About resolution and image sizes. Experts in drawing How much an image should contain
What projection method is used to build the drawing? In what units of measurement are linear and angular dimensions shown in the drawings?
In what cases is a cylindrical gear formed
In what year did the GOST adopt the design of the last drawing font? In what year did the GOST accept the design of the last drawing font? At what scale is the detail sketch performed?
Where should the arc mate with the arc?
In which case, you can connect half of the species with half of the corresponding section?
In which case are detachable and one-piece connections correctly listed?
The section shows that:
Is it possible to perform additional views rotated?
Are all parts on the assembly drawings subject to detail?
Is one projection of an object always enough? Is one projection of an object always enough? Is it always necessary to designate simple cuts with a section line?
Is the position of the cutting planes always indicated for complex cuts? Does the number of images of the part in the working drawing always coincide with the number of images in the assembly drawing
Does the number of images of the part in the working drawing always match the number of images in the assembly drawing Do the positions of the part in the main view in the working drawing always coincide with
Does the position of the part in the main view on the working drawing always coincide with the position of the part in the assembly drawing
Where are projection planes correctly marked?
Where is the size indicated? Where is the main inscription of the drawing according to form 1 on the drawing sheet? Where is the main inscription of the drawing according to form 1 on the drawing sheet? GOST sets the following font sizes in millimeters?
For what parts do item numbers appear on assembly drawings? For what purpose are cuts used?
What is the sketch for:
What is the sketch for: What is the thin solid line for? What is the specification for assembly drawings used for? What is the specification for assembly drawings used for?
If the view and section are symmetrical figures, then which line serves as the axis of symmetry dividing their halves?
The image of a separate limited surface area of \u200b\u200ban object is called .... . The image of an individual limited surface area of \u200b\u200ban object is called ....... How are thin-walled parts displayed in section? How the shaft thread is depicted in the left view As the elements of thin walls such as stiffeners are depicted in the section. How to put down the size of 4 identical chamfers 3 mm in size? How to put down the size of 4 identical chamfers 3 mm in size? How to correctly dimension 4 identical holes? How to correctly dimension 4 identical holes? How to hatch non-metallic parts on sections: How to hatch non-metallic parts on sections:
How to hatch non-metallic parts on sections:
How to hatch non-metallic parts in sections
How do contiguous parts hatched in section?
What kind of section do you know?
What are the three main types you know? What are the three main types you know? What are the dimensions when drawing in a scale other than 1: 1? What are the dimensions when drawing in a scale other than 1: 1? What sizes are applied on assembly drawings?
What sections are called horizontal?
What simplifications are allowed on the sketch: What conventions are put on the sketch: What lines do auxiliary constructions perform when performing elements of geometric constructions?
What lines do auxiliary constructions perform when performing elements of geometric constructions?
What are the cuts:
What kind of sections are not: What type of sections are not: What type of sections are not: What is the slope angle of the hatching in isometry on sections located on the ZOX, ZOY planes? What is the name of the process of mentally breaking up an object into geometric bodies forming its surface: What are the names of the main projection planes: What are the names of the main projection planes: What scale is not in the ESKD standards What image is called a “sketch” is: What image is called a “sketch” is: What is the maximum number of views that can be drawing details? What kind of detail and on what plane of projections is called its main view? Which species is called optional? What is the sign that allows you to reduce the number of images used in simple drawings: What is the sign that allows you to reduce the number of images used in simple drawings: Which line limit the local section? Which line shows the boundary of the threaded portion of the thread? Which line shows the boundary of the threaded portion of the thread? What is the size between the strokes of the dotted line stroke? What is the number of magnification scales set by ESKD What is the number of magnification scales established by ESKD What kind of section is preferred What type of section is preferred What type of section is preferred Outline contour performed: Scale is called Scale is called Scale of images in the drawings should be selected from the next row? The scale of the images in the drawings should be selected from the following row? A local incision is used to understand the structure of an object in a separate narrowly limited place. The boundary of the local section is highlighted in the form: At what distance from each other should parallel dimension lines be? At what distance from each other should parallel dimension lines be? At what distance from the contour is it recommended to draw dimension lines? At what distance from the contour is it recommended to draw dimension lines? At what distance from the contour is it recommended to draw dimension lines? On the basis of which format other main formats are obtained. On the basis of which format other main formats are obtained. On the basis of which format other main formats are obtained. Dash-dot line with one point. Dot-dot line with one point. Are all dimensions needed on the working drawings of the part? Are all dimensions needed on the working drawings of the part? From what diameter should extension lines be drawn to indicate the thread made in the hole? Regarding the thickness of which line is the thickness of all other lines of the drawing set? Regarding the thickness of which line are the thicknesses of all other lines of the drawing set? With respect to the thickness of the main line, the thickness of the open line is? With respect to the thickness of the main line, the thickness of the open line is? At what angle is the hatching of metals (graphic image of metals) in sections? the position of the part in the assembly drawing When applying the size of the arc of a circle (part of a circle), use the following sign? When drawing the size of an arc of a circle (part of a circle), use the following sign? A simple section is obtained with the number of secant planes equal to: A simple section is obtained with the number of secant planes equal: Font size h is determined by the following elements?
The font size h is determined by the following elements? A section is obtained by mentally dissecting an object by a secant plane.
At the same time, the section shows that:
The frame of the title block on the drawing
Decipher the symbol for the thread M20 × 0.75LH.
How to start reading the assembly drawing ::
How many types of axonometric projections are used in the graph
How many views should a working drawing of a part contain?
How many views should an image of any particular part contain?
How many main types are there to carry out a drawing
How many basic types exist to complete a drawing?
How many types of lines are used when performing drawings
A complex cut is obtained with a section. The font line thickness d depends on?
The thickness of the solid main line The thickness of the solid main line
The thickness of the solid main line lies in the following limits?
What is the difference between the designation of a metric thread with a large pitch and its designation with a small pitch?
What is the difference between a sketch and a working drawing of a part?
What should be the solution of the compass equal to dividing the circle into six equal parts?
What is called a local view? What is Isometric?
What does “Isometric” mean? What do these numbers mean 2.5; 5; 7; 10; 14…?
Hello! The idea of \u200b\u200bfasting was born long ago, but hands reached only now.
So, imagine the classic situation - the designer asks the client
send a photo for the layout. It would seem easier? But it was not there.
The client, without batting an eye, sends a 500x325 jeep, while knowing
what's his layout in size A3. The designer, of course, is dissatisfied to say the least.
Asks to send a better picture, the client sends a new 600x425.
The designer is furious.
The client cannot be blamed - he is not even obliged to understand
at the basics of computer graphics and print. But you must admit
the world will become much more beautiful if this suddenly happens.
I will try to give the simplest possible algorithm for determining
whether the photo is suitable for printing or not.Go.
The client has a photo in the resolution of 500x325 and the task
print it on A3 format.
The client has a photo and the task is to print it in size A3.
Here is a photo:
First thingwhat you need to do is find out her permission.
Photo Resolution - Number of Pixels
horizontally and vertically.
The photo consists of pixels (squares).
If I increase it, we can see them.
Our task is to find out how many pixels fit in the photo.
horizontally and vertically.
The easiest and most affordable way that I know is
this is google pictures.
So:
1) Go to google.com and click on “Pictures” in the upper right corner:
2) We take our picture and drag the cat to the search bar with the mouse
3) We get the result
The resolution of our photo is 500X325 pixels:
The next step.
Now there will be a little theory. Very little.
Many of you have probably heard of such a magical combination.
like "300 dpi" - its usuallypronounced when they talk about quality printing.
Let's see what it is and why we need it.300 dpi -
or 300 dots per inch or 300 dpi, or print resolution.
fits 300 pixels of image. DPI - digital image parameter,
which you don’t need to worry about at all - the designer will exhibit it.
By the way, when they say dpi, they mean ppi - pixels per inch or pixels per inch,
which is a more correct term, because dpi - parameter that describes
printer resolution, i.e. how many dots per inch it can print.
Typically, dpi requirements are much higher in numerical measurement and 300 dpi -
this is a very low resolution printer.
But! I suggest you not to bathe and say dpi, tk. you don't care
understand correctly.It’s pointless to deal with this - everyone is used to saying dpi
(like diapers instead of diapers).300 dpi is such a common
quality standard for printing.The lower it is, the less clear
there will be image details.It is believed that if every
300 pixels of image will fallfor every inch of your
printed image -it will look quality and sharp.
Here we gotto the second error.
The fact is that no one will ever tell youwhat is quality
picture. No one will ever ask you criteria for sharpness.
At a minimum, quality (which does not exist) rests on the task.
For example, if we print a billboard with a resolution of 50dpi,
on closer inspection, it will look soapy,
the details will be fuzzy and ... uh ... your favorite quality will be low.
But the trick is that they look at the billboard, being at a sufficient distance,
so that poor image quality spoils the picture.
From far away you will see everything clear. It turns out 50dpi is not equal
low-quality image.
The same can be said of printing. The flyer in your hands will allow
you should carefully consider the details of the image, which means resolution
for printing leaflets must be 300 dpi!But actually not always.
It can be, for example, 225dpi and the quality will suit everyone, because
that the image, for example, will not contain small and important details,
and the degree of fuzziness will be perfectly acceptable.
I suggest dropping things like billboards and stretch marks,
and consider for convenience only printing
and take into account that at the exit we should have
uh .. maximum sharpness and ... uh .. image quality.
So our choice is 300dpi (actually ppi, but for such a bore like me)
Let's get back to our cat.
Let me remind you, we need to print it on A3 format, the resolution of the photo is
500x325 pixels. To make the cat sharp, on every inch
our A3 image should have 300 pixels.
Now let's take a calculator and calculate which
size with this resolution we can print a cat,
so that it does not hurt to look into his eyes.
We take to calculate the horizontal size:
500px / 300 (pixels per inch) is approximately equal to 1.6 inches or 4 cm.
We conclude - the printed image of the desired quality will be
be only 4 cm long at a resolution of 500px horizontally,
those. You can’t send it to the designer. we need to print as much as 42 cm!
To find out the resolution of the image we need, you just need
how many inches will be our image: 42 / 2.54 \u003d 16.5
Then multiply this amount by the print standard 300dpi: 16.5x300 \u003d
4800px horizontally.
If you found a picture on the Internet, then there is a chance that everything will be there
lie the same but biggerpermissions. Open our window again
in which we recognized the resolutionfirst pictures and click on the link
"All sizes"
We look at the search results
The maximum resolution of the photo that we can download
it is 2640X1650 pixels, which is also not enough for printing
in A3 format, following our rule.But it is not all that bad.
Let's remember that quality is a conceptrelative
and essentially nonexistentand you always need to build on the task.
Do you need an A3? Ok, but for what?It’s inconvenient to hold it in your hands,
most likely hang on the wall.And if so, then look
they will be at a distancethose. slightly soapy details
do not spoil the whole picture.
Let's have an experience. We will send both photos to the designer.
The designer, having received our photos, created a document of size A3,
with a resolution of 300dpi and inserted both of our photos.
Here is the aspect ratio of what should turn out
and real sizes of photos.
This photo is 500x325
This 2640X1650
As we see in both cases, permission is not enough, and so
fill all the space of the document, to the designer
will have to stretch both photos.We look at what he has
it turned out after the increase:
The photo on the right, despite the fact that Cho did not reach the resolution of 300dpi,
it looks quite good, which can not be said about the left photo
But in any case, you can say with a clear conscience that you did everything
to save the time and nerves of the designer.
But that is not all. From all the above, we can conclude
that the higher the resolution, the better quality print we get.
This is not entirely true. Look here, I found a photo of the cat in the right resolution
(4800x3120) for printing on A3
It can be seen with the naked eye that the picture is far from sharp, despite its 4800x3120
Why? Everything is simple - it’s either photo rejection (the focus was not set when shooting),
or someone took this small resolution photo and stretched it to a larger one.
Of course, this image did not add sharpness. And the designer here will not save.
Therefore, before rejoicing in the high resolution of the photo,
make sure the screen
she looks decent.
Wow! Let's summarize.
Before sending a photo to the designer, the following steps must be observed:
1. Know what size you need the output layout.
2. Find out the resolution of your photo.
3. To calculate on the calculator the possibilities of this permission,
those. what size maximum can it be printed
at a resolution for printing 300dpi.
For this:
1) the number of pixels horizontally divided by 300 - we get the number of inches,
2) Multiply this number by 2.54 and get the number of centimeters
4. If the resulting size is equal to or exceeds the desired size,
we can safely send it to the designer, but first making sure
that the photo itself is sharp and there are noises, artifacts and other nasty things on it.
5. If the resulting size is less than required, go to Google
(we take a camera, rummage on our computer) and look for a photo of maximum size.
6. Having found, we carry out the calculations again.
7. If the new permission is not enough again, send
this is a photo for the designer with the words "This is the biggest thing I could find."
8. We are waiting for an answer and act on the situation.
Feel the world getting a little more beautiful?
2) Eight;
3) The number of sides of the polygon at the base plus 2;
4) The number of sides of the polygon at the base;
5) The area of \u200b\u200bthe polygon at the base.
Question 2. What is the distance between the centers of the ellipses (in height) for a rectangular isometry of a straight circular cylinder?
1) the diameter of the circumference of the base of the cylinder;
2) The height of the generatrix of the cylinder;
3) the radius of the circumference of the base of the cylinder;
4) The diameter of the circle increased by 1.22 times;
5) The diameter of the circle, reduced by 1.22 times.
Question 3. Are the sides of the pyramid?
1) Quadrangles;
2) pentagons;
3) Squares;
4) Parallelograms;
5) Triangles.
Question 4. To determine the missing projection of a point belonging to the surface of the cone, through a known projection of a point can be drawn?
1) A generatrix or a circle parallel to the base;
2) Two generators;
3) Two circles parallel to the base;
4) Formative or ellipse;
5) A circle or parabola.
Question 5. The height of the cone (the distance from the center of the ellipse to the top) in rectangular isometry is?
1) The diameter of the circle increased by 1.22 times;
2) the diameter of the circle;
3) The height of the cone (the distance from the center of the circle to the top) in the complex drawing;
4) the length of the generatrix;
5) The length of the generatrix increased by 1.22 times.
Task number 10.
Question 1. What is the maximum number of views can be on the drawing of the part?
2) Four;
Question 2. How many species should an image of any particular part contain?
3) Minimum, but sufficient for a clear understanding of the configuration;
4) The maximum number of species;
5) Six.
Question 3. What type is called optional?
1) Right view;
2) Bottom view;
3) Rear view;
4) Obtained by projecting onto a plane not parallel to any of the projection planes;
5) Obtained by projection onto the plane W.
Question 4. What is called a local view?
1) Image of only a limited space of the part;
2) Image of the part on an additional plane;
3) Image of the part on the plane W;
4) Right view of the part;
5) View from below.
Question 5. What kind of detail and on what plane of projections is called its main view?
1) Top view of the plane H;
2) Front view, on the plane V;
3) Left view, on the W plane;
4) Rear view on the H plane;
5) An additional view, on an additional plane.
Task 11.
Fig. C3-6
Question 1. Given two types of parts: the main view and the left view. Determine the top view of the options.
Fig. C3-7.
Question 2. Determine the left view of the part according to the specified main view and top view. (see Fig. C3-7)
1) The correct answer is No. 1;
2) The correct answer is No. 2;
3) The correct answer is No. 3;
4) The correct answer is No. 4;
5) The correct answer is No. 5;
Question 3. According to the main view and top view, determine which of the five species will be for this part
left view (Fig. C3-8).
Fig. C3-8.
1) The correct answer is No. 1;
2) The correct answer is No. 2;
3) The correct answer is No. 3;
4) The correct answer is No. 4;
5) The correct answer is No. 5;
Question 4. When on the drawing do the inscriptions of the names of the main species?
1) Always do;
2) When the top, left, right, bottom, rear views are offset relative to the main image;
3) Never do;
4) When you need to show an additional view;
5) Only when you need to show a top view.
Question 5. Is it possible to perform additional views rotated?
1) No, in no case;
2) Mandatory, always performed rotated;
3) It is possible, but the additional view is not distinguished and not indicated in any way;
4) It is possible, but with the preservation of the position adopted for the subject in the main view and with the addition of the word "Rotated";
5) It is possible, but an additional view is performed only in projection communication with respect to the main one.
Task 12.
Question 1. A section is obtained by mentally dissecting an object by a secant plane. At the same time, the section shows that:
1) It will turn out only in the secant plane;
2) Located in front of a secant plane;
3) Located behind the secant plane;
4) Located under a secant plane;
5) Located in a secant plane, and what is located behind it.
TESTS
BY DISCIPLINE
"ENGINEERING GRAPHICS"
SECTION "BASES OF TECHNICAL DRAWING"
students of specialties 270841
Designed by teacher
Volsk 2013
Section 1. Rules for drawing design
Exercise 1.
Question 1. What sizes determine the formats of the drawing sheets?
1) Any arbitrary sizes by which the sheet is cut;
2) A framing line (format frame) performed by a solid main line;
3) The dimensions of the sheet along the length;
4) The dimensions of the outer frame, performed by a solid thin line;
5) The dimensions of the sheet in height.
Question 2. Where is the main inscription of the drawing in form 1 on the drawing sheet?
1) In the middle of the drawing sheet;
2) In the upper left corner, adjacent to the format frame;
3) In the lower right corner;
4) In the lower left corner;
5) In the lower right corner, adjacent to the format frame.
Question 3. The thickness of the solid main line depending on the continuity of the image and the format of the drawing lies in the following limits?
1) 0.5 ... 2.0 mm .;
2) 1.0 ... 1.5 mm .;
3) 0.5 ... 1.4 mm .;
4) 0.5 ... 1.0 mm .;
5) 0.5 ... 1.5 mm.
Question 4. With respect to the thickness of the main line, the thickness of the open line is?
1) (0.5 ..... 1.0) S;
2) (1.0 ..... 2.0) S;
3) (1,0 ..... 2,5) S;
4) (0.8 ..... 1.5) S;
5) (1.0 ..... 1.5) S.
Question 5. The scale of the images in the drawings should be selected from the following row?
1) 1:1; 1:2; 1:2,5; 1:3; 1:4; 1:5; 2:1; 2,5:1; 3:1; 4:1; 5:1.......
2) 1:1; 1:2; 1:2,5; 1:4; 1:5; 2:1; 2,5:1; 4:1; 5:1......
3) 1:1; 1:2; 1:4; 1:5; 2:1; 4:1; 5:1......
4) 1:2; 1:2,5; 1:4; 1:5; 2:1; 2,5:1; 4:1; 5:1......
5) 1:1; 1:2,5; 1:5; 2:1; 2,5:1; 5:1......
Task 2.
Question 1. Font size h defined by the following elements?
1) The height of lowercase letters;
2) The height of the capital letters in millimeters;
3) The thickness of the font line;
4) The width of the capital letter A, in millimeters;
5) The distance between the letters.
Question 2. GOST sets the following font sizes in millimeters?
1) 1; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9; 10......
2) 1,5; 2,5; 3,5; 4,5; 5,5; 6,5......
3) 2; 4; 6; 8; 10; 12......
4) 1,8; 2,5; 3,5; 5; 7; 10; 14; 20......
5) 1; 3; 5; 7; 9; 11;13......
Question 3. The thickness of the font line d depends on?
1) From the thickness of the solid main line S;
2) From the height of the lowercase letters of the font;
3) The type and height of the font;
4) From the angle of the font;
5) It does not depend on any parameters and is executed arbitrarily.
Question 4. In accordance with GOST 2.304-81 type fonts A and B are being performed?
1) Without tilt and with a tilt of 600;
2) Without tilt and with a tilt of about 750;
3) Only without tilt;
4) Without a slope and with a slope of about 1150;
5) Only with a slope of about 750.
Question 5. What can be the width of letters and numbers of standard fonts?
1) The width of letters and numbers is the same;
2) The width of all letters is the same, and all numbers are different;
3) The width of all letters and numbers is arbitrary;
4) The width of letters and numbers is determined by the height of lowercase letters;
5) The width of letters and numbers is determined by the font size.
Task 3.
Theme 3.1. Images
Exercise 1.
Question 1. What is the maximum number of views can be on the drawing of the part?
2) Four;
Question 2. How many species should an image of any particular part contain?
3) Minimum, but sufficient for a clear understanding of the configuration;
4) The maximum number of species;
Question 3. What type is called optional?
1) Right view;
2) Bottom view;
3) Rear view;
4) Obtained by projecting onto a plane not parallel to any of the projection planes;
5) Obtained by projection onto the plane W.
Question 4. What is called a local view?
1) Image of only a limited space of the part;
2) Image of the part on an additional plane;
3) Image of the part on the plane W;
4) Right view of the part;
5) View from below.
Question 5. What kind of detail and on what plane of projections is called its main view?
1) Top view of the plane H;
2) Front view, on the plane V;
3) Left view, on the W plane;
4) Rear view on the H plane;
5) An additional view, on an additional plane.
Task 2.
Question 1. Given two types of parts: the main view and the left view. Determine the top view of the options.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/441/images/image007_6.jpg "alt \u003d" (! LANG: Define" align="left" width="390" height="185 src=">!} Question 2. Determine the left view of the part according to the specified main view and top view. (see Fig. C3-7)
https://pandia.ru/text/78/441/images/image009_3.jpg "alt \u003d" (! LANG: On" align="left" width="334" height="180 src=">!} Task 6.
Question 1. On which of the five drawings is the section of the part shown in the image correctly cut (see Fig. C3-9).
1) The correct answer is No. 1;
2) The correct answer is No. 2;
3) The correct answer is No. 3;
4) The correct answer is No. 4;
https://pandia.ru/text/78/441/images/image011_2.jpg "alt \u003d" (! LANG: On" align="left" width="364" height="217 src=">!} Question 5. At what angle is the hatching of metals (graphic representation of metals) in sections?
1) At an angle of 30 degrees to the image contour line, or to its axis or to the line of the drawing frame;
2) At an angle of 60 degrees to the image contour line, or to its axis or to the line of the drawing frame;
3) At any arbitrary angles;
4) At an angle of 45 degrees to the image contour line, or to its axis or to the line of the drawing frame;
5) At an angle of 75 degrees to the line of the main inscription of the drawing;
Task 7.
Question 1. A local incision is used to understand the structure of an object in a separate narrowly limited place. The boundary of the local section is highlighted in the form:
1) A solid wavy line;
2) A solid thin line;
3) The dash-dotted line;
4) Solid main line;
5) The dashed line.
Question 2. When depicting an object with constant or regularly changing sections, it is allowed to depict them with gaps. As a cliff line is used:
1) Solid thin line;
2) Solid main line;
3) The dash-dotted line;
4) Dashed line;
5) Solid wavy or kinked line.
Question 3. In what case is the combination of the view with the section correctly performed (see Fig. C3-13)?
https://pandia.ru/text/78/441/images/image013_1.jpg "alt \u003d" (! LANG: On" align="left" width="380" height="193 src=">1) Правильный вариант ответа №1;!}
2) The correct answer is No. 2;
3) The correct answer is No. 3;
4) The correct answer is No. 4;
5) The correct answer is No. 5.
Question 4. Figure C3-16 shows four sections of the part. Determine which of these sections are made correctly.
1) A-A and B-B;
2) AA, BB and GG;
https://pandia.ru/text/78/441/images/image015_1.jpg "alt \u003d" (! LANG: Dana" align="left" width="457" height="151 src=">1) Правильный вариант ответа №1;!}
2) The correct answer is No. 2;
3) The correct answer is No. 3;
4) The correct answer is No. 4;
5) The correct answer is No. 5;
Question 2. A detail is given and its section A-A is indicated (Fig. C3-17-b). Choose the correct section option.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/441/images/image017_1.jpg "alt \u003d" (! LANG: Dana" align="left" width="467" height="109 src=">1) Правильный вариант ответа №1;!}
2) The correct answer is No. 2;
3) The correct answer is No. 3;
4) The correct answer is No. 4;
5) The correct answer is No. 5;
Question 4. A detail is given and its section AA is indicated (Fig. C3-17-g). Choose the correct section option.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/441/images/image019_1.jpg "alt \u003d" (! LANG: Dana" align="left" width="458" height="102 src=">1) Правильный вариант ответа №1;!}
2) The correct answer is No. 2;
3) The correct answer is No. 3;
4) The correct answer is No. 4;
5) The correct answer is No. 5;
Task 10.
Question 1. Determine the correct section AA for the part fig. C3-18.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/441/images/image021_0.jpg "alt \u003d" (! LANG: Define" align="left" width="431" height="103 src=">1) Правильный вариант ответа №1;!}
2) The correct answer is No. 2;
3) The correct answer is No. 3;
4) The correct answer is No. 4;
5) The correct answer is No. 5;
Question 3. How is the thread depicted on the cylindrical rod and on its left view?
1) The outer diameter of the thread is solid main, the inner diameter is solid thin, in the left view is a solid thin line 3/4 of the circumference for the inner diameter;
2) The outer diameter of the thread is solid main, the inner diameter is solid thin, in the left view is a thin line 360 \u200b\u200bdegrees;
3) The outer and inner diameters of the thread are solid main, in the left view is a solid thin line 3/4 of the circumference for the inner diameter;
4) Outer and inner diameters - solid thin line;
5) All lines are solid continuous.
Question 4. With a threaded connection of two parts:
1) The part into which the other is screwed is fully displayed;
2) Screw-in part;
3) There is no discharge;
4) The junction is completely hatched for one and the other parts;
5) The junction of the threads does not hatch at all.
Question 5. Which line shows the border of the cut thread?
1) A wavy line;
2) A solid thin line;
3) Solid main line;
4) The dashed line;
5) The dash-dotted line.
Section 3. Fundamentals of technical drawing.
Theme 3.2. Thread and its image in the drawings
Exercise 1.
Question 1. Decipher the symbol for the thread M20 * 0.75LH.
1) Metric thread, nominal diameter 20mm, pitch 0.75mm, left;
2) Thrust thread, nominal diameter 20mm, pitch 0.75, right.
3) Metric thread, nominal diameter 0.75mm, pitch 20mm, right;
4) Pipe thread, nominal diameter 0.75mm, pitch 20mm, left;
5) Metric thread, nominal diameter 0.75mm, pitch 20mm, left.
Question 2. The thread pitch is the distance:
1) Between the adjacent protrusion and the cavity of the coil, measured along the axis of the part;
2) Between two adjacent turns;
3) On which the screwed part moves for one full revolution into the fixed part;
4) From the beginning of threading to its threading border;
5) From the protrusion of the thread to its depression, measured perpendicular to the axis of the part.
Question 3 How to understand the designation S40 * 4 (p2) LH?
1) Metric thread, diameter 40mm, pitch 4mm, left;
2) Thrust thread, diameter 40mm, 4mm pitch, left;
3) Trapezoidal thread, diameter 40mm, pitch 2mm, two-way, left;
4) Thrust thread, diameter 40mm, two-way, 2mm pitch, right;
5) Thrust thread, diameter 40mm, two-way, 2mm pitch, left.
Question 4. From what diameter should extension lines be drawn to indicate the thread made in the hole?
1) From the diameter of the hollows of the thread, performed by a solid main line;
2) From the diameter of the chamfer on the thread;
3) From the inner diameter of the thread, is performed by a solid thin line;
4) From the outer diameter of the thread made by a solid thin line;
5) From the outer diameter of the thread made by a solid main line.
Question 5. How is the chamfer performed on views perpendicular to the axis of the bar or hole?
1) It is carried out by a solid main line;
2) Not shown at all;
3) It is carried out by a solid main line on 3/4 of a circle;
4) It is carried out by a continuous thin line;
5) It is carried out by a continuous thin line; 3/4 circle.
Task 2.
Question 1. What is the difference between a metric thread designation with a large step and a small step designation?
1) No different;
2) The coarse pitch value is added to the thread designation;
3) A small pitch value is added to the thread designation;
4) LH is added to the thread designation;
5) Before the thread designation, the value of the small step is set.
Question 2. How is the designation of pipe and tapered threads?
1) As well as metric thread;
2) As well as persistent thread;
3) Using a leader line with an arrow and a shelf;
4) The internal diameter of the thread is shown;
5) Only the outer diameter of the thread with the symbol is shown.
Question 3. In what cases do drawings show a thread profile?
1) The thread profile is always shown;
2) Never show;
3) When the designer considers it necessary;
4) When it is necessary to show threads with a non-standard profile with all the necessary dimensions;
5) When a thrust or trapezoidal thread is performed.
Question 4. How are fasteners of a part such as bolts, studs, nuts, washers and screws shown when falling into a longitudinal section in the main view?
1) Conditionally shown not dissected and not hatched;
2) Cuts and hatches with different directions of hatching;
3) Nuts and washers are shown split, and bolts, screws and studs - not split;
4) Bolts and nuts are shown broken and hatched;
5) Only nuts, washers and screws are shown split.
Question 5. In what case is the application of bolted and hairpin joints correctly formulated?
1) The bolted connection is used when there is two-way access to the parts to be joined, the hairpin - one-way;
2) The bolted connection is used when there is one-way access to the parts to be joined, the hairpin - two-way;
3) The use of these compounds is no different and interchangeable;
4) It is more convenient to always use bolted connections;
5) It is more convenient to always use hairpin connections.
Task 3.
Question 1. In what case are detachable and one-piece connections correctly listed?
1) Detachable: bolted, hairpin, screw, soldered, keyway. One-piece: adhesive, welded, suture, riveted.
2) Detachable: bolted, hairpin, screw, key, spline. One-piece: adhesive, welded, soldered, suture, riveted.
3) Detachable: bolted, hairpin, screw, key, suture, welded. One-piece: adhesive, solder, slotted, riveted.
4) Detachable: bolted, hairpin, screw, key, suture. One-piece: adhesive, solder, slotted, riveted.
5) Detachable: bolted, hairpin. One-piece: screw, key, spline.
Question 2. Welded joint is symbolically indicated:
1) Thickened arrow;
2) An arrow with the letter “C” at 20mm from the arrow;
3) An arrow with the letter “St.” at 25mm from the arrow;
4) Half arrows with designation and decoding of the type of welding;
5) Half arrow marked with the letter "C".
Question 3. What is the difference between a spline connection and a key connection?
1) Only by the dimensions of the parts;
2) At the slotted, protrusions and depressions alternate around the circumference, and at the keyed one more detail is inserted - the key;
3) Slots are performed in one piece on the part, and the key is performed in one piece with the shaft;
4) They are no different;
5) The diameter of the shaft transmitting torque.
Question 4. The soldered connection is conventionally indicated in the drawing:
1) A thickened arrow;
2) An arrow with the inscription "Soldering";
3) A thickened line, arrow and semicircle sign;
4) A thickened line and a half-arrow;
5) The arrow and the designation "P".
Question 5. As indicated on the drawing, the adhesive joint:
1) The arrow and the inscription "Glue";
2) A thickened line, arrow and the inscription "Glue joint";
3) A thickened line, a half-arrow, and a “K” sign;
4) A thickened line, arrow and sign "K";
5) The solid main line, arrow and sign "K".
Task 4.
Question 1. What is the difference between a sketch and a working drawing of a part?
1) The sketch is done on a smaller scale;
2) The sketch is performed on a larger scale than the working drawing;
3) The sketch is done using drawing tools, and the working drawing is done by hand;
4) The sketch is no different from the working drawing;
5) The sketch is done by hand; and the working drawing - with the help of drawing tools.
Question 2. At what scale is the part sketch performed?
1) On the eye;
2) Usually on a 1: 1 scale;
3) Usually on a scale of magnification;
4) Always on a scale of reduction;
5) Always on a magnification scale;
Question 3. How many types should a working drawing of a part contain?
1) There are always three types;
2) Six species;
3) Minimum, but sufficient to represent the forms of the part;
4) The maximum possible number of species;
5) Only one view.
Question 4. Are all dimensions needed on the working drawings of the part?
1) Only overall dimensions are set;
2) Set the dimensions necessary for the manufacture and control of the manufacture of the part;
3) Only linear dimensions are set;
4) Linear dimensions and overall dimensions are set;
5) The diameters are set.
Question 5. What is the specification for assembly drawings for?
1) The specification defines the composition of the assembly unit;
2) The specification indicates the overall dimensions of the parts;
3) The specification indicates the dimensions of the assembly unit;
4) The specification contains information on the interaction of parts;
5) The specification indicates the weight of the parts.
Task 5.
Question 1. On what scale is it preferable to make an assembly drawing?
Question 2. Are simplifications applied to assembly drawings?
2) Only for fasteners;
3) Apply to all parts;
4) Apply only to bolts and nuts;
5) Apply only to non-standard parts.
Question 3. For what parts are the item numbers on the assembly drawings?
1) For all parts included in the assembly unit;
2) Only for non-standard parts;
3) Only for standard parts;
4) For fasteners;
5) For basic parts only.
Question 4. What sizes are applied on assembly drawings?
1) All sizes;
2) The main dimensions of the body part;
3) Overall, connecting, installation, fixing, determining the operation of the device.
4) Only dimensions of fasteners;
5) Only overall dimensions.
Question 5. How do the contacting parts hatch in the section?
1) Equally;
2) With different thicknesses of hatching lines;
3) One part is not hatched, and the other is hatched;
4) With a different slope of the dashed lines;
5) With different distances between dashed lines, with displacement of dashed lines, with different slopes of dashed lines.
Task 6.
Question 1. Where are the dimensions measured when detailing the assembly drawing?
1) Measured from the assembly drawing;
2) Determined by specification;
3) Measured from the assembly drawing and increased three times;
4) Measured from the assembly drawing and reduced by three times;
5) They are determined arbitrarily, on the eye scale.
Question 2. Should the number of images of the part in the assembly drawing correspond to the number of images of the part in the working drawing?
1) Yes, required;
2) No, never;
3) May correspond, may not;
4) The number of images in the working drawing should be half as much;
5) The number of images in the working drawing should be one less.
Question 3. In what formats is the specification implemented?
1) On additional;
Question 4. What images of sections of the parts blacken?
1) Details up to 1mm thick;
2) Parts with a thickness or diameter of 2mm or less;
3) Details such as thin spokes;
4) Small balls with a diameter of 1 to 5 mm;
5) Parts with a thickness of 1 to 4 mm.
Question 5. Do I need to adhere to the scale when drawing elements of electrical circuits?
2) It is necessary, but only on a 2: 1 scale;
4) It is necessary, but only on a scale of 1: 1;
5) It is necessary, but only on a scale of 1: 2.
For a novice user, the photoshop program will seem like a magical tool that, with mysterious ease, can change any photo beyond recognition. But how!? Tell me! How he does it? What is the mechanism? What happens inside the photo, that it changes as you like, like a chameleon? Nothing complicated, you just need to know what a digital photograph consists of and what rules apply to it, then everything will fall into place.
Namely, Photoshop works with this kind of graphics, it consists of tiny elements - pixels, like any object of the smallest particles - atoms.
Pixels - These are tiny square-shaped elements that contain information about color, brightness and transparency. The term comes from the crossing of two English words - picture and element.
A digital image file consists of vertical and horizontal rows of pixels filling its height and width, respectively. The more pixels an image contains, the more details it can display. They are elusive to the human eye, because they are negligible. To see them, you have to greatly enlarge the image:
Pay attention to . The red frame marks the visible part of the image. I increased to 1200% the area where the nose and mouth of the panda is depicted. As you can see, the image consists of a set of colored squares. Enlarged, it looks like a patchwork of square fragments.
Carefully looking closer, you can understand the basic principles of image construction:
1. The pixels are square in shape and line up in the image in the form of a grid (remember the copybook sheet in the box).
2. Squares are always strictly of one specific color; they cannot even be a gradient. Even if it seems to you that a certain square shimmers with color, then this is nothing more than a deception of sight. Increase this section even further and you will see it.
3. A smooth transition between colors occurs due to gradually changing tones of adjacent pixels. Even the contact line of contrasting colors can contain more than a dozen tones.
Image resolution
The concept of image resolution is inextricably linked with pixels.
The resolution of a digital photograph is recorded as follows: 1920 × 1280. Such a record means that the image is 1920 pixels wide and 1280 pixels high, that is, these numbers are nothing more than the number of those very small squares in one row and column.
By the wayif you multiply these two numbers - 1920 × 1280 (in my example it turns out 2,457,600 pixels), then we get the total "Scraps"that make up a particular image. This number can be reduced and written as 2.5 megapixels (MP). You came across such abbreviations when you got acquainted with the characteristics of a digital camera or, for example, a camera in a smartphone. Manufacturers of technology indicate the limit value that their product is capable of. So, the higher the number of MPs, the greater the resolution of future pictures may be.
So, the higher the resolution, the smaller the pixels, which means that the quality and detail of the image increases. But a higher resolution photo will weigh more - this is the price of quality. Since each pixel stores certain information in itself, with an increase in their number, more computer memory is required, which means that their weight is growing. For example, a photo with bears at the top of the article with a resolution of 655 × 510 weighs 58 KB, and a photo with a resolution of 5184 × 3456 will take 6 MB.
Pixel Sizes and Printing
It is important to distinguish between situations where we are talking about pixel sizes and their impact on photo quality.
Looking through the images on the monitor screen, we see that the pixel sizes are always the same. The computer resolution size is considered 72 dpi.
Note
Please note, when you create a new document in Photoshop, the program by default offers you exactly this value:
Looking at large photographs on a computer, for example, 5184 × 3456, you can feel how detailed it is, there is no graininess and no defects, it is bright and clear. But believe me, such a photograph is again 72 dpi. Let's open the image properties for fun:
A large photograph will look cool on a computer due to its scale. What is your screen resolution? Apparently not 5184 × 3456, but less. So, the computer must reduce such a photo so that it fits entirely on the computer screen. There is a compression of pixels and a decrease in their size, which means that it’s a great quality of the picture. If you looked at such a photograph in its original size, you could easily see the blurriness and fading of the image, as well as the sharp edges of the contrasting details.
In most cases, pixel sizes are remembered when it comes to printing photos. Here 72 points may not be enough.
For example, I created a document measuring 655 × 400 pixels with a resolution of 72 points. Look in the graph print size:
Photoshop calculated that an image of 655 × 400 size and a resolution of 72 points could be printed on paper of 9.097 × 5.556 inches in size (in centimeters this is 23.11 × 14.11)
655 pixels wide divided by 72 pixels per inch \u003d 9.097 inches wide
400 pixels divided by 72 pixels per inch \u003d 5.556 inches of height
It would seem, “Wow! What a large sheet you can print! ” But in fact the photo will be something like this:
Blurry photo, no sharpness and clarity.
Printers are considered high-resolution devices, therefore, in order for photos to be beautifully printed, you need to either print initially large-size photos, like mine 5184 × 3456, or change the number of dots per inch in the range from 200 to 300.
Again, I’ll take the 655 × 400 image too, but I’ll change the number of dots by 200, this is what Photoshop writes:
The print size has decreased by almost three times. Now our image prints 200 pixels per 1 inch of paper.
What happens, the image will be small, it’s unlikely to be cleaned up on a standard 10 by 15 photo, but it will be high-quality, clear and detailed in detail.
It turns out that for printing photos there is a certain minimum resolution size. If the picture is initially small in size, as I had, then there is nothing to think about good print quality.
What size image should be in order to print it beautifully
Suppose you came from a vacation from the Crimea, or took 100,500 photos of a child and, of course, want to print something in a photo album (example 1), and one of the most remarkable to make in the form of a picture on the wall (example 2). Let's see what size such photographs should be and whether modern cameras can achieve this.
Example 1
So, as a rule, photos in size go to the photo album 10 × 15 cm (in inches this is 3,937 × 5,906) Now we find out what should be the minimum size of the photo so that everything prints beautifully. For calculations, we take a resolution of 200 dpi.
200 pixels per inch x 3.937 inches wide \u003d 787 pixels;
200 pixels per inch x 5.906 inches in height \u003d 1181 pixels.
That is a photograph 10 × 15 cm \u003d 787 × 1181 pixels, minimum (!)
And having learned the total number of pixels in this resolution (787 × 1181 = 929447 pixels), rounded to millions, we get 1MP (megapixel). I already wrote that the number of megapixels is the most important characteristic of modern cameras. The average number of MPs in cameras and smartphones reaches about 8 MPs.
So the current technology will easily allow you to take photos suitable immediately for printing pictures in 10 × 15 cm.
Example 2
Now we’ll analyze the case when you selected a photo and want to hang it on a wall in a frame of, say, 30 × 40 cm (I took the size of the frame from the IKEA store catalog), I will immediately translate it into inches: 11.811 × 15.748. For this photo size, I would take the maximum resolution size: 300 dpi, this is already considered professional and highest quality printing (just what you need for a large picture in a frame). And now the calculations:
300 pixels per inch x 11.811 inches wide \u003d 3543 pixels;
300 pixels per inch x 15.748 inches in height \u003d 4724 pixels.
Thus, your photo should be at least 3543 × 4724 pixels. Multiply the values \u200b\u200band get 16.737.132 pixels or 17 MP!
Thus, to print a photo in a frame, you need a powerful camera. This range is already being considered. And this is an expensive and serious form of technology.
In general, and in general, you should now have at least a little to understand how the photoshop program works and how all these manipulations of editing photos are obtained. Having learned about pixels, their properties and capabilities, this process should no longer seem like magic.
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