Cruiser nuremberg. From the history of the cruiser "Admiral Makarov". Design and modernization

The light cruiser "Nuremberg", laid down in March 1933 at the Deutsch Werke shipyard in Kiel, was supposed to be used mainly as a raider with practically unlimited capabilities. Its design, technical solutions and equipment used the latest achievements of science, technology and shipbuilding technology. With a maximum length of 181 m, a width of 16.5 m and a draft of 5.7 m, its displacement was 8380 tons; the cruiser's armament consisted of three three-gun turrets of the main caliber 150 mm, four 88 mm two-gun stabilized mounts, four twin 37-mm anti-aircraft guns, twelve coaxial 20-mm machine guns. The ship had equipment for laying mines, four 533-mm torpedo tubes, two onboard aircraft with a catapult.

The power equipment of the ship was no less perfect and powerful for those years. Two turbines, working on the side shafts, and four main diesel engines - on the middle propeller, with a total power of 66,000 liters. from. provided him with a course of 32 knots. The use of main diesel engines alone allowed the cruiser to perform an emergency survey from anchor and ensure significant autonomy of navigation at a speed of 18 knots. "Nuremberg" left the stocks in December 1934, and in November 1935 with a crew of 896 people entered service.

The ship immediately began cruising the coast of northern Spain on the side of General Franco. During the naval blockade of England, dozens of ships, including British ships, were blown up by mines placed by a cruiser off the coast of Great Britain. One day, at the end of 1939, an English torpedo from a submarine overtook the Nuremberg in the Skagerrak. After a short repair, the cruiser, already in the Norwegian Sea, provided the landing near Narvik. Later, the "Nuremberg" was actively operating on the routes of the allied convoys en route to Arkhangelsk. He provided the exit from the Altenfjord of the German squadron, heading to defeat the convoy "PQ-17".

Almost the last combat operation for the cruiser "Nuremberg" was the laying of mines in the fairway to the port of Oslo in February 1945, after which he with cadets on board went to the port of Copenhagen. Here, on May 5, 1945, its commander accepted the order of the main command of the fleet on the complete surrender of Germany. The cruiser capitulated, but her crew remained on board.

In July-September, the Allied Control Commission discussed the fate of the captured fleet. A number of ships went to the Soviet Union, including the light cruiser Nuremberg. By order of the Commander-in-Chief of the USSR Navy N. Kuznetsov of November 19, 1945, the cruiser "Nuremberg" was included in the squadron of the Northern Baltic Fleet based in Tallinn. From that day, under the flag of the USSR Navy, a new period of the ship's life began. Captain 1st rank S. Vorkov was appointed its commander. The signing of the protocol on the transfer of the cruiser to the 8th Soviet Navy took place in Libau on January 9, 1946. After that, the German team got off the ship. By order of the People's Commissar of the Navy on February 13, 1946, the cruiser was named “Admiral Makarov”.

During the Soviet period, the crew of the cruiser fully mastered the technical and combat assets of the ship and successfully completed all assigned combat and training missions. "Admiral Makarov" more than once won prizes in artillery fire at coastal, sea and air targets. It has also become a showcase warship for visits by high-ranking foreign delegations. Every year on the holidays dedicated to the October Revolution, "Admiral Makarov" came to Leningrad on the Neva and, anchored opposite St. Isaac's Cathedral, made artillery salutes.

In February 1959, a directive was signed by the Civil Code of the USSR Navy on the dismantling of the cruiser, and on July 6, an order was received from the General Staff of the USSR Navy to send the "Admiral Makarov" for scrap. In August, the cruiser moved to Leningrad at the Kirovsky plant for disposal.

Officers and warrant officers of the cruiser at the "commemoration" of their "Admiral Makarov" vowed to be faithful to the memory of their ship, to continue to observe and strengthen its traditions and naval friendship. Every year, on the day of the ship's holiday, meet, if possible, in St. Petersburg. As the years passed, the naval service scattered us across all fleets, but we continued to meet.

As you know, seafarers all over the world have in common the sea. Some "Makarovites" also had thoughts about the German sailors who had previously served on the "Nuremberg". How friendly was his crew, how did they feel about their cruiser, what did they feel after the surrender when they left it in Libau on January 9, 1946? While in Germany, officers from the Makarov repeatedly tried to find the crew members of the cruiser Nuremberg. For a long time this did not succeed, but an unforeseen event brought A. Simkin on May 9, 2000 to the Russian consulate in Hamburg, where a reception was held on the occasion of Victory Day. It was attended by the chairman of the "People's Union of Germany for the Care of War Burials and the Reconciliation of Former Enemies through Burials" G. Käler. He took an active part in the desire to establish communication between the crews of the cruiser and published an appeal to the living German sailors of the "Nuremberg".

On the eve of the publication of the appeal, G. Ushmorov met with the former naval officer Mr. O. Navara, who in January 1945 was a cadet on the cruiser Nuremberg. This was the beginning of their friendly correspondence.

Soon the sailors of the cruiser "Nuremberg", living in Germany and other countries, including the chairman of the "Society" Nuremberg "E. Brusheide, got in touch. their beloved ship, united in the "Society" Nuremberg ", swore loyalty to his memory and still continue to meet annually. With the participation of this society, the book "Chronicle of the cruiser" Nuremberg "was published in Germany from 1933 to 1959. Soon the chairman of the" Society "Nuremberg" in a letter to Simkin invited him and the crew of the "Admiral Makarov" to a regular meeting of members of the German society at the end September 2000

The meeting took place on September 22-24 in Labe on the shore of the Kiel Bay at the German Naval Museum. A lot of former "Nuremberg" residents from Germany, Austria, Argentina, Brazil, and the United States gathered there. Unfortunately, no one from among the "Makarovites", except for A. Simkin, could take part in it due to a banal lack of funds and state of health. The meeting of the crew members of the cruiser was opened by the chairman of the "Nuremberg" society E. Brusheide, after which wreaths were laid to the memorial plaque of the "Nuremberg" in the honorary hall of the museum.

E. Brusgaide congratulated the veteran sailors on their holiday, wished them the same joyful meetings in the future. He especially noted and warmly welcomed the participation in the celebration of the members of the "Admiral Makarov" society. In response, A. Simkin read out a greeting to the "Nuremberg" from the sailors from the "Admiral Makarov", as a sign of their genuine desire to be friends with their colleagues on the ship, donated to the museum in Laboe the mortgage board of the cruiser "Nuremberg" of the "Deutsch Werke" plant. By a unanimous decision of the meeting of veterans, the ship's mortgage board, its photo with a list of the main characteristics, the text of a brief history of the cruiser Nuremberg - Admiral Makarov and greetings from the Soviet crew to the German were fixed in the memory hall of the German Naval Museum.

E. Brusgaide thanked all the participants of the meeting, wished them health and many years of life and once again expressed gratitude to the Russian representative for participating in the meeting, asked to convey greetings and good wishes to all "Makarovites". In subsequent years, contacts between us continued through correspondence and private tourist (and other) mutual visits.

On January 27, the cruiser arrives in Copenhagen - the war is over for him - there was a catastrophic shortage of oil in Germany, and the crew of a completely combat-ready cruiser, as spectators, had to indifferently watch Germany's agony. The last episode of the war was the repulsion on 5 May of an attempt by members of the Danish resistance movement to destroy the ship using an exploding boat. The attack was repulsed by the fire of anti-aircraft guns. The loss of the crew was 4 people.

Light cruiser "Nuremberg". 1944 (exterior and top view)

Light cruiser "Nuremberg". 1945 (exterior view)

On May 8, Germany surrendered to the Western allies, on May 9 to the USSR. Life on the German ships that ended up in Copenhagen went on as before. On the evening of May 9, a company of the 13th parachute battalion of the 6th British Airborne Division landed at Copenhagen airport, then the British sailors appeared. They were joined by war correspondent Woodward, who witnessed the following historical scene: "A battered Volkswagen with a large white flag drove around Kongrens Nyutrow, Copenhagen's main square, and taxied to the D'Angleterre Hotel, where the British administration intended to camp.

In the car sat two deathly pale German naval officers in shabby leather coats and rumpled caps. The gold stripes faded. There were also a chauffeur sailor and a grim woman in the uniform blouse of the women's auxiliary corps.

Light cruiser "Nuremberg" in May 1945 (two photos above) and with the destroyer T 33 on the roadstead of Wilhelmshaven at the end of 1945

The woman got out of the car and went to the only man in the British uniform whom the Germans could see. This was a war correspondent, and by a happy coincidence, the author of this book. He stood at the door of the hotel and talked to the receptionist. The woman said that she had arrived with two officers authorized to process the surrender of the German ships in port. "(Thulee T. Woodward D. Twilight of the Sea Gods, pp. 476-477). The German officers were dispatched to the shocked receptionist and correspondent to the administration room where the British naval officers were.

Soon "Nuremberg" and all the other ships in the port nominally came under British control. The ammunition was unloaded from the cruiser and on May 24-26 it was transferred to Copenhagen, and then to Wilhelmshaven, guarded by the British cruisers "Devonshire" and "Dido". In Wilhelmshaven, "Nuremberg" was waiting for the decision of their fate.

In the summer of 1945, the former allies divided up the remnants of the German fleet. "Nuremberg" entered the Soviet share. As soon as this became known to the British, who had not forgotten the self-flooding of the German fleet at Scapa Flow, they immediately took action. On Sunday, December 16, 1945, Operation Silver was carried out - the marines occupied the ships transferred to the USSR, the German crews were transferred to prisoner-of-war camps, the cruiser was docked to avoid "accidents".

5 (according to other sources, 19) November, the ship was enlisted in the lists of the Soviet navy. In Kronstadt, the formation of a "special command" for the acceptance of "Nuremberg" has begun, it included 309 people, including 21 officers. The first Soviet commander was appointed Captain 2nd Rank S.S. Vorkov, commander of the Black Sea Guards destroyer "Soobrazitelny" in 1941-1944.

In December 1945, Soviet sailors arrived in Wilhelmshaven and began accepting the cruiser. The official handover ceremony was held on January 2, 1946. On the "Nuremberg" they raised the flag of Vice Admiral Yu.F. Ralla, and the transferred ships left for Liepaja, where they arrived on 5 January. The Lembit submarine was already there. It was then that the conversation between the commanders of the cruiser and the submarine took place. Later, in his memoirs A.M. Matiyasevich spoke very well of Gissler.

The official act on the transfer of the cruiser was signed, the German crew was transferred to the floating base and sent to the western zone of occupation.

Concluding the history of "Nuremberg", it should be noted that its last commander - Gissler founded the society of veterans "Scharnhorst" and "Nuremberg". Now it is the only active veteran organization of the Kriegsmarine.

On February 13, the cruiser was renamed "Admiral Makarov" and on February 15, 1946, she was enlisted in the North Baltic Fleet with the main base in Tallinn. After the crew mastered the ship, the routine service began. Every year "Admiral Makarov" came to Leningrad for the May and November holidays. At this time, the designers of TsKB-17 were developing a project for the modernization of the cruiser. The work was carried out in 1949-1951.

Almost all light anti-aircraft weapons were removed from the cruiser. Only 2 quadruple 20mm submachine guns remained. On board appeared K) double-barreled 37-mm machine guns model B-11. German electronic weapons were supplemented by the Soviet Redan-2 fire control radar. Later, all radar stations were replaced by domestic counterparts.

In the summer, the cruiser was engaged in combat training, and in the winter she stood up to the factory wall.

In September 1951, "Admiral Makarov" became a "film actor", he starred in the film "Unforgettable 1919", portraying the British cruiser "Diomede". On October 13, 1954 (according to other sources, on December 24, 1955), the ship was reclassified as a training cruiser and transferred to the Kronstadt naval fortress. In the summer of 1957, a large campaign with cadets took place in the Baltic and the North Sea.

On 27th m & rta in 1956 they decided to transfer the ship to the North. At the same time, they planned to use it in nuclear weapons tests on Novaya Zemlya. On August 28, 1958 this decision was canceled, on February 20, 1959 "Admiral Makarov" was excluded from the lists of the fleet, transferred to the Department of Stock Property for dismantling for metal. According to some reports, the dismantling of the cruiser was delayed, and until the end of the 1960s it was used as a floating barracks in Kronstadt.

A whole 6 years have passed, during which naval theorists, admirals and engineers of Germany tried unsuccessfully to agree on which ship the fleet needed. In particular, it was proposed to increase the displacement to 8,000 tons, since the Versailles restrictions were dropped, without changing the rest of the combat characteristics. This made it possible to create a more durable and seaworthy hull, provide decent protection for the cellars and artillery, strengthen the anti-aircraft guns and, possibly, slightly increase the speed. As a result, the future ship was more or less compared with foreign counterparts. However, the Kriegsmarine command clearly leaned towards the heavy cruisers, the development of which was the main focus. The result of such leaps and fluctuations was that when in 1936 the construction of the sixth light cruiser was approved, the fleet was left without any project at all. It was necessary to hastily revise the drawings of Leipzig, but all the main defects that migrated from the series to Leipzig were inherited and to the new ship. The result is amazing, since there was enough time and opportunity to change the situation, and most importantly, there were no longer any restrictions that forced at one time to create a small 6000-ton ship.

This is not to say that the designers did not try to do anything. The cruiser "Nuremberg" was by far the most perfect among its "cousins". Its body was slightly lengthened, while increasing its width. The extra 100 tons of displacement was largely used to strengthen the hull. The interior layout has improved; the compartments have ceased to be so cramped and inconvenient, however, the capacity of the fuel tanks, and therefore the range, have decreased.

The booking was broadly the same as Leipzig. By tradition, the Germans paid as much attention as possible to the armoring of artillery installations, although it was not possible to do much on such a small ship. The Nuremberg towers were reinforced in the frontal area to 80 mm, but the walls and front slab were only 20 mm thick, and the rear wall and rear slab were 35 and 32 mm, respectively. As a result of the strengthening of the armor, the weight of each turret increased by 10 tons and amounted to 147 tons. In general, the protection improved somewhat compared to its predecessors, but remained still insufficient, due to the size of the cruiser.

The location of the ammunition storage was also different from its predecessors. On the last 9-gun cruiser, charges and shells were stored in combined storage (10 in total, of which 3 served the bow turret). The shells and charges enclosed in brass cases were manually transferred through special chambers into the rotating part of the tower. These chambers were double vertical cylinders, in which they placed a charge at the bottom and a projectile at the top, and provided complete impenetrability to fire. The location of the cellars turned out to be by no means ideal: some of them were located at a distance from the working compartment, and the ammunition had to be moved through the rooms located closer to the barbet, making it difficult and slowing down the work. The rest of the armament has practically not changed compared to Leipzig.

The machine setup also remains largely the same.

In general, we can say that the last of the built German light cruisers practically repeated Leipzig, created 5 years earlier. Despite the increased displacement by 1000 tons, it retained the main defects of its predecessor, first of all, the insufficient strength of the hull. Moreover, the overloaded ship had the worst seaworthiness of the entire series, being a prime example of how "improvements" in the original design often lead in the end to the exact opposite result.

Commissioned on November 2, 1935, under the command of Captain zur see Schmundt, the newest light cruiser had a quick career ahead. On April 9 of the following year, the ship that had just completed the tests became the flagship of the Reconnaissance Force - Rear Admiral Boehm raised his flag on it. His first trip abroad began immediately.

August 19, 1936 the first trip to Spain. On April 24, 1937, the "second series" of the Spanish campaign began, where the cruiser again went under the flag of Rear Admiral Bem. The still incompletely combat-ready ship essentially served as a temporary flagship. After the next transfer of command of the forces in Spain to Rear Admiral Fishel, the Nuremberg returned to Kiel on 19 May. In Germany, numerous maneuvers and exercises awaited the ship.

One of the first combat missions almost became the last for "Nuremberg". Details of the operation and a detailed description of the attack of the British submarine "Samon" on the morning of December 13 are given in the description of the history of Leipzig. A British torpedo salvo, fired with a wide dilution, hit not only this cruiser, but also the leading Nuremberg. As soon as the explosion of the hit to Leipzig sounded, the flagship noticed the traces of two torpedoes heading straight for the side. The ship turned sharply to the right and lay down on a course parallel to the torpedoes. Trying to dodge the closest of them, the Nuremberg again turned sharply, this time to the left, but the ship maneuvering at high speed had not yet left the previous turn, and practically did not respond to the rudder shift. At 11:27 am, a torpedo hit him in the bow. The lower part of the hull under the waterline was completely torn off, and the two bow compartments instantly filled with water. The explosion injured 16 crew members. The machines remained in operation, but the rags of the former bow end made maneuvering a little difficult and reduced the speed, which had to be reduced to 18 knots for safety reasons, the front waterproof partitions, which now took on all the water pressure. The fire control equipment was out of order from the impact. Although the cruiser retained the ability to move, its combat value was close to zero. Just a minute after the hit, Lutens already informed the command of the "West" group about the incident and requested support. By noon, the emergency crews localized the flooding, and, having made sure of the reliability of the front bulkheads, the commander of the flagship, Captain Zur See Otto Kluber, was able to control his ship - very timely. At about 12:14, 2 British bombers appeared in front of the course, which, despite anti-aircraft fire, quite accurately dropped 4 bombs, which fell just 15-20 m from the Nuremberg, which turned sharply to the left. The blow shook the stern part violently; water began to flow into the building. Fortunately, the damage was minor and practically did not affect the condition of the ship.

At 14:30 the destroyers who had returned from the deployment approached. Unsure of the safety of his damaged ships, Lutens ordered the Nuremberg to retreat east at the fastest possible speed. The flagship cruiser was escorted by the destroyer Künné. Luck was with the Germans: both ships arrived at the mouth of the Elbe on the morning of December 14, safely avoiding attacks from British submarines.

Although, unlike the Leipzig cruiser that had practically ceased to be a full-fledged one, the Nuremberg managed to be repaired quite quickly (the cruiser was re-commissioned in late spring 1940), its further combat career also practically came to an end.

"Nuremberg" was unable to take part in the capture of Denmark and Norway (Operation "Weserubung"). For a short time from June to July he was based in Norwegian waters, but did not make active exits.

With the beginning of the war against the USSR, the actions of the forces concentrated in the Baltic Sea intensified. In September, they tried to blockade the Gulf of Finland from the seemingly possible exit of the Soviet surface forces, and the Nuremberg, together with Cologne, were part of the northern group intended directly for fighting the breakout forces.

November 11, 1942 (after repair) "Nuremberg" went to Norway. On December 2, he arrived in Narvik - at the wrong time. Soon the ill-fated "New Year's battle" took place, after which the German surface fleet finally became only a potential threat. The most modern of the light cruisers in Germany never went on a military campaign for six months. Forced idleness in the small northern ports greatly affected the morale of the crew, and the return to Kiel on May 3, 1943 was perceived as deliverance. Having not fired a single shot at the enemy, "Nuremberg" nevertheless required preventive repairs, which were carried out at the shipyard Navy Navy in Wilhelmshaven. By the end of the year, the cruiser resumed training service in the Baltic. There he spent almost the entire next year, 1944, not participating in anything other than small training trips along the coast. Undoubtedly, his fate would have turned out to be similar to the fate of the German ships remaining on the Baltic Sea, if it had not been for the order that followed at the end of December to replace Emdem as a mine layer for the defense of the Danish straits. January 3, 1945 "Nuremberg" left Swinemunde and arrived in Oslo 4 days later. Here he was finally awaited by an active service. Rear Admiral Kreish raised the flag on the cruiser, and the ship made several exits to lay mines. However, it quickly became clear that its combat effectiveness remained extremely low, since the basis of the crew was made up of constantly changing students of naval schools. An order was received to bring the cruiser "up to standard" as soon as possible and send it back to the Baltic Sea. On January 27, he arrived in the capital of Denmark. However, a lack of fuel was added to the incessant shortage of personnel, and the "Nuremberg" stood until the end of the war in Copenhagen, practically without leaving the port.

This saved Germany's newest light cruiser: the capital of Denmark was not subjected to violent air raids that destroyed the large warships remaining in German ports. Now captivity awaited him.

After a general surrender, an English cruiser moored to board the "Nuremberg" Air defense Anti-air defense "Dido", whose officers confiscated most of the technical and service documentation. May 22 the command of the British Navy Navy in Copenhagen ordered to raise the flag of surrender, although the German crew remained on board. Fearing that the German ships could repeat the "trick" with self-flooding, which had been successful in the First World War in Scapa Flow, the British decided to take the best of them under stronger protection to Germany. May 24 "Nuremberg" and the heavy cruiser Prince Eugen under the escort of the British heavy cruiser "Devonshire", cruiser Air defense Anti-air defense The Dido and two destroyers set off for Wilhelmshaven. There the final fate of "Nuremberg" was decided. In accordance with the division of the remnants of the German fleet, the largest of the afloat enemy warships that were allowed to remain in service went to the Soviet Union. The British decided "out of harm's way" to put it in dry dock, fearing acts of sabotage.

The trophy distribution procedure was framed as a real military operation. Since practically all German ports were in the zone of British occupation, the responsibility for the transfer of German ships to the Allies, called Operation Silver, was borne by the British, who took it extremely seriously. In September, a plan was drawn up for the technical preparation of ships for the transition, and on December 4 an order was issued under the heading "Strictly Secret", regulating the procedure for the transfer of the "Russian" part of the German fleet under the control of Soviet sailors. Although over 200 German sailors were still on the Nuremberg, there were already British guards, who were instructed to open fire if necessary, and Admiral Barrow's order stated that "if you start shooting, then shoot to kill!" The British carried out the appearance of the Soviet crew in a cunning manner. 4 days before Christmas 1945, the German team was put on trucks and taken out of Wilhelmshaven for two days. At the end of the "walk" on the ladder, they were already met by Soviet sailors. The last German commander, Captain Zursee Gissler, received two written guarantees - from the British and from the Soviet command that after the cruiser was delivered to the USSR, all people would be returned to Germany "if it is established that not a single act of sabotage has been committed." On January 1, 1946, the cruiser was handed over, and on January 2, "Nuremberg", on which Vice-Admiral Rall raised the flag, accompanied by the radio-controlled target ship "Hesse", its control destroyer "Blitz", the destroyer "Z-15" and destroyers " T-33 "and" T-107 ", headed for Liepaja. The detachment was accompanied by the British escort ships "Hambledon" and "Holderness", and the English guard remained on board the "Nuremberg".

On January 5, the detachment approached Libau. According to the recollections of the German participants in the passage, Rall gave the order to drop anchor in the outer roadstead, despite the intense excitement. The anchor chain broke, and the cruiser found herself next to an untracked minefield in the advancing twilight. The German historian K. Becker argues that Gissler and the German crew almost saved the Nuremberg, flying all night using radar, the testimony of which was not trusted by the Soviet sailors. The next morning a tug approached, but because of the continued excitement, the towing ends were torn all the time. Then, allegedly, Gissler independently led the cruiser through the narrow passage, having received a compliment from the admiral: "No Russian officer could have coped with this maneuver." Soviet sources do not confirm this story. In any case, there were no complaints about the German team, and they soon went home on the floating base Otto Wünsche.

Thus ended the service of the last German light cruiser in the German Navy Navy... Upon arrival in the Soviet Union, a relatively new ship, which was in good technical condition, was included in the active forces. On February 13, 1946, it received the name "Admiral Makarov" and from February 15 was included in the North Baltic (8th) fleet. For some time, the former German even carried the flag of the commander of this fleet, Vice Admiral V.F. Zozuli. On November 7, 1947, together with other naval trophies, he took part in the traditional parade on the Neva.

The strategy for the use of German naval trophies in the Soviet fleet provided for minimal work and full use of ships until the resources of the power plant were exhausted, after which it was supposed to put them on hold or scrapped. In 1948-1950, a corresponding modernization of the Nuremberg was carried out, during which all light anti-aircraft artillery and torpedo tubes were replaced with Soviet models. Radar equipment was also replaced; to place the antennas of the newly installed Radar Radar station, had to strengthen the rear mast, replaced by a tripod. The modernized cruiser made several more training trips, but along with the development of the service life of the boilers and turbines, its active service was coming to an end. Withdrawn from the combat fleet and reclassified as a training ship on February 21, 1957, he remained in this capacity for another 2 years, after which in February 1959 he was finally excluded from the Navy Navy and written off for disassembly. On March 13, 1957, the crew was removed from the Makarov, and later, instead of dismantling work, they were transferred to Kronstadt as a floating barracks. From the former "Nuremberg" began to gradually remove weapons and equipment. The process dragged on for several years, and only in the spring of 1960 it was scrapped. The place of the final "pacification" of the last cruiser Kriegsmarine is not entirely clear: the most reliable version seems to be that its "stripped" corps in Leningrad was transferred to Kaliningrad, where it was finally dismantled in 1967-1968.

The book covers the history of the design, construction and combat service of the last German light cruisers of the Second World War - "Leipzig" and "Nuremberg".

The naval operations and battles of the Second World War in which these ships participated, as well as the unrealized projects of light cruisers that were being developed in Germany before the Second World War, are described in detail.

For a wide range of readers interested in military history and the history of shipbuilding.

Sections of this page:

On June 16, 1933 (according to other sources, March 16, 1933) a cruiser was ordered to the Deutsche Werke plant in Kiel, which received the code name "Kreuzer F" or "Ersatz Nymphe". The ship was laid down on November 4, 1933, the baptism and launching ceremony was held on December 8, 1934 - the cruiser was named "Nuremberg". He inherited the name from a cruiser of the Kaiser fleet, who died in the battle off the Falkland Islands. At the celebrations, Oberburgmaster Willy Lebel made a speech; Frau Walburg Lefeldt, daughter of the commander of the deceased "Nuremberg", became the godmother. The ceremony was also attended by the widow of the commander, Frau Alice von Schonberg. The ceremony took place on the twentieth anniversary of the Battle of the Falkland Islands.

On November 2, 1935, the ship entered the fleet, at first the flag of the already defunct Weimar Republic was raised on it, but five days later, on November 7, the naval flag of the Third Reich was raised on it.

From November to April 1936, the cruiser was tested in the Baltic Sea, occasionally returning to the plant to eliminate the deficiencies found. After the completion of the tests, on April 9, 1936, she becomes the flagship of the Navy Reconnaissance Force and Rear Admiral Bem raised the flag on it. From April 14 to May 8, the first Atlantic voyage of the "Nuremberg" took place. The cruiser visited Santa Cruz, Lisbon, then underwent a combat training course. From August to October, the ship was in Spanish waters, providing assistance to the rebels of General Franco. In November-December, the second trip to Spanish waters took place. On November 19 "Nuremberg" got into a storm, cracks appeared in the hull and on the upper deck. Upon returning to Germany, the ship underwent repairs with the correction of damage and then a short course of combat training. In April-May 1937 he made the third trip to Spanish waters.

"Nuremberg" before and during the parade. August 22, 1936

"Nuremberg" at anchor. A seaplane is lifted onto the ship with an arrow

Returning to Germany, "Nuremberg" was engaged in combat training both individually and as part of the formation. In July-August he made his fourth trip to Spanish waters. The return passage to Germany took place as part of a squadron: with the armored ship Admiral Graf Spee and the 4th destroyer flotilla. Upon returning to their native waters, the squadron took part in the autumn maneuvers, where the naval torpedo shooting became the brightest page. From September 29 to November 20, "Nuremberg" underwent routine repairs at the "Deutsche Werke" in Kiel. In December, a series of training torpedo firing took place.

The first two months of the new 1938, the cruiser performed various torpedo and artillery fires, and in March she took part in the maneuvers of the Reconnaissance Forces, in April-June it underwent repairs at a construction shipyard and after leaving the repair a short course of combat training. From June 29 to July 7, a training campaign took place in Norwegian waters, after its completion the cruiser returned to the Baltic, where she then conducted torpedo firing, and in August, artillery fire.

On August 22, the cruiser, like the entire German fleet, took part in the parade dedicated to the launching of the Prince Eugen heavy cruiser. Demonstration maneuvers took place after the parade. After the end of the celebrations, the "Nuremberg" returned to normal service: at the end of September it took part in large autumn maneuvers, from 12 to 20 November to forging in Kiel, in December a series of artillery fires. On December 8, Nuremberg took part in the launching ceremony of the Graf Zeppelin aircraft carrier.

In January 1939, the cruiser underwent individual combat training. On February 14, the cruiser took part in the launch of the battleship Bismarck and then, after the end of the celebrations, got up for maintenance in Kiel. Already in March, Nuremberg participates in a "bloodless" aggression against Memel. On April 1, the next celebrations took place, this time dedicated to the launching of the battleship Tirpitz. From May 2 to 4, the cruiser made a series of runs on the measuring line at Pillau, from May 6 to 10, a visit to the Swedish port of Gothenburg took place, from May 10 to 14, bypassing the Norwegian fiords. In June, "Nuremberg" conducted a series of artillery fires at sea and air targets and took part in fleet maneuvers; August - torpedo firing, in mid-August the mobilization of the German fleet began, and in the twenties the blockade of the Polish coast.

View from the foremast to the rangefinders and left waist of the Nuremberg (three photos above). At anchor. 1938 g.

After three Polish destroyers left for England, the command of the German fleet decided to transfer the cruisers Leipzig and Nuremberg to the North Sea, and on September 1 they proceeded to the Kiel Canal.

At the beginning of the war, one of the main tasks of the German fleet was the setting up of the Westwall minefield system. On the night of September 3–4, Nuremberg, as part of a formation (Leipzig, Grille minelayer and the 6th destroyer flotilla), took part in setting up one of the fragments of this obstacle. On the night of September 5-6, a similar operation took place: the German formation included the cruisers Nuremberg, Leipzig, the destroyers Georg Thiele, Friedrich Inn, Erich Steinbrink, Friedrich Ekoldt and three destroyers. Throughout September and early October, the cruiser performed various tasks.

On October 6, 1939, during one of the exits to the sea, together with the destroyer Falk, the Nuremberg was attacked by the British submarine Seawulf. The torpedoes missed their target. Probably, after this exit, the cruiser leaves the North Sea and goes to the Baltic, then from mid-October to early November, repairs take place in Kiel.

On October 21, Rear Admiral Gunther Lutyens took over as commander of the Intelligence Force. He chose Nuremberg as his flagship. But in fact, his flag was raised on the ship on November 9. After the completion of the work, the ship returns to the combat area, and the first mission of the cruiser was to meet the German destroyers who laid mines off the English coast. The first operation of this kind was carried out on the night of November 12-13, the cruisers Nuremberg, Konigsberg and destroyers from the 6th flotilla took part in the operation. Everything went well. The second operation took place on the night of November 17-18, this time, in addition to Nuremberg, the Königsberg and a slightly different composition of destroyers from the same 6th flotilla entered the sea.

When returning to the "Nuremberg" there was an accident of mechanisms. The speed dropped to 25 knots. After a short repair, the cruiser returns to the fleet again. On the evening of December 12, Nuremberg will put out to sea a compound - Leipzig and Cologne.

December 13, 1939 "Nuremberg" and "Leipzig" were torpedoed by the British submarine "Salmon". The first to receive the torpedo was "Leipzig" (11 hours 25 minutes). Then the flagship's signalmen saw the tracks of two more torpedoes. The evasion maneuver was partially successful - only one torpedo missed the target. At 11:27 a.m. the second torpedo hit the Nuremberg.

An explosion thundered in the bow, part of the bow below the waterline was torn off, and the water very quickly flooded the bow compartments. The crew losses were insignificant, only 16 wounded. The power plant was not damaged. At 11:28 a.m. G. Lutyens sent a radiogram to the command of the West Navy group: “Leipzig and Nuremberg were torpedoed. At the same time, traces of three more torpedoes were found, the German sailors were lucky, they passed the target. Someone from the crew imagined a periscope, and several shots were fired from the aft tower.

"Nuremberg" in Norwegian waters. 1941-1942

Compared to Leipzig, the damage to the flagship was insignificant. The flow of water was quickly stopped, but due to the destruction in the bow, the maneuverability of the ship deteriorated, the speed dropped to 18 knots. Due to the concussion, problems arose in the artillery fire control system. At 12 o'clock, the bridge from the power and survivability post reported on the completion of work to reinforce the bulkheads. At 12 h 10 min | "Nuremberg" attacked two British aircraft, after which G. Lutyens decided to split his compound into two parts. Destroyers were assigned to each cruiser. "Nuremberg" got the "Künnes", and on the morning of December 14, they reached their shores without further incident, and then the damaged cruiser proceeded to the Kiel Canal to the builder shipyard, which began repair work.

The renovation was completed on April 29, 1940. From 14 to 19 June, the Nuremberg, together with the destroyer Erich Steinbripk and minesweepers from the 2nd Flotilla, were guarding the transport Levante, with mountain riflemen on board, taking part in the operation codenamed Nord. The passage of the convoy from Kiel to Drothheim proceeded without incident.

On July 25, 1940, the cruiser becomes the flagship of the formation. It includes the destroyers Hans Lodi, Friedrich Inn, Paul Jacobi, Karl Galster. The purpose of the operation was to ensure the transfer of the damaged battleship "Gneisenau" to Germany for repairs. The first day of the crossing was uneventful, on the 26th there was a meeting with the destroyers. Soon one of them, "Luhs", perishes from a mysterious underwater explosion. On July 28, the convoys arrived at the port of destination.

The end of 1940 passed for Nuremberg in routine service. On the night of December 4-5, "Nuremberg" and "Cologne" went to sea for a mine laying in the Kattegat and Skagerrak straits, but due to bad weather the forthcoming operation "Frankfurt" was canceled.

Damage to the German light cruiser Nuremberg on December 13, 1939

(From the book by I.M.Korotkin Combat damage to surface ships. Sudpromgiz. 1960.)

On December 13, 1939, the cruiser, sailing at a speed of 24 knots, was torpedoed by an English submarine. The center of the torpedo explosion fell on the starboard side in the bow of the ship (compartment XVI) in the area of \u200b\u200b163 shp, 3 m below the waterline. The state of the sea at the time of torpedoing is 3-4 points. As a result of the explosion, the ship received the following damage.

On the body. The bow end of the ship was destroyed to 156 sp. (8 m from the center of the explosion) while the upper 2-3 belts of the bow end of the side, together with the anchor hawses, remained intact. Shirstrek from 49 to 118 sp. (70 m) in 9 places had breaks in welds and whole metal. The same gaps formed over a large extent in the underlying chanting of the side. In addition, many weld breaks were noted in the zygomatic, keel.

The upper deck received many, up to 3 m long breaks (mainly transverse) in the range from 40 to 118 shp. (more than 75 m). Many longitudinal below-deck ties were broken. The second bottom got short breaks in the area of \u200b\u200bcompartments V and VI (the premises of the power plant and diesel engines). The appearance of a large number of cracks in the superstructure of the ship, in particular, along its vertical walls, was noted. Equipment in superstructures was damaged and partially out of order, bow compartments XV and XVI were flooded in height to the lower deck and in length up to 150 sh. Despite the flooding of the bow compartments, the ship had almost no trim. The overall strength of the ship as a result of the destruction suffered so much that the ship was in danger of breaking.

Mechanisms and electrical equipment. The main machinery was intact, but the shaft lines were disrupted by the shock. Separate damages of auxiliary mechanisms, diesel engines, switchboards and electric cables were noted. Searchlights ripped from their foundations.

Armament. The turrets of the main caliber No. 1 and 3 received various damage and went out of action for 10 hours. From damage to the armored cable, the control of one anti-aircraft gun was partially out of order, which was put into operation 4 hours after the damage.

Light cruiser "Nuremberg"

The ship remained afloat and could independently go to the base to carry out repairs, which lasted several months.

Conclusions. The hit of 1 torpedo (340 kg of TGA-type explosive) into the bow of the cruiser "Nuremberg" led to significant damage, weakening the overall strength of the hull and the ship's failure for several months.

2. The amount of damage received by the ship was significant and included the destruction of the bow end (without tearing it off) and the flooding of part of the bow rooms, separate damage to auxiliary mechanisms, electrical equipment and weapons due to shock shocks. It should be noted that the armoring of the bow limited the amount of destruction of the hull in the area and may have contributed to the fact that the bow of the ship was not completely torn off. Based on the experience of damage to this ship by the Germans, it was concluded that it was necessary to strengthen the overall strength of the cruiser hull, especially due to its upper connections.

3. The actions of the personnel in the fight for the survivability of the ship mainly consisted in the restoration of the out of order weapons.

Light cruiser "Nuremberg"

On February 7, 1941, "Nuremberg", together with the three remaining cruisers, actually becomes a training ship. Until September, the cruiser performed its new duties. On September 8, the command of the German fleet issued an order to form the Baltic Fleet. "Nuremberg" became part of the "Northern Group" and from September 25 to October 1 cruised off the Aland Islands, first with the linear forces, then with the destroyers of the 8th flotilla. On September 29, the cruiser collided with the tanker Rigel, receiving minor damage.

At the end of 1941, A. Hitler declared Norway a "zone of fate" and ordered the transfer of the main forces of the German fleet there. "Nuremberg" was one of them, but the execution of the order was delayed. From January to August 1942, the cruiser is at the factory wall, undergoing a major overhaul, during which the turbines were replaced and the anti-aircraft weapons were reinforced. After the completion of the work, "Nuremberg" passed tests, then a course of combat training and from November 11 to December 2 moved to Norway, to replace the "Admiral Scheer" leaving for Germany for overhaul. The cruiser did not take part in the hostilities. After the "New Year's Battle" A. Hitler ordered the withdrawal from the fleet of all heavy ships, which the new Commander-in-Chief of the Navy K. Denitz managed to defend. As for the "Nuremberg", it was returned to the training cruisers.

On March 7, 1943, the cruiser was at Narvik in Bohemian Bay. A strong wind was blowing, and the ship was blown into the anti-torpedo fence net. The propellers got entangled in the net, the minesweepers and the tug arrived in time and pulled the ship away, and later the divers began to clean them up. In May 1943, the Nuremberg was returned to Germany. During the crossing at Stavanger, he was attacked by two British torpedo boats, but to no avail. The rest of the way passed without incident. After arriving in Germany, the cruiser was enlisted in a detachment of training ships. In this capacity, he served until the end of 1944. On March 30, 1944, the first fire occurred on the ship in the infirmary, and on June 13, 1944, the second (ignition of cables in the 3rd compartment). Both fires were quickly extinguished.

"Nuremberg" during the Second World War

On October 12, the Nuremberg, as part of the formation, conducted maneuvers east of Bornholm Island, where the German ships were discovered by the Soviet submarine Lembit (Captain 3rd Rank AM Matiyasevich). Since they performed various maneuvers, and, moreover, at high speed, attempts to launch an attack were unsuccessful, and A.M. Matiyasevich only had to observe the course of the exercises in the periscope. On the "Nuremberg" nothing was known about the presence of a Soviet submarine. According to A.M. Matiyasevich, who talked with the cruiser commander Captain 1st Rank G. Gissler after the war, the signalmen still found the periscope, but they did not believe their reports.

Light cruiser "Nuremberg". 1939 g.

(Longitudinal section, top view and external views of superstructures after modernization)

Light cruiser "Nuremberg"

(camouflage painting of the ship during various periods of service)

On October 28, the exercises Admiral Scheer, Luttsov, Admiral Hipper, the 6th destroyer flotilla and 2 destroyers were held in the central part of the Baltic Sea. But due to a severe storm, the exercise program was reduced, and the ships returned to base. Later, "Nuremberg" did not have to take part in the shelling of the advancing units of the Soviet Army. On January 3, 1945, the cruiser goes to sea from Swinemünde for a mine laying in the waters of southern Norway. The operation was attended by minelayers "Linz" and "Alsace". The course of the operation was overshadowed by the death of the minelayer "Alsace" on January 5 (according to other sources, 6) on German mines off the Danish coast. After the completion of the operation, the cruiser was in Oslo Fiord.

After a short break, on January 13-14, 1945, another operation took place to set the Titus-1 defensive minefield. The operation was attended by the cruiser "Nuremberg" (the flag of the destroyer commander Rear Admiral L. Kreisch), the minelayer "Linz", the destroyers "Theodor Riedel", "Friedrich Inn", destroyers "T-19", "T-20" and 7 minesweeping boats from the 8th flotilla. The operation was successful despite opposition from British aircraft. There were no losses in the German compound.

Light cruiser "Nuremberg". 1944 (exterior and top view)

Light cruiser "Nuremberg". 1945 (exterior view)

On May 8 Germany surrendered to the Western Allies, May 9 before. Life on the German ships that ended up in Copenhagen went on as before. On the evening of May 9, a company of the 13th parachute battalion of the 6th British Airborne Division landed at Copenhagen airport, then British sailors appeared. They were joined by war correspondent Woodward, who witnessed the following historical scene: "A battered Volkswagen with a large white flag drove around Kongrens Nyutrow, Copenhagen's main square, and taxied to the D'Angleterre Hotel, where the British administration intended to camp.

Light cruiser "Nuremberg" in May 1945 (two photos above) and with the destroyer T 33 on the roadstead of Wilhelmshaven at the end of 1945

The official act on the transfer of the cruiser was signed, the German crew was transferred to the floating base and sent to the western zone of occupation.

In the summer, the cruiser was engaged in combat training, and in the winter she stood up to the factory wall.

Light cruiser "Admiral Makarov". Late 1940s - early 1950s

Light cruiser "Nuremberg"

Design and modernization

After the issuance of the order for the construction of "Leipzig" in the construction of light cruisers, there was an almost five-year pause. It was prompted by ongoing discussions about what kind of cruisers Germany needs. The weapons of the cruisers and their displacement were discussed. The discussion ended with the decision to build heavy "Washington" cruisers. Therefore, a radically new project of a light cruiser was not developed. We limited ourselves to the improved Leipzig. At the same time, the design displacement of the new cruiser was increased by J00 tons, and it reached 8000 tons.

This achieved the best strength of the hull, increased the armor of the towers, ammunition storage, anti-aircraft artillery and increased the speed.

But this was not enough to increase the capacity of fuel tanks.

The main technical solutions were the same as those of Leipzig, but the sixth German light cruiser was slightly longer and wider than its predecessor. The cruiser project was developed by the designer Blechschmidt.

The tactical and technical elements of the sixth light cruiser of the Weimar Republic were as follows:

Standard displacement: 7150 tons, normal 8060 tons, full 9040 tons (according to other sources, 7091 tons standard, 9115 tons full).

Light cruiser "Nuremberg" (Longitudinal section, deck plans and cross-section amidships)

Light cruiser "Nuremberg"

(Longitudinal section and cross-sections with reservation)

The length of the hull is 181.3 m (maximum), 170 m (at the constructive waterline), width 16.4 m, draft 4.76 m (with normal displacement), 5.79 m (with displacement in full load). The hull was similar to that of the Leipzig, had 16 compartments, a double bottom for 83% of the ship's length and a more reinforced structure.

The basis of the booking was a 50-mm waterline belt. He passed from 19 shp. (slightly aft behind the tower "C") to 149 frames in the bow. In the stern of the "C" turret, the thickness of the belt decreased to 35 mm, in the bow end the thickness of its armor was 18 mm. The armored deck had a thickness of 20 mm and a curved bevel at the bottom of the belt 25 mm thick. The fore and aft decks of the platform were protected by 10 mm armor plates and provided additional protection below the waterline. The conning tower had 100-mm vertical armor, a 50-mm roof, and a 60-mm armored tube that led from it to the central post below the armored deck.

The main caliber towers were protected similarly to the Leipzig, except for the rear (35 mm) and the deck (floor) of the tower (20-35 mm). The rest of the booking was completely similar to "Leipzig".

The main power plant consisted of 6 naval boilers produced by the German shipyard in Kiel. Steam from them was fed to 2 turbines produced by the shipyard-builder, each working on its own side shaft. Each turbine consisted of 1 high pressure turbine and 2 low pressure turbines and a cooler. The weight of each turbine was 79,500 kg, the power was 33,000 hp. The total power of the mechanisms was 66,000 hp, the highest speed was 32 knots. The fuel stock was equal to 1125 tons (oil).

On tests, the cruiser showed the following results: the power of the mechanisms is 66075 hp. and at 290 rpm of the propeller reached a speed of 32.2 knots.

For economic progress, as in Leipzig, there were 4 diesel engines manufactured by the MAN plant (7 cylinder, 2 two-stroke) with a total capacity of 12,400 hp, which worked through a gear unit on the central shaft. The diesel fuel stock was 348 tons. The cruising range was: 3280 miles at a speed of 15 knots, 2260 21 knots, 1700 27 knots, 922 29.9 knots.

The Nuremberg hull on the slipway. Mid 1933

Electricity was generated by 4 turbine generators with a capacity of 300 kilowatts each, 2 diesel generators with a capacity of 350 kilowatts each (total power 1,300 kilowatts, mains voltage 220 volts). According to other sources, electricity was generated by:

Light cruiser "Nuremberg". 1935 g.

(External view, top view and external views of superstructures after modernization)

2 turbine generators with a capacity of 350 kilowatts each and 4 diesel generators with a capacity of 160 kilowatts each.

"Nuremberg" was armed with 9 150-mm guns. They were of the same model, had the same number and type of ammunition, and were positioned the same as on the Leipzig.

The main fire control system included the main command and rangefinder post, which was located at the top of the foremast. It consisted of two sighting devices and a stereo rangefinder with a base of 6 meters, the second 6-meter rangefinder was on the roof of the navigator's cabin, the third 6-meter rangefinder on the aft superstructure behind the "C" tower, next to the sighting post. In the depths of the hull, in the bow, under the armored deck, there was a central artillery post (DAC), in which data for firing was generated. A similar reserve post was located in the stern.

The universal artillery consisted of 8 88-mm C-32 model guns (3200 rounds of ammunition), in four double-barreled mounts: two at the chimney on the sides on the superstructure deck, two in a similar way, but closer to the stern.

The fire control system included: command and rangefinder post SL-2, which was a 3-meter combined rangefinder-altimeter. Data from the SL-2 was sent to the central fire control station, located below on the deck of the platform.

Small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery consisted of 8 37-mm machine guns in 4 double-barreled installations, 4 20-mm single-barreled machine guns. Their fire control system included portable rangefinders.

"Nuremberg" during the launch on December 8, 1934 (two photos above) and on completion. 1935 g.

The torpedo armament consisted of 12 533-mm torpedo tubes in 4 three-tube tubes installed side by side with ammunition load of 24 torpedoes. The torpedo fire control system included sighting posts on the wings of the bridge. Near the central artillery post there was also a central torpedo fire control post. The ship had removable mine rails along the sides and on the poop. The maximum number of mines taken on board was 150.

Unlike its predecessors, "Nuremberg" received aircraft weapons immediately after entering service. 2 seaplanes were based on it. They started from a catapult, rose from the water with a crane. Initially, the He-60 was based on the cruiser, but from the second half of 1939 the Ag-196.

Electronic armament was represented by a passive sonar station.

During the service, the number of the crew grew steadily. At the time of entry into service, the crew consisted of 637 people (including 25 officers). In 1944-1945, the crew of the cruiser reached 935 people (of which 35 officers and 300 cadets).

Light cruiser "Leipzig"

Before the war, minor work was done: only the shape of the admiral's bridge changed. In the summer of 1940, a demagnetizing coil (MES-Anlage) was mounted on the Nuremberg; in 1941, two rear torpedo tubes were removed (later they were installed on the battleship Sharikhorst). In the summer of 1941, a FuMO-21 radar station was installed on the cruiser.

During a major overhaul from February to May 1942, aircraft weapons were removed. His place was taken by a double-barreled 37-mm machine gun. In the same period, two four-barreled 20-mm anti-aircraft guns appeared on the cruiser on army carriages. One machine gun was on the roof of the "B" tower, the second on the roof of the navigator's cabin. The number of single-barreled 20-mm assault rifles was increased to five. One stood on the roof of the conning tower, two on the bridge, two on the platform near the chimney.

The next strengthening of anti-aircraft weapons was carried out in 1944, and at the same time, electronic weapons were modernized. At the time of the surrender, small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery consisted of 2 40-mm single-barreled, 8 37-mm double-barreled, 29 20-mm (2 four-barreled, 10 double-barreled and 10 single-barreled installations) guns. According to other sources, on May 9, 1945, the cruiser's small-caliber anti-aircraft artillery was as follows: 6 37-mm (2 double-barreled), 28 20-mm (2 four-barreled, 10 double-barreled) and 3 73-mm launchers of unguided anti-aircraft missiles (73-RAG " Fohn ").

In 1945, electronic armament included submarine detection stations: 1 FuMO-25, 1 FuMO-63 "Hohenwil-K" and electronic reconnaissance stations FuMB-4 "Sumatra" and FuMB-6 "Palau".

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