Technical regulation of labor in construction. "Tariffs of wages in construction" . The turnout number is the estimated number of employees who must come to work to complete the production staff, that is, the turnout number is

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1 Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation Federal Agency for Education Saratov State Technical University ORGANIZATION, REGULATION AND PAYMENT OF LABOR IN CONSTRUCTION Course program, guidelines and assignments for tests for students of the specialty of distance learning Approved by the editorial and publishing board of the Saratov State Technical University Saratov 2007

2 COURSE PROGRAM Topic 1. Scientific and methodological foundations of labor organization. Principles of organization of the labor process. Personnel categories. The industrial sphere, its influence on the working capacity and human health. Literature: . Topic 2. The construction process and its constituent elements. Construction products. Classification of production processes in construction. Elements of working time, loss of working time. Profession, specialty and qualification of workers. Literature: . Topic 3. Methods of research and technical regulation of labor costs and time of use of machines. The rate of labor costs, the rate of production. normal building process. Carrying out and processing of normative observations: methods of timing, technical accounting, photographs of the working day. Loss of working time. Literature: . Topic 4. Organization and maintenance of jobs. Types of jobs and features of their organization. Design and layout of the workplace. Organization and maintenance of workplaces. Equipment and equipment of the working area and front of work. Literature: . Topic 5. Organization and regulation of labor in construction. Purpose, tasks of technical regulation of labor and resources. Management of labor rationing at the enterprise. Types of production norms and standards. Improving the regulatory and methodological framework in a market economy. Data bank of time norms, methods and complexes of labor movements. Literature: . Topic 6. Designing production standards. Designing labor cost standards for workers. Sources of obtaining initial data for designing norms. Synthesis of norms, transition coefficients. Development of labor standards for non-mechanized work processes. Design of computer time norms. Drawing up a paragraph of production standards. Literature: . 3

3 Topic 7. Organization of wages in construction. Forms and systems of remuneration. The tariff system, its role in the organization of wages. Tariff-qualification reference book. Billing of workers and works. Remuneration of engineers and employees. Tariff-free wage system. Literature: . Topic 8. Organization of labor in construction. Forms of labor organization. Types of units and brigades. Calculation of the composition of the brigade. Crew and rental contracts. Literature: . Topic 9. Drawing up and execution of documents on remuneration. Calculation of labor costs and wages. Calculation of average earnings. Distribution of wages among team members. Methods for calculating labor productivity. Accounting and taxation of wages. Literature: . Topic 10. Fundamentals of labor legislation. Labor Code of the Russian Federation. Comments on the Labor Code: hiring and dismissal of employees. Employment contracts: fixed-term, seasonal, temporary, permanent. Collective agreement. Documents on registration of labor relations. Literature: . CONTROL WORK In an individual task, each student is given the number of the option (according to which he must perform the work), corresponding to the serial number of his last name in the group journal. The control work includes two tasks: I) a theoretical question in accordance with the program of the discipline; II) calculation part (problem solving). Theoretical questions: 1. The essence and content of the organization of labor in the enterprise. 2. Features of the organization of labor in construction. 3. Classification of production processes in construction. 4. Elements of the cost of working time, operating time of construction machines. 5. Loss of working time. 6. The relationship of labor standards and production standards. 7. Method of technical accounting. 4

4 8. Photo of the working day. 9. Timing method. 10. Method of photo accounting. 11. Development of labor standards for workers. 12. Designing time norms for machines. 13. Formation of the composition of units and brigades. 14. Determination of labor productivity by the cost method. 15. Determination of labor productivity by the natural method. 16. Determination of labor productivity by the normative method. 17. Indices of labor productivity. 18. Factors and reserves of labor productivity growth. 19. Classification of systems and forms of remuneration. 20. Piecework form of payment. 21. Time-based form of payment. 22. Tariff payment system. 23. Tariff-free payment system. 24. Tariff agreement. 25. Collective agreement. 26. The composition of the wage fund. 27. Formation of the wage fund in construction. TASK 1. DEFINITION OF THE RATE OF PRODUCTION AND ITS INTERRELATION WITH THE RATE OF LABOR 1.1. Determining the rate of output of construction teams The main condition for high technical and economic indicators of links and teams that characterize labor productivity is the rate of output in physical terms per shift or hour. The better the organizational and technical conditions for the implementation of construction and installation processes that meet the normal process, the higher the output of units and teams. As is known, the normal of the process, which is the most effective values ​​of the factors of influence from a certain set of given characteristics of the processes, the introduction into the norm of labor (time), must be strictly observed in the construction of buildings and structures. Violation of one or more elements of the normal process (the numerical or qualification composition of the performers, the quality and quantity of materials, tools, etc.) will reduce the production rate and, ultimately, labor productivity. It follows from this that, when issuing production orders-assignments to brigades, it follows in advance 5

5 indicate specific organizational and technical conditions that make it possible to fulfill and overfulfill shift norms. The production rate of a link or team N vyr is determined by the formula: N vyr \u003d CT cm K h / N tr, (1.1) where C is the number of work shifts; T cm the duration of the work shift (8.0 or 6.67 hours); To h number of workers in a link or brigade, people; N tr norm of labor (time), man-hour (natural unit of measurement, m 3, t, m 2, etc.). Example. Determine the production rate of 2 masons for 5 shifts when performing brickwork with an average architectural design for 2 bricks thick jointing. The labor rate (according to ENNR-87 Sat EZ, Table 3 6c) is 3.7 people. b/m 3. Solution. Using the indicated data, we will have: N vyp = 5 8.0 2/3.7 = 21.62 m 3. Task 1.1. Determine the rate of production according to the data given in Table Table 1.1 of the option Type of work H labor (time), man-hours. Composition of the brigade, people Number of shifts Worker ranks Bricklaying 3.7 man-h/m 3 2 links 2 4;3 2 The same, with jointing 4.6 man-h/m;3 3 The same, when filling walls 7.4 man-h / m 3 2 4; 3 frame buildings 4 Masonry of concrete stone walls 2.4 man-h / m 3 2 3; 3 5 Installation of partitions of 0.77 man-h / m 2 4; 2 tongue-and-groove slabs 2 6 Mechanized preparation of lime-cement mortar: - loading the grout mixer bucket - preparing the mortar in a mortar mixer with a capacity of up to 80 l 0.72 man-h / m 3 1.6 man-h / m 3 2 3; 2 7 Installation of columns 3, 5 man-hours 0.7 man-hours 1 machinist of the 6th category, 1 installer of the 6th category; 22 4th category; 22 3rd grade 6

6 options Type of work H labor (time), man-hours. The end of the table. 1.1 Composition Number of crew, shifts of people Categories of workers 8 Installation of stairs weighing 1 t 2.8 1 1.3 9 Laying of corrugated flooring 1.85 1.25 0.62 10 Installation of shield partitions 0.25 man-h / m 2 row 1 ; 2nd category 1 11 Installation of roofs from prefabricated truss shields 12 Installation of trusses and installation of coatings on trusses (for 1 truss) 13 Installation of frames for sheathing with sheets of fiberboard and chipboard: -100 m of sheathing -1 m 2 of sheathing 14 Manual plastering of walls (100 m 2): - application; - rough grout. Improved plastering of walls with a mortar pump (100 m 2): - spraying; - application of soil; - applying a coating; - surface polishing. 28 people-h / m th category 2; 3rd category 2 0.68 man-hours 4.08 man-hours 9.8 man-hours 0.7 man-hours 30.5 man-hours 16 man-hours 4 14.5 3.4 9.9 1 machinist of the 5th category. Carpenters: 5th grade 1; 4th category 2; 3rd category 3. 2 people 3rd category 1; 3rd category 3. 4th category 1; 3rd category 2; 2nd category 1. 7

7 1.2. Calculation of the rate of production of machines The rate of production of machines plays a significant role in labor productivity at construction sites. The amount of high-quality products that a machine must produce in accordance with its passport data always depends on its technical condition, the conditions for performing construction and installation processes and the organization of the workplace, as well as the qualifications of machine operators. These elements of the characteristics of the mechanized process, the design and operational features of construction machines, introduced into the norm of the time of use of the machines, will dictate the value of the rate of production of machines. The workers operating the machines should be aimed at the full fulfillment and overfulfillment of production standards, taking into account the correct selection of organizational and technical conditions and the calculations of the norm itself. When issuing shift tasks to machine operators, the production rate N vyr (m), m 3, t, m 2, etc., is calculated by the formula: N vyr (m) \u003d CT cm / N mash, (1.2) where C is the number of work shifts machines; T cm shift duration, h; N mash rate of time of use of machines, mash.-h. Example. Determine the production rate of a tower crane with a lifting capacity of up to 3 tons per shift when concrete is supplied by a bunker with a capacity of 0.75 m 3. In accordance with ENiR-87, Sat. E1, 7 we have: the rate of time for using the machine is 0.11 mash-hours / m 3. Solution: N vyr (m) \u003d 8.0 / 0.11 \u003d 72.73 m 3 / shift. Task 1.2. Calculate the rate of production of machines using the data in the table option Type of work H labor (time), man-hour Table 1.2 Number of shifts 1.2 Loading materials with loaders 0.15 machine-h / m 3 3 3.4 Supplying materials with a jib crane 0.5 mach-h/m 3 5 5.6 Feeding materials by tower crane 0.2 mah-h/m 3 4 7.8 Construction of scaffolding 0.48 mah-h/m 3 6 9.10 Installation of structures 1.6 mah-h/m /t 1 11.12 Planning of earth plots 0.4 mh/m.14 Rolling of pavement 0.4 mh/m.16 Installation of columns 0.8 mh/pc 1 8

8 1.3. The relationship between the labor norm and the output norm Based on the scientific principles of technical labor rationing, especially in terms of the relationship between norms, the unity of the normal and the norm, from the mandatory revision of the norms, in the practice of technical standardization work, it always becomes necessary to identify how a change in the labor norm or machines will affect the value of the production rate. Improving the normal process, we have the right to change the existing labor norm. Since there is an inversely proportional relationship between the rate of labor (production of machines), we can establish a new rate of output for units and brigades, while regulating the growth of labor productivity. An increase or decrease in the rate of output of workers or machines in natural units of measurement with a change in the rate of labor (output of machines) can be calculated by the formula: N vyp.n = N vyp.s 100/(100±х), (1.3) a new rate of output with a decrease or increase in the rate of labor (production of machines); N vyr.s existing production rate; ±x increase or decrease in the labor rate (machinery output), %. If it is necessary to determine a new output rate as a percentage, the following formula should be used: N vyv.% \u003d 100x / (100 ± x), (1.4) Reduction or increase in the labor rate (time) or machine output when the output rate changes, as in physical terms, and as a percentage, should be calculated according to the formulas: N tr.n \u003d N tr.s 100 / (100 ± x 2), (1.5) where N tr.n is the new labor (time) standard; N tr.s existing labor norm (time); ±x 2 increase or decrease in the rate of production,%; N tr.% \u003d 100x 2 / (100 ± x 2), (1.6) where N tr.% is the new labor (time) rate, %. The effectiveness of the application of new production standards can be calculated by the formula for labor productivity P t,%: P t \u003d N vyr.n / N vyr.s 100. (1.7) Example. According to the regulatory research station of the Sumstroy plant, the methods of technical regulation obtained, it is customary to reduce the labor rate by 10%. It is required to determine by what percentage the labor productivity will increase if the existing production rate was 120 m 3 /shift. Solution: 1) N vyr \u003d / (100-10) \u003d 133.3 m 3 / shift; 2) P t \u003d 133.3 / \u003d 111%; 3) Increasing labor productivity: P t = =11%. nine

9 Task 1.3. According to the data given in table. 1.3, it is necessary to determine by what percentage the productivity of construction sites and departments will increase. Table 1.3 of the option Construction site (team) Type of construction and installation process % Output rate existing 1.2 SU 1 Wall laying, 4 SU 12 The same, 6 SU 13 The same, 8 SSU 1 Installation of structures, 10 SSU 2 The same, 12 SSA 3 The same, 14 SDA 1 Finishing work, 16 SDA 2 The same Definition of labor standards (time) through production standards and production standards through labor standards Task 1.4. Redraw table. 1.4 and fill in the blanks. Table 1.4 Determination of the labor rate Determination of the rate of output through the rate of output through the labor rate of the option x 2,% N tr,% x 2,% N tr,% x 1,% N tr,% x 1,% N tr,% 1, ,

10 2. REGULATION OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY 2.1. Calculation of labor productivity by the cost method Labor productivity, which is the main indicator of labor efficiency in construction, can be measured by several methods (cost, natural and standard). However, at present, the main method is considered to be the cost method, which allows measuring all types of work performed at different levels. The main advantages of this method are ease of determination, accounting of the necessary data in statistical reporting, controllability, reducibility at different levels of construction management. Since the majority of trusts and construction and installation departments are building heterogeneous objects (industrial buildings, residential buildings, etc.), their total amount of work cannot be expressed by any single physical indicator, but is expressed only in monetary form by the estimated cost of work. The generally accepted measure of the level of labor productivity P t for the construction and installation organization as a whole is currently the average output in monetary terms (in estimated prices) per employee employed in construction and installation works and in auxiliary industries. It is determined by dividing the volume of work for the corresponding period by the average number of employees for this period: P t \u003d S cmr / K h, (2.1) where S cmp is the estimated cost of construction and installation work performed by the team, management, trust, other construction organizations; K h number of employees (workers) of this construction unit, pers. Along with the above absolute monetary indicators of the level of labor productivity, there is also a relative indicator of the percentage of the implementation of the current output standards: P t \u003d V f / V n (p), (2.2) where V f is the actual output, rub; In n (p) standard (planned) production, rub. Example. Construction organization consisting of 250 people. completed in the reporting year construction and installation works for 115 million rubles. Determine the actual output and labor productivity, if the planned output was set in the amount of rubles / person. Solution: 1. In f = / 250 = rub / person. 2. P t = / = 115%. eleven

11 Task 2.1. Determine the productivity of a team of masons consisting of 25 people if it completed 52 m 3 of masonry. The cost of 1 m rub. Task 2.2. The actual monthly output of one worker amounted to roubles, and the planned roubles. Determine productivity improvement. Task 2.3. Works for 820 thousand rubles were completed, while 100 workers spent 25 working days. The rate of planned production is 280 rubles. Calculate the actual production and labor productivity. Task 2.4. Determine the annual output of two workers, if they have a daily output of 400 rubles, the number of working days in a year is 286. Task 2.5. The daily output of a worker was planned in the amount of 265.5 rubles. The estimated cost of the work performed is Rs. Actually spent 1325 man-days. To determine the actual production and labor productivity compared to the planned one. Determination of labor productivity by the natural method. Measurement of labor productivity by the natural method most accurately reflects the economic content of this indicator. Therefore, the indicator of labor productivity is calculated in physical units of measurement (volume of laid concrete m 3 / shift, installation of prefabricated reinforced concrete elements / shift, etc.). For comparison and evaluation of labor productivity, expressed in natural terms, the normative V n and actual V f output per worker per shift are established. The initial data for determining the shift workings of brigades, links and individual workers should be considered production orders-assignments and labor cost calculations, as well as time sheets: V n \u003d V p / T n, (2.3) V f \u003d V p / T f , (2.4) where T n is the standard labor intensity, man-days; T f actual labor intensity, man-days. The shift rate of output can also be calculated taking into account the labor rate (time) in accordance with the data of the ENiR (VNiR) paragraph: V n \u003d T cm K h / N tr, (2.5) where T cm is the duration of the shift, h; To h the numerical composition of the link, people; N tr labor rate, man-hours Example. A link of 4 masons completed 83.2 m 3 of masonry in 8 days. Planned production per 1 man-day 2.08 m 3. Determine the indicator of the actual implementation of the norms and increase in labor productivity. 12

12 Decision. 1. Production rates V f \u003d 83.2 / (4 8) \u003d 2.6 m 3 / person-day. 2. Increase in labor productivity Р t = (2.3 2.08) / 2.08-100=25%. 3. Labor productivity of the link P t \u003d 2.6 / 2.08 100 \u003d 125%. Problem 2.6. The team assembled 2000 m 3 of structures, for which it spent man-hours at a man-hour rate and an average work shift of 8.0 hours. Calculate the standard, actual output and labor productivity in percent. Problem 2.7. Determine the labor productivity of a masons link of 3 people if they completed 8.5 m 3 of masonry in a shift. The labor rate per 1 m 3 is 3.3 man-hours. Problem 2.8. It took 360 man-days to install 720 m 3 of structures at a labor rate of 0.6 man-h / m 3. Determine the level of labor productivity. Problem 2.9. To perform concrete work in the amount of 560 m 3, the team spent 240 man-days. Determine the production rate and the actual labor intensity per 1 m 3. Task For 8 working days, a link consisting of 2 people completed 41.6 m 3 of masonry. Planned output per 1 man-day 2.08 m 3. Determine the indicator of the actual implementation of standards and increase labor productivity Determination of labor productivity by the standard (labor) method As you know, the standard method of measuring labor productivity offers a comparison of actual labor costs per unit of this work with standard . Normative labor costs are established by orders, cost estimates or estimated norms. The effectiveness of this method depends on the validity of labor standards adopted according to the ENiR (VNiR), taking into account the actual reflection of the organizational and technical conditions of construction sites. The calculation of labor productivity according to the normative method can be carried out according to the formulas: P t \u003d T n T f 100, (2.6) P t \u003d V f V n 100, (2.7) where V f, v n is the actual and standard amount of work, measured in natural units of measure. 13

13 Example. For 12 days, a link of 5 people laid 320 m 3 of concrete mix at a labor rate of 17 man-hours / 10 m 3. Determine the labor productivity of the link. Solution: Р t (17 320) / .3% 480 Task Determine the average percentage of labor productivity of the team of painters for the reporting month, if along with 1 the required standard time is 346 man-hours; actual 228; but along with 217 people-h; along with and 120 man-hours. Task The link of diggers completed the amount of work in the amount of 200 m 3 of soil at a labor rate of 1.75 man-hours / m 3. Determine the growth in labor productivity if their actual labor intensity was 280 man-hours. Task 2348 man-hours were supposed to perform the costing work. According to the chord line, 1948 man-hours were actually spent. Determine the percentage of reduction of standard time and labor productivity. Task Determine the growth of labor productivity, if in the period preceding the reporting period, productivity was 110%, and in the reporting period it was 115%. Task The team worked with labor productivity of 120%, with standard labor costs of 1500 man-hours. Determine the actual labor costs of the team. 3. DEVELOPMENT OF LABOR STANDARDS FOR NON-MECHANIZED WORK PROCESSES The development of labor standards for non-mechanized work processes is recommended to be carried out in the following sequence: - development of a normal for the construction and installation process; - design (calculation) of the value of labor standards; - determination of the numerical and qualification composition of the link of construction workers; - calculation of the price per unit of this process; - drafting a paragraph of the norm. The essence of process normal design is the selection of the most effective values ​​of the factors influencing the organization and technology of the workflow, which are selected on the basis of technical documentation, SNiP, ENiR, technical specifications or by direct study of these factors. Normally follows 14

14 indicate: type of product or work; technical conditions and required quality; name of materials; the composition of the link; process technology; organization of the workplace; mode of work and rest; safety conditions. Designing the value of the labor norm (time) consists in determining the technically justified amounts of labor costs for operational, preparatory and final work, technological breaks and workers' rest. The labor rate is calculated by the formula: Top 100 N tr =, (3.1) 100 (T T T) p s p otd where T op is the time spent on operational work, consisting of auxiliary and main, man-hour; T p-3 time spent on preparatory and final work, the amount of which can be taken within 2-8% of the operational work of the process; T p the design value of the technological break in the amount of 4-12% of the time of operational work; T dep is the design value of time spent on rest, in the amount of 8-30% of operational work. Specific norms of time for preparatory and final work, technological breaks and rest can be taken according to the standards given in the "Fundamentals of the methodology for technical regulation of labor in construction" (issue 6). The normative time spent on operational work is determined on the basis of the analysis and synthesis of the results of normative observations. In this definition lies the calculation of the average amount of time spent on the element meter and the calculation of the transition factors to the main workflow meter. The average time spent t av for the execution of one element is determined as follows: t av = 60n/V, (3.2) where n is the number of observations for this element; V is the amount of production of the element, which falls on 60 man-min. The transition coefficient K lane is calculated by the formula: K lane \u003d V pr.e / V pr.rp, (3.3) where V pr.e is the volume of production of the element in its units of measurement; V pr.rp the volume of output of the workflow in its units of measurement. Based on the calculations performed according to (3.2) and (3.3), a synthesis table is compiled. If the units of measurement of individual elements and the entire workflow are the same, the calculation of the operational time norm T oper is carried out according to the simple synthesis formula: n T oper =t 1 +t 2 +t 3 + +t n = t i, (3.4) i 1 15

15 if they are not the same according to the formula of complex synthesis: T opera \u003d t 1 K 1 + t 2 K 2 + t 3 K 3 + +t n K n \u003d n i 1 t. (3.5) The number and qualification composition of the link of workers are established, as a rule, according to the data of normative observations (form XP "Characteristics of the process") or according to the tariff and qualification directory. In educational conditions, when solving problems, you can use the ENiR-87 or VNiR-87 collections. The price per unit of output (output) R, rub., is determined by the formula: CT K h R N TP, (3.6) K h where C t is the hourly wage rate (per year) of the corresponding worker category, which should be taken from Table. 3.1; To h the quantitative composition of the link, people; N tr norm of labor (time), man-hours Table 3.1 Indicator Category 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th K t 1 1.085 1.186 1.338 1.542 1.797 C t, rub 7.19 7.8 8.53 9.62 11.08 12 .91 Example. Develop a production labor rate and a price quote (paragraph of the norm) for the work process "Sheathing the frame of the walls of an industrial building with asbestos-cement sheets measuring 1200x678x5.5 mm" using suspended scaffolding. The height of the frame is 10 m. The sheets are delivered fully prepared. Based on the data of mixed photo accounting and XP forms, the time spent and the volume of finished products in the amount of 240 m 2 were recorded (Table 3.2). Table 3.2 Workflow elements 1. Feed prepared sheets and put them in place, sheet 2. Prepare and temporarily fix sheets, sheet 3. Drill holes and supply bolts, bolt i K i Observation Note. Above the line are the labor costs, man-min, for the execution of a process element; under the line is the quantity (volume) of the production of the element in its units of measurement

16 4. TARIFICATION OF WORKERS AND WORKS 4.1. Rationing of tariff rates Tariff rates, as you know, determine the wages of workers per unit of time (hour, day, month). Hourly tariff rates (calculated) are established by the tariff scale (see Table 3.1) for workers with normal working conditions with an 8-hour working day, taking into account a 6-day or 5-day working week. To normalize other sizes of tariff rates, especially for workers who, in accordance with the current legislation, have a shortened working day, you can use the formula: T h \u003d C iti (8) / ti (7) (4.1) day, rub.; C i tariff rate of a worker of the corresponding category, rub.; t i (8) the average length of working time per month with an 8-hour working day (166.75 hours); t i (7) the same, with a 7.2-hour working day (150.6 hours). The daily tariff rates of a worker of any category are determined by multiplying the tariff rates (daily) of the 1st category by the tariff coefficient: T d (i) = T d (1) K t, (4.2) where T d (i) is the daily tariff rate of the worker given category (except for the 1st), rub.; T d (1) - the daily wage rate of a worker of the 1st category, which, in turn, is determined by multiplying the hourly wage rate by the length of the established working day; K t is the tariff coefficient accepted according to the tariff scale (see Table 3.1). The average monthly tariff rate for time workers is set according to the following formula: T cm (i) = T h (i) t cm, (4.3) where T cm (i) is the average monthly tariff rate of a worker of this category, rub; T h(i) hourly rate; t see the established average monthly duration of work, h. Example. Calculate the hourly, daily and monthly tariff rates of a worker of the 5th category with a 6-day working week and a 6-hour working day. Solution. Using these formulas, we get: hourly: T h (5) \u003d 11.08 166.75 / 150.6 \u003d 12.27 rubles; daily: T d (5) \u003d 7.19 1.75 / 150.6 6 \u003d 73.65 rubles; monthly: T m (5) \u003d 12.27 150.6 \u003d 1847.86 rubles. 17

17 Task 4.1. Calculate the hourly, daily and monthly rates of workers (Table 4.1). Table 4.1 Occupation of workers Tariff Duration of the variant Category of the week, days days, h 1.2 Reinforcement workers 3rd 5 8.0 3.4 Concrete workers 4th 5 8.0 5.6 Road workers 5th 5 8.0 7.8 Bricklayers 6th 6 6.67 9.10 Roofers 3rd 6 6.67 11.12 Painters 2nd 6 6.67 13.14 Installers 4th 6 6.67 15.16 Facing workers 5th 6 6 ,67 17.18 Parquet workers 6th 6 6.67 19.20 Carpenters 2nd 6 6.67 21.22 Welders 4th 6 6.67 23.24 Glaziers 3rd 6 6.67 25.26 Riggers 5th 5 8.0 27.28 Plasterers 6th 5 8.0 29.30 Electric welders 4th 5 8, Determination of average tariff coefficients and rates To optimize the work of construction teams and units in order to establish their qualification characteristics and professional level , giving the right to perform specific work, in the practice of technical and normalization work, average tariff coefficients are used. The initial data underlying the determination of these coefficients can be: the numerical and qualification composition of the brigade (link); normative time (labor intensity of works); actually paid salary for the given payment period (month). Taking into account these data, the average tariff coefficients can be calculated using the formulas: K1n1 K 2n2... K nnn K av = ; (4.4) n n... n 1 K cf = n 2 i n Tn T K; (4.5) K cf \u003d S cp (cm) / T cm (1) ; (4.6) where K 1, K 2, K n tariff coefficients corresponding to the category of the worker; n 1, n 2, n 3 the number of workers by category; T n K i is the sum of the products of the average tariff coefficient of this work by the required standard time for the same work (labor intensity); T n amount 18

18 required standard time (labor intensity) for all types of work, man-days; S zp (cm) the average monthly salary of each member of the team, rub; T cm (1) monthly tariff rate of the 1st category. Example. Determine the average tariff coefficient of brigade 1, consisting of 12 people. (3 people of the 5th category, 5 of the 4th; 4 of the 3rd); for team 2 in terms of total labor intensity equal to 440 man-days (T 1 \u003d 90; T 2 \u003d 120; T 3 \u003d 230 and K 1 \u003d -1.3; K 2 \u003d 1.25; K 3 \u003d 1.42 ); for brigade 3 according to actual wages in the amount of rubles. (composition of the brigade 20 people). Solution: Team 1: Kav = [(3 1.542) + (5 1.338) + (4 1.186)] / (3+5+4) = 1.338; team 2: Kav = [(90 1.3) + (120 1.25) + (230 1.42)] / () = 1.349; team 3: Kav = (/ 20) / (7.19 166.75) = 1.05. In addition to the average tariff coefficients, the average tariff rates С t can also be used to characterize the teams: С t = С i n i / n i, (4.7) where n i is the number of workers by category, people. Example. The construction and installation department employs 796 people: 90 people of the 1st category; go; go; go; 94 on the 5th; 40 on the 6th. Determine the size of the average tariff rate. Solution: С t \u003d (7.91 40) / / () \u003d 9.04 rubles. Task 4.2. Using table. 4.2 and 4.3, calculate the average tariff coefficients and rates. Profession of teams of the variant Number, persons Of them by category Table

19 Table 4.3 options Works performed by the team 1-5 Plastering works Painting works 6-10 Facing works Installation of floors Installation of structures Installation of stairs Brickwork Scaffolding and scaffolding wage category 1.45 1.48 1.32 1.42 1.52 1.31 1.35 1.62 1.28 1.37 1.3 1.03 work for the purposes of production planning is often required to determine the average wage category of workers and works. In normalization for these purposes, two methods of finding the average category are used: a) according to the known average tariff coefficient: R cf = R i ± 1/ 2, (4.8) where R cf is the average tariff category; R i the nearest smaller or larger digit; 1 deviation of the average tariff coefficient from the nearest lower or higher tariff coefficient; 2 the difference between the tariff coefficients, in the interval of which the known average tariff coefficient is located; b) at a known tariff rate: Rav =R i ± 1/ 2. (4.9) where 1 is the deviation of the average tariff rate from the nearest lower or higher tariff rate; 2 the difference between tariff rates, in the range of which the average tariff rate is located. twenty

20 With a smaller value of R i, the values ​​1/ 2 or 1/ 2 should be added, with a larger value they should be subtracted. When determining the average category of work, the actual labor intensity of the teams for a given month, the salary due and the percentage of completion of the norms should be used. Example. It is necessary to determine the average wage category: for brigade 1, if its average wage coefficient is 1.36, for brigade 2 with an average wage rate of 9.3, and for brigade 3, which worked 1850 man-hours per month, with the fulfillment of production standards by 120% , who received a salary in the amount of rubles (of which 800 rubles are bonuses). Decision: Team 1: Rav =4+(1.36 1.338) / (1.532 1.338) =4.11; team 2: Rav =4+(9.3 8.53) / (9.62 8.53) =4.71; brigade 3: O t = () / 1850 / = 6.2 rubles; R cf \u003d 2 + (0.62 0.59) / (0.7-0.64) \u003d 2.5. Task 4.3. Determine the average tariff category according to the following data. In brigade 1, the average tariff coefficient is 1.42; 2 1.39; 3 1.38; 4 average tariff rate 0.736; 5 0.712; 6 0.748; 7 labor intensity 1760 man-hours, wages 1520 rubles (of which 175 rubles bonuses), labor productivity 120%. In brigade 8, the labor intensity is 1860 man-hours, wages are 1632 rubles (196 rubles bonuses), labor productivity is 120%. Table 4.4 Indicator Category 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th K t 1 1.085 1.186 1.338 1.542 1.797 C t, rub 0.59 0.64 0.7 0.79 0.91 1 .06 21

21 REFERENCES 1. The Labor Code of the Russian Federation // Rossiyskaya Gazeta Dec. 2. Bychin V.B. Labor rationing: textbook / V.B. Bychin, S.V. Malinin; ed. Yu. G. Odegova. M.: Exam, p. 3. Yakovlev R.A. Wages at the enterprise / R.A. Yakovlev. Moscow: Center for Economics and Marketing, p. 4. Volgin N.A. Remuneration of labor: production, social sphere, public service / N.A. Volgin. M.: Exam, p. 5. Salary. M.: INFRA M, p. 6. Grigorieva R.P. Labor statistics: lecture notes / R.P. Grigorieva, I.I. Basova. St. Petersburg: Publishing House of V. A. Mikhailov, p. 7. Ardzinov V.D. Organization and wages in construction / V.D. Ardzinov. St. Petersburg: Peter, p. 8. Gryunshtam V.A. Compensation for labor in construction / V.A. Grunstam. St. Petersburg: Peter, p. 9. Kostyuchenko V.V. Organization of wages and budgeting in construction: textbook. allowance / V.V. Kostyuchenko, K.M. Kryuchkov, V.M. Kozhukhar; ed. V.V. Kostyuchenko. Rostov-on-D.: Phoenix, p. 10. Ardzinov V.D. Pricing and budgeting in construction / V.D. Ardzinov. St. Petersburg: Peter, p. 11. Kolbachev E.B. Organization, rationing and wages at enterprises / E.B. Kolbachev, E.V. Novik, T.A. Kolbachev. Rostov-on-D.: Phoenix, p. 12. Vorob'eva E.V. Salary in years / E.V. Vorobyov. Moscow: Eksmo, p. 13. Comments on the Labor Code of the Russian Federation / O.V. Smirnov, M.O. Bulkova, I.A. Kostyan, V.G. Malov. 5th ed. Moscow: Knorus, p. 14. Posherstnik I.V. Personnel of the enterprise: a practical guide / I.V. Posherstnik. Moscow: Prospect, p. 15. Sankina L.V. Personal cards / L.V. Sankin. M.: MTsFER, p. 16. Basic system of microelement time standards (BSM-1). M.: Economics, p. 17. Romanova K.G. Rationing of labor and estimates / K.G. Romanova, E.P. Zharkovskaya. Moscow: Stroyizdat, p. 18. Sinyansky I.A. Design and estimate business / I.A. Sinyansky, N.I. Maneshin. M.: Academy, p. 19. Belovol V.V. Rationing of labor and estimates in construction: textbook. allowance / V.V. Belovol. Moscow: Stroyizdat, p. 22

22 ORGANIZATION, REGULATION AND PAYMENT OF LABOR IN CONSTRUCTION Course program, guidelines and assignments for the test Compiled by Andrey Vladimirovich POLYAKOV Reviewer I.B. Efimenko Editor O.A. Lukonina Signed for printing Format /16 Paper. offset. Conv. pech.l. 1.39 (1.5) 1.3 Circulation 100 copies. Order Free Saratov State Technical University, Saratov, Politekhnicheskaya st., 77 Printed at RIC SSTU, Saratov, Politekhnicheskaya st., 77 23

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PROVISION OF ECONOMIC RIGHTS AND INTERESTS OF EMPLOYEES IN THE SPHERE OF PRODUCTION 3.1. Remuneration of labor 3.1.1. The system of payment and incentives for labor, the size of hourly tariff rates, salaries, piece rates, norms

Technical regulation is a scientific system for researching the consumption of production resources to establish settlement standards and conditions for their application.

Normalization tasks:

Establishment of technically justified standards for manual and mechanized processes;

study of advanced methods of labor organization with a view to their generalization and mass implementation;

· Identification and reduction of losses of working time, i.e. identification of conditions conducive to improving the organization of labor.

Technically justified norm- this is a norm established taking into account the technical, technological and organizational capabilities of production.

Technically sound standards take into account three categories of labor costs:

main works;

preparatory and final work;

scheduled breaks.

The main work includes all work operations that are directly related to the implementation of this process and the creation of certain construction products.

The preparatory and final works include: obtaining a task, materials, tools; taking care of the workplace during the shift and at its end; acceptance of cars at the beginning of the shift.

Scheduled breaks - the time required for short-term rest and personal needs, as well as time for unrecoverable technological breaks (airbrush refueling, etc.).

Norm- the amount of time or resources (materials, water, energy, steam, compressed air, labor costs) that must be spent on performing a unit of work or a unit of finished product.

Norms are established by the following methods of observation: photo accounting, timing, technical accounting, photography of the working day.

Photo accounting- the main method used to record the time spent by all mechanized and manual processes over a certain period of time. Time accounting accuracy from 5 seconds to 1 minute. As a result of photo accounting, the standard duration of work processes is established. Photo accounting can be individual and group.

Timing– characterized by a high accuracy of accounting for the cost of working time 0.2 – 1 second. It is used to determine the duration of elements of the cost of working time that repeat in a certain sequence.

Technical accounting of time (technical accounting) used to determine the level of performance of production standards, that is, they check the current standards. Observation is carried out throughout the working day at the work of 2 - 3 teams with an accuracy of 5 - 10 minutes. According to the results of the audit, deviations from the norms are established.

Work day photo- a way to study all elements of the cost of working time by continuous monitoring during the shift with an accuracy of 1 minute. It is applied for:

Determining the workload of working hours;

Establishing the size and causes of loss of working time;

Determining the level of implementation of existing standards and the reasons for their non-compliance;

Studying the best practices of labor organization;

Definition of the structure of working time;

Determination of the required number of workers.

Norm of time (N vr)- the established amount of working time necessary for the implementation of a unit of high-quality products by workers of the appropriate profession and qualifications, working under normal conditions of labor organization and production. Hvr is expressed in man-hours per unit of product measurement - man-hour / unit. rev.

Norm of machine time (N mach.vr)- the established amount of machine time required for the manufacture of a unit of high-quality products by a machine designed to perform this type of work and controlled by a driver of appropriate qualifications, operating under normal conditions of labor organization and production. N mash.vr is expressed in mash.-hour / unit of measure.

Production rate- the amount of high-quality products that must be manufactured per unit of time (hour, shift) by a link of workers of the corresponding profession and qualifications, working under normal conditions of labor organization and production.

The relationship between the norm of time and the norm of production can be expressed as follows:

where: T is the length of time in hours for which the production rate is calculated; K is the number of workers in the link.

The normative productivity of the machine is the amount of high-quality products that the machine should produce per unit of time (hour, shift) with its efficient use and proper organization of the mechanized process.

The relationship between Nmach.vr and its standard performance P n has the expression:

The consumption rates of materials, electricity and other resources characterize their required quantity for the manufacture of a unit of output or a unit of volume of work.

The development of norms is carried out by regulatory research stations. Technical norms are approved by the State Committee of the Council of Ministers for Construction and Architecture and are uniform and mandatory for general application. ENiR - Uniform norms and prices.

ENiRs take into account not only operational labor costs for the performance of work, but also include a reasonable amount of expenses for rest, preparatory and final work (study of drawings, preparation and cleaning of the workplace, etc.) necessary for normal work during the shift.

Each paragraph of the ENiR contains:

a brief description of the machines used;

brief instructions for the production of work;

Scope of work (list of operations);

The composition of the link of workers by profession and category;

· nrmu time and price per unit of measurement of this product.

The content of the ENiR paragraph may vary depending on the work for which the norms are given. If the conditions for the production of work deviate from the norms provided for in the paragraph, correction factors and other additional information are given in the annexes to them. In addition, in the general part, coefficients for norms and prices are given for all UNiRs, taking into account in which temperature zone the construction site is located and to which group of works the work performed is assigned.

When new works appear that are not covered by the ENiR, departmental and local time standards (VNiR, MNIR) are drawn up.

Labor productivity is the ability of specific labor to create a certain amount of output per unit of time, that is, it characterizes the level of fulfillment of production standards or time standards and is expressed in%.

Labor productivity in construction is measured by three main methods: cost, natural and standard.

cost method– production (its quantity) is taken into account at the estimated cost or contract price.

natural method allows you to determine the output in physical terms (m 3 of masonry, tons of structures, etc.) or in units of measurement of the final product (m 2 of living space, etc.).

Normative method shows the ratio of actual labor costs to labor costs relying on the norm.

Labor intensity- the amount of working time required to perform a given amount of work.

Where: - the amount of work in units of measure for which is given.

Labor productivity in construction is one of the main indicators of the effective activity of workers, which is determined by:

• - output - the amount of construction products produced per unit of time (m 3 / h, m 3 / shift, m 2 / shift, etc.);
• - labor intensity - the cost of working time (person-hour, person-day, etc.) per unit of construction products (m 3, 1000 m 2, etc.).

The lower the labor costs per unit of time, the higher the productivity of labor, which is quantitatively regulated by technical regulation.

Technical regulation is the development of technically and economically sound norms for the labor costs of working or machine time and the consumption of materials per unit of construction products during a detailed study of construction operations. Currently, GESN (state elemental building standards), ENiR (uniform norms and prices), VNiR (departmental norms and prices) and the norms used by construction industry enterprises when using new and unique technologies are equally applied in construction, the regulation of which by other documents not installed.

Norm of time - the amount of working time required for the manufacture of a unit of high-quality products by workers of the corresponding profession and qualification (man-hour, man-day). In the event that the norm of time is given for a link or brigades, then the actual time of work is determined by dividing the norm of time by the number of performers.

Norm of machine time - the amount of working time of the machine (mach-h, mash-cm) required to produce a unit of good quality products.

Production rate- the number of high-quality products produced by the worker per unit of time (m, t, m 3, m 2, pieces, etc.).

The norms of time and norms of production are interconnected, they can be used to determine the productivity of workers and the composition of the link. There are several types of time limits:

Elementary - set time standards for only one production operation;

• - enlarged - combine a number of production operations;
• - complex - cover a complex of processes.

Labor costs (machine time) for the amount of work are determined by the formula:

Where i is the norm of time per unit volume, adopted according to the ENiR

or GESN-2001, V- the scope of the construction process.

Labor costs (labor intensity) for the amount of work in man-days (machine-shift) are determined by dividing the labor intensity calculated in man-hours (machine-hours) by the duration of a work shift of 8 hours (7 hours).

The duration of the construction process is defined as:

Where P- number of shifts per day; R- the number of workers in the link (team) per shift.

Note: When calculating the labor intensity for the development of technological maps, it is advisable to use the time standards according to the ENiR. When developing calendar (network) schedules and cyclograms, it is preferable to use enlarged time standards (GESN-2001).

When determining the total labor intensity of work on an object, it is necessary to separately take into account the transport work for the delivery of materials to the working area, since in the norms for the production of basic works, transportation costs are taken into account only within the working area. Calculation of labor intensity for transportation is carried out by placing on the construction plan of places for storing building materials and structures, mechanized installations for the preparation of concrete and mortar, other materials, as well as places for enlarged assembly of structures.

The total number of labor costs for the facility also includes the costs associated with the performance of work to ensure safety. When calculating the costs for these purposes, an increase in the volume of work is provided, for example, slopes during excavation or fencing of elevator shafts, balconies and loggias in the process of their construction. Despite all the care in compiling the nomenclature of work, it is usually impossible to fully take them into account when determining the total labor intensity. Therefore, it is recommended to increase the total complexity of the object by 3-5%.

The definition of the accepted labor intensity of work should be made taking into account the achieved productivity of individual teams and links, but not more than 5-15%, in order to avoid disruption of the work schedule and rise in price.

When drawing up a production schedule, it is advisable to use cost estimates for a set of works with the calculation of labor and financial costs per unit of measurement of the main type of work. In this case, the range of works is reduced, and standard costs are determined with greater accuracy. Such calculations contribute to the introduction of progressive forms of organization and remuneration.

One of the effective conditions for the construction of buildings and structures is the correct calculation of labor costs and wages for the amount of work assigned to the team. It is important to note the need for multiple use of calculations. Since this contributes to the improvement of rationing and remuneration in teams, it reduces labor costs for calculating the volume of work performed.

The main stages in the preparation of estimates are:

• but) Definition of initial data and working conditions. Such conditions may include natural and climatic conditions for the construction of a building or structure; methods of delivery, storage of building structures and materials; the accepted technology for erecting a building or structure; used machines and mechanisms, etc.
• b) Calculation of the scope of work is carried out for each type of main and auxiliary work with a final meter (floor, apartment, building, etc.). The results of calculating the amount of work are entered into special statements, which indicate the list, composition, units of measurement and the amount of work corresponding to the instructions given in the GESN or ENiR. Sheets of calculations of the volume of work are necessarily attached to the cost estimates.
• in) Drawing up estimates labor costs and the amount of wages are also made separately for each type of work or for a specific element with a final meter (floor, apartment, building, etc.). Calculations reflect the volume of work, time norms and prices per unit of work, labor costs and wages by type of work. For operational control, in some cases, consolidated standards are established.

Example 1 Determine the rate of output of a link of workers per shift when concreting foundations for columns. The volume of the foundation is 9.0 m 3, the method of compacting the concrete mixture is a deep vibrator.

Solution

• - According to ENiR 4-1-49 Laying concrete mix in structures, section A. Arrays and separate foundations, we determine the composition of the link: concrete worker of the 4th category - 1, concrete worker of the 2nd category - 1.
• - We determine the composition of the work: reception of the concrete mixture; laying the concrete mixture directly at the place of laying or along the trays (trunks); leveling the concrete mix with its partial transfer; compaction of the concrete mixture with vibrators; smoothing the exposed surface of concrete; rearrangement of vibrators, trays or trunks with their cleaning.
• - According to the table. 1.72 (Table 1 according to ENiR) we determine the norm of time H -0,33man-hour per 1.0 m 3 of concrete when the concrete mixture is supplied by a crane

in tubs, conveyors, a concrete pump into a structure with a volume of up to 10.0 m 3.

Table 1.72

Norms of time and prices for 1.0 m 3 of concrete or reinforced concrete in business

Concrete supply method
Crane in buckets in a structure with a volume of m 3, up to 3
Crane in buckets in the design of the volume
Crane in buckets, conveyors, concrete
pumps in a design with a volume of m 3, up to 10

Those. daily output during concreting of five foundations will be 92.8% of the norm. Therefore, the daily rate should be the concreting of six foundations 6>

Example 2 Determine the composition of the link of installers, if the labor intensity of work on the installation of the structure is 4.8 man-hours, and the cost of the machine (crane) is 1.2 machine-hours.

Solution

The composition of the assembly line will be:

Example 3 Determine the complexity and duration of work on the installation of 10 metal roof trusses with a span of 24.0 m weighing up to 3.0 tons, the work is carried out by one link in one shift.

Solution

According to the table GESN 09-03-012-1, the norm of time for the installation of roof trusses will be:

installers i -25.53 man-h",

crane work H vr - 4,92mash - h

The labor intensity of installers for the amount of work will be:

The labor intensity of the crane will be:

The composition of the link of installers

We accept a link of assemblers of 5 people, the average category of workers is 3.4.

The duration of the installation of trusses is defined as

We accept 6 days, therefore, the link of installers should work with an overfulfillment of the plan by 3.5%.

The scope of work for the installation of roof trusses includes: installation and fastening of roof trusses; scaffolding; anti-corrosion coating of welded seams.

Example 4 Determine the duration of work on the installation of foundation wall blocks. The scope of work is 150 units of FBS type blocks weighing up to 1.5 tons, depth - 3.0 m. Works are carried out in summer in two shifts

Solution

• - According to GESN 07-01-001-2, the scope of work for the installation of foundations includes: preparation of the foundation; formwork device; sealing joints;
• - The norm of time for the installation of foundation blocks is: For installers 91.58 man-hours;

Crane driver 35.38 man-hours;

Unit of measurement - 100 pcs.

The complexity of installation for the entire scope of work will be:

For installers Q = H ep V = 91.58-1.5 = 137.37 man-hours

For the crane operator Q = d V = 35,38 1,5 = 53,07person - h

- The total labor intensity of work in days will be:

The composition of the link of installers is taken according to the ENiR or calculated:

We accept a link of assemblers from 3 persons: the assembler of the 4th category - 1 person; installer 3 category - 2 people.

The average category for HPES is -3.3.

The estimated duration of the installation work will be:

Example 5 Determine the rate of production of a link of workers for one shift for the development of soil manually. The soil is loam, with a specific gravity of y \u003d 1700 kg / m 3. The scope of work is 0.8 thousand m 3 .

Solution

• - According to GESN 01-01-049-1 The time limit for manual excavation is 430.36 man-hours. per 1000 m 3. The average category of workers is 2.5. The composition of the link accept 2 people.
• - The rate of production of a link of workers per shift will be:

Table 1.73

Production for general construction and finishing works

Name of works	measurements	Production per 1 person/cm
Civil works
The device of the underlying layer of sand and gravel mixture
The device of the underlying concrete layer
Driving piles with a diesel hammer
Pile head felling
Concreting of monolithic structures with rotary hoppers, up to:
Concreting of monolithic structures with truck-mounted concrete pumps up to:
Installation of monolithic walls and partitions up to: 100 mm 150 mm 200 mm 300 mm
Waterproofing with roofing material of horizontal surfaces
Waterproofing with roofing material of vertical surfaces
Paint waterproofing with hot bitumen
Cement waterproofing with liquid glass
Installation of reinforced concrete foundations weighing up to: 2.5 t 5.0 t	1 element
Installation of reinforced concrete columns of one-story buildings weighing up to:	1 element
Laying w/concrete girders, beams	1 element
Installation of columns of multi-storey buildings	1 element
Installation of reinforced concrete trusses with a span of up to 12 m	1 element
Installation of reinforced concrete trusses with a span of up to 18 m	1 element

Installation of reinforced concrete trusses with a span of up to 24 m	1 element
Installation of reinforced concrete beams and crossbars weighing up to 3.0 t 10.0 t	1 element
Installation of reinforced concrete slabs of coatings and ceilings with an area of ​​up to:	1 element
Installation of reinforced concrete wall panels up to:	1 element
Installation of sandwich wall panels	1 element
Installation of external wall panels
Sealing device
Laying w / concrete lintels	1 element
Installation of plinth panels
Installation of interior wall panels
Installation of partitions
Installation of ventilation units
Installation of stairs and landings	1 element
Installation of metal trusses
Installation of metal structures with enlarged blocks
Installation of metal columns
Installation of metal beams
Installation of crane beams
Installation of other metal structures
Brickwork of external walls
Brickwork with thermal insulation boards
Brickwork partitions
The device of partitions: - plasterboard - plaster concrete - from glass blocks		7.0 4,4
Rafter installation
The device of a working flooring from boards (crate)
Sheathing with boards
Thermal insulation device

The device of rolled roofs on bituminous mastics
Roofing device with built-up roofing material
Roofing from asbestos-cement sheets
The device of a roof from a professional flooring
Sheet steel roofing
Metal roofing device
Filling in window openings
Filling doorways
Installation of balcony blocks
Installation of loggia plates
Stained glass installation
Glazing of window frames/doors
Wall insulation with heat-insulating boards 5 = 150 mm
Finishing work
Painting wooden surfaces with oil paints
Painting of metal structures
Wall cladding with ceramic tiles
Plasterboard wall cladding
Wall papering
False ceiling device type "Amstrong"
Floor preparation device
Installation of skirting boards
Plank floor installation
Arrangement of parquet floors
The device of floors from a chipboard (OSB)
Linoleum floor installation
Installation of floors from ceramic tiles
Installation of cement floors (screeds)
Mosaic floor tiles
Mosaic device
Cast iron floor tiles
Installation of mosaic-concrete floors
Installation of asphalt concrete floors
The device of polymer floors
Facing of facades with ceramic tiles
Painting of facades with water-based compositions
Wall cladding with siding
Facade plaster

The main task of technical rationing is the development of technically sound production standards that would correspond to the state of the art and reflect the best practices of builders. The norms show how much and what kind of labor, how much machine time is spent on mechanisms. How much and what materials are required to perform a particular work in construction. In order for the norms to be technically sound and progressive, i.e. corresponding to the modern level of production, technical regulation is carried out by monitoring the implementation of construction work, in conditions of correct production organizations, the application of advanced labor methods and the use of modern means of production. The norms serve to determine the cost of labor in its rational organization, identify the need for construction machinery and equipment, calculate the required number of workers and wage funds, draw up productive tasks (orders) for workers, as well as schedules, projects for the production of work. Every year certain progressive changes take place in construction: construction sites receive more and more mechanisms and machines, more and more new building materials are introduced, the technology of construction processes is improved, and the technical level of workers rises. An indispensable condition for the correct organization and systematic increase in wages is the outstripping growth of labor productivity in comparison with the growth of wages. The basis for the organization of wages in construction, along with technical regulation, are the tariff system and rational forms of remuneration. The tariff system serves to determine the wages of workers in construction, depending on the complexity of the work they perform, taking into account the difference between heavy and light work. The main elements of the tariff system are: tariff scale, tariff-qualification guide and hourly tariff rates. The wage scale is a scale of ratios (coefficients) of the labor of workers of various categories. The tariff-qualification guide defines the categories of work in construction, and also, depending on this, the qualifications, i.e. the categories of workers necessary to perform these works. The tariff-qualification guide serves as the main document for establishing the correct ratios of wages for workers of different professions and qualifications. Hourly tariff rates - in accordance with the six-digit tariff scale, the following tariff rates are established that determine the amount of wages per unit of time (hour) with an 8-hour working day.

Labor rationing is the establishment of a measure of labor costs for the manufacture of a unit of output or the production of a quantity of products per unit of time under certain organizational and technological conditions. Labor rationing is the basis for production planning, organization of labor and wages. It is necessary to start developing technically justified production standards for the technological process only after making sure that there are no existing standards for it. For this, the collections of ENiR (unified norms and prices) and VNiR (departmental norms and prices), as well as MNIR (local norms and prices) in related construction organizations are carefully reviewed. In the presence of such norms, there is no need to develop a new norm.

In connection with the rationing of working time, the concepts of production labor standards are introduced: labor intensity, norms of workers' time, labor costs and output.

The labor intensity of construction and installation works is the amount of labor of workers expended in rational production conditions for the implementation of high-quality construction products. Labor intensity is measured in man-hours or man-shifts per unit of output.

The norm of workers' time is the amount of time set for the performance of a unit of output by workers of the corresponding profession and qualifications, working with the correct organization of labor and production. Time standards are measured in hours or shifts per product meter.

The rate of labor costs - the amount of labor costs established for the performance of a unit of output by workers of the appropriate qualification with the correct organization of labor. Labor input rates are measured in man-hours or man-days per unit of output.

Production rate - the amount of quality products performed per unit of time by workers of appropriate qualifications working under the required conditions. Production rates are measured by physical units of products produced over a period of time (hour, shift).

When designing technically justified norms, the costs of working time during a shift are divided into two groups: normalized (operational and preparatory and final work, costs for technological breaks, rest, personal needs) and non-standardized (direct and hidden losses of working time).

The method of normative observations is based on obtaining the values ​​of labor costs with the help of visual observations carried out at workplaces. During observations, the costs of labor or time are fixed, and at the same time, the significance of the factors influencing the change in the labor intensity or duration of the elements of the normalized process is noted, the amount of work performed is measured.

Normative observations differ in the degree of coverage of the normalized process, the method and accuracy of recording the consumption of working time and labor costs, as well as the form of measuring products. Observations are recorded manually on forms. There are the following forms of visual observations: photo accounting (mixed, graphical, digital) - covers all types of working hours spent during a shift with an accuracy of recording time up to 1 minute, differs in the nature of recording time and labor costs by process elements and the number of workers; timing (selective, cyclic, continuous) - characterized by the individual nature of time recording for each normalized process element with increased recording accuracy of 0.1 ... 1 s, differs in the duration of the shortest process element (up to 10 s); techno-accounting - carried out according to an enlarged nomenclature of elements with a group recording of time and labor with a recording accuracy of 5 ... 10 minutes, etc.

The value of the norm of labor costs is ultimately determined by empirical dependencies based on data obtained as a result of regulatory observations. The calculation of the price for the implementation of the accepted unit of the process meter is made by multiplying the average hourly tariff rate of the link by the full value of labor costs. The tariff rate is the main element of the tariff system - the basis of the organization of wages. According to this system, for each skill level of a worker, a category is established with an appropriate hourly wage rate. The average hourly tariff rate of a link is determined (for a six-digit grid) by the formula
Cav = (C1n1+C2n2+…C6n6)/(n1+n2+///+n6), where С1, С2,…, C6 - hourly tariff rates according to the current tariff scale; n1, n2,…,n6 - number in the link workers I, II, ..., VI categories.

In construction, depending on the type and nature of the work performed, the possibility of accounting for and evaluating the time spent, two forms are used, wages (piecework and time).

Piecework wages provide for such wages in which the worker receives wages depending on the amount of work performed by him and the established piece rates per unit of good-quality products, expressed in natural meters (m 2, t, m 3, etc.).

Teams of teams and individual workers can be rewarded primarily for the timely completion of production (normative) tasks and the delivery of work, the quality of the projects and SNiP that meet the requirements, as well as for the performance of other performance indicators provided for by the regulation on bonuses. The amount of the bonus is up to 40% of the amount of piecework earnings.

For piecework workers, a piece-rate remuneration system is recommended, which provides for the issuance of a piece-by-piece task approved by the head of the construction organization to the team for the technological stage, complex or facility as a whole, indicating the start and end dates of work, working hours, wages and a specific amount of bonus. The cost of working time and the amount of wages are determined on the basis of aggregated and complex norms and prices or for construction. The bonus is paid out of the payroll in the amount of 40% of piecework earnings. When performing work on technological re-equipment and reconstruction of existing production facilities or on a rotational basis, the amount of the bonus increases to 60%, and at individual construction sites it is established by appropriate decisions.

Violations of the requirements of the project and SNiP committed by the brigade must be eliminated within the calendar period for the chord task at no additional charge. The distribution of the bonus in the brigade is made according to the assigned categories, hours worked, taking into account the coefficient of labor participation.

Time wages for the performance of the established task provides for wages for the worker for the time actually worked at the current tariff rates, depending on the category assigned to him. Such payment is applied in the absence of a price for this type of work or the impossibility of accounting for the latter. For the fulfillment of tasks on time and ahead of schedule or for the uninterrupted maintenance of production sites, teams, machines, subject to the fulfillment of the monthly plan, time workers may receive bonuses in the amount of up to 40% of the tariff rate paid from the wage fund of the construction organization.

 

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