Innovative resources. Classification and types of innovation. State regulation of the market of innovative resources

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The concept, essence, structure of innovative resources of the enterprise

The concept, essence, features of the innovative potential of high-tech enterprises

Problems of effective intellectual capital management

Assessment of the innovative potential of a high-tech enterprise

The concept, essence, structure of innovative resources of the enterprise

By innovative resources - understand the totality of financial, intellectual and material means that the enterprise has for implementing innovations.

The structure of innovative resources of a high-tech enterprise includes a number of opportunities for innovative potential to increase the innovative activity of the enterprise in the current period of time and predict the growth of innovative activity in the future.

Thus, the innovative resources of the enterprise include:

1. Scientific and technical groundwork in the form of incomplete innovative projects.

2. Organization staff  - as an innovative resource characterize the level of professional training, learning ability and innovativeness of staff. In most modern companies, managers consider the skill level of employees to be the key factor holding back organizational development.  (manager, innovator-manager, interested in innovations; people, personnel with special education and experience in conducting research and researchaniy; personnel with special knowledge in the field of marketing, planning and forecasting the needs of both hidden and obvious needs);

3. Material resources of the enterprise  (experimental instrumentation equipment and bases, experimental, research and laboratory equipment);

4. Intangible resources of the enterprise  - part of the resources that bring economic benefits over a long period of time and have an intangible basis for generating income. Such resources include industrial and intellectual property  (inventions, patents, licenses, utility models, technical and technologicalesky documentation, industrial designs, trademarks);

5. Effective Innovative Communication  - allows you to comprehensively provide interaction between the participants of innovation in the process of their implementation of any stage of the innovation process (partnershipcommunication of personnel withuniversities, edemaedomestic and foreign; information and analytical departments, project management experience, strategic and long-term enterprise management).

6. Achieved technical and technological level.

7. Financial support for innovation (investments, advances in current costs (cost), own, borrowed, budget);

8. Infrastructure Innovation Resources  (for example: design departments; technological laboratories; marketing department focused on researching a new product, product or service; product quality control laboratories at the input and output);

Moreover, each of the listed types of resources is not independent.  They have only potential significance and give results only by combining with the subjective components of potential - abilities, experience, motivation, work, qualification, technology, energy.

The concept, essence, features of the innovative potential of high-tech enterprises

intellectual high-tech innovation capital

An important characteristic of the effectiveness and intensity of innovative processes of a company is its innovative potential.

Innovation potential is the ability of a company to upgrade or improve, it shows the maximum amount of innovative products that can be obtained with a more complete use of all available innovative resources.

Innovation potential is the "readiness" of an enterprise to implement an innovative strategy focused on the introduction of new technologies, the organization of management and the introduction of a "new line" of products.

The components of innovative potential are innovative resources. “Innovation potential” and “innovation resource” are different instruments of managerial activity.

The peculiarities of innovative potential include the existence of two approaches to its assessment: detailed and diagnostic.

1. Detailed approach aboutprices of innovation potential

It is carried out at the stage of substantiating innovation and preparing a project for its implementation and implementation. With a sufficiently large complexity, it still provides systematic and useful information. Assessment of innovative potential is carried out according to the scheme: resource - function - project.

Stages of the scheme for assessing innovative potential in a detailed analysis of the internal environment:

1. First, a description is given of a system normative model of the state of innovative potential;

2. Then the actual state of innovation potential is established for all blocks, components and parameters;

3. after that the mismatch of normative and actual values \u200b\u200bof the parameters of the organization’s potential is analyzed;

4. highlight the strengths and weaknesses of the potential;

5. An approximate list of works on innovative transformation (strengthening weaknesses) is left.

But a certain time limit, as well as the lack of specialists capable of conducting a system analysis, the absence or inaccessibility of information about the organization make us use a diagnostic approach to assessing innovative potential.

2. The diagnostic approach to assessing innovation  of capacity

It is implemented in the analysis and diagnostics of the state of the organization in a limited and accessible range of parameters available both for internal and external analysts.

The prerequisites for the diagnostic analysis are as follows:

1. should use the knowledge of the system model, as well as the system analysis of the investigated object;

2. according to the state of any one diagnostic parameter, the state of either the whole system or its essential part should be evaluated;

3. Information on the values \u200b\u200bof the selected diagnostic parameters should be reliable, since when the parameters are limited, the risk of losses increases due to an inaccurate diagnosis of the state of the system.

4. Innovations  - Another feature of the innovative potential is innovation, which is designed to ensure low production costs, a high level of manufacturing quality and high competitiveness of products, as a result of which they must meet the following requirements:

1. Possess novelty and high competitiveness;

2. Satisfy personal and social needs, be suitable for personal and industrial consumption.

Problems of effective intellectual capital management

(profit growth, cost savings, increase in sales volumes)

Intellectual capital is what makes an organization competitive (knowledge that can be converted into value; the sum of all the skills that employees have).

Example: databases, number of creative specialists, number of key transactions, quality of customer service, patents, licenses, trademarks.

The activity of the intellectual capital management system of an enterprise should be aimed at increasing its competitiveness, maximizing the value of intellectual capital and the organization as a whole, intellectualizing labor activity and increasing the value of intangible assets, and creating conditions for continuous development.

There are problems associated with the effective management of the intellectual capital of a high-tech enterprise:

1. The problem of measuring intellectual capital  - people are not viewed from a position of value, but rather, as assets. This technique is effective in defining “intangible values,” but it does not answer the questions about how these values \u200b\u200bare created and developed.

2. The problem of organization and effective managementintellectual capital;

3. Problem motivenations  development of enterprise intellectual capital  (that is, the problem is in the formation of a system of measures that ensure the interest and motivation of specialists in the field of intellectual production);

4. The problem of state regulation of the processes of reproduction is intellectuallyaboutgo capital  - (the problem is the lack of an unambiguous legal regulation of measures of state regulation of intellectual and innovative activity of the subjects).

Assessment of the innovative potential of a high-tech enterprise

The following indicators can be used to assess innovative potential:

1. Scientific and technical potential (the number of employees with a degree; the number of rational proposals per employee; the number of patents, etc.);

2. Commercialization indicators (the share of new products in the total volume of products; the number of license agreements, etc.);

3. Duration of work performed (value of innovation lag);

4. The characteristic of the innovativeness of the management system (forms of stimulating innovative activity at the enterprise; participation in the implementation of innovative projects by senior management; the level of freedom provided to participants of innovative activity).

There is a sufficiently rich methodological toolkit for assessing the innovative potential of an enterprise.

One of the possible methods for assessing innovative potential is to build a tree of goals. The goal tree is a model that allows you to organize and combine goals into a single complex.

The coefficient of the relative importance of the subgoals on the way from this subgoal to the main goal is calculated by the formula:

Meaning of the characters: Cubs. I - coefficient of absolute importance of the subgoal of the i-th level; P is the product of the coefficients; Kotn. ij is the coefficient of relative importance of the subgoal of the i-th level of the j-th number; m - the number of levels from the i-th subgoal to the main goal

The innovative potential by the method of the target tree is calculated by the formula:

Meaning of the symbols: IP - innovative potential of the enterprise; EOi - expert assessment of the i-th parameter, in points.

Assessment of the innovative potential of a high-tech enterprise allows you to: 1) determine the priority areas of the point impact on innovative activities in order to increase the level of innovative potential; 2) compare the innovative potentials of various enterprises; 3) choose an innovation strategy.

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One of the main goals of management is to ensure the competitiveness of the enterprise that is stable and resistant to changes in the external environment, which necessitates high innovative activity.
   Over the past decades, in the lives of ordinary people, and in the field of special professional activity, significant changes have occurred, which, on the one hand, were the result of scientific and technological progress, and on the other, were the result of significantly intensified competition. The industrial stage of economic development allowed enterprises to achieve competitive advantages as a result of concentration of capital, development of integration processes, increased dominance in the markets through mergers and acquisitions. In the conditions of the concept of a knowledge economy, an innovative economy, new technological capabilities and innovative forms of doing business are becoming more significant, based on the ability of enterprise management to anticipate possible changes in technology and technology and the ability to identify possible and effective areas for applying innovations, and form new needs among potential consumers.
   The modern management paradigm is based on the need and the possibility of demand management and the formation of new needs, which ultimately becomes a prerequisite for the growth of innovative activity of enterprises. Enterprise management is increasingly becoming focused on the long term, as innovations change the entire industrial and technological basis of the business.
The term "innovation" was first used in the nineteenth century. in the studies of culturologists and means the penetration of some elements of one culture into another. The meaning of the term “innovation” in English means “innovation” - an evolving complex process of creating, disseminating and using innovations, which contributes to the development and increase of the efficiency of business firms.
   It should also be noted that the Latin word “novator” is an innovator, that is, a person introducing and implementing new, progressive principles, ideas, and tricks in any field of activity, the English term “innovate” means innovating, making innovations, making change, the term “innovator” refers to a company creating new products that use new technology. In English-language economic literature, the term “innovation” has a long tradition of everyday use, which is why there are a number of well-established expressions that emphasize the breakthrough, especially important nature of those innovations, which are indicated by the term “innovation” - “capital-saving innovation” - capital-saving innovations; "Design innovation" - a change in the design of the machine; “Factor-saving innovation” - an innovation that saves the costs of the factor of production (labor or capital); “Financial innovation” - financial innovation, development of new financial methods; “Manufacturing innovation” - a new production method; “Product innovation” is a new product.
   Adam Smith, in his monograph The Wealthof Nations, published in 1776, argued that the organizational mechanism of capitalism is not only a market system (supply-demand ratio), but also competition, which forces not only to satisfy ever-increasing needs by lowering prices and improve quality, but also do it in the most effective way by switching to new technologies, i.e. through innovation.
   F. Kotler defines innovation as an idea, product or technology launched into mass production and presented on the market, which the consumer perceives as completely new or possessing some unique properties.
Josef Schumpeter is considered the founder of the theory of innovations, who interpreted innovation as a new scientific and organizational combination of production factors, motivated by the entrepreneurial spirit, which is identical in meaning to the concept of “innovation” and implies an object introduced into production as a result of a scientific research, a scientific discovery, qualitatively different in its parameters from previous analogues, or having no analogues, bringing significant economic benefits, i.e. A new application of scientific and technical knowledge leading to market success.
   J. Schumpeter focused on economic innovation and praised the role of the entrepreneur - innovator in economic progress, while considering entrepreneurs not only “independent” business entities of a market economy, but also all those who actually fulfill the fundamental function of combining production factors. He considers entrepreneurs as those who do not have long-term ties with an individual enterprise and use those only for new combinations. According to Schumpeter, entrepreneurs are a special type of people, and their activity is a specific problem, since they perform the functions of creating something new, and it is more difficult to make something new objective than to produce familiar and experienced.
   In his opinion, the role of entrepreneurs is to reform or revolutionize production, using inventions to produce new goods or manufacture old ones in a newer way, opening up new sources of raw materials and materials or new markets, reorganizing the industry, etc. The content of entrepreneurial activity is the implementation of "new combinations of factors" of production and various innovations .
   A significant contribution to the development of the theory of the innovative path of economic development was made by N.D. Kondratyev, who, setting out the doctrine of large cycles of conjuncture for half a century, substantiated the logical connection of the "upward" and "downward" waves of these cycles with the waves of technical inventions and their practical use. The main role in changes in the economic life of society Kondratyev assigned scientific and technological innovations.
Innovation (innovation) - this is the end result of creative activity, embodied in the form of new or improved products or technologies that are practically applicable and able to satisfy certain needs, i.e. the result of the implementation of new ideas and knowledge with the aim of their practical use to meet certain consumer needs.
   Innovations create the conditions for increasing the competitiveness of enterprises, making up for the insufficient level of competitiveness. The indispensable properties (features) of innovation, thus, are:

  • scientific and technical novelty,
  • production applicability
  • economic utility
  • commercial feasibility (effectiveness).

The commercial aspect defines innovation as an economic need, realized through the needs of the market. From this point of view, two points are distinguished: the “materialization” of innovation - from an idea to its embodiment in a product, service, technology; “Commercialization” of innovation - turning it into a source of income.
   The systemic, integrated nature of innovation is reflected in the complexity and diversity of the concept of innovation. It includes a wide range of innovations with varying degrees of novelty of the knowledge embodied in them, applied in various industries and fields of activity implemented in various markets, etc. .
   Therefore, innovation management should be based on a typology of innovations, their classification according to various substantive grounds, criteria, and parameters. The typology of innovation is important not only for the development of a consistent theory of innovation management, but also for the practice of innovation management. Innovation managers in their activities should proceed from the notion that different types of innovations have their own characteristics of development, implementation and dissemination, require specific management approaches, appropriate structures of innovative activity, its methods and styles.
   The methodology for a systematic description of innovations is based on international standards, the recommendations on the practical application of which were adopted in Oslo in 1992 and were called the Oslo Manual, according to which four main types of innovations should be distinguished in the general innovation system:

  • Grocery.
  • Technical and technological (process).
  • Marketing.
  • Organizational (organizational and managerial).

Product innovation is the most common type of innovation and is represented in almost all enterprises. The dominance of product innovation is also confirmed by the data of the State Statistics Committee of the Russian Federation. Moreover, their nature differs from enterprise to enterprise. For some, this means a complete change in the assortment or a substantial expansion of the nomenclature that goes beyond the traditional profile, for others, it is an increase in the consumer qualities of traditional products taking into account consumer needs. Sometimes new products were produced without changing the technology and on old equipment, sometimes the development of new products was accompanied by the introduction of new technology for the enterprise and the purchase of appropriate equipment.
   It is the production of new products capable of satisfying market demands that is the leading motive for technological innovations for the enterprises surveyed. At the same time, the specific prerequisites for innovation may be different: technological process improvement, resource saving, environmental requirements, inaccessibility of advanced technological solutions. In almost all enterprises, the goal of technological innovations was to increase competitiveness by improving product quality, reducing its cost, expanding the range and range of products.
   It is noteworthy that technical innovation, i.e. the introduction of new equipment is most often caused either by the transition to the release of new products, or the need for a radical increase in the quality of already manufactured products. In some cases, the installation and development of new equipment at Russian enterprises was caused by the need to replace obsolete and worn-out equipment and expand the material and technical base due to the exhaustion of growth reserves due to old equipment.
   Marketing innovation involves the introduction of a new marketing method, including significant changes in the design or packaging of the product, its placement, promotion or price setting aimed at better satisfying the needs of the consumer, opening new markets or gaining new positions for the company's products on the market in order to increase sales volume.
   A distinctive feature of marketing innovation in comparison with other changes in marketing tools is:

  • the introduction of a marketing method that was not previously used by this enterprise, which should become part of a new concept or marketing strategy, which is a significant break from the previously existing enterprises;
  • significant changes in the design of the product, which are part of the new concept of its marketing - changes in form and appearance that do not change the functional or consumer characteristics of the product, changes in product packaging;
  • the development of new distribution channels - the introduction of a franchising system, direct sales, exclusive retail trade or product licensing.

Often the development of new products is accompanied by organizational and managerial innovations, which are most often characterized by the organization of new departments, divisions and services at all levels. In most enterprises, marketing departments were created, while in some of them, at the initial stage of reform, the formation of marketing departments was a simple change in the sign of the sales department. However, then their functions were expanded and divided into the study of demand for products and its forecasting, on the one hand, and marketing organization on the other. Accordingly, the introduction of marketing methods for sales management requires changes in the system of planning production volumes and pricing. In addition to changing the management structure, organizational and managerial innovations include other activities whose purpose is to increase efficiency and improve methods of managing production and personnel. As managerial innovations, one can also consider innovations in the social and labor sphere (the use of new forms of hiring and contracts, new wage systems).
   As a rule, innovation in enterprises is complex. At the same time, different types of innovations were interconnected according to the goals and results of implementation. In principle, local, point-based innovations are the routine activities of enterprises; without them, the existence of an enterprise cannot be maintained. It is surprising that for many enterprises continuous complex changes have become routine. And this is one of the important characteristics of the modern innovation process at the enterprise level.
   As the main criteria by which types of innovations are distinguished, it is necessary to note the degree of novelty and radicalism of innovation; the nature of the practice in which the innovation is used; technological parameters of innovation.
   The classification of innovations allows:

  • To systematize knowledge about the types of innovations, their manifestations and positions in the system of the company.
  • To ensure a more accurate identification of each innovation, determining its place among others, as well as possible restrictions.
  • Ensure the relationship between the type of innovation and innovation strategy.
  • Provide software (project) planning and system management of innovation at all stages of its life cycle.
  • To develop an organizational and economic mechanism for implementing innovations and replacing it with a new one to solve the strategic tasks of the organization.
  • To develop an appropriate mechanism of competence (overcoming anti-innovation barriers), allowing more successfully promote innovation.

There are a number of generally recognized signs of the classification of innovations (Fig. 3).
   Basic innovation (sometimes also called radical) is an innovation that is based on a scientific discovery or major invention and is aimed at the development of fundamentally new products and services, technologies of new generations. The creation of basic innovations is associated with the volume of resources, a high level of risk and uncertainty. However, at the same time they are a source of subsequent improvements, modernization, distribution in other sectors, the creation of new needs and new markets. This group of innovations is not widespread and numerous, but the return on them is disproportionately significant. The potential result of this innovation is to provide long-term advantages over competitors and a significant strengthening of market positions.
   Improving innovation (also called incremental innovation) is an innovation aimed at improving the parameters of manufactured products and used technologies, improving products and technological processes. Improving innovations are created as a result of observation and analysis both in the sphere of consumption of goods and in the process of its production. These improvements promise


Fig. 3. Classification of innovation


risk-free increase in consumer value of products, cost reduction. In addition, improving innovations are the result of the desire for product differentiation. Of particular importance are such innovations in conditions of mass and large-scale production at large enterprises, as a result of which products are created that are balanced in all respects and aimed at long-term holding of market positions.
   Table 13
   Comparative characteristics of basic and improving innovations


   Parameters

Basic innovation

Enhancing Innovation

1. Risks and difficulties:

1.1. Design Failure

very likely

unlikely

1.2. Market failure

very likely

medium grade
   probabilities

1.3. Project budget planning

difficult

easy to do

1.4. Determination of the temporal characteristics of the project

difficult

easy to do

2. Organization of work:

2.1. Research Team Form

strong team
   the leader

democratically controlled team

2.2. Manager Type
   the project

businessman,
   pioneer

specialist

2.3. Project Curator

top manager
   the organization

mid-level manager, appointed person

2.4. Resistance to innovation

very strong

moderate

3. Results:

3.1. The degree of novelty of the goods

very high, may not have an analogue, cardinal

small to medium

3.2. Change in market positions

significant

small to medium

3.3. Competitive advantages

long-term, provide leadership
   by quality

short-term, provide low costs

The dynamics of basic and improving innovations in an organization essentially depends on the place occupied by this organization in the structure of the industry, and its role in it. Using the example of the production of communication equipment, the Japanese researcher K. Kusunoki found that industry technology leaders or large organizations focus on improving innovations, while small organizations or industry outsiders often seek to create radically new products and technologies, i.e. implement radical innovations.
   The dynamics of basic (radical) and improving (incremental) innovations are also significantly affected by the stage of the industry life cycle. As you know, the industries are young (for example, electronic industry, software industry, cable industry, etc.) and old (for example, light, coal, forestry, etc.). The stage of the life cycle of an industry affects the ratio of radical and incremental innovations.
   In young industries, i.e. in the early stages of the industry life cycle, basic (radical) innovations prevail. In the later stages, i.e. in older industries, the vast majority are improving (incremental) innovations.
Pseudo-innovations (rationalizing innovations, modifying) - an activity, the result of which is a partial improvement of the characteristics (sometimes secondary) of existing, including obsolete types of products, generations of equipment and technologies. They act as a temporary solution, as opposed to real innovations, allowing them to stay in the markets of obsolete products, and to preserve inefficient technological processes.
   Manufacturing innovations are embodied in new products, services or manufacturing process technologies, i.e. they represent the implementation of new knowledge in new products, services or the introduction of new elements in the production process, are implemented in primary production activities. These are product and technological innovations.
   Management innovation is new knowledge embodied in new management technologies, in new administrative processes and organizational structures. Social innovations - a new way of resolving social conflicts, a type of social assistance, a way to adapt workers, introducing a system of social partnership.
   If product and process innovations are universally recognized, their descriptions are included in international standards (Frascati Guide, 1993), then social innovations, including managerial ones, are often underestimated. Management innovations are much more profitable, cheaper than product and process. But at the same time, their implementation is much more difficult, as it is associated with a change in behavior, habits, perceptions, business culture. They are riskier, since they affect the interests of people, cause conflicts, are less predictable, and can lead to inversion (the result directly opposite to the goal set). Therefore, social innovations must be carefully studied and analyzed.
   Innovation can be used to meet any personal needs - consumer innovation. Consumers in this case are, as a rule, private individuals, families. The purpose of consumer innovation is to increase the economic, social, psychological effect of the use of goods. Another type of innovation is called investment innovation. The consumers of such an innovation will be a manufacturing enterprise, a scientific organization, an individual entrepreneur. The purpose of production innovation is to increase the economic effect in the production of products of the enterprise that bought the innovation.
Each level in the enterprise system corresponds to certain types of innovations:

  • strategic level - innovations in mission, strategies, innovations in foreign economic activity, in negotiation processes;
  • intra-company level - innovations in production processes, organization structure, control system;
  • personal level - this is innovation in the technique of personal labor, methods of developing the creative potential of a person, methods of building a business career, in training systems.

In terms of the scale of influence (impact), innovations distinguish between point (single) innovations that affect a particular product parameter and are integrated as new elements into a known technological system in order to improve it and integrated, leading to a reorganization of the entire technological system (interconnected innovations and their complexes form a new technology, with the help of which it is possible to obtain new products, which, in turn, changes the structure of the organization of production and the management system).
   Replacing innovations - innovations designed to replace existing (old) products or technologies with new or modified ones, while preserving their purpose and functions.
   Rationalizing innovations - presented in the form of a rationalizing proposal. Rationalization is a technical solution that is new and useful for the organization, and provides for a change in the design of products, production technology and equipment used or a change in the composition of the material.
   Expanding innovations - are aimed at deeper penetration into the various industries and markets of existing basic innovations.
   Supportive innovations are characteristic of a situation where competition forces the company to produce more expensive advanced products for its main customers. In such a situation, leading companies will certainly come first.
   Disruptive innovations aimed at making commercially successful simpler and more convenient products that cost less and arouse the interest of less attractive or even new categories of consumers. In these conditions, “attackers” can defeat leaders. Moreover, small and medium-sized businesses can act as “attackers”.
   Jet innovations are aimed at the survival of the company, they appear as a reaction to the radical innovation transformation carried out by competitors.
   Strategic innovations are proactive in nature and are aimed at obtaining significant competitive advantages in the future.
In practical management activities, quite often used are generalized, integrated characteristics of the dynamics of innovation by an economic entity. Thus, the diversity of types of innovations, while possessing knowledge of the distinctive features of each of them, allows us to develop and provide conditions for their successful implementation.
   The following basic principles of innovation are distinguished:

  • The priority of innovative production over traditional.
  • Efficiency of innovative production - the resources allocated to innovations are justified only to the extent that they lead to commercial success.
  • Organizational and structural isolation associated with the necessity and expediency of creating an independent innovative structure for a new idea or invention, which may be absolutely unsuitable for solving other problems.

These principles underlie the concept of the innovation life cycle in conjunction with the periodization of the innovation process. The life cycle of an innovation is a certain period of time during which the innovation has an active vitality and brings profit or other real benefits to the producer and / or seller.
   The role of the innovation life cycle concept in the planning of innovation production and the organization of the innovation process is a priority and consists in the following:

  • the concept of the innovation life cycle determines the need to carry out an analysis of economic activity taking into account the dynamics of the development of an economic entity, including a promising one;
  • the concept of the innovation life cycle justifies the need for constantly organized activities for planning the release and / or acquisition of innovations;
  • the concept of the innovation life cycle serves as the basis for the analysis and planning of innovation. As a result of the analysis, the stage of the innovation life cycle, the tendency of its future development, decline and end of existence are determined.

Innovation life cycles vary by type of innovation. These differences affect, first of all, the total duration of the cycle, the duration of each stage within the cycle, the features of the development of the cycle itself, and the different number of stages. The types and number of stages of the life cycle are determined by the features of a particular innovation. However, for each innovation it is possible to define a “core”, that is, a basic, basis, life cycle with clearly defined stages (Fig. 4).
Figure 4 shows a comparison of the stages of the innovation life cycle both from the perspective of a researcher and from the perspective of an entrepreneur.
   For the researcher, the initial process of production of innovation is fundamental research - experimental or theoretical research aimed at obtaining fundamentally new knowledge about the laws of development of nature, society, man, their relationship. The need for such research is determined by the needs of the national economy or industry. They can end with recommendations regarding the formulation of applied research to determine the possibilities for the practical use of the acquired scientific knowledge, scientific publications, etc. A feature of fundamental research as a creative process is the inability to determine the final result in advance, the time and money spent on its achievement, the individual, unique character of the study.
   The results of basic research are presented in publications, scientific reports and reports, contain theories, hypotheses, formulas, models, systematized descriptions. They include two stages - search and scientific and technical research -



Fig. 4. Stages of the innovation life cycle


niya. The second stage is more associated with innovations, at which the selection of results suitable for practical implementation is made, the technical feasibility and economic feasibility, the areas of their primary use are identified. The results of basic research can be used for various, not always foreseeable goals, in different industries, for a long period of time - 30-40 years.

Applied research is a scientific and scientific-technical activity aimed at obtaining and using knowledge for practical purposes, searching for the most rational ways of practical use of the results of basic scientific research in the national economy. Their final result is recommendations for the creation of technical innovations - innovations - technological regulations, outline designs, technical specifications and requirements, methods and standards, projects of enterprises and future technology, standard standards, as well as other scientific recommendations. At this stage, experimental work related to laboratory and pre-production tests is also being carried out.
  The organization of applied research has a regulated procedure, which includes four main stages:

  • The theoretical justification of the ways and methods of developing applied problems, drawing up schemes and solutions for scientific and applied problems, mathematical and material models.
  • Development and approval of terms of reference (TOR), including information preparation, prognostic assessment of significance, costs, results and effectiveness, development of a program, methods and research scheme, including stages and assessment of the reliability of the research methodology. The scope of work, the composition of the performers, the estimated costing and the draft contract are determined.
  • Experimental stage (experimental verification).
  • Generalization and evaluation of the results of research work.

Design (lat. Projectus - “thrown forward”) is a manufacturing process based on the results of applied research and pilot testing of scientific and technical documentation to create new or improved products, structures, processes and control systems, to create under specified conditions not yet existing object according to its primary description. The final result of the project activity is the project, i.e. a set of documentation designed to create a specific facility, its operation, repair and liquidation, as well as to verify or reproduce intermediate and final solutions on the basis of which this facility was developed. The object of design can be a material object, performance of work, provision of services. Design can be seen on the one hand as the final phase of research, and on the other as the initial phase of production.
   Designing is also the search for scientifically based, technically feasible and economically feasible engineering solutions. The result of the design is the design of the future product. Design as a conscious purposeful activity has a certain structure, i.e. the sequence and composition of the stages and stages of project development, the totality of procedures and technical means involved, and the interaction of process participants. The main stages (steps) of the structure are shown in Fig. 5.


   Fig. 5. The stages of development of project documentation

The Terms of Reference (TOR) establishes the main purpose, technical characteristics, quality indicators and technical and economic requirements for the object being developed, a prescription for the implementation of the necessary stages of creating documentation and its composition, as well as special requirements for the product.
Technical proposal (PT) - a set of documents containing a technical and feasibility study of the feasibility of developing a project. Such a conclusion is given on the basis of the analysis of the customer's technical requirements and various options for possible solutions, their comparative assessment, taking into account the features of the developed and existing products, as well as patent materials.
   Draft design (EP) - a set of documents containing fundamental decisions and giving a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe device and the principle of operation of the developed object, as well as data determining its purpose, main parameters and overall dimensions. In case of great complexity of the object, this stage may be preceded by a pre-project study containing theoretical studies designed to justify the fundamental possibility and expediency of creating this object.
   Technical project (TP) - a set of documents that should contain the final technical solutions that give a complete picture of the design of the projected object, the initial data for the development of working documentation.
   At the stage of the working draft (RP), detailed documentation is first developed for the manufacture of the prototype and its subsequent testing. Tests are carried out in a number of stages, according to the results of which project documents are adjusted. Next, develop working documentation for the manufacture of the installation series, its testing, equipping the production process of the main components of the product. Based on the results of this stage, project documents are again adjusted and working documentation is developed for the manufacture and testing of the head (control) series. On the basis of documents finally worked out and tested in production, products manufactured by a fixed and fully equipped technological process, then final working documentation of established production is developed.
   In the process of developing project documentation, depending on the complexity of the task to be solved, it is allowed to combine a number of stages among themselves. The stages of setting TK and technical design can be included in the cycle of scientific research (R&D), and the stages of technical proposal and outline design can form a cycle of experimental design work (R&D).
The work cycle is completed by the stage that summarizes the project activity - certification - determining the quality level of the created product and confirming its compliance with the requirements of those countries where its subsequent implementation is expected. The need to isolate this stage as an independent one is caused by the fact that at present, export of products or their sale within the country is in many cases unacceptable without a quality certificate.
   The primary (pioneering) development of innovations is the introduction of development results into production, which involves the following procedure:

  • individual production of new products required in single copies, mastering of serial production of new products, commissioning of new facilities, technological processes and control systems, practical use of new methods - technical development;
  • achievement of design capacity and design volume of using the innovation - production development;
  • achievement of design socio-economic efficiency of innovation - economic development.

Economic development ends with the achievement of design capacity and economic indicators: material and energy intensity, labor productivity, cost, profitability, return on assets. At this stage of development, additional work is being done to eliminate the shortcomings identified in the process of industrial and technical development.
   Dissemination of innovation, or diffusion, is its economic development on a large scale based on the dissemination of information about the innovation, the replication of relevant documentation, equipment upgrades, staff training, development and implementation of business plans taking into account the specifics of specific enterprises and implementation experience.
   Consumption as a phase of the innovation life cycle is characterized by a gradual stabilization of costs and an increase in the effect, mainly due to the increase in the use of the innovation. It is here that the bulk of the actual effect of the innovation is realized.
   Obsolescence - completes the entire life cycle of an innovation. It begins with the end of the development of the next innovation, the economic, environmental or social effectiveness of which makes its development rational.
In conclusion, it should be noted that the main indicators of innovation activity of Russian enterprises (Fig. 6) indicate a decrease in the already low level in 2012. There were slightly more enterprises introducing technological innovations, while data indicate a sharp decrease in the number of enterprises introducing innovations environmental, despite the priority of the concept of sustainable development in the global community.


   Fig. 6. The proportion of organizations implementing innovations in the total number of organizations surveyed,%

The approaches to innovation in large companies basically fit into three schemes:

  • “Searching for market demands” - for example, companies such as Apple and Procter & Gamble engage customers directly to generate new ideas.
  • Market Followers, such as Hyundai and Caterpillar, companies that track the market for incremental innovations and improvements to existing products.
  • Technology Orientation - Companies such as Google and Bosch depend on internal technological capabilities to develop new products and services. They use investments both to develop revolutionary ideas and turn-based innovations, hoping that these innovations will meet the requirements of the market.

Conducting research, Booz & Co estimated the number of enterprises implementing these strategies in Russia and in the world as a whole - Fig. 7 - which indicates that in Russian corporations, innovations are mainly engaged in by engineers and specialists in technical areas of science who are not interested in the market and, as a result, do not listen to the opinion of the client, unlike foreign companies.


Fig. 7. Innovation strategies in companies
   The above indicates the importance and priority of solving the problems of modernizing approaches to the development of innovations in Russian companies, and innovative and project management can become a rather effective tool here.

test questions

1. What is innovation and innovation management?
   2. What are the features of the emergence of innovation?
   3. The evolution of technological structures.
   4. The core of the technological structure.
   5. The concept of innovation and innovation. Classification of innovation.
   6. Classification of sources of innovation.
   7. Goals, objectives and content of innovation management.
   8. The concept of the innovation process.
   9. The main phases of the innovation process and their content.
   10. The relationship between the life cycles of innovation, product and product.
11. The significance and content of the phases of diffusion and diffusion of innovation - the main components of the stage of bringing innovation to the market.
   12. Organizational forms of innovation.
   13. Organization of innovative activities at the enterprise.
   14. Characteristics of an innovative organization.
   15. The innovative system. Basic concepts.
   16. National innovation system.
   17. Regional innovation system.
   18. Corporate innovation system.
   19. Infrastructure of the innovation sphere.
   20. The choice of an innovative business model.
   21. Options for financing innovation.
   22. Formation of the innovation team, participants in the innovation project.
   23. The main mistakes of innovative enterprises.
   24. The concept of innovative strategies and their classification.
   25. Description of enterprises of violent tapes.
   26. Characterization of enterprises of patents.
   27. Characteristics of enterprises of exporters.
   28. Characteristics of enterprises commutators.
   29. Assessment of the situation when choosing an innovative strategy.

Previous
  Parameter Name     Value
   Topic of the article: Innovative resources
Category (thematic category)   Technology

Classification of Innovation

TOPIC 1.4. Classification of innovation, innovative resources, innovative products.

The origin of innovations, their purpose, influence and other characteristics require a certain classification that will allow them to be identified.

Consider the general classification scheme for innovation and innovative products according to various criteria. It is based on the following features.

1. The source of ideas for innovation.

a) discovery, scientific idea, scientific theory, phenomenon;

b) invention, a number of inventions, licenses;

c) rationalization proposals;

2. The form of innovation.

a) the product, its design or device;

b) technology, method, method;

c) material, substance;

d) living organism, plant;

e) buildings, construction;

f) information product (programs, etc.);

g) services;

3. The scope of innovation.

a) research, change in R&D processes;

b) technical or product area, the appearance of products with new or improved properties;

c) the technological sphere, the use of improved, more advanced methods of manufacturing products;

d) information and communication sphere, changing the technology of transmission and processing of information;

e) marketing, changes in brands of goods and organizations;

f) logistics, changes in the organization of supply and marketing.

g) organizational and managerial sphere, changes in the organizational mechanism and management system;

h) socio-economic, legal sphere, changes in the social, economic and legal conditions for the functioning of the enterprise.

4. The level of novelty.

a) world-class novelty;

b) domestic level of novelty;

c) industry level of novelty;

d) firm level;

e) expanding the portfolio of goods and services;

f) updating of goods and services;

g) a change in the positioning of goods and services;

h) reduction of costs of the company.

5. The scale of the spread of innovation.

a) transnational;

b) federal;

c) regional;

d) municipal;

e) in the context of associations and associations;

f) within the organization;

g) within the unit.

6. The pace of innovation.

a) fast, growing;

b) slow, uniform;

c) slow, fading.

7. Stage of the life cycle of innovation.

a) research;

b) production;

c) industrial production;

d) marketing;

e) logistics;

f) diffusion;

g) routine;

h) service support.

8. The depth of the changes.

a) radical or basic innovation;

b) improving innovation;

c) modification or private innovation.

9. Continuity of innovation.

a) discovery, which may be followed by a stream of new innovations;

b) closing, innovation closing a number of industries;

c) substitute;

d) canceling;

e) retroversion.

Resource support, which is an important condition for the implementation of any type of economic activity, acquires new content in the innovation process. Innovative activity, in comparison with other types of business, requires a complex set of resources invested at increased risk and for a longer period. This places special demands on the organization of resource support.

Under innovative resources  it is customary to understand the resources that provide the opportunity for innovation. These resources include: material and technical, labor, financial, intellectual, information resources.

The introduction of scientific and technical innovations is usually associated with the mobilization of resources, in volumes and composition exceeding the capabilities of the resource base of one business entity.

There is a close relationship between the attraction of innovative resources by the company and its innovative activity.

Innovative activity - ϶ᴛᴏ a comprehensive characteristic of the innovative activity of an enterprise, including susceptibility to innovations, the degree of intensity of ongoing actions to transform innovations and their timeliness, the ability to mobilize the potential of extremely important quantity and quality. Innovative activity characterizes the willingness to update the basic elements of an innovation system - knowledge, technological equipment, information and communication technologies, as well as susceptibility to everything new.

To determine the coefficient of innovative activity using expert methods, the parameters of innovative activity are evaluated. Each parameter of innovative activity is determined by an expert on a 5-point scale (table. 1.5).

Table 1.5. Assessment of the innovative activity of the organization.

№   Estimated parameters of innovation activity   Designation   Parameter Status Level
  Quality Innovation Strategy and Innovation Goal   A 1 1 2 4 5
  Innovation Mobilization Level   A 2 1 2 4 5
  Level of attracted investments   A 3 1 2 4 5
  Methods used in carrying out innovative changes   A 4 1 2 4 5
  Correspondence of the company's response to the nature of the competitive strategic situation   A 5 1 2 4 5
  The speed (pace) of the development and implementation of innovative strategies   A 6 1 2 4 5
  The validity of the implemented level of innovative activity   A 7 1 2 4 5
  Final assessment of the state of innovation activity   To IA 1 2 4 5

The average coefficient is calculated by the parameters of innovation activity, which will be the final assessment of innovation activity.

,

where is the number of parameters of innovation activity.

Let us consider in more detail the content of the parameters of innovative activity.

Assessment of the quality of the innovation strategy and goals is an assessment of the compliance of the enterprise’s mission strategy with the external environment, potential, goals, and other strategies of the company.

Assessing the level of mobilization of innovative potential is reduced to assessing the ability of management to show the highest competence in mobilizing innovative potential.

Assessment of the level of attracted investment consists in assessing the ability of management to attract investments required by volume and acceptable by sources of financing.

Evaluation of methods for conducting innovative changes consists in evaluating methods aimed at obtaining real competitive advantages. For example, the method of "parallel design" is used to design innovative processes. In innovation marketing, this method is the concept of “customer focus”.

Assessing the conformity of the organization’s reaction to the nature of the competitive strategic situation consists in assessing the conformity of innovative behavior to the state of the external and internal environment. There are three types of innovative behavior:

· reactive behavior  - ϶ᴛᴏ behavior in which there is a delay in the beginning of the organization’s reaction to environmental changes due to the fact that it takes time to make and pass a decision, leads to a significant increase in the total costs of the company;

· active behavior  - ϶ᴛᴏ behavior based on experience, as soon as the data show that the growing decline in profits should not be the result of normal fluctuations, immediately the response actions follow from the management;

· predictive behavior- ϶ᴛᴏ behavior based on a strategic plan and forward-looking information. The weak signal control (CSS) method is used.

Weak signal control method  (CSS) is such a management method when the company management makes responsible decisions based on inaccurate, probabilistic information about the market. This management method assumes that management, even at the first weak signals of changes in the market, does not wait, but takes effect. At the same time, practical steps on the part of management aimed at using market opportunities that have not yet been clearly manifested become more and more definite, they intensify as more accurate and extensive information is obtained about the changing situation in the external environment. By the time when new opportunities become obvious to everyone, the company is already taking up a circular defense in order to defend the new market niche it has occupied before others.

Assessment of the intensity of actions to create and promote innovations is characterized by such a set of indicators as: product updatability, technology and technological equipment updatability, staff knowledge updatability, organizational structure updatability.

Update rate (novelty)- ϶ᴛᴏ the ratio of new and old products in the annual production plan. A new product in industrial production is considered to be such products that, in modern dynamic market conditions, are produced within one to three years, but no more than five.

A sharp unreasonable increase in activity can turn the organization into the so-called “dead hero”, and inadequate passivity dooms it to become a failure. Hence, it is important to assess the level of innovation activity that is being implemented.

When assessing any situation at the enterprise, it is also extremely important to take into account the innovative capacity (force) exerted by the organization in a specific situation. Innovative power  is defined as the product of the coefficient͵ characterizing the strategic position and the coefficient of innovative activity.

where is the strategic position of the company (determined from assessments of the state of the external and internal environment), is the coefficient of innovation activity.

The accumulated experience of many countries has shown that without taking into account the organizational and economic characteristics of the distribution and consumption of resources in the innovation process, it is not possible to develop successful practical recommendations on the resource support of innovative projects at the enterprise. Despite the fact that the investment process is closely related to innovation and its resource support, the latter is wider than the process of investing in innovation. It also includes such aspects as replenishment of the parts of working capital expended in the cycle of movement of a scientific and technical product͵ and such moments as, for example, staffing, which are closely intertwined with the investment process, but not directly reduced to its elements.

There are five basic types of resources used in the innovation process:

· Material and technical;

· Personnel;

· Intellectual;

· Informational;

· Financial.

Financial resources are not directly consumed in the innovation process, but they are able to accumulate, distribute and be acquired for subsequent transformation into material, intellectual and human resources through market exchange.

By intellectual resources it is customary to understand a person’s ability to carry out innovative activities. The results of innovation are embodied in patents, licenses, know-how, as well as in prototypes and prototypes of new equipment, etc.

Under the personnel resources it is accepted to understand the personnel of the enterprise, which is the carrier of the intellectual resource.

Under the material and technical resource it is customary to understand the material resource necessary for the development of innovation.

In relation to innovation, information is a key resource. The fact is that science - one of the components of innovative activity - produces new knowledge, that is, new information. The functioning of the system of scientific and technical information is provided both at the enterprise level and at the state level.

Resources allocated to innovative projects can be divided into two fundamentally different groups: real and financial. The uniqueness of financial resources in the reproductive plan consists essentially in the fact that they do not directly act as an element of the process of creating innovations, but they are converted into any other type of resources.

The innovative potential of the enterprise is the ability to carry out innovative activities with the achievement of a particular level of performance. In turn, innovative potential is derived from an innovative resource.

The resources of innovative activity form the basis of the potential corresponding to them, but the latter is not identical to them. For example, an effective system of labor motivation increases human resources, but at the same time, human resources remain the same.

The composition of innovation potential differs from the composition of innovation activity resources. For example, organizational potential is a derivative of all other real resources of innovative activity. Organizational potential is understood to mean the presence of managerial personnel of the required qualifications, experience and age, the harmony of the team of managers, the presence of mutual understanding between managers, developers.

Russia has a fairly high level of scientific potential, world-famous scientific schools, a large share of specialists with higher education in the national economy (almost one in five employees has higher education), and good achievements in some promising areas of science. About 20,000 inventions are patented annually (according to Rospatent in 2009, 26,294 patents for inventions were granted), of which about 8-10% are sold, which suggests that a significant stock of unrealized inventions has been accumulated in the country.

Innovative resources - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Innovative Resources" 2017, 2018.

at the course "Innovation Management (Innovation Entrepreneurship Management)"

Choose, in your opinion, the most correct answer to the questions asked.

  • 1. The concept of "entrepreneur" introduced into science:
    • a) Cantillon;
    • b) Keynes;
    • c) Say;
    • d) Marx.
  • 2. The introduction of the term “innovation” is associated with the name:
    • a) Keynes;
    • b) Schumpeter;
    • c) Marx.
  • 3. The theory of long-wave economic development is developed:
    • a) Marshall;
    • b) Schumpeter;
    • c) Keynes;
    • d) Kondratiev.
  • 4. What components do not belong to the category of “new economy”?
  • a) behavioral;
  • b) financial;
  • c) informational;
  • d) innovative.
  • 5. What is the "Red Queen effect"?
  • a) in the rate of change;
  • b) if necessary, by means of innovation, bypass a competitor;
  • c) the need for innovation to maintain positions;
  • d) the limited capabilities of the simulation strategy.
  • 6. The reproduction process does not apply:
    • a) the innovation process;
    • b) the investment process;
    • c) scientific and technological progress;
    • d) savings.
  • 7. Innovation is:
    • a) a new incentive system;
    • b) a new product;
    • c) fundamental scientific idea;
    • d) the object of new technology.
  • 8. Innovation is characterized:
    • a) the commercializability of innovation;
    • b) focus on meeting the ideal needs of the developer;
    • c) planning;
    • d) the measurability of the result.
  • 9. Is scientific and technological development an innovation that cannot be implemented in the next 13 years?
  • a) yes;
  • b) no;
  • c) yes, with a planning horizon of 7 years;
  • d) yes, after the specified period.
  • 10. Innovation is different from other business processes.:
    • a) focus on commercialization;
    • b) fundamental uncertainty;
    • c) low risks;
    • g) the nature of goal-setting.
  • 11. Innovative uncertainty and risks compared with similar characteristics of other business processes:
    • a) above;
    • b) below;
    • c) are incommensurable;
    • d) it all depends on the specific conditions.
  • 12. For goal setting in the innovation process are characteristic:
    • a) directive;
    • b) probabilistic nature;
    • c) a wide range of results;
    • d) a long planning horizon.
  • 13. Unformalized mechanisms of the innovation process are:
    • a) effects of mutual influence;
    • b) uncontrolled lags;
    • c) side effects;
    • d) aspects of innovation uncertainty.
  • 14. The main classification characteristics of innovation include:
    • a) the duration of the development;
    • b) scope of application;
    • c) the degree of novelty;
    • d) the nature of the result (object of innovation).
  • 15. The main classification characteristics of innovation do not include:
    • a) the cost of development;
    • b) the source of an innovative idea;
    • c) the nature of the organization of research work;
    • d) compatibility of innovation with the planning period.
  • 16. Spinoff is:
    • a) a term related to the method of implementation of the innovation;
    • b) a synonym for the term “technological push”;
    • c) a synonym for the term "technological transfer";
    • d) a method of organizing innovative developments.
  • 17. The benefits of the “first step” strategy include:
    • a) technological leadership;
    • b) low risks;
    • c) control of markets and distribution networks;
    • d) low cost of innovative projects.
  • 18. The following types of innovations are distinguished by the degree of novelty:
    • a) revolutionary;
    • b) architectural;
    • c) technological;
    • d) new to the implementing enterprise.
  • 19. Modifying innovations provide:
    • a) technological breakthrough;
    • b) low costs;
    • c) strategic changes;
    • d) reduced risks.
  • 20. Borrowed Innovation:
    • a) increase costs;
    • b) increase the technological level;
    • c) increase the aggressiveness of the enterprise strategy;
    • g) improve product quality.
  • 21. The nature of the results (object) distinguishes the following types of innovations:
    • a) commodity-product;
    • b) informational;
    • c) technical and technological;
    • d) market and network.
  • 22. What type of innovation is characterized by a focus on price competition?
  • a) for commodity-product;
  • d) for complex.
  • 23. What type of innovation is oriented toward non-price competition?
  • a) for commodity-product;
  • b) for technical and technological;
  • c) for organizational and managerial;
  • d) for complex.
  • 24. The life cycle of innovation differs from the life cycle of the product:
    • a) the presence of a stabilization stage;
    • b) the presence of a development stage;
    • c) shorter duration;
    • d) less investment.
  • 25. Investment and innovation cycles coincide in duration:
    • a) when evaluating an investment project;
    • b) in the case of fundamental innovation;
    • c) in case of market success, innovation;
    • d) in the absence of an informational stage of the investment process.
  • 26. In relation to the innovation process, the following types of development strategies are distinguished:
    • a) venture capital;
    • b) quick return of capital;
    • c) differentiation;
    • d) imitation.
  • 27. Innovative and venture investment strategies coincide:
    • a) in the development of fundamental innovation;
    • b) with in-house venture;
    • c) during venture escort;
    • d) when developing a modifying innovation.
  • 28. Which of the following risks are not characteristic of an innovative investment strategy?
  • a) country;
  • b) innovative;
  • c) commercial;
  • d) technological.
  • 29. Maximum financial risk:
    • a) with an innovative strategy;
    • b) with a simulation strategy;
    • c) in case of venture strategy;
    • d) the same for all types of investment strategies.
  • 30. Commercial risk is greater:
    • a) with a fundamental product innovation;
    • b) with a modifying innovation;
    • c) with technological innovation;
    • d) with a comprehensive innovation.
  • 31. A prerequisite for the successful implementation of the simulation strategy is:
    • a) the financial strength of the investing company;
    • b) the rapid development of real investments;
    • c) effective marketing;
    • d) market segmentation.
  • 32. For simulation strategy are not peculiar:
    • a) innovation risk;
    • b) technological risk;
    • c) commercial risk;
    • d) regular risks.
  • 33. Which form of venture activity is directly a way to implement the innovation process?
  • a) financial venture;
  • b) intercorporate venture;
  • c) in-house venture;
  • d) classic venture.
  • 34. What risks does the venture strategy minimize?
  • a) financial;
  • b) technological;
  • c) macroeconomic;
  • d) innovative.
  • 35. For a new venture venture not characteristic:
    • a) specialization;
    • b) corporate organizational structure;
    • c) orientation on the use of scientific and technical transfer;
    • d) a different motivation system than in large corporations.
  • 36. The prerequisite for the successful functioning of internal corporate venture is:
    • a) high motivation of employees in research units;
    • b) the autonomy of venture capital units;
    • c) integration into the corporate structure.
  • 37. What tasks does the development of the enterprise solve?
  • a) improving the range of products;
  • b) the introduction of innovation;
  • c) ensuring the stability and sustainability of current production;
  • d) adaptation to changing external conditions.
  • 38. What are the main forms of enterprise development can be distinguished?
  • a) innovative;
  • b) structural;
  • c) strategic;
  • d) investment.
  • 39. What are the main tasks of the state in the innovation process?
  • a) the creation of incentive financial mechanisms;
  • b) organization and financing of development;
  • c) training of personnel of innovative activity;
  • d) raising the status of innovation in society.
  • 40. A model is characteristic of domestic enterprises in innovation activity:
    • a) technological transfer;
    • b) “market challenge”;
    • c) “technological impetus”;
    • d) external investment.
  • 41. The costs of an enterprise for R&D amount to 5 million conventional monetary units (cu) per year, and the cost of turnover is 200 cu in year. What is the value of the coefficient of innovativeness (manufacturability) of the enterprise?
  • a) 40;
  • b) 205;
  • c) 195;
  • g) 2.5%.
  • 42. The market value of the enterprise is 3 billion cu The replacement cost of assets is 600 thousand cu What is the value of the Tobin coefficient?
  • a) 20%;
  • b) 16%;
  • c) 2.4 billion conventional units;
  • d) 5.
  • 43. The expected increase in profit from the introduction of innovation is 800 thousand. in year. Research Return Index 0.5. What is the cost of an innovative project?
  • a) 400 thousand conventional units;
  • b) 1600 thousand conventional units;
  • c) 799.5 thousand conventional units;
  • d) 0.5 thousand conventional units
  • 44. Organizational and management levels of innovation management include:
    • a) administrative;
    • b) legal;
    • c) strategic;
    • d) tactical.
  • 45. The role of the enterprise in the innovation process is determined:
    • a) share of financing;
    • b) risk appetite;
    • c) the impact on the innovative infrastructure of society;
    • d) close connection with the markets.
  • 46. The innovative resources of the enterprise include:
    • a) current assets;
    • b) organizational culture;
    • c) technical and technological level;
    • d) funding opportunities.
  • 47. The enterprise does not belong to innovative resources:
    • a) scientific and technical groundwork;
    • b) organizational hierarchy;
    • c) current expenses;
    • d) intangible assets.
  • 48. Innovation potential is:
    • a) a set of innovative resources;
    • b) the maximum size of the contribution of the ID to the efficiency of the enterprise;
    • c) all innovative activities of the enterprise;
    • d) a method of combining innovative resources.
  • 49. The Kaisen system provides:
    • a) a radical technological breakthrough;
    • b) the development of new products;
    • c) massive small improvements;
    • d) improving the innovativeness of organizational culture.
  • 50. Formation and implementation of an innovation strategy includes:
    • a) innovative analysis;
    • b) management of innovative projects;
    • c) innovative goal-setting;
    • d) a strategy for the development of innovative resources.
  • 51. What characteristics determine the amount of funding for innovation?
  • a) the financial capabilities of the enterprise;
  • b) the reputation of research teams;
  • c) the preservation of innovative personnel;
  • d) maintaining the prestige of the company.
  • 52. What is the most appropriate approach to managing innovation?
  • a) technocratic;
  • b) behavioral;
  • c) informational;
  • d) adhocratic.
  • 53. What tasks does the strategy of organizational and personal development of innovative resources of the organization solve?
  • a) the formation and development of innovative personnel;
  • b) the acquisition of new equipment;
  • c) improving the "innovation climate" in the organization;
  • d) the formation of organizational mechanisms for supporting ID.
  • 54. Internal participants in the innovation activities of the enterprise are:
    • a) venture capital firms;
    • b) spinning firms;
    • c) consortia;
    • d) business angels.
  • 55. An innovative project is:
    • a) the expected result of innovation;
    • b) the formation and implementation of a development plan for a specific innovation;
    • c) a package of documents fixing the innovation development plan;
    • d) innovative idea.
  • 56. Design organization involves:
    • a) a complex hierarchy;
    • b) matrix structure;
    • c) tight control;
    • d) flexible planning.
  • 57. The design organization excludes:
    • a) team organization;
    • b) the use of seminars;
    • c) directive planning;
    • d) wide publicity.
  • 58. Sources of financing for an innovative project do not include:
    • a) own funds;
    • b) current assets;
    • c) borrowed funds;
    • d) sponsorship funds.
  • 59. In accordance with the Tax Code of the Russian Federation, the costs associated with financing unsuccessful innovative projects include:
    • a) to irretrievable losses;
    • b) the cost of production in full;
    • c) the cost of production in the amount of 70%;
    • d) on the cost of production in the amount of 30%.
  • 60. The sources of innovative contradictions are:
    • a) staff;
    • b) technical and technological level of production;
    • c) enterprise management;
    • d) external environment.
  • 61. Innovation conflict is:
    • a) the socialization of contradictions;
    • b) personalization of contradictions;
    • c) manifestation of contradictions;
    • d) the extreme aggravation of contradictions.
  • 62. What phenomena are not stages of conflict development?
  • a) socialization;
  • b) awareness;
  • c) manifestation;
  • d) permission.
  • 63. What types of conflicts are most destructive in the innovation process?
  • a) substantial;
  • b) intragroup;
  • c) intergroup;
  • g) personal.
  • 64. What methods of conflict resolution are acceptable in the innovation process?
  • a) compromise;
  • b) retreat;
  • c) the use of force;
  • d) solution to the problem.
  • 65. The strategic meaning of the absolute performance indicator is:
    • a) in maximizing profits;
    • b) to minimize the company's own funds;
    • c) to maximize the company's own funds;
    • d) in maximizing the return on investment.
  • 66. An analogue of absolute efficiency among indicators of current production is:
    • a) gross profit of the enterprise;
    • b) the overall profitability of production assets;
    • c) the costs of the enterprise;
    • d) return on sales.
  • 67. The total profitability of the enterprise amounted to 27.1%. The absolute efficiency of IP is 23.4%. Other circumstances are not specified. Investment decision under these conditions:
    • a) most likely, the project will be accepted;
    • b) most likely, the project will be rejected;
    • c) there is no criteria information for making a decision;
    • d) the decision depends on the strategic plans of management.
  • 68. Innovation project payback period:
    • a) is equal to the standard service life of the equipment;
    • b) less than the standard service life of the equipment;
    • c) more than the standard service life of the equipment;
    • g) depends on the magnitude of the absolute efficiency (E a).
  • 69. The absolute effectiveness of the innovation project is 0.20. Project payback period:
    • a) 20 years;
    • b) 10 years;
    • c) 5 years;
    • d) there is no information for judgment.
  • 70. Absolute efficiency does not allow:
    • a) to rank IP;
    • b) take into account the priorities of the IP;
    • c) compare single-purpose IP;
    • d) to discount profits and investments.
  • 71. The disadvantages of Ea include:
    • a) the enlarged nature of the estimates;
    • b) the impossibility of accounting for investment liquidity;
    • c) the impossibility of comparing multidirectional projects;
    • d) "shredding" of investment.

Additional tests

1. What model of the innovation process is characterized by an emphasis on the importance of the market and the reaction to it of R&D?

A. Consistent.

B. Parallel-sequential.

B. Conjugate.

2. What is meant by the term "emotion"?

A. System Integrity.

B. Hierarchy.

B. Manageability.

3. What are the characteristics of the innovation life cycle?

A. Temporary and technical.

B. Technical and economic.

B. Temporary and economic.

4. Which of the scientists introduced the categories of “new technological system” and “technological revolution”?

A. Cluster.

B. Kleinknecht.

B. Schmuckler.

6. What are the goals of innovation management?

A. To achieve specific innovative goals, optimal results through the rational use of scientific, labor, material and financial resources.

B. To receive innovations, their mass production and marketing.

B. For the development of innovations.

7. Which of the following allows the company to receive an interest-free loan, in which the buyer-broker makes a partial prepayment?

A. Option.

B. Bill.

B. The bond.

8. Which country is the homeland of risk (venture) financing?

A. Russia.

B. Japan.

9. In which market is the commercial exchange of various objects of an innovative product?

A. In the stock market.

B. In the innovation market.

B. In the technology market.

10. What is the main result of the economic evaluation of innovation?

A. Economic effect.

B. The price of the goods.

B. Value of innovation.

11. The purpose of which method of choosing an innovation policy is to obtain forecasts or a list of potential consequences of solving a problem?

A. Scripting Method.

B. Delphi Method.

B. The method of games.

12. What method of choosing an innovation policy allows you to build a model with a minimum of data, as well as maximize the value of the data used in the model?

A. Monte Carlo Method.

B. Imitation.

B. Delphi Method.

13. Which of the forecasts involves activities aimed at changing the course of events?

A. Regulatory.

B. Passive (search).

B. Active.

14. What model should be used to predict processes that can be represented by a combination of seasonal and linear additive models?

A. Holt - Winter.

B. Holt - Muira.

B. Boxing - Jenkins.

15. The essence of which of the analytical models is to simulate the structure of a real system and its development over time depending on the simulated external influences?

A. Optimization.

B. Imitation.

B. Gaming.

16. The idea of \u200b\u200bwhat method of searching for the idea of \u200b\u200binnovation consists in a collective attack of the problem that has arisen in order to select the most successfully proposed idea?

A. Trial and error.

B. Method of control questions.

B. Brainstorming Methods.

17. Which of the scientists proposed a method of morphological analysis?

A. F. Zwicky.

B.A. Osborne.

B. C. Wyoming.

18. Which of the methods of innovation management does not apply to the methods affecting the production of innovations?

A. Benchmarking.

B. Reengineering.

B. Merger.

19. Which of the following concepts means engineering consulting services for the creation of new facilities or large projects?

A. Engineering.

B. Benchmarking.

B. Reengineering.

20. What is the value of a debt equal to 3,000 rubles in two years with growth at a complex rate of increase of 13.5% per annum?

A. 4,573.85 rubles

B. 3325.11 rubles.

B. 3864.67 rubles.

21. Which of the following firms are the main vehicles for radical technological innovation?

A. Secondary scientific, technical and innovative firms.

B. Small scientific, technical and innovative firms,

based on state support.

B. Large innovative firms.

22. In which country was the law on the development of innovative small business research adopted in 1982?

A. In Japan.

B. In Germany.

23. Which of the ministries of the Russian Federation is engaged in budget support of innovation policy and audits innovative projects?

A. Ministry of Finance of the Russian Federation.

B. Ministry of Industry, Science and Technology of the Russian Federation.

B. The Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation.

24. What federal law contains the basic norms of state support for innovation in the Russian Federation?

A. “On science and state science and technology policy”.

B. "On innovation and state innovation policy."

B. “On Scientific Activities”.

25. What function does the special privilege “tax credit for R&D growth” perform?

A. Engage in the acquisition and operation of the latest equipment.

B. Use new technologies.

B. Encourage enterprises to create and finance large, costly research programs.

26. Which of the following tax benefits is used in France to generally stimulate the development of small business?

A. Possibility of deferred payment of taxes in case of temporary lack of liquidity.

B. Establishment of a non-taxable minimum.

B. Introduction of income tax reduction.

27. What kind of tax are R&D exempted from the state budget, the Russian Technological Development Fund, as well as extrabudgetary funds of ministries, departments, associations, research and development carried out by educational and scientific institutions on the basis of business contracts for this purpose?

A. Income tax.

B. Property tax.

28. What is the scheme of mixed investment for projects aimed at import substitution of goods?

A. 50% to 50%.

B. 40% to 60%.

B. 30% to 70%.

29. How much percent of the cost of sales can an enterprise allocate to an off-budget investment financing fund?

30. Which of the following tax benefits do you consider the most socially fair?

A. Exemption from income tax.

B. Exemption from tax on part of the profits aimed at innovation.

B. Exemption from tax on part of profits allocated to charitable foundations whose activities are related to innovation.

31. An innovative project is:

A. A complex system of interdependent and interrelated resources, timelines and implementers of activities aimed at achieving specific goals (tasks) in the priority areas of development of science and technology.

B. The developed research and development plan aimed at solving urgent theoretical and practical problems of national economic, social and political importance.

B. The type of financing in which the proceeds of the project are the primary or sole source of debt repayment.

32. In domestic science, the term "project financing" is interpreted as:

A. Financing based on the viability of the project itself without taking into account the creditworthiness of its participants, their guarantees and guarantees of repayment of loans by third parties.

B. Financing of investments, in which the source of debt repayment is cash flows generated as a result of the implementation of the investment project itself.

B. Type of financing in which the proceeds of the project are the primary or sole source of debt repayment.

33. At the preliminary selection stage, three classes of projects (technologies) are formed:

A. High priority.

B. Priority.

B. Non-priority.

G. Rejected.

34. Organizations having the status of a state scientific center:

A. Exempt from value added tax when purchasing materials, equipment, purchased products, services of third-party organizations necessary for the implementation of programs financed from the federal budget; import customs duties, etc.

B. From all taxes for up to one year.

B. From all taxes for up to three years.

35. Multiprojects are:

A. Multipurpose comprehensive programs, combining a number of multiprojects and hundreds of monoprojects, interconnected by one goal tree.

B. Projects carried out, as a rule, by one organization or even one unit, characterized by the setting of a unique innovative goal.

B. Comprehensive programs bringing together dozens of monoprojects aimed at achieving a complex innovative goal.

36. The main methods of examination of innovative projects financed from the budget include:

A. Descriptive.

B. Comparative.

B. Computational.

G. Estimated.

37. The business plan should enable the investor to make a comprehensive assessment and first of all show:

A. That there are sufficient production and resource capabilities.

B. That the novelty of the project does not infringe anyone's copyright.

B. That the inflation rate is acceptable at the planned time for the implementation of the facility.

38. The management of the federal scientific and technical program is carried out by:

A. Scientific advice.

B. Committee on Science and Technology of the Russian Federation.

B. State Scientific Center.

39. The external factors of motivation for innovation include:

A. Competition for markets.

B. Getting maximum profit.

B. Constant changes in market conditions.

D. Increasing market share and conquering new market segments.

40. The reasons for the reduction in investment in the country's economy are:

A. Fairly high taxes.

B. Strengthening State Power.

B. High cost of credit resources.

G. Slowdown in inflation.

41. Vertical borrowing strategy:

A. It is implemented by the parent company of vertically integrated structures that transfer already developed technologies to small enterprises within the structure.

B. Accepted by major leading firms during periods of new products entering the market for which demand has not yet been determined.

B. Characteristic of small enterprises as part of large vertically integrated structures that are forced to adopt and borrow technologies from enterprises - leaders of these structures.

42. The purpose of functional system analysis (FSA):

A. Reducing the costs of production, work and services while improving or maintaining the quality of work performed.

B. Stabilization of the market.

B. Improving the technical level of production, product competitiveness.

43. The FSA consists of several stages:

A. Preparatory.

B. Information.

B. Phase engineering forecasting.

G. Stage parametric optimization of production facilities.

44. Innovative projects are:

A. The source of the formation of production potential.

B. The source of the formation of scientific and technological potential.

B. Asset Optimization Mechanism.

45. The external innovation policy of the organization is aimed at:

A. To monopolize the market for these products.

B. To replace or expand the scope of activities.

B. To increase the capacity of the organization.

G. The transition to new technologies.

46. \u200b\u200bAt what stage do the pre-production stages of the product life cycle begin:

47. What document is the main guarantee of intellectual property protection in the Russian Federation?

A. Constitution of the Russian Federation.

B. Patent Law of the Russian Federation.

48. What should innovative products have?

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