Antarctica is the most mysterious continent on Earth. Satellite view of Antarctica. Presentation "The Mysterious Continent Antarctica" in geography - project, report Presentation how Antarctica differs from other continents

Antarctica-Mainland of Paradoxes The presentation was prepared by Bondarenko O.G., teacher of geography, secondary school No. 475. G. Moscow " Lesson objectives: 1) To study the features of the geographical location of Antarctica. 2) To get acquainted with the history of the discovery and development of Antarctica. 3) To know the features of the climate and nature of the mainland of Antarctica. 4) Learn about the prospects for development in the development of the continent. The type of lesson is a lesson in the formation of new knowledge. Methods of conducting - explanatory-illustrative, comparative, method of generalizations, reproductive, problematic method. Teaching aids - physical map Antarctica, textbook, Appendix 1 (notes of the inquisitive), atlas, presentations. .

The area of Antarctica is 14 million sq. km. It is washed by 3 oceans

The continent of Antarctica is the land of eternal winter. Southernmost South

Geographical position

Antarctica - the southern polar region of the Earth, including Antarctica and the parts of the oceans adjacent to it and islands. Its boundary runs in the strip between 48° and 60° S. sh., where the warmer (northern) and colder (southern) waters of the oceans converge - the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian. The area of Antarctica is 52.5 million km. This includes the mainland Antarctica with an area of almost 14 million km, a number of islands in the southern part of the World Ocean (Peter I, Scott, Balleny, Crozet, South Georgia, Kerguelen, etc.), the marginal Antarctic seas - Ross, Weddell, Bellingshausen, Amundsen and etc. These seas are the most stormy in the oceans. The waves here sometimes reach a height of 20 m. In winter, the seas freeze and the ice surrounds Antarctica in a ring, the width of which varies from 500 to 2000 km. In summer, currents carry ice to the north along with giant icebergs, fragments of the ice sheet (ice shelf) of Antarctica. About 80% of all fresh waters of the globe are concentrated in the ice cover of the mainland. If it happened that all the ice of the mainland melted, then the level of the World Ocean would rise by 60 m. hemispheres. The continent is not crossed by the tropics, but is crossed by the Antarctic Circle. The prime meridian divides Antarctica into western and eastern parts. Antarctica is located within the Antarctic Circle and in the center of the Earth's South Polar Region.

The search for an unknown land The honor to discover the sixth continent fell to Russian navigators. Two names are forever inscribed in the history of geographical discoveries: Faddey Faddeevich Bellingshausen and Mikhail Petrovich Lazarev. On July 16, 1819, they set sail on two well-equipped sloops Vostok and Mirny. The goal was formulated briefly: discoveries in the possible vicinity of the Antarctic Pole.

January 7, 1820 they crossed the South Pole a circle and the next day they came close to the ice barrier of the Antarctic continent. Lazarev from his ship observed "hardened ice of extraordinary height", and "it extended as far as vision could only reach." This ice was part of the Antarctic ice sheet. And January 28, 1820 went down in history as the date of the discovery of the Antarctic continent.

Two more times (February 2 and 17) Vostok and Mirny came close to the coast of Antarctica. A year later, on January 28, 1821, in cloudless, sunny weather, the crews of the ships observed a mountainous coast that extended south beyond the limits of visibility. .

Now there is no longer any doubt: Antarctica is not just a giant ice massif, not a “continent of ice”, as Bellingshausen called it in his report, but a real “terrestrial” continent. The voyage of Russian ships lasted 751 days, and its length was almost 100 thousand km (the same amount would be obtained if two and a quarter times around the Earth along the equator). 29 new islands have been mapped. So Russian sailors were the first in the world to discover a new part of the world, Antarctica, refuting the opinion of the English traveler James Cook, who claimed that there is no mainland in the southern latitudes, and if it exists, then only near the pole, in an area inaccessible to navigation. Now there is no longer any doubt: Antarctica is not just a giant ice massif, not a “continent of ice”, as Bellingshausen called it in his report, but a real “terrestrial” continent. The voyage of Russian ships lasted 751 days, and its length was almost 100 thousand km (the same amount would be obtained if two and a quarter times around the Earth along the equator). 29 new islands have been mapped. So Russian sailors were the first in the world to discover a new part of the world, Antarctica, refuting the opinion of the English traveler James Cook, who claimed that there is no mainland in the southern latitudes, and if it exists, then only near the pole, in an area inaccessible to navigation. "Roald Amundsen" "Discovery of the South Pole" . Short biography. Roald Engelbergt Gravning Amundsen was born on July 16, 1872 in the family of a wealthy shipbuilder. From childhood, the boy dreamed of connecting his life with the sea. From the age of 15, he led a spartan lifestyle: a strict diet, exercise, sleeping outdoors, even in winter. Roalle is interested in the life of the Eskimos in polar conditions. While serving in the Swedish army, he makes small trips, studies all available books on the Arctic, navigation. First expedition. In 1896, Amundsen was hired by the Belgian Antarctic expedition on board the Belgica. The ship was trapped in ice for 13 months. Almost the entire crew fell ill with scurvy, and to save Amundsen, together with the doctor, they forced the entire crew to eat raw seal and penguin meat, which saved the people. Young captain Having successfully passed the exams for the rank of captain, Amundsen on July 16, 1903 on his own yacht "Joa" set off in search of the shortest route between Europe and Asia. After 2 years, the campaign was completed with the opening of this Northwest Passage between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. The Fram is headed for Antarctica! The tireless traveler Amundsen decided to get to the North Pole itself. Nansen, who built the ship "Fram", donated it to Amundsen for this. But in April 1909, when the Fram was still in the dock, the American explorer Robert Peary reached the North Pole. Then Amundsen decides to conquer the South Pole. Neither a sleigh with a motor, nor a pony could be the first here, Where the blinding cold buries the living breath of the earth. A wall of impassable hummocks, Draft painful work; The heroes of the ice cross will forever remain here. At each forgotten parking lot, Warmed by frozen guests, Your remains are resting - Gnawed heaps of bones. And people are rightly proud of the Victory, and look through the darkness Creators of human glory - Silent shadows of dogs December 14, 1911 In February 1911, the ship "Fram" sailed to the Bay of Whales. And on October 19, Roald Amundsen, along with four companions, four sledges and thirteen dogs, set off. They placed seven warehouses along the route. The path was marked with dried fish, which served as food when needed. They managed to move at a speed of 40-60 kilometers a day. And on December 14 they stood victoriously at the South Pole, human voices for the first time in history broke the silence of the southernmost point of the Earth. The Struggle to Conquer the South Pole It must be said that at the same time an English expedition led by Robert Scott, a very active, knowledgeable and strong man, was heading to the South Pole. His team reached the south pole 1 month late. But the expedition died due to errors in preparation. . Relief

Antarctica is the highest continent Earth, the average height of the surface of the continent above sea level is more than 2000 m, and in the center of the continent reaches 4000 meters.

Structure Antarctica is a giant, ancient platform. The area of this platform exceeds 11 million square meters. sq. km. The Antarctic platform has a three-tier structure. Volcanoes formed on the mainland, which are active to this day. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XgpVmHlyQFw Volcanism

Antarctica is a tectonically calm continent with low seismic activity, manifestations volcanism concentrated in West Antarctica and associated with Antarctic Peninsula that arose during the Andean period of mountain building. Some of the volcanoes, especially island ones, have erupted in the last 200 years. Most Active volcano Antarctica - Erebus. It is called "volcano guarding the way to South Pole».

Erebus volcano

Minerals Geologists have established that the bowels of Antarctica contain a significant amount of minerals - iron ores, coal, traces of ores of copper, nickel, lead, zinc, molybdenum were found, rock crystal, mica, graphite were found. Climate

Antarctica is the coldest continent. Station "Vostok" - cold pole -89.2
The continent of Antarctica is one of the "refrigerators" of the Earth, which regulates ocean currents and climate on the planet.

Antarctica does not belong to any state

Present and future of the mainland

And half a year night with severe frosts, hurricanes,

snowstorms, when the wind tears clothes and knocks down.

Consolidation of knowledge and skills 1) Which of the oceans does not wash the mainland: A. Quiet, B. Sev. Arctic, V. Atlantic, G. Indian. 2) Antarctica was discovered: A.M.P. Lazarev, B. J. Cook, V. F. F. Bellingshausen, G. F. Magellan. 3) In what hemispheres does Antarctica lie: A. Northern, B. Southern, V. Western, G. Eastern. 4) The southern polar region is called: A. Arctic, B. Antarctica. 5) The first to reach the South Pole: A. R. Scott, B. R. Amudsen.

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Presentation for children “Amazing Antarctica” Performed by the educator of GBDOU No. 97 of St. Petersburg Volodarskaya Vera Ivanovna 2016

Amazing Antarctica Antarctica is the fifth largest continent of our planet with an area of more than 14 million square kilometers and at the same time the least explored and mysterious of all seven continents. For many years, scientists have been wondering what is hidden under the ice of Antarctica, exploring the flora and fauna of the continent.

Do you know where the largest desert on Earth is located? Of course, you will say that this is the Sahara desert, and you will be wrong :) According to the definition, Antarctica is by all criteria a real desert, despite the fact that it is covered with a huge layer of ice - this ice has been on the continent for a very, very long time. Amazing, isn't it?

The largest iceberg in existence today broke off the Ross Ice Shelf in Antarctica on March 20, 2000. Its area is 11,000 square kilometers, its length is 295 kilometers and its width is 37 kilometers. An iceberg goes 200 meters deep and rises 30 meters above sea level. Imagine the impressive size of this hulk ...

Have you heard of Icefish? These are the most cold-adapted creatures on the planet and the only white-blooded vertebrates. They are perfect at camouflaging themselves against the backdrop of glaciers due to their ghostly white color. These creatures live at +2°C to -2°C for 5 million years (-2°C is the freezing point of sea water)

If you drill through the ice in Antarctica, you will end up with a long cylinder of ice that scientists call an ice core. Such ice cores are used by researchers in the study of Antarctica, allowing them to go back tens of thousands of years, providing valuable information about the Earth's climate throughout history. In this way, water can be obtained that was frozen at the time of Jesus Christ.

The Antarctic ice sheet is made up of 29 million cubic kilometers of ice. If all the ice of Antarctica melted, it would cause an increase in sea level by 60-65 meters. But don't worry - under current conditions, it would take approximately 10,000 years.

Only 0.4 percent of Antarctica is not covered by ice. The ice of Antarctica contains 90% of all ice on the planet and 60-70% of all fresh water in the world

Antarctica - the best place in the world to find meteorites. Dark meteorites are easily detected in the background white ice and snow and are not covered with vegetation. In some places, meteorites accumulate in large quantities due to ice flows.

During the fattening season in Antarctica, an adult blue whale eats approximately 4 million shrimp per day, which equates to 3,600 kg daily for 6 months.

At the beginning of winter, the sea begins to freeze over, expanding by about 100,000 square kilometers a day. Ultimately, this doubles the size of Antarctica. It's unbelievable how such a huge area forms and then disappears again year after year.

Did you know... - The coldest regions on Earth are the poles. It is cold at the poles of the earth because the sun's rays fall there not vertically, but obliquely. And the sunbeam warms the stronger, the steeper it falls on the Earth. At the poles, the sun's rays seem to glide over the Earth, and therefore do not heat. - Where is it colder - at the North Pole (in the Arctic) or at the South (Antarctic)? The first thing that comes to mind is that it is colder in the north. And this is wrong! The lowest temperature recorded on our planet was recorded at Vostok station near the South Geomagnetic Pole and amounted to -86.9°C. The average temperature of the southern mainland is -49°C, which is the coldest climate on Earth. In the Arctic, the average winter temperature approaches only -34°C, and in summer it is even warmer. - The Arctic is just a frozen cover of the ocean, and Antarctica is a huge continent. In terms of territory, Antarctica occupies an area of about 14 million km 2, which is almost twice the area of Australia and one and a half times the area of Europe! Therefore, the climate in the Antarctic Circle is more severe than in the Arctic. In addition, Antarctica is completely covered in ice, and the ice reflects 95% of solar radiation. And finally, in the cold climate of Antarctica, an area of high atmospheric pressure with descending air currents that do not form clouds is to blame. For the same reason, precipitation does not fall in Antarctica.

Did you know that ... Antarctica is so cold that the snow in some parts of the continent never melts. Almost 90% of the world's ice reserves are located on this continent, containing about ¾ of the fresh water of our planet. - Antarctica is the only continent that does not belong to anyone, but is the continent of international cooperation. The real masters of the continent are scientists from different parts of the world. Antarctica has no indigenous history and is under the jurisdiction of the Antarctic Treaty, which requires land and resources to be treated with respect and used only for peaceful and scientific purposes.

Antarctica is one of the most amazing places on Earth. Here the night lasts six months of the year, winter - nine. This is the only territory that belongs to no one: no government, no administrative and public institutions - nothing at all that we are used to on the mainland. Nothing but scientific research stations. This alone is worth it to visit the sights of Antarctica.

But since the trip to the end of the world will take a lot of time, and the pleasure is not cheap, it can be accessible to a very small number of people. However, this is not a reason to limit your curiosity and deny yourself the opportunity to see the main attractions of Antarctica. Photos with names and descriptions will help you imagine this icy land as clearly as possible.

Location

Antarctica is translated from Greek as "the place opposite the Arctic". It is located at the South Pole and covers an area almost 2 times larger than Australia, and one and a half times larger than Europe. In addition to the mainland Antarctica itself, it includes many more adjacent islands: Fr. Peter I, Fr. Anvers, oh Adelaide, oh Alexander, South Shetland Islands. Territories on the mainland are named after historical figures and discoverers: McRobertson Land, Kemp Land, Princess Elizabeth Land, Wilhelm Land and others.

Almost the entire area of Antarctica is covered with ice, and only narrow sections of the coast and islands, peaks and ridges are free from ice cover. These ices contain 80% of the entire Earth's reserves.

Territory of science

In 1820, a Russian scientific expedition led by Lazarev and Bellingshausen discovered Antarctica, and since then, for almost two hundred years, scientists around the world have been continuously studying the continent. On December 1, 1959, a settlement agreement was adopted, according to which Antarctica was recognized as an exclusively scientific zone and could not belong to any particular state. Scientists from the USA, Russia, China, Japan, Germany, Chile are working on its territory. Of greatest interest are the search for new energy resources, which this land is rich in, according to the researchers. In its bowels there are rich deposits of oil, gas, stone and charcoal as well as precious metals.

Weather

Antarctica can hardly be called a comfortable place to live - the air temperature here even in summer does not rise above 0, and in the winter months it can drop to -89 degrees. That is why there is no permanent population here.

Number of people living on the mainland scientific staff ranges from 1,000 people in winter to 4,000 in summer. But there are regularly tourists who are eager to see the sights of Antarctica. The season for visiting opens in November and ends in March - these are the months when summer comes on the mainland.

Kingdom of eternal ice

What attracts people from all over the world to this deserted, cold, windswept land? First of all, it is a special atmosphere: silence, unusual for the inhabitants of a densely populated land, a spectacle of the incredible beauty of the Northern Lights, majestic and severe icebergs and a unique animal world. The only place on Earth where a person can directly approach cosmic energy is Antarctica.

Attractions that offer more active tourists to visit here are the opportunity to go mountain climbing, diving, kayaking (traveling by sea and exploring the glaciers in kayaks), skiing, and even camping is possible. There are special photo tours from which you can bring a huge number of unforgettable photos. Of course, if you want to see the sights of Antarctica, you will have to pay a considerable amount for this. A trip of 13-18 days will cost a minimum of $10,000.

Most tourists get here either on cruise ships that depart from the coast of South Africa, New Zealand, Argentina and Australia, or by plane from South Africa and Chile.

In the world of penguins and sea lions

The South Shetland Islands are usually the first thing Antarctica opens to its guests. The sights of these places are literally breathtaking. They consist of 11 large and many small archipelagos. This is the warmest and wettest part of the mainland. The animal world is very diverse here. Clumsy on the ground and incredibly graceful penguins, fur seals, overweight are found at every turn. But the main interest is the island of Deception (translated into Russian means "Island of Deception"). This is an extinct volcano, as a result of the eruption of which a large closed ring was formed.

You can even take a dip in the hot thermal springs. Those who wish can also visit one of the research stations dedicated to the study of penguins.

Desert among the ice

You will be surprised to find out what is hidden among the frozen water. The dry valleys of McMurdo have not known precipitation for many millions of years. The land here is freed from the ice shell, it is covered with sand frozen to a stone state. The speed of the winds that rage here can reach 320 km per hour. The conditions in the three valleys - Victoria, Wright and Taylor - are as close as possible to the conditions on Mars, which astronauts use to prepare for flights. In one of the lakes, unknown bacteria were discovered, after which scientists for the first time had the opportunity to answer the question in the affirmative: "Is there life on Mars?"

Dry valleys are included in the first positions of the list, which contains the sights of Antarctica. You will find photos and descriptions of these places in any self-respecting diving guide, because the lakes located on their territory are a godsend for those who like to explore the underwater world. However, getting under a layer of ice is not so easy, because its thickness is about 3 meters. Experienced divers have to use explosives before diving into the incredible world of flora and fauna.

Mysterious sights of Antarctica: Bloody waterfall

On the territory of the Dry Valleys is one of the most intriguing sights - Blood Falls. If your imagination has already drawn a chilling picture in the spirit of Edgar Poe, or you have thought of an old legend with ancient spirits bathing in the blood of their victims, then, as always happens in reality, the reality is much more prosaic, but no less interesting. Although the sight is actually quite frightening.

If you decide to go sightseeing in Antarctica, you should definitely see the Bloody Falls. They were discovered in 1911 by Griffith Taylor, an Australian explorer. He believed that the algae located at the bottom give the red color. However, further study showed that the whole thing is in the microorganisms that live in the lake. At a depth of 400 meters, deprived of their usual nutrients and sun, they adapted to get everything they need from sulfites, which are rich in salt water. Sulfite is an iron that oxidizes when it interacts with oxygen, giving the waters a rusty color. This is a stunning example of how living organisms are able to adapt to survive in extreme conditions.

South Pole Guardian

What wonders the sights of Antarctica do not open to us! You can find photos with the names of the main ones on many resources dedicated to this ice-bound region. Be sure to check out one of the most mysterious - Mount Erebus. The composition of the lava erupted by it differs significantly from the eruptions of other volcanoes located on the mainland. This is not its only difference. Actually, everything about it is unusual. First, Erebus never sleeps. Many volcanoes lie dormant for hundreds of years before spewing out boiling lava from their bowels, while Erebus is always active. Secondly, it has two craters - one inside the other. The temperature of the magma in the cooling state, located in the deepest of them, reaches 900 degrees Celsius.

Travel lovers and those who are interested in the wonders of nature will appreciate the sights of Antarctica. Short description given in this article can only arouse their curiosity and push them on a crazy expedition to this harsh and attractive land. It is not for nothing that the name of the mainland is consonant with the mythical Atlantis - everything here is arranged completely differently from the rest of our Earth. It is full of mysteries and secrets that nature has generously scattered over its icy covers and safely hidden under them.

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Antarctica
pptforschool.ru

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The area of the continent is about 14,107,000 km² (of which ice shelves - 930,000 km², islands - 75,500 km²). Antarctica is also called the part of the world, consisting of the mainland of Antarctica and adjacent islands.
Antarctica (Greek ἀνταρκτικός - the opposite of the Arctic) is a continent located in the very south of the Earth, the center of Antarctica approximately coincides with the geographic south pole. Antarctica is washed by the waters of the Southern Ocean.

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Climate
Antarctica has an extremely harsh cold climate. In East Antarctica, at the Soviet Antarctic station Vostok on July 21, 1983, the lowest air temperature on Earth in the entire history of meteorological measurements was recorded: 89.2 degrees below zero. The area is considered the cold pole of the Earth. The average temperatures of the winter months (June, July, August) are from -60 to -75 °С, summer (December, January, February) from -30 to -50 °С; on the coast in winter from -8 to -35 °С, in summer 0-5 °С.

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Relief
Antarctica is the highest continent on Earth, the average height of the surface of the continent above sea level is more than 2000 m, and in the center of the continent it reaches 4000 meters. Most of this height is the permanent ice cover of the continent, under which the continental relief is hidden and only ~ 5% of its area is ice-free - mainly in West Antarctica and the Transantarctic Mountains: islands, coastal areas, the so-called. "dry valleys" and individual ridges and mountain peaks rising above the icy surface.

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ice sheet
The Antarctic ice sheet is the largest on our planet and exceeds the nearest Greenland ice sheet in area by approximately 10 times. It contains ~30 million km³ of ice, that is, 90% of all land ice.
It is dome-shaped with increasing steepness of the surface towards the coast, where it is framed in many places by ice shelves. The average thickness of the ice layer is 2500-2800 m, reaching a maximum value in some areas of East Antarctica - 4800 m.

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Lake Vostok is located in the area of the Antarctic station "Vostok" (under an ice sheet with a thickness of about 4000 m and has dimensions of approximately 250 × 50 km. The estimated area is 15.5 thousand km². The depth is more than 1200 m.
Lake Vostok is unique primarily because it may have been isolated from the earth's surface for several million years. A four-kilometer ice shell above it served as a natural insulator of the lake. Scientists believe that living organisms can live in the waters of the lake

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Icebergs of Antarctica
Iceberg means "ice mountains" in German. In fact, these are fragments of ice consisting of fresh water. Due to the density difference between water and ice, 90% of the iceberg is under water. Iceberg is the most exciting attraction in Antarctica. One of the largest icebergs was seen in Baffin Island, it was 10 km long and 5 km wide. Dark blue icebergs are an amazing phenomenon and an impressive sight. Icebergs temporarily take on this color if they turn over in the water. The distance an iceberg can travel depends on its size and the current it enters.

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Antarctica is the only continent that does not belong to anyone, but is the mainland of international cooperation. real hosts
And did you know that...
continent are scientists from different parts of the world. Antarctica has no indigenous history and is under the jurisdiction of the Antarctic Treaty, which requires land and resources to be treated with respect and used only for peaceful and scientific purposes.

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And did you know that...
Antarctica is located within the Antarctic Circle. Consequently, the change of day and night occurs only in short interseasonal intervals, and basically either the endless polar day or the endless polar night lasts here.

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The presentation on the topic "The mysterious continent of Antarctica" can be downloaded absolutely free of charge on our website. Project subject: Geography. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you keep your classmates or audience interested. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the appropriate text under the player. The presentation contains 6 slide(s).

Presentation slides

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Antarctica 7th grade Karpova Svetlana Semyonovna

The most mysterious continent

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Structure

Antarctica is a giant, ancient platform. The area of this platform exceeds 11 million square meters. sq. km. The Antarctic platform has a three-tier structure. Volcanoes formed on the mainland, which are active to this day.

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Antarctica is the coldest continent. Station "Vostok" - cold pole -89.20.

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There are no rivers on the mainland, but there are peculiar Antarctic lakes located mainly in coastal areas. About 80% of the Earth's fresh water is in the ice sheet of the mainland.

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Plants

The organic world of Antarctica is very poor. Living Organisms are represented by mosses, lichens, microscopic fungi and algae. Life is everywhere, even bacteria have been found on the ice dome in the center of the mainland.

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Animals

The life of most animals is connected with the ocean. There is a lot of plankton in coastal waters, which feed on fish, whales, and seals. About 10 species of birds live on the coast: penguins, petrels, skuas, etc.

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