Informal communication. Topic: Motivational and need-based sphere of personality What is the meaning of the concept of informal communication

What is good and what is bad about informal relationships at work? How important is informal communication for effective team management? And how to find the line that should never be crossed? Oleg Bykov, head of the network operation department of a telecommunications company, tried to provide answers to these questions.

“Laws that are too strict are like strings that are too stretched to play. Too soft laws resemble completely loose strings, from which it is no longer possible to extract sound. "

Xu Xuemo. Selected aphorisms, collection of "Aphorisms of Old China"

“Bosses have the right to give orders to subordinates and must check their implementation. Subordinates are obliged to obey their superiors unquestioningly. "

Internal Service Charter of the Armed Forces of the USSR

"And yet ... Where is this guy's button?"

From the film "The Adventures of Electronics"

There is probably not a single leader who does not understand the importance of informal relationships in the arsenal of methods for managing a production team. In the mass of modern methods and recommendations, there is probably not a single one that would be based purely on formal relations in the leadership process.

It may well be that it is the ratio of formal and informal management techniques in a particular methodology that determines the difference between them.

It is obvious that the best option is a combination of formal and informal management methods. Their ratio is determined by the leader's common sense and ability to act in a specific situation. And the implementation of informal management methods is provided by informal relationships.

For a better understanding, let's define the basic terminology:

Group - a relatively isolated association of people who are in a fairly stable interaction and carry out joint actions for a sufficiently long period of time.

Leader - the official status (position) of a person who is obliged to influence others (subordinates) so that they do the assigned work in the best way.

Leader - a person in a group (organization) who enjoys great, recognized authority, has influence, which manifests itself as managing actions; a member of the group, for whom she recognizes the right to make decisions in situations that are significant for her, that is, the most authoritative person who plays a central role in organizing joint activities and regulating relationships in the group.

Formal leadership - the process of influencing people from the position of their position.

Informal leadership - the process of influencing people with the help of their abilities, skills and other personal resources.

Informal communication is a connection with a person, which involves mutual acceptance of personal qualities, understanding, agreement and psychological closeness.

Communication - the process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by joint activities, including the exchange of information and attempts to influence each other. Communication is the process of realizing one or another relationship.

Formal communication - communication, in which both the content and the means of communication are regulated, and instead of knowing the personality of the interlocutor, they get by with knowledge of his social role.

Informal communication - your kind of connection with another person, built on mutual acceptance of personal properties and merits, which presupposes a certain level of understanding, agreement, psychological closeness.

This article is an attempt to consider the importance of informal communication in the arsenal of tools for effective management of a leader-leader.

Each manager during his work accumulates a certain set of proven effective methods and management techniques. Attempts to formally control an individual or a group of people quite often meet with their resistance. Informal management will allow either to avoid such a situation (in most cases), or at least to soften the management impact so that it does not cause objections.

As the psychologist N. Tertychnaya points out in the article "Features of informal communication at work", informal relationships arise and exist on the basis of two levels of psychological closeness: primary and rational.

Primary level arises already at the first contact (long-term acquaintance is not required, it feels as if you have known each other for a hundred years). It is characterized by high spontaneity of emotional perception, unconsciousness and is not amenable to volitional regulation. This level of intimacy is characterized by lightness, a high degree of trust and understanding, a correct forecast of a partner in a situation and finally acceptance of him with all his strengths and weaknesses.

Rational level based on an understanding of the similarities of attitudes, values, norms, life experience. It arises at a certain stage in relations with a person, is realized and regulated by us.

It is believed that relationships based on shared values \u200b\u200band interests (rational level) are more stable at work than relationships based on likes and dislikes.

It is impossible to unequivocally assess the pros and cons of informal communication at work. The line between formal and informal is almost always blurred.

I think you will not deny the presence in your company, as in any formal group, informal relationships, which largely determine the microclimate and the internal atmosphere in the team.

It is impossible to unequivocally assess the pros and cons of informal communication at work. The line between formal and informal is almost always blurred. On the one hand, no formal procedures can supplant informal relations and eliminate personal interests from interaction in the production team. On the other hand, in informal communication there will always be moments that negatively affect your work and the work of your colleagues.

In the above article N. Tertychnaya gives a short list of such contradictions:

1. Public opinion. A friendly relationship with a colleague often arouses jealous feelings in others, especially if your relationship is not approved. Your friend's mistakes can be exaggerated, and you can be accused of concealment and inaction.

2. Friendship with the leader. Such a relationship inevitably arouses suspicion, rumors, speculation and even envy on the part of colleagues. All your actions are examined under a microscope, and they are judged much more strictly than the actions of those who are not marked with the special favor of the leader.

3. Friendly manipulation. It’s unpleasant, but a fact: “old friendship” often becomes an excuse for a colleague who works carelessly or allows himself to be late, get sick a lot, delay assignments and at the same time ask: “Enter my position, cover it up, you know what I have now situation…"

Optimal for a leader is a combination of the qualities of a formal and informal leader. But it is difficult to combine these social roles in one person.

4. Emotional codependency. Informal communication requires constant emotional response from partners. And this, unfortunately, is a difficult task. Think of the anxiety that a sudden cold tone of someone disposed towards you can cause. Like this tone, detachment forces you to look for the reason for changing relationships, to reevaluate your actions and behavior in the recent past, to look for ways to get closer. This discrepancy often introduces emotional instability in contacts and interferes with work.

5. Ethical issues. Accessing confidential information can have negative consequences for you. Having learned about the organizational crisis, misunderstandings with the tax inspectorate, and lingering financial problems, you will have to make a difficult choice - to stay or think about your own well-being and look for another place for yourself. In addition, in such a situation, you will have to hide the unpleasant truth from your colleagues.

This does not mean at all that one cannot work with friends or that it is necessary to clearly draw a line: "We work with you until six, and after six we are friends." In some cases, formalization of relations is simply necessary. - even if not in the form of a job description, but in the form of a fixed range of responsibilities and powers. In addition to white and black, there are intermediate options, so you have to be creative when choosing your management methods.

It should always be remembered that people unite in groups not only to do a certain job, to get a result and reward for it. Group is an environment for self-affirmation and self-knowledge, an objective human need for communication.

Formal groups are created to carry out production activities in accordance with the chosen strategy at the will of the leaders of the organization. They have a formally appointed leader, a formal structure, a position within the group, their tasks and functions are described and formally enshrined in the relevant documents. For a leader, informal communication in a group is an additional informal channel for receiving important information regarding both the situation at the enterprise and outside it.

How to find and not cross the line of friendship at work depends on the wisdom, tact and character of fellow friends

The manager cannot but be interested in the state of interaction in the group, because the effectiveness of management depends on it. Since informal relationships often play a greater role than formal ones, the manager must know the laws of group dynamics and how to influence the development of informal interactions. This influence must be targeted.

Effective group is a group in which interactions are characterized by cohesion, mutual respect, and mutual understanding. This is a group rallied around a leader. And leadership differs in the strength of its influence on the members of the group (organization). People obey one leader unquestioningly, but they follow the advice or instructions of another only as long as they do not conflict with their own interests and attitudes.

Optimal for a leader is a combination of the qualities of a formal and informal leader. However, combining these social roles in one person, especially the role of a leader and an emotional leader, is difficult to achieve. For maximum effectiveness of personnel management, it is necessary that the manager is at least a formal leader at the same time.

In general, full-fledged leadership allows you to manage people without their resistance and discontent, formal control, fear and punishment.

According to many scientists, leaders are born, but they become even more through training, persistent individual work, illuminated by knowledge of practical experience and the skills acquired in it. Based on all this, in principle, almost every competent leader can become a business, and in many respects and emotional (though this is not always required) leader.

The practice of informal relations by the head will ensure the involvement of employees in the regulation of formal ties within the apparatus, the settlement of almost inevitable friction and conflicts, assistance in establishing informal contacts that will not turn employees into a closed corporation, but will contribute to the growth of management efficiency.

Oleg Bykov - head of the network operation department of a telecommunications company, HRM expert

Career and Self-Development

Keywords:

1 -1

Introduction

The problem of communication is one of the most important spheres of life. All psychologists are unanimous in recognizing the importance of communication in the formation of personality in adolescence. This period is very significant for the formation of the main structural components of the personality. The formation of the climate in the team depends on how communication will develop. Therefore, the study of communication problems becomes very relevant. Its relevance increases sharply at this stage of the development of society, when there is a sharp change in social relations, the nature of personal interactions, moral norms, values, etc.

The subject of my research is the features of communication in a team.

Analysis of the work on the problem of communication shows that it is studied by many authors, both foreign and Soviet.

So, for example, A.N. Leontiev (1974) believes that communication is a certain side of activity, because it is present in any activity as an element of it.

V.M. Sokovkin (1974) analyzes human communication as communication, as an activity, as an attitude, as mutual understanding and as mutual influence. B.G. Ananiev (1969) emphasized that a special and main characteristic of communication as an activity is that through it a person builds his relationships with other people.

L.I. Bozovic (1968) notes that if at primary school age the basis for uniting children is most often joint activity, then in a more adult, on the contrary, the attractiveness of classes and interests, in general, are determined by the possibility of wide communication with colleagues. It is important for a person to be in a “team” not only to be with colleagues, but also most importantly, to occupy a position that satisfies them among them.

As research by I.O. Kona, it is the inability, the inability to achieve such a position that is most often the cause of indiscipline and. This is accompanied by increased conflict among employees in relation to their groups, of which they are members.

Thus, the analysis of works on the problem of communication shows that, despite some differences in the approaches of the authors to the problem of communication, the studies have much in common and the main thing is the recognition of the role of communication in the formation of the personality.

The experimental study was carried out for 2 months on several groups of subjects: male and female.

The novelty of this work lies in the fact that the conduct of this study allowed us to study on a local sample the peculiarities of communication in a team using the example of the company “OVICO” in Chisinau.

communication team psychology

Theoretical research on the problem of communication

Psychological definitions of the concept of communication as a category in psychology

Communication is studied by various sciences: sociology, philosophy, medicine, pedagogy. We will consider communication from the point of view of psychology.

Communication is:

1) a complex, multidimensional process of establishing and developing contacts between people, generated by the needs for joint activities and including the exchange of information, the development of a single strategy of interaction, perception and understanding of another person;

2) the interaction of subjects carried out by familiar means, caused by the needs of joint activities and aimed at a significant change in the state, behavior and personal-semantic formations of the partner.

In view of the complexity and capacity of the phenomenon of communication, its interpretation as a concept depends on the initial theoretical and criterial foundations. In its most general form, communication acts as a form of life. The social meaning of communication is that it acts as a means of transferring forms of culture and social experience. The specificity of communication is determined by the fact that in its process the subjective world of one person is revealed to another.

The process of communication (communication) can be defined as the technology of continuous interaction of a person with the world around him, as the sequence and characteristics of his behavior, actions and states when transferring information. In the communicative process, the communicator usually seeks to achieve his goal by influencing certain areas of the person. The goal is the result for the sake of which the communicator enters into communication with the recipient. The subject of communication is that part of the recipient's inner world, or the outer world, that the communicator influences.

Let's consider the definitions of the concepts of "communication" and "communication". In the dictionary of S.I. Ozhegova, N.I. Swedish communication is interpreted as a message, communication. The philosophical dictionary, edited by I. T. Frolov, gives the following interpretations of this concept:

1) "Communication from (lat. Comunicare - to confer) is a category denoting communication, with the help of which the" I "reveals itself in another",

2) "Communication" in the broad sense - communication.

G.M. Andreeva considers communication from several sides: integrative, perceptual. It defines communication in the narrow sense of the word as follows: “communication consists in the exchange of information between communicating individuals, that is, in the exchange of not only knowledge, ideas, but also actions. The perceptual side of communication means the process of perception and knowledge of each other by communication partners and the establishment on this basis of mutual understanding. "

Yu.S. Krizhanskaya, V.P. Tretyakov note that communication is “first of all, influence, influence on a partner, it is communication, exchange of opinions, experiences, considerations, moods, desires, etc.”. The same authors emphasize that the content of a specific communication in communication is always significant for its participants, since the exchange of messages does not take place "just like that", but for the sake of achieving some goals, satisfying some needs.

A.P. Panfilova identifies five most significant components of the communication process:

§ Who is speaking? - (communicator).

§ What does it say? - (information).

§ To whom? - (communicant, recipient).

§ What channel? - (by what means).

§ With what effect (feedback result).

The implementation of the relationship of all significant components will constitute the content of communication activities. Most often, in the process of communicative influence on a person as a recipient, the communicator sets the following tasks:

§ convince him of something;

§ understand his intentions;

§ force him to do something;

§ inspire him with something;

§ inform him about something;

§ receive the necessary information from him;

§ deny him something;

§ hide something from him;

§ change his emotional state, attitude or behavior;

§ stop communicating with him.

In turn, a person as a recipient can pursue, in addition to the above goals, his own, somewhat different goals:

§ listen to the communicator and accept his message or not listen to it at all;

§ want or not want to receive the communicator;

§ agree or disagree with him;

§ use or not use the information received from the communicator.

Based on the above, V.M. Snetkov proposes to distinguish between the declared and closed position of the communicator. Open (declared position) - these are statements aloud and clearly demonstrated in the behavior of the communicator's target. The case when the communicator consciously or unconsciously seeks to hide his position is defined as a closed position.

A communicative act is an indivisible action, gesture, replica that have a certain meaning or meaning in the eyes of the recipient.

Actual interaction is a set of communicative acts used as a method for solving problems facing people. The structure of a communication act includes the following phases:

1) preparatory;

2) establishing contact;

3) mutual orientation;

4) argumentation and decision making;

5) completion.

Any human behavior becomes communicative if there is an explicit or imagined recipient who is able to perceive and give meaning or meaning to every aspect, every reaction from a person's verbal or non-verbal behavior.

The main elements of a communicative act are: communicator, recipient, communicative impact (behavior), environment and feedback. All of the above factors affect the effectiveness of communication.

In the literature, various types of communications are distinguished: pedagogical, business, mass, etc. (N.V. Kuzmina, G.G. Pocheptsov, A.P. Panfilova). In communication, a person is self-determined, and self-presented, revealing his individual characteristics. By the form of the impacts carried out, one can judge the communicative skills and character traits of a person, by the specifics of the organization of the speech message to general culture and literacy.

Communication permeates all life activities of the individual. The forms of communication are extremely diverse. Communication, expressed in direct interindividual connections of people, always corresponds to certain historically established and socially necessary forms of communication and is implemented in accordance with the norms of socially acceptable behavior (Leontiev A.A., (1974))

Consider the classification of types of communication.

The concepts of the structure and functions of communication are most directly related to various classifications of types and types of communication.

As the analysis of these classifications shows, they are carried out on a variety of grounds (by place, by time, by spheres of activity, by types of subjects, etc., etc.). There are also distinguished criteria for classifying the types of communication, such as their nature, goals, forms of expression, direction.

Let's consider some of the existing classifications. Communication is generated by social, social and other human needs, manifested in the desire to carry out joint activities. Communication is also generated by the motives formed in the course of the process of joint activities.

Communication phenomena are extremely diverse, unique in many of their parameters, and often do not fit the usual stereotypes. The number of attempts to create a unified and universal classification of types of communication is growing. Unfortunately, in them, as a rule, any one, albeit an actual quality, property, side or function of communication is absolutized, while others seem to be not taken into account, remaining unfairly unnoticed. Therefore, most of the existing typologies of communication do not at all contribute to the analysis of communication itself, because their authors themselves, probably not wanting to, hang labels that are useful in a number of situations, but essentially do not give anything for a holistic understanding of the content and essence of communication.

So, by nature - communication is divided into productive (creative) and unproductive (formal), by goals - into utilitarian and non-utilitarian, by orientation - towards humanistic and manipulative, by forms of manifestation - into direct and indirect, formal and informal, by the degree of sincerity - open and closed, according to areas of activity - business, family sports.

When determining the types of communication, you must be careful and consider the factors under which this communication occurs. So, for example, formal communication can be confused with manipulative. Formal communication is when a person, within the framework of business or diplomatic relations, communicates with a partner formally, at an official level, but when a person deliberately ignores moral norms (for example, misinforms, abuses trust, blackmails, etc.), when a person is turned into a puppet - this is already manipulation, i.e. manipulative communication. It is also worth noting that the act of communication can be of different types, depending on the type of classification by which it is characterized.

Consider another classification - by category. By categories, communication can be divided into interpersonal, personal - group and intergroup. Communication can also be classified according to the degree of mediation. Communication can be direct and mediated.

Immediate is when communication takes place without any intermediate links, i.e. mediated communication is when intermediaries appear between the interlocutors.

These types of communication have their advantages and disadvantages. So, in direct conversation, there are more feedback channels. This means that each of the communicators is able to see and analyze how the other side perceives information. But indirect communication greatly simplifies life for people who are timid and indecisive.

Scheme 1: Classification of communication.

H. By the degree of mediation:

v Direct

v Indirect

v Pantomime

4. Purpose:

v Spiritual interpersonal communication of friends

v Business communication

v Secular communication

v Primitive communication (on the principle of "needed - not needed")

v Manipulative communication (one of the communicators tries to benefit from

the interlocutor, make him serve his purposes).

v Formally - role (when, instead of knowing the personality of the interlocutor, they are

5.By duration:

v short-term

v long

So, as we see from Scheme 1, the following types of communication are distinguished:

1. "Contact masks" -formal communication, when there is no desire to understand the interlocutor, using familiar masks (politeness, severity, indifference, modesty, etc.) - a set of facial expressions, gestures, standard phrases that allow you to hide true emotions, attitude to the interlocutor. Sometimes such contact is justified, so as not to "hurt" each other unnecessarily, to "fence off" the interlocutor.

2. Primitive communication, when the other person is assessed as a necessary or interfering object: if needed, they actively come into contact, if it interferes, they will push away or aggressive rude remarks will follow. If they have received what they want from the interlocutor, they lose further interest in him and do not hide it.

3. Formal-role communication, when both the content and the means of communication are regulated and instead of knowing the personality of the interlocutor, they get by with knowledge of his social role.

4. Business communication - when the characteristics of the personality, character, age, mood of the interlocutor are taken into account, but the affairs are not interesting are more significant than possible personal differences.

5. Spiritual, interpersonal communication of friends, when you can touch on any topic and it is not necessary to resort to help, words, a friend will understand you by facial expression, intonation, movements.

6. Manipulative communication is aimed at extracting benefits from the interlocutor, using various techniques (flattery, intimidation, demonstration of kindness, etc.), depending on the personality characteristics of the interlocutor.

7. Secular communication. Its essence is in objectlessness, i.e. people say not what they think, but what is supposed to be said in such cases; this communication is closed, because people's points of view on a particular issue have no meaning and do not determine the nature of communications.

Means of communication include:

1. Language is a system of words, expressions and rules for their connection into meaningful statements used for communication.

2. Intonation, emotional expressiveness, which is able to give different meanings to the same phrase.

3. Facial expressions, posture, gaze of the interlocutor can enhance, supplement or refute the meaning of the phrase.

4. Gestures as a means of communication can be both generally accepted, that is, have the meanings assigned to them; or expressive, i.e. serve for greater expressiveness of speech.

5. The distance at which the interlocutors communicate depends on cultural, national traditions, the degree of trust.

The following stages are distinguished in the communication procedure:

1. The need for communication (it is necessary to communicate or learn information, influence the interlocutor, etc.) encourages a person to come into contact with other people.

2. Orientation in order to communicate, in a communication situation.

3. Orientation in the personality of the interlocutor.

4. Planning the content of his communication, a person imagines (usually unconsciously) what he will say.

5. Unconsciously (sometimes consciously), a person chooses specific means, speech phrases that he will use, decides how to speak, how to behave.

6. Perception and assessment of the interlocutor's response, monitoring the effectiveness of communication based on the establishment of feedback.

7. Adjustment of direction, style, communication methods.

If any of the links in the act of communication is violated, then the speaker fails to achieve the expected results of communication, it will be ineffective. These skills are called "social intelligence", "practical psychological mind" "," communicative competence "," sociability ".

The following is an illustration of the functions of communication (according to Karpenko): information, coordination, understanding functions, and establishing relationships. One of the existing classifications of communication functions is L.L. Karpenko, according to which eight functions are distinguished according to the criterion of "communication goal":

1.contact, the purpose of which is to establish contact as a state

mutual readiness to receive and transmit a message and maintain interconnection in the form of constant mutual orientation;

2. informational, the purpose of which is the exchange of messages, that is, the reception and transmission of any information in response to a request, as well as the exchange of opinions, ideas, decisions, etc .;

3. incentive, the purpose of which is to stimulate the activity of the communication partner to perform certain actions;

4. coordination, the purpose of which is mutual orientation and coordination of actions when organizing joint activities;

5. understanding, the purpose of which is not only an adequate perception and understanding of the meaning of the message, but also the partners' understanding of each other (their intentions, attitudes, experiences, states, etc.);

6. emotive, the purpose of which is to excite the necessary emotional experiences in the partner ("exchange of emotions"), as well as to change with his help his own experiences and states;

7. establishing relations, the purpose of which is to realize and fix one's place in the system of role, status, business, interpersonal and other connections of the community in which the individual will act;

8. providing influence, the purpose of which is to change the state, behavior, personal and semantic formations of the partner, including his intentions, attitudes, opinions, decisions, needs, actions, activity, etc.

Psychological features of communication in a team.

In communication in a team, two opposite trends are noted: the expansion of its sphere, on the one hand, and growing individualization, on the other. The first manifests itself in an increase in the time spent on him, in a significant expansion of his social space (among his closest colleagues, work colleagues, subordinates), in the expansion of the geography of communication and, finally, in a special phenomenon called "expectation of communication" and acting in the very looking for him, in constant readiness for contacts.

As for the second tendency - the individualization of relations - it is evidenced by the strict delineation of the nature of relationships with others, high selectivity in friendly affections, and sometimes the maximum exactingness to communication in a dyad.

One may think that these two existing directions "serve" the different needs of the employee in the "search" for communication, the need to go through a new experience, to test oneself in a new role, and in selectivity the need for self-identification and mutual understanding, is embodied. Both the one and the other need is of an urgent nature, and how they are satisfied or not satisfied, causes deep feelings among workers (Dobrovich A.B., (1987)).

It is important for employees not only to be in the team, but also most importantly, to occupy a position that satisfies them among their colleagues. For some, this desire may be expressed in the desire to take the position of a leader in the group, for others to be recognized, beloved comrade, for others - an indisputable authority in some matter. As research by I.S. Cohn (1989) it is the inability, the inability to achieve such a position that is most often the cause of indiscipline.

There is evidence (Kon I.S., (1989)), according to which informal communication, not only in dyads, but also in groups, is subject to such motives as the search for the most favorable psychological conditions for communication, the expectation of sympathy and empathy, the thirst for sincerity and unity in views, the need to assert themselves.

As the literary analysis shows (Tolstykh N.N., (1990), I.V. Dubronina, (1989) and others), relations with colleagues are a relationship of fundamental equality. They allow employees to be equal participants in all kinds of affairs.

Any person is very sensitive to his position in relations with people, he becomes dissatisfied with the fact that in his communication with his superiors he turns out to be a subordinate and unequal being. That is why, for him, the importance of communication with colleagues increases so much, in which there is no communication and there cannot be deliberate inequality. The employee's objective position in the team is in harmony with his requirement, with his need to be equal.

Relationships in a team are more complicated, more diverse and meaningful. These relationships differ markedly in the degree of closeness: an employee may just have comrades, colleagues, friends.

The employee considers communication in a team to be his own, personal relationship: here he has the right and can act independently. Therefore, any intervention of any parties, especially not tactful, causes resentment, protest, resistance. And the more unfavorable the relationship with the superiors, the more place in his life his colleagues take, the stronger the influence of the team (I.S.Kon, V.A.Losenkov (1974)).

DI. Feldstein identifies three forms of communication:

§ Intimate and personal,

§ Spontaneous group,

§ Socially oriented

Intimate-personal communication is an interaction based on personal sympathies - "I" and "you". The content of such communication is the complicity of the interlocutors in each other's problems. Intimate-personal communication occurs under the condition of common values \u200b\u200bof partners, and participation is ensured by understanding each other's thoughts, feelings and intentions, empathy. The highest forms of intimate and personal communication are friendship and love.

Spontaneous group communication is an interaction based on casual contacts - "I" and "they". The spontaneous-group nature of communication dominates if the socially useful activity of the team is not organized. This type of communication leads to the emergence of all sorts of companies, informal groups. In the process of spontaneous-group communication, aggressiveness, cruelty, increased anxiety, isolation, etc. become stable.

Socially-oriented communication - interaction based on the joint implementation of socially important matters - "I" and "society". Socially-oriented communication serves the social needs of people and is a factor contributing to the development of forms of social life of groups, collectives, organizations, etc.

1. The active interaction of a person with the surrounding reality, in which he achieves a consciously set goal, is ... activity (in)

2. An element of the structure of activity is ... action. (e)

3. The image of the desired future, the perceived result, the achievement of which the action is directed, is ... target (in)

4. A relatively complete element of the structure of activities aimed at achieving the goal is ... action (b)

5. What prompts a person to act is ... motive (g)

Section Social Psychology

Topic: Psychology of communication

1. Determine the match: Answer: ( a2 b1 d3)

2. Determine in what kind of communication intermediate links are wedged in the form of a third person, mechanism, thing: mediated; (d)

3. Define the name of the group of means of non-verbal communication, which is characterized by the inclusion of pauses, crying, laughing, sighing, coughing in speech: extralinguistics; (a)

4. Define the name of a special area dealing with the study of the norms of spatial and temporal organization of communication: proxemics; (b)

5. Determine the name of the position of the communication partner, whose state of mind reproduces the thoughts and reactions that the individual had in early childhood: child (b)

6. Define the name of the communication side, meaning the process of perception of each other by communication partners and the establishment on this basis of mutual understanding: perceptual; (b)

7. Define what social psychology studies:

patterns of behavior and activities of people, due to the fact of their inclusion in social groups, as well as the psychological characteristics of these groups themselves; (in)

8. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the effect of novelty is manifested: according to the latest information received about the communication partner; (and)

9. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual puts himself in the place of a communication partner: identification; (and)

10. Determine, as a result, what effect of perception the most recent information has on the person: novelty; (b)

11. Determine what is the meaning of the concept of informal communication: subjective personal; (and)

12. Indicate the name of the method in which a person is judged on the basis of a generalized characteristic of the social type to which he is ranked, called: socially typical; (b)

13. Define a group of means of non-verbal communication, including touching, shaking, kissing: takeshika. (d)

14. Define the name of the communication party, meaning the process of exchanging information and actions: interactive; (and)

15. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the secondary effect is manifested:

A) according to the latest information received about the communication partner; novelty

b) in their own relation to the communication partner; feedback

c) at the first impression about the communication partner ; primacy

d) by the attractiveness of the communication partner. Nothing written

16. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual learns the emotional state of another person: empathy; (in)

17. Determine, as a result, what effect of perception the greatest influence on the personality is exerted by the first information received at the time of receipt: primacy; (in)

18. Determine what is the meaning of the concept of formal communication: due to social functions; (b)

19. The way in which a person is judged by his appearance is called: analytical; (and)

20. Determine the match: Answer: (a3 b2 c1 d4)

21. Define a group of means of non-verbal communication, studying the range, tone, timbre and quality of the voice: paralinguistics; (in)

22. Determine how the message is transmitted according to the model of the communicative process: channel; (in)

23. Define the name of the special area dealing with the study of facial expressions, gestures, body movements: kinesics; (in)

24. Indicate the name of the position of the communication partner, whose state of mind reproduces social assessments that take care of and control processes and actions from the point of view of their expediency for a person:

parent; (and)

25. Define the name of the party of communication, meaning the process of exchange of information between partners: communicative; (in)

26. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the boomerang effect is manifested: in their own relation to the communication partner; (b)

27. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual analyzes the impact of the information provided on the partner, and corrects on this basis the further communication strategy: feedback mechanism. (d)

28. Determine, as a result of what effect of perception, the attitude towards the communication partner is formed, and certain qualities are attributed to him: halo; (d)

29. Indicate the name of the process of attributing to each other, both the reasons and the patterns of behavior themselves are called: causal attribution; (b)

30. Determine what is the name of the way in which a person is judged based on his emotional attractiveness or unattractiveness : emotional; (in)

31. Indicate the name of the communication zone, in which only close, well-known people are allowed : intimate; (in)

32. Determine what the interlocutor is called, who is compliant and easily lost, does not allow himself to interrupt a communication partner, but patiently endures when he is interrupted: non-dominant; (in)

33. Determine what the interlocutor is called, who is not inclined to external communication and is burdened by contacts. introvert; (b)

34. Determine the name of the interlocutor who takes some time to engage in the conversation, even if he is quite decisive, confident person.

regular. (d)

35. Indicate the name of the process as a result of which partners exchange information, emotions, develop a general strategy of perception, interaction and understanding of each other. communication; (in)

36. Indicate a form of communication in which people say not what they think, but what is supposed to say in such cases ... secular; (in)

37. Indicate a form of communication in which the interests of the case are more important than possible personal differences. business; (b)

38. Indicate the form of communication in which communication is aimed at extracting benefits from the interlocutor using different techniques depending on the personality of the partner. manipulative; (and)

39. Indicate the form of communication, in which all kinds of personal contacts of people outside of official relations. informal. (d)

Topic: Group Psychology

1. Define the name of the small community of people who are in direct personal contact and interaction with each other: small group. (d)

2. List examples of small group: a team of workers; (and)

3. What is the main feature that distinguishes the team from any other group: social and socially useful significance of goals and objectives; (in)

4. Arrange the stages of development of the work collective in the correct sequence. (C - a - b - d)

5. Define the type of group whose attitudes and norms serve as a model for the individual:

reference. (d)

6. Determine in what style of team management the leader is characterized by tough single-handed decision making. authoritarian. (d)

7. Determine in what style of team leadership management decisions are made based on the discussion of the problem, taking into account the opinions and initiatives of employees. democratic; (in)

8. Indicate the name of the style of team management, characterized, on the one hand, by the maximum of democracy, and on the other - by the minimum of control. liberal anarchist; (in)

9. Name the style of team management, in which the leader's unpredictable transition from one style to another is manifested, which causes poor performance. inconsistent or illogical; (in)

10. Determine in what phenomenon people tend to agree with the opinion of the group, even if there is internal disagreement: conformism; (b)

11. Indicate the name of the phenomenon of acceleration or increase in the productivity of an individual in the presence of other people. facilitation. (d)

12. What is the name of the phenomenon of deteriorating performance in the presence of other people. inhibition; (in)

13. Determine compliance: (1.D 2.D 3.B)

14. The phenomenon of the influence of an individual ... is called ___ (leadership)

15. The opportunity of each member ... and is called ___ (contact)

16. The social and psychological community of individuals ... and is called ___ ( integrity)

17. List the name of the group in which membership and relationships are predominantly formal. formal; (b)

18. Identify the name of the lowest level of group development, which is a random gathering of people united by time and location. diffuse group; (and)

19. Arrange the steps for forming a small group in the correct sequence. (B - a - c)

Topic: Conflicts

1. Determine the match: (1G, 2V, 3A, 4B)

2. Determine the match: (1B, 2E, 3G)

3. Identify the name of the conflict resulting from the mismatch: intrapersonal; (and)

4. Indicate the name of the conflict, the occurrence of which is associated with the personal characteristics of the conflicting. subjective; (in)

5. Define the name of the style of behavior in the conflict, in which, first of all, partners satisfy their own interests to the detriment of the interests of others. competition; (and)

6. Determine the name of the style of behavior in the conflict in which one of the parties to the conflict sacrifices his own interests for the sake of another ... adaptation. (d)

7. Define the name of the style of behavior in the conflict, in which the parties to the conflict come to an alternative that fully satisfies the interests of both parties. cooperation. (d)

8. Define the name of the style of behavior in the conflict, in which the agreement between the parties to the conflict is achieved through mutual concessions. compromise; (b)

9. Arrange in the correct sequence the main stages of the conflict. (B - d - a - c)

Topic: Pedagogy

1. Pedagogy studies and solves problems. education; learning, education (d)

2. Pedagogy is a science that studies facts and patterns ... education. (d)

3. Pedagogical branch of knowledge ... c is one of the most ancient, it is practically inseparable and has always accompanied the development of society; (in)

4. The object of knowledge in pedagogy is ... the process of training and education (c)

5.The subject of pedagogy is ... educational relationships that ensure the development of a person (s)

6. Does not apply to the main tasks of pedagogy ... Exploring the causes of individual differences between people. (B)

7. The tasks of pedagogy are not ... creation of a model of an ideal person. (e)

8.Pedagogy is a purely theoretical science No, pedagogy is science and art. (C)

9.The study of the creative potential of a person and the ways to achieve it is engaged in ... acmeology. (d)

10. Purposeful organized work on the formation of beliefs, norms of behavior, character traits, etc. represents … education (s)

11. The difference between education and upbringing is that ... education is holistic, goes in all directions at once (a)

12.Training .. has a developing and educational influence (c)

13. An organized and purposeful process of transferring knowledge, forming skills and abilities is ... training (s)

14. The process and result of quantitative and qualitative changes is ... development (in)

15. The following types of human development are distinguished: ... physical, mental, spiritual and social. (d)

16. The process of personality development is determined by the following factors: ... biological, social and psychological. (d)

17.Biological natural factors that determine personality development do not include ... ability. (g)

18. Public social factors that determine personality development do not include ... makings (g)

19.Psychological personality factors that determine personality development do not include ... anatomical and physiological features. (d)

20. The process and result of assimilation of a certain level of general human culture is ... education (in)

21. The formation of certain attitudes towards objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, as well as worldview and behavior is ... education (s)

22. In the Middle Ages, the pedagogical idea prevailed ... religious asceticism, mortification of the flesh and spiritual enslavement of the individual; (b)

23. The class-lesson system of education was scientifically substantiated ... Czech scientist-teacher Jan Amos Komensky. (B)

b) arbitrary;

c) post-arbitrary;

d) unstable.

69. Directly under the influence of the peculiarities of the perceived object ... attention arises.

a) involuntary;

b) arbitrary;

c) post-arbitrary.

d) There is no correct answer.

70. Arbitrary attention is not conditioned ...

a) awareness of duty and obligation;

b) by volitional efforts;

c) the requirements of the activity;

d) the attractiveness of the object.

e) All answers are correct.

f) All answers are wrong.

71. The cause of post-spontaneous attention is ...

a) lack of purpose of activity;

b) setting the goal of the activity;

c) interest as a manifestation of personality orientation;

d) interest due to the identified features of the object.

e) All answers are correct

72. Orientation reflex is seen as a mechanism
... attention.

a) involuntary;

b) arbitrary;

c) post-arbitrary.

d) There is no correct answer.

73. The values \u200b\u200bof attention parameters make it possible to judge ...

a) only about the human condition;

b) only about the degree of fatigue;

c) only about the level of wakefulness.

d) All answers are correct.

e) All answers are wrong.

74. The ability of a person to focus attention simultaneously on several objects is defined as ... attention.

a) concentration;

b) distribution;

c) stability;

d) switching.

e) There is no correct answer.

75. The degree of concentration of consciousness on an object is ...
attention.

b) concentration;

c) stability;

d) switching.

76. The ability to hold attention for a long time
the same object is defined as ... attention.

b) selectivity;

c) stability;

d) concentration.

77. Attracting attention is promoted by ...

a) only the strength of the stimuli;

b) only the connection of stimuli with the needs, interests of a person;

c) All answers are correct.

d) All answers are wrong.

78. Attention, which is due to the interests of a person, and is also characterized by purposefulness and the absence of the need for volitional efforts is called ...

a) involuntary;

b) arbitrary;

c) post-arbitrary;

d) idealistic.

79. Attention is ...

a) mental process;

b) mental state;

c) mental education;

d) mental property.

80. Human attention ...

a) has a social nature;

b) determined by natural factors;

c) has a physiological basis.

d) All answers are correct.

81. The main characteristics of post-spontaneous attention are ...

a) involuntariness, ease of occurrence and switching;

b) purposefulness, interest, stress relief;

c) focus, determined by the task, volitional effort, fatigue.

d) the answers are incorrect.

82. The condition for the occurrence of involuntary attention is ...

a) the decision taken;

b) the task at hand;

c) the action of a strong, significant, contrasting or causing an emotional reaction of the stimulus;

d) "entry" into the activity and the resulting
interest.

83. Attention is closely related to ...

a) perception;

b) thinking;

c) memory;

d) presentation;

f) All answers are correct.

g) All answers are wrong.

Topic: Motivational-needs sphere of personality

1. Active interaction of a person with the surrounding reality, in which he achieves a consciously set goal - this is ...

a) activity;

b) operation;

c) activity;

e) action.

2. An element of the structure of activity is ...

a) activity;

b) movement, gesture;

c) behavior;

e) action.

3. The image of the desired future, the perceived result, the achievement of which the action is directed, is ...

a) need;

d) task;

e) operation.

4. A relatively complete element of the structure of activities aimed at achieving the goal is ...

a) operation;

b) action;

c) activity;

5. What prompts a person to activity is ...

a) activity;

b) behavior;

e) desire.

Topic: "Psychology of Communication"

Determine the match: 2a3w1b

Determine in what kind of communication intermediate links are wedged in the form of a third person, mechanism, thing:

a) short-term;

b) direct;

c) personal and group;

d) mediated;

e) long-term.

Define the name of the group of means of non-verbal communication, which is characterized by the inclusion of pauses, crying, laughing, sighing, coughing in speech:

a) extralinguistics;

b) prosody;

c) kinesics;

d) takeshika.

Define the name of the special area dealing with the study of the norms of the spatial and temporal organization of communication:

a) takeshika;

b) proxemics;

c) kinesics;

d) prosody.

Determine the name of the position of the communication partner, whose state of mind reproduces the thoughts and reactions that the individual had in early childhood:

a) parent;

b) a child;

c) an adult;

d) non-participation.

Define the name of the communication side, meaning the process of perceiving each other by communication partners and establishing mutual understanding on this basis:

a) interactive;

b) perceptual;

c) communicative;

d) regulatory.

Define what social psychology studies:

a) psyche as a property of the brain to reflect objective reality;

b) mental development of the personality in the process of life;

c) the patterns of behavior and activities of people, due to the fact of their inclusion in social groups, as well as the psychological characteristics of these groups themselves;

d) social norms that determine how an individual, group or whole cultural community reacts to gender differences.

Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the "novelty effect" is manifested:

b) in their own relation to the communication partner;

Define the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual puts himself in the place of a communication partner:

a) identification;

b) reflection;

c) empathy;

d) feedback mechanism.

Determine, as a result, what effect of perception the most recent information has on the person:

a) a halo;

b) novelty;

c) primacy;

d) disinformation.

Define what is the meaning of the concept of "informal communication":

a) subjective personal;

b) due to social functions;

c) all answers are correct;

d) there is not a single correct answer.

Indicate the name of the method in which a person is judged on the basis of a generalized characteristic of the social type to which he is ranked, called:

a) analytical;

b) socially typical;

c) emotional;

d) associative.

Define a group of means of non-verbal communication, including touching, shaking, kissing:

a) extralinguistics;

b) prosody;

c) kinesics;

d) takeshika.

Define the name of the communication party, meaning the process of exchanging information and actions:

a) interactive;

b) perceptual;

c) communicative;

d) regulatory.

Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the "secondary effect" is manifested:

a) according to the latest information received about the communication partner;

b) in their own relation to the communication partner;

c) at the first impression that developed about the communication partner;

d) by the attractiveness of the communication partner.

Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual learns the emotional state of another person:

a) identification;

b) reflection;

c) empathy;

d) feedback mechanism.

Determine, as a result, what effect of perception the greatest influence on the personality is exerted by the first information received at the time of receipt:

a) a halo;

b) novelty;

c) primacy;

d) disinformation.

Determine what is the meaning of the concept of "formal communication":

a) subjective personal;

b) due to social functions;

c) all answers are correct;

d) there is not a single correct answer.

The way in which a person is judged by his appearance is called:

a) analytical;

b) socially typical;

c) emotional;

d) associative.

Determine the match:

1. Determine the match:

The answer in the task is formulated as a letter and a number separated by commas. For example: A1, B2, B3.

Answer: a2 b1 d3

2. Determine in what kind of communication intermediate links are wedged in the form of a third person, mechanism, thing:

a) short-term;

b) direct;

c) personal and group;

d) mediated; +

e) long-term.

3. Define the name of the group of means of non-verbal communication, which is characterized by the inclusion of pauses, crying, laughing, sighing, coughing in speech:

a) extralinguistics; +

b) prosody;

c) kinesics;

d) takeshika.

4. Define the name of a special area dealing with the study of the norms of spatial and temporal organization of communication:

a) takeshika;

b) proxemics; +

c) kinesics;

d) prosody.

5. Determine the name of the position of the communication partner, whose state of mind reproduces the thoughts and reactions that the individual had in early childhood:

a) parent;

b) a child; +

c) an adult;

d) non-participation.

6. Define the name of the communication side, meaning the process of perception of each other by communication partners and the establishment on this basis of mutual understanding:

a) interactive;

b) perceptual; +

c) communicative;

d) regulatory.

7. Define what social psychology studies:

a) psyche as a property of the brain to reflect objective reality;

b) mental development of the personality in the process of life;

c) the patterns of behavior and activities of people, due to the fact of their inclusion in social groups, as well as the psychological characteristics of these groups themselves; +

d) social norms that determine how an individual, a group or an entire cultural community responds to gender differences.

8. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the "novelty effect" is manifested:

9. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual puts himself in the place of a communication partner:

a) identification; +

b) reflection;

c) empathy;

d) feedback mechanism.

10. Determine, as a result, what effect of perception the most recent information has on the person:

a) a halo;

b) novelty; +

c) primacy;

d) disinformation.

11. Determine what is the meaning of the concept of "informal communication":

a) subjective personal; +

b) due to social functions;

c) all answers are correct;

12. Indicate the name of the method in which a person is judged on the basis of a generalized characteristic of the social type to which he is ranked, called:

a) analytical;

b) socially typical; +

c) emotional;

d) associative.

13. Define a group of means of non-verbal communication, including touching, shaking, kissing:

a) extralinguistics;

b) prosody;

c) kinesics;

d) takeshika. +

14. Define the name of the communication party, meaning the process of exchanging information and actions:

a) interactive; +

b) perceptual;

c) communicative;

d) regulatory.

15. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the "secondary effect" is manifested:

a) according to the latest information received about the communication partner; novelty

b) in their own relation to the communication partner; feedback

c) at the first impression about the communication partner; primacy

d) by the attractiveness of the communication partner. Nothing written

16. Determine the mechanism of cognition of another person, in which the individual learns the emotional state of another person:

a) identification;

b) reflection;

c) empathy; +

d) feedback mechanism.

17. Determine, as a result, what effect of perception the greatest influence on the personality is exerted by the first information received at the time of receipt:

a) a halo;

b) novelty;

c) primacy; +

d) disinformation.

18. Determine what is the meaning of the concept of "formal communication":

a) subjective personal;

b) due to social functions; +

c) all answers are correct;

d) there is not a single correct answer.

19. The way in which a person is judged by his appearance is called:

a) analytical; +

b) socially typical;

c) emotional;

d) associative.

20. Determine the match:

The answer in the task is formulated as a letter and a number separated by commas. For example: A1, B2, B3, G4.

Answer: a3 b2 c1 d4

21. Define a group of means of non-verbal communication, studying the range, tone, timbre and quality of the voice:

a) extralinguistics;

b) prosody;

c) paralinguistics; +

d) takeshika.

22. Determine how the message is transmitted according to the model of the communicative process:

a) communicator;

b) audience;

c) channel; +

d) message.

23. Define the name of the special area dealing with the study of facial expressions, gestures, body movements:

a) takeshika;

b) proxemics;

c) kinesics; +

d) prosody.

a) parent; +

b) a child;

c) an adult;

d) non-participation.

25. Define the name of the party of communication, meaning the process of exchange of information between partners:

a) interactive;

b) perceptual;

c) communicative; +

d) regulatory.

26. Determine the nature of interaction with a communication partner when the "boomerang effect" is manifested:

a) according to the latest information received about the communication partner;

b) in their own relation to the communication partner; +

c) at the first impression about the communication partner;

d) by the attractiveness of the communication partner.

a) identification;

b) reflection;

c) empathy;

d) feedback mechanism. +

28. Determine, as a result of what effect of perception, the attitude towards the communication partner is formed, and certain qualities are attributed to him:

a) a halo; +

b) novelty;

c) primacy;

d) disinformation.

29. Indicate the name of the process of attributing to each other, both the reasons and the patterns of behavior themselves are called:

a) interpersonal attraction;

b) causal attribution; +

c) empathy;

d) reflection.

30. Determine the name of the way in which a person is judged based on his emotional attractiveness or unattractiveness:

a) analytical;

b) socially typical;

c) emotional; +

d) associative.

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