Inventions and improvements of the 19th century table. The most important technical inventions of the XIX century. Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization

Reference table major inventions and discoveries  The world contains the main dates of the most important inventions and discoveries of the world in the history of mankind. The table will be useful to schoolchildren and students in preparation for tests, exams and exam.

Key inventions and discoveries

Paper made in China.

Paper money appeared in China.

First use of a navigation buoy (Weser river, Germany).

The first use of compass was recorded in Europe (Italy).

Bologna School of Law for the first time in Europe received university status

The first windmills in Europe were recorded.

The first combat use of gunpowder (China) was recorded.

The first glasses were made in Italy.

Commercial production of alcohol (Italy) has begun.

The first mechanical watches that have survived to this day are made (England).

The first mention of playing cards in Europe (Italy).

Appearance of the first book on chess theory (Spain).

In London, built the first water supply in Europe since the time of Rome.

The first telescope was designed in Holland.

In the Netherlands created a spyglass and bi-nocle.

For the first time in Europe, the production of Shaw Colada (France) has begun.

G. Galileo made the first telescope, with the help of which he discovered the lunar mountains, the rings of Sa-turn and the moons of Jupiter.

R. Hook discovered the cellular structure of living matter.

In Meissen (Germany), the production of porcelain.

A “Leiden bank” was created - the first electric capacitor, which allowed the accumulation of significant discharges of electricity.

The first pencil was made in Germany.

In Great Britain invented  toilet bowl with flush tank.

Briton E. Cartwright designed a weaving machine that performed all the operations of weaving.

First made enameled in the court.

The French National Assembly passed a metric law.

The first smallpox vaccine was made in the UK.

G. Models designed a screw-cutting lathe with a mechanical caliper, which made it possible to produce machines using other machines.

American R. Fulton built the "Clair Mont" - the first ship in the world.

The first canned food factory was opened.

In the UK, J. Stephenson built the 4 Rocket, the first practically used steam locomotive.

Matches invented in the USA.

A typewriter is made in France.

The daguerreotype is designed - the prototype of the camera.

In the United States, a telegraph was created - the first use of electricity in technology - and the first telegraph message was sent.

In the USA, the first surgical operation using anesthesia was performed.

Designed sewing machine I. Zin-Gera.

The first box with matches appeared on sale.

In London, the first metro line was commissioned.

In Russia, D.I. Mendeleev opens a periodic law, on the basis of which he composes a periodic system of chemical elements.

The first postcard was issued in Vienna.

Edison is improving the electric lamp.

A. Bell designed the first telephone.

T. Edison begins the industrial production of incandescent lamps.

In Germany, the first elevator with an electric drive was invented.

The first camera of a modern type is patented in the USA. The first tram was launched in Berlin.

T. Edison opens the first public power station.

In the USA, a Maxim machine gun was designed.

In Germany, the first car with an internal combustion engine was manufactured.

The first high-rise building (“skyscraper”, 10 floors) was built in New York.

In the USA, a jackhammer and an electric chair were designed.

An electric motor is installed at a textile factory in the United States - the first industrial use of electricity.

A. S. Popov (Russia) designed a radio receiver.

Brothers L. and O. Lumiere (France) invent cinema.

V.K. Roentgen discovers the X-rays, known to us today as X-rays.

The first vacuum cleaner was created in the USA.

The Wright brothers constructed the first self-years.

The discovery of radioactivity.

The discovery of blood groups in humans is the beginning of a blood transfusion.

A drill with an electric drive was designed - a revolution in the dental business.

The first refrigerator is made in the USA.

The causative agent of dysentery has been detected.

Norwegian traveler R. Amundsen first reaches the South Pole.

In New York, the first three-color traffic light is installed.

The discovery of insulin by a group of scientists led by J. MacLeod is an opportunity to treat diabetes.

The discovery by A. Fleming of penicillin - the first antibiotic.

The Empire State Bead-Ding was built in New York, the longest tallest building in the world (102 floors).

The first color film was shot in the USA.

Report by F. and I. Joliot-Curie on the discovery of artificial radioactivity.

In the UK and Germany, regular television broadcasting has begun.

In Germany, the first jet sa-jet was created.

Creation in the USA of the first electronic computer.

In Japan, the production of transistor radios has begun - the first use of transistors in consumer goods.

DNA molecule discovered.

Launch of the first artificial Earth satellite.

The first manned space flight (Yu. Gagarin).

Man's first spacewalk.

Landing of the people on the moon (N. Armst-rong).

IN USA invented  microprocessor based on silicon chips.

Microsoft personal computers (B. Gates), the first computers designed for mass consumption, appeared on sale.

AIDS virus detected.

A worldwide computer network has been developed.

Birth of the first cloned creature - dolly sheep.

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Sourse of information:Alekseev D.Yu. A quick reference to dates on history / St. Petersburg: Peter, 2008. - 320s.

Scientists of the 19th century are the creators of great innovations, discoveries and inventions. The 19th century gave us many famous people who completely changed the world. The 19th century brought us a technological revolution, electrification and great achievements in medicine. Below is a list of some of the most important inventors and their inventions, which have made a huge impact on humanity, which we use even today.

Nikola Tesla - AC, electric motor, radio technology, remote control

If you start exploring the heritage of Nikola Tesla, you can understand that he was one of the greatest inventors of the XIX and early XX centuries and rightfully deserves the first place in this list. He was born on July 10, 1856, in Smiljan, the Austrian Empire, in the family of the priest Milutin Tesla of the Serbian Orthodox Church. Father, as a Serbian Orthodox priest, initially instilled Nicola's interest in science. He was well versed in the mechanical devices of the time.

Nikola Tesla received high school education and later entered the Polytechnic University in Graz, Austria. He quit training and went to Budapest, where he worked in a telegraph company and then became the main electrician in Budapest on the telephone exchange. In 1884 he began working for Edison, where he received a reward of $ 50,000 for the improvement of engines. Then Tesla created his own laboratory, where he could experiment. He discovered an electron, X-rays, a rotating magnetic field, electric resonance, cosmic radio waves and invented a wireless remote control, radio technology, an electric motor and many other things that changed the world.

Today he is the most famous scientists of the 19th century for his contribution to the construction of a power plant at Niagara Falls and for his discovery and application of alternating current, which has become the standard and is still in use today. He died on January 7, 1943, in New York, USA.

Luther Burbank cultivated hundreds of new plant varieties

Luther Burbank is a consistent Darwinist, even though he only had a primary education, but has become one of the most famous breeders of all time. His potatoes are the most widely cultivated in the world.

The turning point in his life was an event that took place in 1875 when the banker Petaluma contacted him with a request to plant 20,000 plum trees by the end of the year. The banker claimed that all nurseries refused to do such work, arguing that such a project could not be completed in such a short period of time. Luther Burbank took the job and by the end of the year he grew 19500 plums. Over the course of his career, he created more than 800 strains of vegetables, fruits, and flowers. He was born March 7, 1849, in Lancaster, Massachusetts, and died on April 11, 1926, in Santa Rosa, California.

Joseph Gayetti invented toilet paper

Can you live without this consumer product — toilet paper? Today we cannot even imagine our life without this simple roll - what we now call toilet paper. In 1857, Joseph Gayetti began marketing a new invention as a medical product that will help people suffering from hemorrhoids. The document for this type of product was watermarked with the name of the inventor, it was fragrant and contained grease with aloe. It was the first commercially available toilet paper, and we consider Joseph Gayetti the inventor of modern toilet paper.

John Froelich - the first tractor

In 1890, John Froehlich and his employees decided that they had already outlived steam threshers and built the first tractor on an internal combustion engine. In 1892, a car was seen that was able to drive back and forth on a gasoline engine with 16 horsepower. In the first year, his machine was able to thresh more than 5 tons of grain per day without any problems. Steam threshers were fire hazard, and this new tractor has proven itself safer. He uses only 30 liters of fuel to thresh over 15 tons of grain without the risk of fire. Therefore, John Froelich is credited with the invention of the first modern tractor. He was born on November 24, 1849 and died on May 24, 1933.

Alexander Graham Bell - First Phone

The first phone was invented by Alexander Graham Bell. When Bella's mother became deaf, he actively studied acoustics, and at the age of 23 he moved to Canada and later to Boston, USA, where he invented a microphone and an acoustic telegraph, which is now called the telephone. Bell received a patent for his invention in 1876. Although there is much controversy surrounding the invention of the telephone, we cannot deny that Alexander Graham Bell made the most important contribution to the development of telephony. Bell was born March 3, 1847, in Edinburgh, Scotland and died on August 2, 1922, in Nova Scotia, Canada.

Samuel Morse - telegraph and morse code

Before Samuel Morse became a famous inventor, he established himself as a successful artist. When he was refused to put his painting on one of the inner panels of the dome of the US Capitol building, he decided to abandon painting and focused on other topics that interested him: electricity and the telegraph.

He invented the Morse code, the dot and dash code, which is still the standard for data transfer. Samuel Morse is famous as the inventor of the telegraph and is considered one of the largest contributors to the development of communications in the 19th century. He was born on April 27, 1791 in Charlestown, Massachusetts, USA and died on April 2, 1872, aged 80 in New York, USA.

Alfred Nobel invented dynamite

Alfred Nobel, as the inventor of dynamite, invented two more other explosives - gelignite and ballistite. He was born on October 21, 1833, Stockholm, Sweden and was one of four surviving children out of eight born. Alfred, his father was an inventor and scientist.

After many years of deprivation, the family moved to St. Petersburg, where Alfred received his first real education. He excelled in research, especially in chemistry. When he began experimenting with nitroglycerin and after numerous minor incidents and even tragedies in which his younger brother Emil died, he was finally able to develop a stable explosive substance in 1867 called dynamite.

Due to the right business decisions, he was able to accumulate huge wealth. Alfred Nobel allocated 94% of this wealth to the Nobel Foundation in 1895. He died on December 10, 1896, San Remo, Italy.

Humphrey Davy discovered sodium, potassium, calcium, the first electric light

Humphrey Davy has been a pioneer in many fields and has given us many inventions and discoveries. For his contribution to science and humanity, he was knighted in 1812. After graduating from high school, he began research in medicine, turning to chemistry and electrochemistry later. He is the most famous who discovered sodium, potassium and calcium by electrolysis and has become a brilliant and famous experimenter. Some experiments with nitrous oxide, also known as laughing gas, have led to its dependence on it.

Today we consider Humphry Davy as the inventor of the first electric light. In 1809, he connected two wires of a battery with coal for lighting in short periods of time. Humphrey Davy was born on December 17, 1778, in Penzance, Cornwall, England and died on May 29, 1829, in Geneva, Switzerland.

Thomas Alva Edison invention of the modern light bulb

Thomas Alva Edison is an American inventor known for his contribution to the first commercially viable incandescent lamp. In 1878, he spent months trying to get various threads for the lamp. Finally, he and his team launched a carbon bulb for 13.5 hours. As an inventor, Edison was also a successful entrepreneur and established numerous companies, turning his inventions into profits. You could say that he was a good marketer as well.

But one of the most important mistakes of his life was the statement about the unsuitability of alternating current, which later turned out to be wrong. Alternating current is used to transfer power to this day. Edison was born on February 11, 1847, in Milan, Ohio, United States and October 18, 1931, and died in New Jersey, USA.

Louis Pasteur invented pasteurization

Louis Pasteur (Louis Pasteur) French microbiologist, born December 27, 1822 in France. He revolutionized the food industry, and we can hardly imagine our life today without many pasteurized products, such as milk, cheese, juices, wines and many others.

Although pasteurization has been known since the 12th century in China and other countries, Louis Pasteur in 1864 developed the exact method that would prevent the fermentation of wine and beer. Only later was his pasteurization method used for milk and other dairy products. He is also credited with discovering the principle of vaccination. He died on September 28, 1895, in France.

Scientists and inventors of the 19th century laid the foundation for

Task number 1.  Look at the drawings of the two ships and determine where the Hanseatic ship is depicted and where the caravel is. What seaworthiness did each of the ships have?

On the left is the Hanseatic ship, on the right is the caravel. The main advantage of the Hanseatic ship is its high carrying capacity. The caravel, also having a large carrying capacity, had high maneuverability, good driving performance and could walk against the wind.

Task number 2.  Think about how Europeans imagined the world before the start of the great geographical discoveries. What continents (their separate territories), as well as parts of the world, did they know? Which seas, in your opinion, were more developed by Europeans?

The earth seemed flat, washed by one endless ocean. As such, the concept of continents did not exist. Europeans were familiar with Europe, part of Asia, as well as the north and part of the west coast of Africa. The Mediterranean, Baltic, and North Seas, as well as the part of the Atlantic Ocean that washes Europe and North Africa, were well developed.

Task number 3.  Fill in the table “Technical innovations that appeared at the end of the Middle Ages”.

Task number 4.  Which famous navigator left this description? We know a lot about him and his swimming, and among other things, two such facts: 1. Preparing for swimming, he painstakingly studied the composition of the famous 13th-century European traveler. 2. On his journey, he took an interpreter from Arabic. Who is this navigator? What kind of swimming are we talking about? Explain these two facts.
“After 33 days of travel, I brought to India a fleet which my patrons, king and queen kindly gave me. "On the way, I discovered many islands and proclaimed them the property of their majesties, raising the royal flags above them, and I met no resistance anywhere.”

It is about Christopher Columbus and his first expedition. Long before the expedition, Columbus was familiar with the idea of \u200b\u200bthe Italian astronomer and geographer Toscanelli that India can be reached by a shorter route if you sail west through the Atlantic Ocean. In preparation for the voyage, he studied the work of Marco Polo, who left a detailed description of the Asian countries, and took the translator from Arabic, since at that time the Arabs held in their hands trade with India and were aware of the sea routes to India.

REMEMBER WHAT YOU LEARNED

Task number 1.  Solve the crossword puzzle.

Horizontally. 1. Homeland of knightly poetry. 5. The architectural style of the XI-XII centuries. 6. Medieval doctrine, the followers of which were looking for a philosopher's stone. 9. Poets from Provence. 11. An artist of the early Renaissance, whose brush belongs to the painting "Spring", "Birth of Venus." 12. The head of the university. 13. Brothers-painters who created the "Calendar of the Duke of Berry." 14. The architectural style of the XII-XV centuries. 15. Higher educational institution that arose in the Middle Ages. 17. Inventor of typography. 20. The Italian poet, who is called the first humanist. 21. The work of Giovanni Boccaccio. 22. The form of conducting classes at medieval universities is a discussion of pre-formulated questions in which participants put forward their evidence.
Vertically. 2. Images composed of pieces of colored glass. 3. University teacher. 4. The head of the faculty. 7. University unit. 8. Knightly poets from Germany. 10. The thinkers of the Renaissance, who created a new doctrine of man. 16. Knightly poets from Northern France. 18. Wandering schoolchildren. 19. Collapsible letters invented by Gutenberg.

Answers horizontally: 1. Provence. 5. Romanesque. 6. Alchemy. 9. Troubadours. 11. Botticelli. 12. Rector. 13. Limburg. 14. Gothic. 15. University. 17. Gutenberg. 20. Petrarch. 21. The Decameron. 22. Disputes.
Answers vertically: 2. Stained-glass windows. 3. Master. 4. Dean. 7. Faculty. 8. Mennesingers. 10. Humanists. 16. Truvers. 18. Vagants. 19. Letters.

Task number 2.  What famous inhabitants of Florence do you know?

Dante Alighieri, Giotto, Boccaccio, Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Brunelleschi, Botticelli, Cosimo Medici, Machiavelli, Savonarola and others.

Thanks to the human discoveries of recent centuries, we have the ability to instantly access any information from around the world. Advances in medicine have helped humanity overcome dangerous diseases. Technical, scientific, inventions in ship- and machine-building give us the opportunity to reach anywhere in the world in a few hours and even fly into space.

Inventions of the 19th and 20th centuries changed humanity, turned its world upside down. Of course, development has been ongoing and every century has given us some great discoveries, but global revolutionary inventions came precisely during this period. We will tell you about the most significant ones who changed the usual outlook on life and made a breakthrough in civilization.

X-rays

In 1885, the German physicist Wilhelm Roentgen, in the course of his scientific experiments, discovered that the cathode tube emits some rays, which he called X-rays. The scientist continued to investigate them and found out that this radiation penetrates through opaque objects, without reflecting or refracting. Subsequently, it was found that by irradiating parts of the body with these rays, one can see internal organs and obtain an image of the skeleton.

However, it took as much as 15 years after the discovery of X-rays to study organs and tissues. Therefore, the name "X-ray" itself refers to the beginning of the 20th century, since it had not been used everywhere before. Only in 1919, the properties of this radiation began to be put into practice by many medical institutions. The discovery of x-rays radically changed medicine, in particular in the field of diagnostics and analysis. An X-ray device saved the lives of millions of people.

Airplane

Since time immemorial, people have tried to rise to the sky and create such an apparatus that would help a person take off. In 1903, the American inventors brothers Orville and Wilbur Wright did this - they successfully launched their aircraft with the Flyer-1 engine into the air. And although he stayed on the ground for only a few seconds, this significant event is considered the beginning of the era of aviation. And the inventor brothers are considered the first pilots in the history of mankind.

In 1905, the brothers constructed the third version of the device, which was already in the air for almost half an hour. In 1907, the inventors signed a contract with the American army, and later with the French. Then the idea came to transport passengers on a plane, and Orville and Wilbur Wright improved their model by equipping it with an additional seat. Also, scientists equipped the aircraft with a more powerful engine.

TV

One of the most important discoveries of the 20th century was the invention of the television. Russian physicist Boris Rosing patented the first apparatus in 1907. In his model, he used a cathode ray tube, and used a photocell to convert signals. By 1912, he had improved the television, and in 1931 the opportunity appeared to transmit information using a color picture. In 1939, the first television channel opened. Television has given a huge impetus to changing people's perceptions and ways of communication.

It should be added that Rosing is not the only one who invented the television. Back in the 19th century, the Portuguese scientist Adriano De Paiva and the Russian-Bulgarian physicist Porfiry Bakhmetyev offered their ideas on the development of a device that transmitted images by wire. In particular, Bakhmetev came up with the scheme of his device - a telephoto photographer, but could not collect it due to lack of funds.

In 1908, a physicist from Armenia Hovhannes Adamyan patented a two-color apparatus for transmitting signals. And at the end of the 20s of the 20th century in America, a Russian emigrant Vladimir Zvorykin assembled his own TV, which he called an “iconoscope”.

Car with internal combustion engine

Several scientists worked on the creation of the first gasoline car. In 1855, a German engineer Karl Benz designed a car with an internal combustion engine, and in 1886 he received a patent for his vehicle model. Then he began to produce cars for sale.

A huge contribution to the manufacture of automobiles was made by the American industrialist Henry Ford. At the beginning of the 20th century, companies appeared that were engaged in the production of cars, but Ford is rightfully the palm in this field. He had a hand in the development of an inexpensive Model T car and created a cheap assembly line for assembling this vehicle.

A computer

Today we cannot imagine our daily life without a computer or laptop. But literally recently, the first computers were used only in science.

In 1941, the German engineer Konrad Zuse designed the Z3 mechanical apparatus, which worked on the basis of telephone relays. The computer practically did not differ from the modern sample. In 1942, the American physicist John Atanasov with assistant Clifford Berry began the development of the first electronic computer, but they failed to complete this invention.

In 1946, American John Mockley developed the ENIAC electronic computer. The first cars were huge and occupied entire rooms. And the first personal computers appeared only in the late 70s of the 20th century.

Penicillin antibiotic

In medicine of the 20th century, a revolutionary breakthrough occurred when in 1928 the English scientist Alexander Fleming discovered the effects of mold on bacteria.

Thus, a bacteriologist discovered the world's first antibiotic penicillin from molds Penicillium notatum - a medicine that saved the lives of millions of people. It is worth noting that Fleming's colleagues were mistaken, believing that the main thing is to strengthen immunity, and not the fight against microbes. Therefore, for several years, antibiotics were not in demand. Only closer to 1943, the medicine found wide application in medical institutions. Fleming continued to study microbes and improve penicillin.

the Internet

The World Wide Web has transformed human life, because today, probably, there is no such corner of the world wherever this universal source of communication and information is used.

Dr. Liklider, who led the US military information exchange project, is considered one of the pioneers of the Internet. A public presentation of the created Arpanet network took place in 1972, and a little earlier, in 1969, Professor Kleinrock and his students tried to transfer some data from Los Angeles to Utah. And despite the fact that only two letters turned out to be transmitted, the beginning of the era of the worldwide network was laid. Then the first email appeared. The invention of the Internet became a world-famous discovery, and by the end of the 20th century there were already more than 20 million users.

Mobile phone

We cannot imagine our life now without a mobile phone, and we cannot even believe that they appeared recently. The creator of wireless communications was an American engineer Martin Cooper. It was he who made the first call on a cell phone in 1973.

Just one decade later, this communications tool became available to many Americans. The first Motorola phone model was expensive, but the idea of \u200b\u200bthis method of communication was very popular with people - they literally entered the queue to purchase it. The first handsets were weighty and large, and on the miniature display nothing was displayed except the dialed number.

After some time, the mass production of various models began, and each new generation improved.

Parachute

For the first time, Leonardo da Vinci was thinking about creating the likeness of a parachute. And after a few centuries, people had already started jumping from balloons, to which they hung half-opened parachutes.

In 1912, the American Albert Barry parachuted from an airplane and landed safely. And engineer Gleb Kotelnikov invented a satchel made of silk. Experienced the invention in a car that was in motion. Thus a braking parachute was created. Before the start of World War I, the scientist patented the invention in France, and it is rightfully considered one of the important achievements of the 20th century.

Washer

Of course, the invention of the washing machine significantly facilitated and improved the way of life of people. Its inventor, American Alva Fisher, patented his discovery in 1910. The first mechanical wash was a wooden drum that rotated eight times in different directions.

The predecessor of modern models was introduced in 1947 by two companies - General Electric and Bendix Corporation. The washing machines were uncomfortable and made noise.

After some time, Whirlpool employees presented an improved version with plastic pads that muffled the noise. In the Soviet Union, the Volga-10 washing device appeared in 1975. Then, in 1981, they started production of the Vyatka-Avtomat-12 machine.

 

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