Fr.v. – working time fund for a certain period of time (shift, month, year), in minutes, hours.

Problem No. 7

According to the initial data of table. 7 define:

– the norm of piece-calculation time for processing a part;

– replacement rate of production of parts.

Table 7

Labor standardization methods

The concept of labor rationing

Standards labor standards include initial values ​​that are used in calculating the duration of the corresponding work under certain organizational and technical production conditions. For example, time standards are able to establish the necessary time spent on performing individual elements of a technology or work process. The object of development of time standards is represented by elements of the labor and technological process, including types and categories of working time costs.

Labor standardization methods

Labor standardization methods are ways of researching and designing labor processes in order to set cost and labor standards. There are two main methods of labor standardization: summary and analytical

The summary method includes the experimental, experimental-statistical and comparison methods. Summary methods are characterized by setting time standards for the operation as a whole. In this case, there is no analysis of the labor process, the rationality of performing techniques and the time spent on their implementation are not considered. Here, the determination of standards is based on the use of statistical accounting data on actual working hours.

The summary method involves setting labor standards in the following ways: the experimental or expert method, the experimental statistical method, the method of comparison or analogy.

Analytical methods of labor standardization

Analytical methods of labor standardization include calculation, research, as well as mathematical and statistical methods.

Analytical methods divide the labor process into elements.

At the same time, the design of a rational mode of operation of equipment and working methods of workers is carried out, standards are determined in accordance with the elements of the labor process, taking into account the specifics of the corresponding workplaces and production units. Analytical methods establish a standard for each operation.

Research Methods

Research methods for rationing labor are determined on the basis of studying the costs of working time that are necessary to perform a labor operation. These studies are carried out by time-based observations, before conducting which all shortcomings in the organization of workplaces are eliminated. Next, the standardized labor operation is divided into elements, with the definition of fixation of different points. Specialists establish the composition and sequence of execution of the elements of a labor operation, determining the duration of the designed elements of the operation using timing.

At the end of the calculations, labor standards and elements of the operation are determined. After the operation as a whole, experimental verification is carried out.

Calculation methods

Calculated methods of labor standardization establish labor standards based on initially developed time standards and equipment operating modes. In this case, the labor operation is divided into several stages, including techniques and labor movements. Next, the rational content of the elements of operations is established, as well as the sequence of their implementation.

Subsequently, the composition and structure of the operation as a whole is designed. Time standards for elements of an operation can be determined on the basis of time standards or calculated in accordance with standards for equipment operating modes. The calculation is made both according to time standards and according to calculation formulas that establish the dependence of the execution time of individual elements of an operation or the entire operation as a whole on factors affecting the execution time.

Mathematical-statistical method

Mathematical and statistical methods of labor standardization involve establishing a statistical dependence of the time standard on factors that influence the labor intensity of the work being standardized.

Using this method may require computer equipment and certain software.

Calculation of the standard time for performing a service

Mathematical and statistical methods of labor standardization also require suitably trained standardizers. If all these requirements are met, the method will be effective.

Examples of problem solving

Classification of working time costs

Working time for the performer of work is divided into working hours (during which the worker performs this or that work provided for or not provided for by the production task) and break time at work (during which the labor process is not carried out for various reasons). The structure of a worker's working time is presented in Figure 6.1.

So, working hours is divided into two types of costs: production task completion time (TPROIZ) And work time not provided for by the production task (TNEPROIZ) - time spent on performing operations that are not typical for a given employee, which can be eliminated.

Production task completion time includes preparatory and final, operational and workplace maintenance time.

Preparatory and final time (TPT)- this is the time spent preparing oneself and one’s workplace to complete a production task, as well as all actions to complete it. This type of working time costs includes the time of receiving a production task, tools, devices and technological documentation, familiarization with the work, receiving instructions on the procedure for carrying out the work, setting up equipment for the appropriate operating mode, removing devices, tools, handing over finished products to the quality control department, etc. . Since the peculiarity of this category of time expenditure is the fact that its value does not depend on the amount of work performed on a given task, in large-scale and mass production per unit of product this time is insignificant in size and is usually not taken into account when establishing standards.

Operational time (TOPER)– this is the time during which the worker completes the task (changes the properties of the object of labor); is repeated with each unit or a certain volume of production or work. During machine work it is divided into main (technological) and auxiliary.

Basic (technological) time (TOSN),- this is the time spent directly on a quantitative and (or) qualitative change in the subject of labor, its condition and position in space.

During auxiliary time(TVSP) actions necessary to carry out the main work are performed.

Time, production and service standards: what's the difference?

It is repeated either with each processed unit of production, or with a certain volume of it. Auxiliary time includes time for loading equipment with raw materials and semi-finished products, unloading and removing finished products, installing and securing parts, moving objects of labor within the work area, operating equipment, monitoring the quality of manufactured products, etc.

The time spent on caring for the workplace and maintaining equipment, tools and devices in working order during the shift is classified as workplace service time (TOBSL). In machine and automated processes it includes technical and organizational maintenance time for the workplace.

By the time of workplace maintenance (TOBSL.TEKHN) refers to the time spent servicing the workplace in connection with the performance of a given operation or specific work (replacing a dull tool, adjusting and fine-tuning equipment during work, removing production waste, inspecting, cleaning, washing, lubricating equipment, etc.).

Organizational service time (TOBSL.ORG) – this is the time spent by a worker on maintaining the workplace in working condition during a shift. It does not depend on the characteristics of a particular operation and includes the time spent on receiving and handing over a shift, laying out at the beginning and cleaning at the end of the shift tools, documentation and other necessary for work objects and materials, etc.

In some industries (coal, metallurgical, food, etc.), the time spent on servicing the workplace is not allocated, but refers to the preparatory and final time.

Working time not provided for by the production task, - time spent by an employee performing random and unproductive work. Performing unproductive and random work does not provide an increase in production or improvement in its quality and is not included in the standard piece time. These costs should be the subject of special attention, since their reduction is a reserve for increasing labor productivity.

Random work time (TSL.RAB)- this is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task, but caused by production necessity (for example, transporting finished products, performed instead of an auxiliary worker, going for work orders, technical documentation, raw materials, blanks, tools, searching for a foreman, service technician, tools; not performing auxiliary and repair work provided for in the task, etc.).

Figure 6.1 – Classification of contractor’s working time costs

Non-productive work time (TNEPR.WORK)- this is the time spent on performing work that is not provided for by the production task and is not caused by production necessity (for example, manufacturing and correcting manufacturing defects, removing excess allowance from a workpiece, etc.)).

In addition to the above, depending on the nature of the employee’s participation in the production operation, operating time can be divided into:

- manual work time(without the use of machines and mechanisms);

- machine-manual work time performed by machines with the direct participation of an employee or by an employee using manual mechanisms;

- observation time the operation of equipment (automated and instrumental work);

- transition time(for example, from one machine to another during multi-machine service).

Observation time, as noted, is typical for automated and hardware-based production.

It can be active or passive. Active surveillance time equipment operation is the time during which the worker carefully monitors the operation of the equipment, the progress of the technological process, and compliance with specified parameters in order to ensure the required product quality and serviceability of the equipment. During this time, the worker does not perform physical work, but his presence at the workplace is necessary. Passive observation time equipment operation is the time during which there is no need for constant monitoring of the operation of the equipment or the technological process, but the worker carries it out due to the lack of other work. The time of passive observation of equipment operation should be the subject of particularly careful study, since its reduction or use to perform other necessary work is a significant reserve for increasing labor productivity.

Considering the structure of working time costs in machine, automated, hardware processes in operating time, it is also advisable to distinguish overlapping and non-overlapping time.

Overlapping time- the time the worker performs those elements of work that are carried out simultaneously with the machine or automatic operation of the equipment. The overlapped time can be primary (active observation) and auxiliary time, as well as time related to other types of working time expenditure. Non-overlapping time - time for performing auxiliary work and work on servicing workplaces when the equipment is stopped. Increasing the overlapped time can also serve as a reserve for productivity growth.

As noted, working time includes break time. There are regulated and unregulated breaks.

Time of regulated breaks (TREGL.PER) work includes:

- time of breaks in work due to technology and organization of the production process (for example, the time a driver takes a break while workers are slinging a lifted load) - their elimination is practically impossible or economically impractical;

- time for breaks for rest and personal needs, associated with the need to prevent fatigue and maintain normal performance of the employee, as well as necessary for personal hygiene.

Time of unregulated breaks in work (TNEREGL.PER)– this is the time of breaks caused by a disruption in the normal flow of the production process or labor discipline. It includes:

- interruptions due to disruption of the normal course of the production process may be caused by organizational problems (lack of work, raw materials, supplies, incomplete parts and workpieces, waiting for vehicles and auxiliary workers, waiting for acceptance or control of finished products, etc.) and technical reasons (waiting for equipment repair, replacement tools, lack of electricity, gas, steam, water, etc.).

Sometimes these types of unregulated breaks are called breaks for organizational and technical reasons;

- breaks caused by violation of labor discipline, may be associated with being late for work or leaving work early, unauthorized absences from the workplace, extraneous conversations, or activities not related to work. These also include excessive (compared to the established regime and standards) rest time for workers.

When analyzing the costs of working time in order to identify and subsequently eliminate losses of working time and their causes, all working time of the performer is divided into productive costs and lost working time. The first group includes the time of work to complete a production task and the time of regulated breaks. These costs are subject to rationing and are included in the structure of the time norm. Lost working time includes time spent performing unproductive work and time spent on unregulated breaks. These costs are the object of analysis with the aim of eliminating them or reducing them as much as possible.

SEE MORE:

Calculation of technical time standards for welding operations

Standard time

The most common form of measuring labor costs is the time standard, in which costs are measured in standardized man-hours (standard hours).

(For example, the norm for the production of product “A” is 16 man-hours, the norm for the production of 1 m of fabric “K” is 38 man-hours.)

Standard time (Nvr.) is the reasonable amount of time spent on performing a unit of work (one production operation, one part, product of one type of service, etc.) by one or a group of workers of the established number and qualifications in specific production conditions.

The time standard is generally calculated using the following formula:

N time = t pz + t op + t about + t exc + t pt,

where N time is the standard time per unit of production

t pz – preparatory-final time

t op – operational time

t about – time for servicing working hours

t exc – time for rest and personal needs

t pt – time of breaks due to technology and organization of the production process.

Time standards have many varieties and occupy a central place in the calculation of labor standards, since on their basis other types of standards are determined.

Time standards are used both to standardize the work of workers of any profession engaged in performing various types of work during a shift, and to standardize the work of specialists of different levels and areas.

Time standards are one of the types of labor standards that help ensure the effective operation of organizations.

Production rate

The production rate is the amount of work in pieces, meters, tons (other natural units), which must be performed by one worker or group of workers of the established number and qualifications per unit of time (hour, shift, month) in specific organizational and technical conditions.

The production rate in general is calculated using the formula:

N in = T cm / N time,

where N in is the production rate per shift;

T cm – shift duration;

N time – standard time per unit of work (product).

Moreover, it is established in cases where the same regularly repeated work (operation) is performed during a shift. For example, the production rate for products “B” is 260 pcs. per shift, the production rate of material “C” is 85 m.

Labor rationing: just something serious

The production rate indicator is recommended to be used where the time rate indicator has a relatively small value. So, if the standard time for production of part “D” is 12 seconds per piece. and, accordingly, the production rate of this part is 300 pcs./hour.

Production standards are one of the types of labor standards that help ensure the efficient operation of organizations.

Calculation of preparatory and final time

Preparatory and final time Tpz is spent on setting up equipment to perform each processing operation. In conditions of mass production, when changeover is not required, the amount of preparatory and final time is zero.

Calculation of time standards and production standards

In other industries, setup time does not depend on the size of the batch of parts. This time can be reduced by using group processing methods, in which fasteners and cutting tools are largely preserved when reconfiguring equipment from processing parts of one type to processing parts of other types.

For CNC machines, the preparatory and final time is summed up from three components: time for mandatory techniques, time for additional techniques and time for trial processing of the workpiece. Specific values ​​can be taken from tables in technical literature.

The necessary time costs include the following: time for installing and removing the clamping device or reconfiguring the clamping elements, installing software or calling a control program (CP), checking the CP in the accelerated processing mode, setting the relative positions of the coordinate systems of the machine and the part, as well as the time for placing tools.

Additional time is spent on receiving and submitting technological documentation, familiarizing yourself with the documentation, inspecting workpieces, instructing the foreman, receiving and submitting technological equipment.

The trial processing time is formed as the sum of the time for processing the part according to the NC (cycle time) and for performing techniques associated with trial working strokes and accuracy control, calculating the correction values ​​for the position of the tips of the cutting tools and entering these values ​​into the memory of the CNC device.

Can simplify assignment Tpz, by calculating the values ​​of the preparatory and final time using formulas establishing the dependence Tpz, min from the number of instruments K pieces and processing cycle time tс = to + tв, min:

for drilling machines Tpz = 28 + 0,25TO + t c;

for boring Tpz = 47 + TO + tts;

for milling Tpz = 36 +TO+t c;

for turning Tpz= 24 + 3TO + 1,5 t c.

Main time calculation

Main time to- This is the time of direct cutting, the time during which chip removal occurs. For all types of processing there are calculation formulas, the essence of which boils down to dividing the path L(mm) of the cutting tool by the minute feed smin (mm/min), i.e. on the speed of movement of the tool relative to the workpiece (not to be confused with cutting speed). To calculate the main time, those columns of the electronic calculation table are used, in which the length of the tool strokes is entered, equal to the length of the surface being processed and the overruns of the tools; processing diameter or cutting tool diameter; the amount of allowances; cutting depth; number of tool teeth; cutting speed. The spindle rotation speed and the number of working strokes, equal to the ratio of the allowance to the depth of cut, will be calculated by the computer independently. It is most advisable to have a calculation table in the lines of which to record all working strokes, and in the vertical columns - stroke lengths, processing diameters and diameters of cutting tools, the number of working strokes, all types of feeds (per tooth, per revolution, minute), number of tool teeth, cutting speed. An example of the calculation is given in Appendix 5. Cutting speed and feed should be taken from section 7.8 “Calculation of cutting conditions”. The computer will calculate the spindle rotation speed using the formula .

It is necessary to pay special attention to the fact that the formula is entered in the cells of the calculation table to = L/s min. It applies to turning, milling, countersinking, drilling and other types of machining in which the workpiece or cutting tool rotates. When planing, broaching, gear cutting, flat grinding and in a number of other cases, the main time is determined using other formulas, which must be entered into the corresponding cells of the Excel table.

Working time is the time during which an employee, in accordance with internal labor regulations and the terms of the employment contract, must perform labor duties, as well as other periods of time that, in accordance with this Code, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, relate to working hours.

Normal working hours cannot exceed 40 hours per week.

The procedure for calculating the norm of working time for certain calendar periods (month, quarter, year), depending on the established duration of working time per week, is determined by the federal executive body exercising the functions of developing state policy and legal regulation in the field of labor.

(Part three introduced by Federal Law dated July 22, 2008 N 157-FZ)

The employer is required to keep records of the time actually worked by each employee.

Article 92. Shortened working hours

Shortened working hours are established:

for workers under the age of sixteen - no more than 24 hours a week;

for workers aged sixteen to eighteen years - no more than 35 hours per week;

for employees who are disabled people of group I or II - no more than 35 hours per week;

for workers engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions - no more than 36 hours a week in the manner established by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations.

(Part one as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ dated June 30, 2006)

The length of working time for students of educational institutions under the age of eighteen who work during the academic year in their free time from school cannot exceed half of the norms established by part one of this article for persons of the corresponding age.

(as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006)

This Code and other federal laws may establish reduced working hours for other categories of workers (teaching, medical and other workers).

(as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006)

Article 93. Part-time work

By agreement between the employee and the employer, a part-time working day (shift) or a part-time working week can be established both upon hiring and subsequently. The employer is obliged to establish a part-time working day (shift) or part-time working week at the request of a pregnant woman, one of the parents (guardian, trustee) with a child under the age of fourteen years (a disabled child under the age of eighteen years), as well as a person carrying out caring for a sick family member in accordance with a medical certificate issued in the manner established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

(as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006)

When working part-time, the employee is paid in proportion to the time he worked or depending on the amount of work he performed.

Part-time work does not entail for employees any restrictions on the duration of annual basic paid leave, calculation of length of service and other labor rights.

Article 94. Duration of daily work (shift)

The duration of daily work (shift) cannot exceed:

for workers aged from fifteen to sixteen years - 5 hours, for workers aged from sixteen to eighteen years - 7 hours;

for students of general education institutions, educational institutions of primary and secondary vocational education, combining study with work during the academic year, from fourteen to sixteen years old - 2.5 hours, from sixteen to eighteen years old - 4 hours;

(as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006)

for disabled people - in accordance with a medical report issued in the manner established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

(as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006)

For workers engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, where reduced working hours are established, the maximum permissible duration of daily work (shift) cannot exceed:

with a 36-hour work week - 8 hours;

with a 30-hour work week or less - 6 hours.

A collective agreement may provide for an increase in the duration of daily work (shift) compared to the duration of daily work (shift) established by part two of this article for employees engaged in work with harmful and (or) dangerous working conditions, subject to the maximum weekly working hours time (part one of Article 92 of this Code) and hygienic standards for working conditions established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation.

(Part three as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006)

Duration of daily work (shift) of creative workers of the media, cinematography organizations, television and video crews, theaters, theatrical and concert organizations, circuses and other persons involved in the creation and (or) performance (exhibition) of works, in accordance with the lists jobs, professions, positions of these workers, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations, can be established by a collective agreement, a local regulatory act, or an employment contract.

(Part four was introduced by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006, as amended by Federal Law No. 13-FZ of February 28, 2008)

Article 95. Duration of work on the eve of non-working holidays and weekends

The length of the working day or shift immediately preceding a non-working holiday is reduced by one hour.

In continuously operating organizations and in certain types of work, where it is impossible to reduce the duration of work (shift) on a pre-holiday day, overtime is compensated by providing the employee with additional rest time or, with the employee’s consent, payment according to the standards established for overtime work.

On the eve of the weekend, the duration of work in a six-day work week cannot exceed five hours.

Article 96. Night work

Night time is the time from 22:00 to 6:00.

The duration of work (shift) at night is reduced by one hour without further work.

(as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006)

The duration of work (shift) at night is not reduced for employees who have a reduced working time, as well as for employees hired specifically to work at night, unless otherwise provided by the collective agreement.

The duration of work at night is equal to the duration of work during the day in cases where this is necessary due to working conditions, as well as for shift work with a six-day work week with one day off. The list of specified works may be determined by a collective agreement or local regulations.

The following are not allowed to work at night: pregnant women; workers under the age of eighteen, with the exception of persons involved in the creation and (or) performance of artistic works, and other categories of workers in accordance with this Code and other federal laws. Women with children under three years of age, disabled people, workers with disabled children, as well as workers caring for sick members of their families in accordance with a medical certificate issued in the manner established by federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation , mothers and fathers raising children under the age of five without a spouse, as well as guardians of children of the specified age, may be involved in night work only with their written consent and provided that such work is not prohibited to them for health reasons in accordance with the medical report. At the same time, these employees must be informed in writing of their right to refuse to work at night.

(as amended by Federal Laws dated July 24, 2002 N 97-FZ, dated June 30, 2006 N 90-FZ)

Procedure for night work of creative workers of the media, cinematography organizations, television and video film crews, theaters, theatrical and concert organizations, circuses and other persons involved in the creation and (or) performance (exhibition) of works, in accordance with the lists of works , professions, positions of these workers, approved by the Government of the Russian Federation, taking into account the opinion of the Russian Tripartite Commission for the Regulation of Social and Labor Relations, can be established by a collective agreement, a local regulatory act, or an employment contract.

(as amended by Federal Laws dated June 30, 2006 N 90-FZ, dated February 28, 2008 N 13-FZ)

Article 97. Work outside the established working hours

(as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006)

The employer has the right, in the manner established by this Code, to involve an employee in work beyond the working hours established for this employee in accordance with this Code, other federal laws and other regulatory legal acts of the Russian Federation, collective agreements, agreements, local regulations, employment contract (hereinafter referred to as the working hours established for the employee):

for overtime work (Article 99 of this Code);

if the employee works on irregular working hours (Article 101 of this Code).

Article 98. Repealed. - Federal Law of June 30, 2006 N 90-FZ.

Article 99. Overtime work

(as amended by Federal Law No. 90-FZ of June 30, 2006)

Overtime work is work performed by an employee at the initiative of the employer outside the working hours established for the employee: daily work (shift), and in the case of cumulative accounting of working hours - in excess of the normal number of working hours for the accounting period.

An employer's involvement of an employee in overtime work is permitted with his written consent in the following cases:

1) if necessary, perform (finish) work that has begun, which, due to an unforeseen delay due to technical production conditions, could not be performed (finished) during the working hours established for the employee, if failure to perform (non-complete) this work may lead to damage or destruction of property the employer (including the property of third parties located at the employer, if the employer is responsible for the safety of this property), state or municipal property, or create a threat to the life and health of people;

2) when carrying out temporary work on the repair and restoration of mechanisms or structures in cases where their malfunction may cause the cessation of work for a significant number of workers;

3) to continue work if the replacement employee fails to appear, if the work does not allow a break. In these cases, the employer is obliged to immediately take measures to replace the shift worker with another employee.

An employer’s involvement of an employee in overtime work without his consent is permitted in the following cases:

1) when carrying out work necessary to prevent a catastrophe, industrial accident or eliminate the consequences of a catastrophe, industrial accident or natural disaster;

In accordance with Federal Law dated December 7, 2011 N 417-FZ, from January 1, 2013, in paragraph 2 of part three of this article, the words “water supply systems, gas supply, heating, lighting, sewerage,” will be replaced by the words “centralized hot water supply systems, cold water supply and (or) water disposal, gas supply systems, heat supply, lighting, ".

2) when carrying out socially necessary work to eliminate unforeseen circumstances that disrupt the normal functioning of water supply, gas supply, heating, lighting, sewerage, transport, and communications systems;

3) when performing work the need for which is due to the introduction of a state of emergency or martial law, as well as urgent work in emergency circumstances, that is, in the event of a disaster or threat of disaster (fires, floods, famine, earthquakes, epidemics or epizootics) and in other cases, threatening the life or normal living conditions of the entire population or part of it.

In other cases, involvement in overtime work is permitted with the written consent of the employee and taking into account the opinion of the elected body of the primary trade union organization.

Pregnant women, workers under the age of eighteen, and other categories of workers are not allowed to work overtime in accordance with this Code and other federal laws. Involvement of disabled people and women with children under three years of age in overtime work is allowed only with their written consent and provided that this is not prohibited for them due to health reasons in accordance with a medical report issued in the manner established by federal laws and other regulations legal acts of the Russian Federation. At the same time, disabled people and women with children under three years of age must be informed of their right to refuse overtime work upon signature.

The duration of overtime work should not exceed 4 hours for each employee for two consecutive days and 120 hours per year.

The employer is required to ensure that each employee's overtime hours are accurately recorded.

Labor rationing involves establishing a measure of labor costs for producing a unit of product (piece, m, t), per unit of time (hour, shift, month) or performing a given amount of work in certain organizational and technical conditions.

Labor standards (standards of production, time, service, number) are established for workers in accordance with the achieved level of equipment, technology, organization of production and labor.

The labor standard determines the amount and structure of working time costs required to perform a given job, and is the standard with which actual time costs are compared in order to establish their rationality. When rationing the work of workers and employees, the following types of labor standards are applied: time standards, production standards, service standards, numbers, controllability, standardized tasks. Since the universal measure of labor is working time, all labor standards are derived from the time standard.

The standard time is the amount of working time required to perform a unit of specific work (operation) by one worker or group of workers of the appropriate size and qualifications in the most rational organizational, technical and economic conditions for a given enterprise, taking into account advanced production experience. The standard time is calculated in man-hours, man-minutes or man-seconds.

To establish a standard time, it is necessary to find out the composition of working time costs and their specific values ​​for performing this work.

The composition of the time norm can be represented as the following formula

NVR = Tpz + Top + Brake + Totl + Tpt (1.1)

(Top = Tos + Tvs), (1.2)

where Nvr is the time norm;

Tpz - preparatory-final time;

Top - operational time;

Tos - main time;

Tvs - auxiliary time;

Torm - time for servicing the workplace;

Totd - time for rest and personal needs;

Tpt - breaks due to technology and production organization.

Depending on the nature of the individual elements of time expenditure, the methodology for rationing each of them changes.

Preparatory and final time, for example, is set for a batch of identical products or for the entire task in general. Its value does not depend on the size of the batch of parts, but depends on the type and characteristics of the organization of production and labor, as well as on the nature of the work. In conditions of single and small-scale production, the preparatory and final work is performed by the worker himself. In mass production, many of these works are performed by special workers (equipment adjustment, etc.). The required amount of preparatory and final time is determined on the basis of photographic data of working time and time standards.

Main and auxiliary time for all processes, except manual ones, are set separately. The main time depends on the volume of work performed and on the modes of the equipment used. It can be reduced by combining work methods, using multiple devices, group processing of parts, etc.

The scope of work to maintain the workplace and the required time spent on their implementation depend on the type and organization of production, the nature of the work performed, the type of equipment, etc. Some of this work can be carried out during machine-automatic time (lubrication and cleaning of equipment, sweeping away chips), while the other can be transferred to production maintenance workers.

The time for servicing a workplace is determined according to standards or according to photographs of working hours.

The amount of rest time depends on many factors that determine worker fatigue: physical effort, pace of work, vibration of the workplace, working posture, etc. Rest time is determined as a percentage of operating time.

Time for personal needs is set in minutes per shift or in the amount of 2% of the operational time and is included in the time norm.

All working time costs (except for preparatory and final time) are established per operation or per unit (piece) of a product and in total amount to the standard piece time (Tpc). It includes the following elements:

Consequently, the time norm consists of two main parts: the preparatory-final time norm and the piece time norm.

For manual and machine-manual work, where time for servicing the workplace, as well as for rest and personal needs is normalized as a percentage of operational time, the formula for the norm of piece time takes the following form

where K is the time for servicing the workplace, rest and personal needs, as a percentage of operational time.

In enterprises, it is often necessary to know the total time spent on producing a product or performing an operation, i.e. calculation of all costs. For this purpose, the piece-calculation time is determined, which, in addition to the piece time, includes part of the preparatory and final time per unit of production. This is the most accurate and complete time standard. It is calculated by the formula

where n is the number of products in the batch.

The production rate is the number of natural (pieces, meters, units) or conventional units of production (melts, removals, etc.) that must be produced per unit of time (shift, month) in certain organizational and technical conditions by one or a group of workers with appropriate qualifications.

Several formulas are used to calculate production rates. The most general formula is as follows

Nvyr = Tsm / Nvr, (1.6)

where Nvyr is the production rate;

Tsm - shift fund of working time;

Nvr is the established standard of time per unit of product. In those industries where preparatory and final time, time for servicing the workplace, for personal needs and rest are standardized per shift, the production rate is calculated using the following formulas:

There is an inverse relationship between the time norm and the production norm, i.e. as the time standard decreases, the production rate increases. However, these quantities do not change to the same extent: the production rate increases to a greater extent than the time rate decreases.

The following relationships exist between changes in the time norm and production norm:

It is quite difficult to establish time standards and production standards for certain types of work. Under these conditions, labor standards appear in the form of service standards and manpower standards, which, with the mechanization and automation of production, are increasingly used in industry.

The service standard is a set number of pieces of equipment (number of workplaces, square meters of area, etc.) that must be serviced by one worker or group of workers of appropriate qualifications under certain organizational and technical conditions during a shift. It is derived from the time norm. To calculate the service rate, you need to determine the service time rate.

The standard maintenance time is the amount of time required under certain organizational and technical conditions for maintenance during the change of a piece of equipment, a square meter of production area, etc.

Having determined the standard time for maintenance according to standards or using timing, you can calculate the standard of service using the following formula:

where Nch is the service rate;

Nvr.o - standard time for servicing a unit of equipment, a unit of production

areas, etc.;

Nvr - the norm of time per unit of work volume, per function performed;

n - the number of units of work performed during a certain period (shift, month);

K is a coefficient that takes into account the performance of additional functions not taken into account by the time standard (accounting functions, instruction, process monitoring), as well as for recreation and personal needs.

A type of service standard is the controllability standard, which determines the number of employees or the number of structural units per manager. These standards are used in cases where it is not practical to establish time standards.

The standard number of employees is understood as the number of workers of a certain professional and qualification composition required to complete a production task. The required number of workers engaged in production maintenance is determined by the formulas:

where Nch is the population norm;

O - the total number of equipment units serviced, square meters of production area, etc.;

But that's the standard of service.

In order to increase the labor efficiency of time-paid workers, they establish standardized tasks based on the above labor standards.

A standardized task is a set amount of work that an employee or group of employees must perform over a certain period in compliance with certain product quality requirements.

Standardized tasks can be set separately, and, if necessary, used in combination with service or staffing standards.

Taking into account the specifics of production, the volume of work established by a standardized task can be expressed in labor (standardized man-hours) or physical indicators (pieces, m3, etc.).

Depending on the organization of production and the nature of the work performed, standardized tasks can be set for a shift, a month, or for the period of complete implementation of a given amount of work.

cost time standard labor

 

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