Wood processing on lathes. Lathes for wood 10 device of a lathe for turning wood

Woodworking requires tools with different functions. Simple manual equipment may not be enough here. For a detailed study of wood products, a lathe is required, but it is difficult to find a suitable option that would be suitable in terms of cost and size. As a result, many craftsmen come to the conclusion that woodworking for the home is easier and more reliable.

Features of the lathe

Making a home lathe with your own hands is easy if you follow the recommendations of the specialists who are engaged in this business. This option will help to save not only money, but also a lot of time that is spent looking for a suitable turning unit. Typically the following problems arise:

A small number of factories that sell or keep on conservation mini-machines for woodworking.
The equipment can be preserved for 10-25 years, which means that its condition leaves much to be desired.

Considering all the problems of buying and finding a lathe, it remains to make reliable and durable equipment for home use. It will exactly match the specified functions and will not be inferior to the factory models in terms of technical indicators.

Before proceeding with the assembly of the device, you should study the various drawings and diagrams depending on the requirements for functions, as well as prepare all the necessary materials and tools. We must not forget about safety precautions, because in the absence of any protective elements, the risk of injury increases significantly.

Structural details

Municipal budgetary educational institution

"Tashlinskaya secondary school"

Orenburg region, Tyulgansky district, Tashla village

Technology teacher Evgeny Samsonov

Methodical development of a lesson on technology in grade 7

Topic

"U CONSTRUCTION OF LATHE STD-120M. "

2010

Lesson topic:

Have CONSTRUCTION OF LATHE STD-120M.

The purpose of the lesson: to contribute to the study of the device of models of a lathe for wood STD-120M;

consider the kinematic diagram of the machine and the operations performed on the machine; promote the development of respect for equipment and tools.

Lesson equipment:Wood lathe, tools and accessories for the lathe; projector, computer, textbook, workbook. Blanks.

Teaching methods:story, conversation, frontal survey, presentation, practical work.

Lesson type: combined.

Basic concepts:Wood lathe, machine tools, machine tooling.

During the classes

1. Organizing time: Preparation for the lesson. Appointment of attendants. Checking the readiness of the class for the lesson.

2. Review of the passed material: (Slide 3)

What are the three components of the machine and their purpose?

Give an example of a chain drive.

What links does the chain drive consist of?

What is the difference between a spline connection and a keyed one?

Repetition results:

Communication of the topic and purpose of the lesson

3. Presentation of new material.

Illustrated story.

Teacher: In the previous lessons, you saw that making a cylindrical part or product by hand is a rather difficult task.

It is much faster and easier to do this on a wood lathe.

The lathe is designed for processing wood blanks and other materials in the form of bodies of revolution. The main operations are carried out on a lathe: turning surfaces, grinding surfaces. The main thing is that the movement (rotational) is carried out by the workpiece, the feed movement (translational) is carried out by the cutting tool.

The history of wood lathes goes back to ancient times. They were used to make dishes, table parts, chairs, and other household items. (Slide 4)

A distinction is made between the following lathes:

Screw cutters;

Revolving;

Carousel;

Multi-cutter;

Center-cut;

In modern industrial enterprises, they use

machines of various designs and purposes, including: - automatic machines;

Machine tools with numerical control (CNC). (Slide 5)

Some of you who choose the profession of a machine operator in the woodworking industry will be able to get acquainted with the device of such machines in more detail at a vocational school, college or technical school.

school workshops are usually equipped with lathes of the STD-120M models. Further, the teacher talks about the main units of the STD-120 machine. (Slide 6.)

Fig. one

1) A carriage with a handcuff and a tailstock are installed on the bed guides.

2) The tailstock consists of a bushing, a helical gear, a flywheel and a center of the tailstock (PINOL). (Slide 7)

3) The machine spindle is mounted in the headstock on ball bearings. (Slide 8)

4) Switching on and off is carried out by buttons "start" and "stop".

Consider the STD-120 device.

A special feature of the machine is the spindle onto which the following parts can be screwed: (Slide 9)

Chuck - used for fastening short workpieces;

Trident - used for fastening long workpieces with the center of the tailstock pressed

Faceplate - used for processing workpieces of small length and large diameter The workpiece is fastened to the faceplate with screws.

Fig. 2.

Devices for fixing the workpiece during turning: a - chuck; b - faceplate; c - trident.

The teacher shows examples of fastening. (Slide 10)

Fixing rules:

Fig. 3. Fixing the part:

a - in the cartridge with a screw; b - a trident with the center of the tailstock pressed

Fig. 4. Fastening (a) and turning (6) of the workpiece on the faceplate

The rotary motion of the workpiece during turning is called the main one.

The translational movement of the workpiece during turning is called auxiliary.

Initially, the workpiece is processed at a low speed of 710-770 rpm, and already finishing is performed at a speed of 1000-1450 rpm. (Slide 11-12)

Students are shown cutters for working on a lathe (Slide 13)

Speed \u200b\u200bcontrol is carried out by setting

belt transmission belts on pulleys of different diameters.

The teacher demonstrates how to change the spindle speed. Let's turn to the kinematic diagram of the machine. (Slide 14)

2. Explanation of the diagram:

1) The spindle is driven by an electric motor through a V-belt transmission.

2) The tailstock screw mechanism converts the rotation of the handwheel handle to the forward motion of the center of the tailstock.

SAFETY REGULATIONS: (Slide 14-15)

Do not turn on the machine without the teacher's permission.

Securely attach the tailstock of the machine.

Before installing on the machine, check the workpiece so that it does not have cracks.

Attach the workpiece securely to the tool and the center of the lathe tailstock.

Before working on the lathe, prepare the workplace: remove all unnecessary from the machine and around it, prepare and lay out only the necessary tools and devices.

Check the working tool. The handles must be free of cracks and must be firmly seated.

Tuck in your clothes. Fasten all buttons. Remove long hair under the beret.

Wear protective goggles before starting the machine.

In the process of turning, periodically stop the machine and press the part with the center of the tailstock (flywheel), eliminating the gaps.

Periodically, as the surface is cut, when the machine stops, bring the handcuff to the surface of the workpiece by 2-3 mm, turn the workpiece by hand by 2-3 turns and securely fasten the handcuff.

4 . Practical work (Slide 16).

Completing tasks:

1. Familiarize yourself with the design of the machine.

2. After making sure that the machine is turned off:

1) move the tailstock to the extreme right position;

2) measure:

a) the distance between the centers;

b) the distance from the center line to the bed; c) the magnitude of the quill take-off.

3. Complete the table.

Rotation frequency

spindle

Distance between

centers in mm.

Distance from the line

centers to bed

Departure value

quill in mm.

4. Practice fixing the workpieces on the machine (in the chuck, centers, on the faceplate).

5. Current briefing:A constant reminder of the safety precautions when working on a wood lathe.

6. Summing up the lesson:

Repetition and consolidation of the material. Test questions: (Slide 17)

1. What machines does STD-120 belong to?

2. Give examples of working and power machines.

H. What is the purpose of the working body? engine? transmission mechanism?

4. What are the main parts of a woodworking lathe.

5. What devices are used to secure the workpiece? What determines their choice?

6. How is the rotation feed to the workpiece carried out?

Assessment of practical work.

The overall result of the lesson:

7. Homework:Acquaintance with the material in the textbook and the table in the workbook. §ten. Page 40

8. Cleaning of workplaces

A woodworking lathe is designed for the manufacture of cylindrical, conical and spherical parts by removing chips from the workpiece with cutters. The main parts of the machine are: an electric motor, a V-belt transmission, a headstock, a tailstock, a handguard and a bed.
From the electric motor (2) through the V-belt transmission (1), the rotation is transmitted to the spindle (3). Devices for fixing the workpiece are attached to the spindle. When turning, the cutter is moved manually, resting it on a hand-hand (5). The headstock (4) serves as a support for the left end, the tailstock (6) for the right end of the workpiece, the hand-piece for the cutting tool and hand.

The machine is started using the black button of the control panel (7), the stop is made with the red button (when the red button is pressed for a long time, the electric brake is activated).
Various devices are used to secure the workpiece. To fix workpieces of small diameter and up to 150 mm long (cups, salt shakers), use a cartridge (1). For turning parts of large diameter and small thickness (plates, boxes), a faceplate is used (2). When processing a long workpiece (candlestick), it is fixed between the trident (3) and the tailstock.

Manufacturing of cylindrical billets on a lathe.

Centers are found at the ends of the workpiece. If the workpiece has a square cross-section, then diagonals are drawn (to find the center of round workpieces there is a device - a center finder), the resulting centers are pricked with an awl or punched with a center punch. The ribs are planed, giving the workpiece the shape of an octahedron. On the one hand, make a cut for the trident with a hacksaw and fix it in the machine.

The main tools for turning are cutters:reyer (semicircular chisel) - for rough turning and grooving andmaisel (oblique chisel) - for finishing turning, cutting and trimming of workpieces. The lathe chisel is held with two hands, moving it along the handcuff. During the first pass, chips with a thickness of 1 ... 2 mm are removed from the middle of the reyer blade. Further turning is performed with the side parts of the blade when the chisel moves both to the left and to the right. After 2 ... 3 minutes of work, stop the machine and check the fastening of the workpiece and the gap between the workpiece and the handrail (2-3 mm). When 3 ... 4 mm remains to be removed, finishing turning begins. Maisel is placed on the edge with the blunt end down. The shavings are cut off in the middle and bottom of the blade.
Control of the diameter of the part is carried out in several places with a caliper after stopping the machine. The straightness of the surface is checked with a ruler or square for light.
Before cutting off the part, it is processed with sandpaper, polished with a bar of harder wood (when the part rotates). Length markings are made with a pencil along a ruler or caliper, turning off the machine.

To cut the ends, the maisel is placed with an acute angle downward and, at the risk of making a shallow incision. Then, stepping back a little to the right or left
(depending on which end is cut), tilt the chisel and cut a part of the workpiece onto a cone. This operation is repeated several times until a neck with a diameter of 8 ... 10 mm remains. Next, the part is removed from the machine, its ends are cut off with a hacksaw. The ends are cleaned. Turning of parts is performed according to flow charts.

I also bring to your attentionpresentation"History of the creation of the lathe"

Lathe

So,the history of lathes goes back to ancient times. They were used to make parts for spinning wheels, tables, chairs,courts, etc. And now we will take a closer look at the technology of wood turning on a wood lathe.

Now it's time to test your knowledge on the general topic "Wood Turning"

Sign the names of the Xianca nodes

Assign fasteners

The appendix contains interesting simulators that simulate the operation of a lathe. Download swf files to your computer and open it using the Google Chrome browser. Now you can also practice working on a lathe. Good luck!

Hand-making a cylindrical ho parthigh quality is challenging. It is much faster and more accurate to make such a detail onlathe.

Lathes are designed for the manufacture (turning) of wooden products with a circular cross-section.

Lathes of various designs with foot and handdrive was used in ancient times (Fig. 29). Parts of spinning wheels, tables and chairs, dishes and many other products were turned from wood on them.

In Russia, only the mechanic A.K. Nartov developed and made about 40 designs of various lathes. Oneof which is shown in Fig. thirty.

At modern industrial enterprises, lathes of various designs and purposes are used, including automatic machines and machine tools with numerical control.

Lathes of the TD-120 (Fig. 31) and STD-120 M (Fig. 32) models are used in school workshops.

The TD-120 machine has a frame with guides 1 (Fig. 31). On the bed guides there is a headstock 2, in which a spindle 3 is installed, connected by a V-belt transmission 4 to an electric motor 5. A carriage with a handguard 6 and a tailstock 7 are installed on the bed guides. The tailstock consists of a sliding sleeve (quill),screw gear, flywheel and tailstock center.

The machine spindle is mounted in the headstock on ball bearings.

The machine is switched on and off with buttons 8 "start" and "stop".

In fig. 32 shows the device of the STD-120M machine. A chuck (Fig. 33, a), a faceplate (Fig. 33, b) or a trident (Fig. 33, c) are screwed onto the spindles of the machines, in which the workpieces are fixed. The chuck is used for fastening short and small diameter workpieces. The workpiece is fixed in the chuck with a screw (Fig. 34, a).

The trident is used to fasten long workpieceswith their compression by the center of the tailstock (Fig. 34, b). Compression is carried out by rotating the rear flywheel headstock, which moves the quill with the center with the helpcabbage soup screw.

The workpieces fixed in the chuck and the trident are sharpened by moving the chisel along the axis of rotation of the workpiece. Such turning is called longitudinal.

If it is necessary to sharpen a workpiece of small length and large diameter, for example, for the manufacture of plates, caskets, discs, then it is fastened with screws to the faceplate (Fig. 35, a). ("Faceplate" in translation from German means "flat disk".) First mark out under the screws, and then pierce with an awl or drill blind (blind) holes to the length of the screwed-in part of the screw.

To mark the position of the screws, the workpiece is applied to the faceplate and through the holes on its back side outline the locations of the screws (Fig. 35, a).

The screws must not go into the work pieceworkpieces, for which they outline on the workpiece, and then with a chisel cut the depth line of the screws (Fig. 35, b).

Flat workpieces on a faceplate are processed with a penby placing the chisel perpendicular to the axis of rotation of thetovki. Such turning is calledtransverse (end, frontal), since the workpiece is processed from the end.

Conical parts are sharpened while moving the chisel along and perpendicular to the axis of rotation of the workpiece. Such turning is called longitudinal-transverse.

Rotary movement of the workpiece when turning the namevayut main movementcutting, since without it at all turning is impossible. The forward movement of the chisel are called subsidiarymovement, i.e. movement filing. Main cutting motion on kinematic diagrams indicate V, auxiliary - V s.

First, the workpiece is turned at a low speed ( n \u003d 710 for TD-120 and n \u003d 770 for STD-120M),until its beating decreases. Large-diameter workpieces are also processed at low spindle speeds.

Finally and cleanly, the workpieces are processedat high speed (n \u003d 1000 for TD-120 and n \u003d 1450 for STD-120M). Required speedthe spindle is obtained by installing a belt with a belttransmission to pulleys of various diameters.

On the kinematic diagram of the lathe (Fig. 31, b) depicts the electric motor "M", V-belt drivecottage, drive pulley mounted on the motor shaft, and a driven pulley located on the spindle. As seen from the circuit, the spindle is driven into rotation by electricengine through a V-belt transmission.

Tailstock screw mechanism shown in kinematic diagram, converts the rotation of the handle to the mahovetch into the forward motion of the center of the tailstock.

Safety regulations

1. Do not turn on the machine without the permission of the teacher.

2. Do not start the machine without a guarded beltnoah transmission.

3. Do not lean on the parts of the lathe.

4. Do not put tools and other objects on the machine.

5. All malfunctions in the machine and electricalthe posting should be reported to the teacher immediately.

You have already learned how to make cylindrical and conical parts with hand tools. It is easier, faster and more convenient to process such parts on lathes. Lathes are called machines in which the workpiece rotates, and the cutting tool moves along or across its axis.

In school workshops, students work on lathes for woodworking STD-120M. On such a machine, you can perform the following operations: turning the outer and inner cylindrical, conical and shaped surfaces, drilling, cutting grooves, machining end surfaces, cutting off workpieces.

The largest diameter of the workpiece to be processed is 190 mm. Maximum turning length 500 mm. The spindle of the machine has two rotation speeds: 840 rpm and 1860 rpm. Center height above bed level 120 mm. Machine dimensions: 1250 x 575 x x 550 mm. The weight of the machine is approximately 100 kg.

The STD-120M machine (Fig. 20) is installed on the base 1, which is used as a special stand or table. The machine has a frame 3 with guides, on which all parts of the machine are mounted: the headstock 7 with a spindle, which is driven from the electric motor 2 by a belt drive, the tailstock 10, the handguard 9. The working area of \u200b\u200bthe machine is protected on all sides by a fence with a protective screen 11 made of organic glass.

Fig. 20. Lathe for woodworking: 1 - base (table); 2 - electric motor; 3 - bed with guides; 4 - belt drive guard; 5 - push-button switch; 6 - lamp; 7 - headstock: 8 - spindle; 9 - a handyman; 10 - tailstock; 11 - protective screen

For local illumination of the cutting area is a lamp 6. On the push-button switch 5, the on button is colored black, and the off button is red.

In the headstock (Fig. 21, a) there is a spindle 3 - a shaft mounted in ball bearings 4 and receiving rotation from an electric motor using a belt drive 1, 2. The end of the spindle has a thread onto which the necessary devices are screwed to fasten the left end of the workpiece.

Fig. 21. The main parts of the SGGD-120M machine: a - headstock: 1 - V-belt of a belt drive; 2 - two-stage pulley; 3 - spindle; 4 - ball bearing; 5 - fastening screw; b - tailstock: 1 - quill; 2 - center; 3 - clamp handle; 4 - screw mechanism; 5 - flywheel; 6 - fixing screw; c - hand-hand assembly: 1 - hand-hand; 2 - carriage (holder); 3 - stopper handle; 4 - handles for fastening the carriage

The tailstock (Fig. 21, b) can move along the bed guides and is fixed with a fixing screw 6. The right end of the long workpiece is pressed with the center 2, located in the quill (sliding sleeve) 1 of the tailstock. The center is moved using the screw mechanism 4 by rotating the flywheel 5 and secured with the clamp handle 3.

The hand-hand (Fig. 21, c) serves as a support for the cutting tool (chisels). It is located in the carriage (holder) 2, can be rotated and fixed with the stopper handle 3. The carriage can move along the guides both along and across the bed and be fixed in the desired position by turning the handles 4.

For fastening the workpieces, the following devices are used, which are screwed onto the threaded end of the spindle: chuck, trident, faceplate. The cartridge (Fig. 22, a and 23, a) is used to fix small short workpieces in it. The workpiece is processed on a cone from one end, screwed with this end into the chuck and tilted with a screw.

Fig. 22. Devices for fixing workpieces: a - cartridge; b - trident; c - faceplate

The trident (Fig. 22, b and 23, b) serves to secure long blanks, the second end of which is pressed with the rear center. To securely install the trident in the left end of the workpiece, make a cut with a hacksaw to a depth of 5 ... 8 mm, and to securely press the workpiece with the rear center in the middle of the right end, drill a hole ∅ 3 ... 4 mm or make a recess using a center punch.

Fig. 23. Fastening the workpiece: a - in the chuck with a screw: b - with the trident of the rear center: c. d, e - on the faceplate: 1 - blank; 2 - faceplate; 3 - awl; 4 - screwdriver; 5 - screws; 6 - spindle; 7 - a handyman; 8 - cutting tool (chisel)

The faceplate (Fig. 22, c and 23, c-d) is intended for fixing flat workpieces of large diameter and short length, for example, blanks for the manufacture of decorative plates, vases, boxes, etc. The faceplate is applied to the workpiece and the centers of the mounting holes are marked with an awl (see Fig. 23, c). After that, in the marked centers, pierce with an awl or drill blind holes with a depth equal to the length of the screwed-in part of the screw (usually 15 ... 20 mm). Then, with screws (self-tapping screws), the workpiece is fastened to the faceplate (see Fig. 23, d) and the faceplate with the workpiece is screwed onto the machine spindle (see Fig. 23, e). So that the screwed-in screws do not fall into the cutting zone of the workpiece, a line of the depth of the screws is marked on it.

There are several types of turning. Longitudinal, in which the cutting tool (chisel) moves along the workpiece axis during the rotation of the part (Fig. 24, a). Transverse, when the chisel moves across the workpiece axis (Fig. 24, 6). Longitudinal-transverse, in which the tool moves simultaneously both along the axis and across the axis of rotation of the workpiece (Fig. 24, c).

Fig. 24. Forks of turning: a - longitudinal; b - transverse; в - longitudinal-transverse

The STD-120M machine can be connected to an installation for collecting shavings and wood whine, which reduces the amount of waste in the workshop.

Be careful when working on a lathe. The slightest negligence in work, failure to follow the rules of safe work and maintenance can lead to equipment damage and serious injury.

Safe work rules

Do not turn on the machine without the teacher's permission.
You can work on the machine only in overalls and goggles.
Work only with the protective screen down.
Do not lean on the machine, do not place tools or workpieces on it.
Do not move away from the switched on machine.

At present, enterprises use automatic lathes and automatic lines operating according to a given program in the required modes. Such machines are serviced and turners perform turning work.

Getting to know the professions

Turner is one of the most common working professions in wood and metal processing. A turner must know the structure of machine tools, be able to read drawings, know the purpose and methods of using various tools and devices, be able to use control and measuring instruments, understand the properties of wood, metals, alloys, etc.

Practical work number 9

Studying the device of a lathe for woodworking

Familiarize yourself with the device of the lathe in figures 20 and 21 or posters available in the workshop.
Check if the machine installed in the workshop matches your height. Use a footrest so that the palm of your right hand, lowered and bent at a 90 ° angle, is not lower than the center of the machine.
Check with the teacher that the protective shield of the machine is working properly.
With the machine turned off, consider the headstock, handguard and tailstock.
Guided by Figures 21, c and 24, a, b, install and secure the hand-hand, first for longitudinal and then for transverse turning.
Consider a cartridge, trident, and faceplate. Insert the short workpiece into the chuck and secure it with the screw. Screw the chuck onto the threaded end of the spindle until it stops.
With the permission of the teacher, turn on the machine with the “start” button * and stop the spindle rotation with the “stop” button (red).
Fill out the table in your workbook.

Find the history of the lathe on the Internet, consider modern lathes. Compare them.

New words and concepts

Lathe, headstock, tailstock, handcuff, chuck, trident, faceplate, turning: longitudinal, transverse, longitudinal-transverse; turner.

We test our knowledge

What are the main parts of a woodworking lathe? What operations can be performed on this machine?
What is the tailstock used for?
How is the transverse turning tool installed?
Tell us about the purpose of the cartridge, trident, faceplate.

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