Psychophysiological aspects of mental labor. Psychophysiological aspects of employment: human resource production. Syndrome "Chrome Horse"

Labor activity is considered as a process of active change in the objects of nature in order to adapt them to meet the needs of a person.

The psychophysiological basics of work include:

1. Professional significant properties of attention - the intensity of its concentration, stability, speed of switching, the latitude of distribution - in different ways act in various activities. For the professional profession, the characteristics of distribution and switching, for other professions, the main goal of which are observation and control (corrector, marriage, the radar operator), is the most important stability of attention.

All characteristics of attention in one way or another are determined by the typological features of the nervous system. The switching speed depends on the mobility of nervous processes.

Stability of attention is determined by the power of the excitation process.

Indeed, it can be said however, depending on the working conditions, these characteristics of the same person can vary widely. None of the professionally significant properties depends to such an external factors as the properties of attention.

2. For the success of the labor activity, various molemic properties are important: the amount of memory, the speed of returning, the strength of storing the learned material, the accuracy and speed of playback, the readiness of the memory to the rapid reproduction of the material at the right moment.

Professional experience is stored in long-term memory. There are professions requiring short-term memorization (for example, the work of the switch telephonist).

3. Individual differences in the characteristics of imagination and factors affecting the dynamics of imagine properties, little studied. It can only be said in general terms about the extreme manifestations of poverty, limited, the pallor of imagination images, on the one hand, and brightness, fruitfulness, originality of these images - on the other.

Included in the labor activity recreation of imagination. Any employment action has a goal that most often acts in the form of the end of the final product, the result of labor actions. There is a profession, the main content of which is the operating images of the recreation imagination, such as a markup, cruel, dispatcher.

Psychological condition - It is temporary changes in the human psyche that occur under the influence of external and internal reasons.

Performance - manifests itself in maintaining a specified level activity during a certain time.

Main performance characteristics:

duration, accuracy, reliability, efficiency.

The phases of the body's condition in the process of activity:

1. Working condition

2. Mormability

3. Restable period of work

4.Uturation

5. Installation

Overrapel condition (phase mobilization) Subjectively expressed in the thinking of the upcoming work (so-called an ideomotor act).

Workplace, or stage of increasing performance, or phase hypercompensation. Inertia is overcome, coordination between the systems participating in the activity is being established. The duration of the period of workability may be significant. For example, uber after sleep, all characteristics of sensorotor reactions are significantly lower than the day. Naturally, labor productivity in this clock below. It also affects the training, type of nervous activity, age, experience, intensity of work.

Sustainable work period (phase compensation). During this period, the optimal mode of operation of the body systems is established. The duration of it relative to the entire time of operation is about 2/3. The limit of sustainable performance is the most important indicator of human endurance at a given level of intensity of work.

Endurance, in turn, is determined by the following factors:

1) intensity of work;

2) specific work (with dynamic work, for example, fatigue occurs much later than with static, with tense visual work, fatigue occurs before);

3) age;

4) gender; With a load equal to half of the maximum capabilities, the endurance of men and women is the same, with large loads of a terrible man;

5) the concentration of attention and volitional voltage (when working associated with the volitional, mental voltage, the concentration of attention, with high intensity of operation, the endurance indicators are reduced);

6) an emotional state (positive emotions extend the period of sustainable performance, negative - on the contrary);

7) skills, skills, training;

8) the type of higher nervous activity, determining the strength and mobility of nervous processes (Sanguine, phlegmatic, choleric, melancholic). The power of the nervous system characterizes the performance and reliability of the operator, especially in extreme situations.

Productivity decreases, the reaction rate slows down, erroneous and untimely actions appear, physiological fatigue. Fatigue It may be muscle (physical), mental (mental). Fatigue - This is a temporary decline in performance due to the depletion of the body's energy resources.

A period of increase in productivity due to emotional-volitional voltage.

A period of progressive reduction in working capacity and emotional-volitional tension.

Recovery period. May last from 5 min (light physical work) up to several days.

Based on curves of performance, the rate of time is established depending on the nature and duration of work during the working day.

Target is accompanied by a decrease in the work being performed and is a very complex and heterogeneous set of phenomena.

Psychologist is interested in fatding precisely as a special, peculiar mental mental state. N. D. Levites considers the components of fatigue as experiences and relate to them:

1. The feeling of slusting. Fatigue affects that a person feels a decrease in its performance, even when labor productivity does not fall.

2. Disorder of attention.

3. Disorders in the sensory region. Such disorders under the influence of fatigue are subjected to receptors that admitted participation in the work.

5. Memory defects and thinking.

6. Weakening will. In total, decisiveness, excerpt and self-control is weakened. There is no perseverance;

7. Sleepiness.

Thus, it is clear that we are talking about the dynamics of fatigue, in which you can solve different stages. N. D. Levites distinguishes the first stage of fatigue on which a relatively weak sense of fatigue appears. Labor productivity does not fall or falls insignificant.

In the second stage of fatigue, the decrease in performance becomes noticeable and more and more threatening, and often this decrease applies only to quality, and not to the amount of production.

The third stage is characterized by a sharp experience of fatigue, which takes the form of overwork. The work curve or decreases sharply, or takes a "feverish" form, reflecting a person's attempts to maintain the proper pace of work, which at this stage of fatigue may even be accelerated, but it turns out to be unstable.

In the process of labor activity, in addition to the state of tired, the state of monotony, which negatively acting on the human performance occurs.

Under the monotony, some understand the objective characteristics of the labor process itself, others are only a mental state of a person, which is a consequence of the monotony of work.

I. Vinogradov offers the following five events or ways to combat monotony generally, and during flowing production especially:

1) combining overly simple and monotonous operations in more complex and varied applications;

2) a periodic change of operations performed by each worker, i.e., combining operations;

3) periodic changes in the rhythm of work;

4) introduction of an additional interruption;

5) Introduction of extraneous stimuli (functional music).

Panchenko Alexander Yuryevich, Ph.D., Associate Professor

Ural Federal University

name of the first president of Russia B.N.ELtsin

yekaterinburg city

Psychophysiological aspects of employment: human resource production.

Modern economic science, in accordance with the methodology of A. Marshall, under economic resources understands land, labor, capital and human abilities. At the same time, the term "work" is indicated by the costs of working time or the number of employees employed in the production, in general, forming the employment potential of the Company, which in turn, characterizes the possibility of the participation of human labor, the working-age population of the country in the production of distribution, and the exchange of material goods.

The concept of "human resources" began to invest a deeper meaning than the concept of "labor force" and "labor resources". So, under the human factor, and, consequently, under the concept of "human resources" is understood, first of all, a collection of employees of enterprises, organizations, institutions, combined joint activities. At the same time, the human factor is a combination of sociocultural, personal and psycho-physiological characteristics and properties of workers who affect their labor activity, therefore, the concept of "human factor" in its content is more substantive and deep, since it characterizes the humanistic approach characteristics of the personality of the human labor.

In modern conditions, the human factor is a special factor of production, endowed not only by industrial, but also social, psychological, physiological possibilities and needs.

The increase in the role of the human factor, and, consequently, a person as a labor resource is currently due to structural changes in market conditions.

The specificity of human resources in modern conditions is in our opinion in the following.

This is a complex object of socio-economic management.

Resources are determined not quantitative, but the qualitative characteristics of the working-age population.

Professionalization of activities requires increasing capital in capacity to form professionals.

Human resources include all its quality characteristics - mental, physical, intellectual, psychological, moral, personal and many others. Some characteristics of the human resource are determined not only by the formation and complex of professional knowledge and skills, but also by the features of the nature, the properties of the individual, depending on both heredity and the education of a person - in the family, social group, society.

An important component of human resources should include such as: labor mobility potential, level of needs, motivational characteristics of work activity and such a major characteristic as a potential of physical and mental health.

The study of the psycho-physiological features of labor activity is one of the components of improving the level of health and, therefore, an increase in the duration of the able-bodied human activity.

In the most general form, any activity is the "specific human form of relations to the world around the world, the content of which constitutes its expedient changes and conversion of people's interests; The conditions of the existence of society. "

In general, taking this definition as a basis, we indicate that it does not have an extremely important accent, associated with the fact that in the implementation of the activity, a person modifies not only the world around himself, but also himself. Therefore, activities are presented in the form of a process, on the one hand, the expedient transformation of the surrounding world, and on the other hand, the actual change in the personality of man.

The physiological side of the labor process acts in the form of material processes occurring in the human body when they are fulfilled by various works.

The psychological side of labor activity is considered in the context of psychological (ideal) phenomena, accompanying the labor process and the main task in this direction is the disclosure of whether the subjective reflection of reality and what the mechanism of mental regulation is carried out in the process of this activity. Its task is also to study the impact of activities on the development of psychological functions, processes, states and properties of a person. "

In the most general form, an individual labor process can be imagined as the transformation of masses, energy and information by a person in the workplace.

In psychophysiology of labor, an adequate concept should be considered the performance of the human body. From this point of view, the most acceptable characteristic of this category by Professor V.V. Tonenbolate is "performance - the magnitude of the functionality of the body (physiological system, organ), characterized by the number and quality of work at a voltage of maximum intensity or duration. The components are: a) the most possible physiological costs; b) the effectiveness of these costs, that is, the efficiency of the physiological object. Reducing performance during fatigue occurs due to each of these parameters. " The definition is objective with some additions. First, it should be borne in mind under the combination of spiritual and physical abilities to carry out the labor process, the limiting psycho-physiological costs of the body, which we define as "overall performance".

The second component of the overall performance is the effectiveness of maximum psycho-physiological costs, that is, the ratio of the amount of labor produced under the maximum workload to the limit psychophysiological costs. This efficiency at our point of view, this coefficient of use is from our point of view. Thus, the concept of "overall performance", expressed by the ratio of the limiting workload to the maximum psychophysiological costs, the concept of "labor efficiency" in the labor economy.

The overall performance of the human body is intermittent. "Current performance", which is on the one hand, the psychophysiological response of the body on a given level of load (psycho-physiological costs), and on the other hand, as overall performance, and the effectiveness of these costs can be determined as the ratio of the magnitude of the product produced to the magnitude of the psychophysiological costs during the labor process. In this sense, the concept of "current performance" coincides with such a concept in the labor economy as "labor productivity." Consequently, given the psychophysiological capabilities of a person in the performance of labor productivity, thus measured its current operation.

In the most general form, labor productivity in the labor economy is determined by the relationship:

where n - labor productivity;

Q is a cumulative product produced;

T. j. - the amount of living labor;

T. about - The amount of extractive labor.

It should be borne in mind that research in the field of psychophysiology of labor is directly related to all three parameters included in the above formula. So, the amount of product produced ( Q.) It will be necessary to include the quality of it from the point of view of the products produced, therefore, for example, when assessing the quality of labor, it is important to study such a question as the formation and dynamics of the needs of the individual and society as a whole, and this is the prerogative of psychophysiology and labor sociology. Psychophysiological features of labor activity It is important to read in qualimetric measurements, i.e. Quantitative assessment of product quality. On the other hand, the amount of living labor (t j.) Immediately should be measured on the basis of psychophysiological studies. Here, two most important parameters of labor costs are published in the framework of individual labor - this is the severity and complexity of the employment process.

The severity characterizes the energy component of the labor process and is directly related to the magnitude of the physical activity, the complexity of the labor process is determined by the mechanism of processing information by the central nervous system and the information load. Thus, two sides of the subject of study of psychophysiology of labor should be distinguished - the workload and the reaction of the body for this load.

As for the magnitude of extractable labor (t about - In Formula 1.1), it also has a psychophysiological aspect. Thus, an extractable labor cannot be measured without understanding the patterns of accumulation of experience by the performer of work on the one hand and not knowing the laws of the formation and development of such an important mental process, as a memory, long-term and short-term (operational). It should be noted that scientists, research work on the collection of empirical material, which will continue to make a qualitative leap in this area of \u200b\u200bintersection of the economy and psychophysiology of labor.

It has already been noted that the human body's performance can be considered in two ways: first, as a potential integral ability to withstand workloads and, secondly, as the effectiveness of psychophysiological costs when working. That is, performance can be measured, on one side of the value of psycho-physiological costs, and on the other hand, the efficiency of the work performed, determined by the ratio of the workload to the magnitude of the psychophysiological costs. Having in mind the limit (potential) psychophysiological capabilities of the body (as a certain quantitative set of different human abilities), we identify this set with the concept of "working force" in the labor economy. The maximum efficiency of psychophysiological costs characterizes the efficiency of human labor activities. The actual psychophysiological costs that manifest themselves when performing a person's labor process determine the so-called current performance of the body. It, expressed in the form of the actual effectiveness of psycho-physiological costs, is labor productivity.

Thus, the potential psycho-physiological prerequisites of labor activity may not be popular, they can manifest itself and attend a person and out of operation, but the effectiveness of psycho-physiological costs is manifested exclusively in the labor process. Consequently, the main intersection of the basic concepts of the economy and psychophysiology of labor occurs on the efficiency of work.

The problem of working capacity in psychophysiology of labor occupies one of the leading places. At the same time, in addition to disclosing the essence of the concept of "performance", the study of the dynamics of performance at various time periods is very important. The practical way out of this problem in the field of labor economy is to build rational labor and recreation regimens. The meaning of this construction is to catch the moment of fatigue on the occurrence and use at this point one or a set of performance stimulation measures. To build a rational mode of work and recreation, it is necessary to do a number of consecutive operations.

1. Through fixed intervals (for example, two groups of parameters are measured: technical and economic (hourly development, percentage of marriage, operational time, etc.) and psychophysiological (mental parameters: memory, attention, perception , thinking; functional status parameters: heart rate, leather-galvanic reaction, pulmonary ventilation, etc.). Then the ratio of these parameters is calculated for each measurement. The values \u200b\u200bof these relationships are postponed throughout the work shift.

2. At the second stage, the regression equation is constructed, which allows you to choose such a connection between points, which shows the maximal "clutch" of points, that is, a mathematical model of performance dynamics in the form of an efficiency curve is built.

3. The regression equation is translated into the graphical form of curbobostability

4. On the performance curve there is a point of origin of the level of performance - the beginning of the process of fatigue and in this direction is administered either the non-inflammed break, or one states the stimulation of performance.

At various time periods, the oscillations of operation are diverse. Thus, fluctuations in performance during the day have pronounced four characteristic points: two minima and two maximums. The weekly performance dynamics is characterized by an increase in its level to the medium and gradually with its fall on Thursday and Friday (at 8-hour working day). Recently, general trends have appeared that during the year there are some changes in various types of performance.

The analysis allows us to conclude that in the psychophysiology of labor, the size of working capacity can be identified with the effectiveness of work.

According to the author, working capacity is integral and expressed by a multifactor function. The author believes that optimal performance depends on several factors, which is primarily the state of the production environment, the human energy component, the motivational factor, the informational subsystem affecting the nature of the performance. Consequently, performance can be represented as the following formula:

where P is the performance of a person who characterizes its activities in optimal conditions;

E. wholesale - the effectiveness of activities in optimal conditions;

H. art - the nature of the work performed under standard conditions;

C is the optimal state of the production environment;

And - information component affecting the effectiveness of labor activity.

E - energy indicators, or the energy state of a person, its physical, psychological, emotional, human nervous opportunities or employees;

M is a motivational workability factor, expressed in stimulating subsystems;

All indicators in this formula are expressed relative numbers, they are equal to 1, with an optimal value of C, E, M.

Moreover, it should be noted that the subsystems C and M can be obviously reduced to optimizing the energy information interaction of the employee with the production environment and the process of forming labor motivation.

In the labor process, the employee interacts not only with objects, workshop, the environment and other participants in the employment process, but implements this interaction through the information component of production.

The regulation of information flows of the employee is carried out in several stages, i.e. There is a specific consistent information conversion by the employee. Usually allocate the following steps in the work of the artist: receiving information; Evaluation and processing of information; decision-making; Implementing the decision.

Thus, the psycho-physiological aspects of labor activity are directly related to such social and labor categories as: labor, labor productivity, labor efficiency, labor intensity, forms public and individual consumer value as the ultimate goal of social production. The psycho-physiological factor is an essential estimated component that shape largely the value of the human resource, thereby affecting the value of the value of both aggregate and individual human capital.

Literature:

Lomoms B.F. To the problem of activity in psychology // Psychol. magazine. 1981. -t.2. №5

Peresolekov Yu.S. Labor process. - Izhevsk: Udmurtia, 1977-165c.

Rosenblate explosive. Fatigue // Labor physiology guide / Ed. Z.M. Solina, N.F. Measured - M.: Medicine, 1983 - 528c.

Panchenko A.Yu. Psychophysiological aspects of employment: human resource production. // Scientific Electronic Archive.
URL: (Date of handling: 04.01.2020).

The result of a study of the mental performance of persons engaged in mental labor activity. The result of the study of the mental performance of persons engaged in physical employment. The results of a comparison of indicators of mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activities.

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Page \\ * MergeFormat 29

Introduction ................................................... .................................................. .3.

Chapter 1. Psychophysiology of labor of persons engaged in mental and physical employment according to scientific and methodical literature ........................ .5

1.1. Psychophysiology of physical and mental labor .................. 5

1.2. The mental performance and its dynamics in the process of labor ..... 7

Chapter 2. Purpose, tasks, methods and organization of research ............................................................................ 10

2.1. The purpose of the study ................................................... ........... 10

2.2. Tasks for research ......................................................... 10

2.3. Research methods ....................................................... ..10

2.4. Organization of research ................................................ ..12

Chapter 3. Results of the study .............................. .13

3.1. The result of the study of the mental performance of persons engaged in mental employment ...............................................

3.2. The result of the study of the mental performance of persons engaged in physical employment ........................... ... 15

3.3. The results of the comparison of indicators of mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical employment .....18

3.3.1. The result of comparison with the accuracy of the task is ............ 18

3.3.2. The result of comparison on mental productivity ............ ... 19

3.3.3. The result of comparison in volume of visual information ......... 19

3.3.4. The result of comparison for the rate of processing of information ... ... 20

3.3.5. The result of comparison on stability of attention .................. ... 21

Conclusions ..........................................................................................23

BIBLIOGRAPHY.........................................25

Applications .................................................................. ... 27

Keeping

An important place in a person's life occupies labor activity, which is the basis of its existence, as well as its own development and self-realization.

A person manifests itself in labor activity, but labor activity is manifested in a person. This influence happens:

Physiological - education, enrichment and strengthening of conditionally reflex ties, dynamic stereotypes, functional systems, dominant in sensory, motor and intellectual systems, as well as their holistic, professional-oriented operation;

Psychophysiological and psychological - development of sensations, perceptions, attention, memory, thinking, abilities, views, needs, motivation, interests, desires, aspirations, behavioral values, behavioral norms and others;

Pedagogical - enrichment of knowledge, skills and skills, raising the level of professionally skill, education, life experience; Education of hard work, responsibility, demanding to itself, culture of human relations and communication, the development of professional attention, perception, memory, thinking, speech, abilities and others (Stolyarenko AM, 2009).

The beginning of the physiological and psychophysiological studies of labor in Russia was found by I.M. Sechenov in the work "Essay of the working movements of a person", published in 1906, a noticeable contribution to them was made by V.M. Behterev, A.A. Ukhtomsky, A.P. Nechaev, V.A. Obukhom, A.K. Tustev, k.h. Kekchev, M.I. Vinogradov, the like. Conradi, VS Porphelem, S.A. Kosilov, V.I. Medvedev, k..k Platonov, B.F. Lomovov, V.I. Zinchenko, S.Ya. Batyshev and others.

Mental performance is the ability of a person to fulfill a certain intellectual work (Seliverstov V.V., 2012).

The study of mental performance is necessary to evaluate the functioning of afferent systems, as well as to determine the impact of work.

The indicators of mental performance have influence:

1) psycho-physiological features of the individual (memory, thinking, speech, degree of development of intelligence);

2) physiological (functional state of nervous, cardiovascular, endocrine and other organism systems);

3) Development of special knowledge, skills and skills.

To determine the level of mental performance use the following indicators:

The speed of execution of the task;

Concentration, switching;

Efficiency, productivity;

Stability of attention (Seliverstov V.V., 2012).

Object of the study: the mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical employment.

Research Subject: Research of mental performance according to the Avfimov method.

Hypothesis Research: It is assumed that mental labor activities have a positive impact on the preservation and development of mental performance.

Chapter 1. Psychophysiology of labor of persons engaged in mental and physical employment according to scientific and methodical literature

1.1. Psychophysiology of physical and mental labor

All types of labor in their basic physiological indicators can be divided into two main: physical and mental. This division needs an explanation: in any physical work there are mental elements, and in any mental - physical. It is successfully said: just as the head and hands belong to the same body, and in any work the mental and physical work is connected. It is possible to talk about a specific work as a physical or mental one by the predominance of one of these components in it (Stolyarenko A.M., 2009).

Physical work is associated with large somatic loads that require special qualities and intensive functioning of various human body systems. It is based on targeted motor activity. Mobilization of physiological mechanisms occurs in the laws of the functional system. The results of labor are assessed by the highest departments of the brain on the basis of feedback. Systematic classes in the same type of labor form in the nervous system mainly labor dynamic stereotypes of skills, skills and develops a skeletal and motor system, affect psycho-physiological and other qualities. The movements have a vegetative component, in particular, ensuring blood supply and oxygen of working muscle groups. Most labor processes are carried out economically, at the automatism level, but the cortical conscious control is never turned off (measured N.F., 2010).

The predominance of the motor component in physical work is associated with large energy costs of the body. These are the work of the farmer, the lumberjack, blacksmith, manual sob, throat, installation work, work in the foundry shops, in mines, during sports and so on. They participate 2/3 of human body muscles, oxygen consumption increases in 2 - 4 times, and the frequency of heart abbreviations up to 130-150 beats per minute. This requires an increase in metabolism, heat generation, heat transfer and energy compensation measures. A number of types of physical work brings harm to the body by frequent occurrence of occupational diseases. Excessive physical labor without sufficient reduction of energy consumption depletes the bioenergy potential of the body and physiological regulatory mechanisms. Some types of physical work are associated with risk to life and require the worker of courage, courage, composure. Many types of it are now mechanized. The physical exertion is reduced (pulse up to 90 shots per minute). Part of the types of mechanized labor is unitable (for example, a stamping of the same parts), which reduces the activity of the central nervous system, increases the fatigue and human performance acceleratedly decreases. Compliance with standard standards, modes and conditions of physical labor, safety technology reduces the risk of occupational diseases, injury and death (Rybnikov O.N., 2010).

Mental labor is more complicated by physiological and psychological filling, although it proceeds invisibly, often silently, informatically and externally seems easy.It includes professions related to the industry of material production (scientists, engineers, technicians, masters, operators, and others) and are outlawed (doctors, teachers, educators, writers, artists, artists and others). As a rule, mental labor is accompanied by minor muscle activity and smaller, in comparison with the physical, energy costs. The shortage of motor activity reduces the pulsation of the crust, a decrease in the amplitude and frequency of the main Rhythms of the EEG (electroencephalogram), which temporarily worsens the terms of mental activity (Smirnov V.M., 2003).

Many types of mental labor are characterized by increased emotional loads. Mental activity usually does not stop the call at the end of the working day. In the cortex of large hemispheres, trace processes continue: the work is over, and the thoughts about it often continue to be active and tense. Changes in the activities of internal organs during mental work do not have specific features and differ from those in physical work only quantitatively. Tillingly affects a sedentary or static standing character posture. In a comprehensive form, fatigue often manifests itself in facial painters, skin redness, sweating, sipping, gravity or pain in the head, neck, back. Recovery processes require sufficient time to relax. Mental loads, creative character, systematic and many years of labor naturally develop intelligence, contributes to the preservation of intellectual functions up to old age (Danilova N.N., 2005).

1.2. The mental performance and its dynamics in the process of labor.

Mental performance is defined as a person's ability to fulfill specific mental activity, within the framework of the specified time limits and efficiency parameters (Musina S.V., 2008).

The basis of mental performance is:

Level of special knowledge, skills, skills;

Psychophysiological qualities (memory, attention, perception);

Physiological functions (features of cardiovascular, endocrine and muscle systems);

Psychological features (spuriousness and others).

In addition, mental performance is determined by three groups of factors:

1) The first group is physiological factors (functional maturity of the body, functional state, health condition);

2) The second group is psychological factors (health, emotional state, motivation);

3) The third group is the external factors (conditions for organizing activities, the time of day, year).

General patterns of mental performance dynamics. It is divided into several periods:work, sustained period (optimal performance), pretay (period of unsustainable performance, orcompensatory restructuring)and fatigue.

During the work periodthere is a gradual increase in mental performance. This is a period of searching for the most adequate and effective options for the functioning of all organs and systems, a period of considerable stress, high energy consumption, the period of organizing arbitrary attention and functional organization of activities. During this period, the properties of nerve cells are changed - their excitability, functional mobility increases, the links between the individual brain nerve centers are activated. The mental performance is still unstable, the effectiveness of its low.

Sustainable period(Optimum) is the time when the body works most efficiently in optimal mode. High stable mental performance does not require excessive effort and energy consumption from the body, the voltage is reduced and consistency in the activities of all systems increase. However, the period of optimum cannot continue indefinitely and is naturally replaced by the next period - the period of compensatory restructuring.

The period of compensatory restructuring is then whena person can still work efficiently, but already at the cost of significant tension. It is this period that is characterized by a decrease in attention, an increase in the number of distractions, a decrease in the rate of activity, an increase in motor activity.

The next period is fatigue.The first signs of fatigue are familiar with the teacher: a violation of the concentration of attention, a decrease in the pace of work, motor anxiety, increasing the number of errors, violation of the coordination of movements (Rybnikov O.N., 2010).

The mental performance of a changeable, dynamic, which is caused by physiological, psychological, other reasons and affects human labor efficiency. The dynamics are caused by the stock of the body of the body and psyche during labor, loads with its implementation, the patterns of psycho-physiological dynamics of opportunities, changes in external conditions and situations, as well as the physiological, psychological and pedagogical properties of the employee (Stolyarenko AM, 2009).

Chapter 2. Objective, Tasks, Methods and Organization of Research

2.1. Purpose of the study

Explore the mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical employment.

2.2. Objectives of research

1. Analyze the teaching and methodological and scientific literature on mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical employment.

2. Estimate mental performance on the accuracy of the task; mental productivity; volume of visual information; Sustainability of attention of persons engaged in mental and physical labor activities.

3. Compare the results of the study of indicators of mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical work.

2.3. Research methods

To solve the tasks of the course work, the following research methods were used:

1. Analysis and generalization of these educational and scientific literature;

In the course of the study, materials of educational and methodological and scientific literature were studied. 20 sources of literature dedicated to the study of mental and physical labor mental and physical labor, mental health issues were analyzed.

2. Analysis of medical records;

An analysis of medical records has been analyzed for selection of mental and physical labor. In medical records were taken into account: gender, age, place of work and position, bad habits.

3. Testing mental performance - Antfimov test;

To study the mental performance of persons mental and physical labor, testing was carried out.

The subject was issued a form with the Anti-Anfimov Table (Appendix 1). The tests have shut out the given letter for 4 minutes.

At the end of the test, it was calculated: the number of viewed signs - S, crossed out of the letters, the total number of letters that needed to delete in Table - n, and the number of errors made - n, the data was introduced into the table (Appendix 2).

4. Mathematical data processing;

Meaning accounting, counting and evaluation of physiological research data: calculating the accuracy of the accuracy of the task A \u003d M / N and mental productivity p \u003d a * s; Calculation of stability of attention UVN \u003d S / N; volume of visual information q \u003d 0.5936 * s; Determination of the rate of processing of information SP \u003d (Q- 2.807 * N) / T (Appendix 3).

As well as calculations of the average value of the indicators and their indicator of Vilkoxon deviations:

2.4. Organization of research

The organization of this study took place in three stages:

At the stage of the study, the topic of the study was chosen, analysis and generalization of these educational and scientific literature on the study was conducted. Physiological phenomena, accompanying various types of physical and mental labor, were disclosed.

At the stage of the stage, the analysis of medical records was carried out, the analysis was conducted in St. Petersburg GBUZ Downtown Hospital No. 26. 10 people included in persons of mental work, 5 men, 5 women, and 10 people were part of physical labor, of which 5 Men, 5 women. All subjects have age from 60 to 65 years, everyone works and during the study were on a stationary examination. Based on the data obtained, when studying medical records, there were tables: a table "Characteristics of mental persons" (Appendix 4), a table "Characteristics of physical labor" (Appendix 5).

In the III stage, testing in St. Petersburg GBUZ Downtown Hospital No. 26 was carried out, testing took place individually.

Chapter 3. Research Results

3.1. The result of a study of the mental performance of persons engaged in mental employment

The definition of initial indicators of mental performance of mental persons was carried out on weekends, the behavior of the subjects was observed activity and interest.

After the study, data was obtained on the state of mental performance, which were made to Table 1.

Table 1

Surname
Anechkin
Valenov	1250
Lyapin	1092
Logans	1440
Pekhev
Bukin	1014
Zubareva	1374
Solin	1404
Ovacheva
Soshin	1031

Source policy of mental labor

These calculations of indicators about the physical state of the subjects are made to Table 2.

table 2

Surname	A \u003d m / n	P \u003d A * s	Q \u003d 0, 5936 * s	SP \u003d (Q -2.807 * N) / T	UVN \u003d S / N
Anechkin	1,00	997,00	591,82	2,47	8,24
Valenov	0,97	1212,69	742,00	3,04	9,33
Lyapin	1,00	1092,00	648,21	2,70	7,69
Logans	0,98	1407,82	854,78	3,51	8,04
Pekhev	0,96	918,62	569,86	2,32	8,28
Bukin	0,91	920,40	601,91	2,37	7,80
Zubareva	0,98	1342,05	815,61	3,35	7,99
Solin	0,94	1324,68	833,41	3,36	7,93
Ovacheva	0,98	823,20	498,62	2,05	8,40
Soshin	0,96	989,43	612,00	2,49	8,31
Cf. c.	0,97	1102,79	676,82	2,77	8,20

Calculation of mental performance of mental labor

To determine the probability of error and running data, calculate the average deviation of the test indicators under the formula:

Where

X maximum \u003d 3.51- The result of Logantsov is the maximum value.

X minimum \u003d 2.05 - the minimum value in the sample is the result of ovacheva.

Κ \u003d 3.08 (calculated by the table of coefficients at various quantities of results in the sample).

Thus, the middle group SP \u003d 2.77 ± 0.15 bits / s.

3.2. The result of the study of the mental performance of individuals involved in physical employment

The determination of the initial indicators of the mental performance of individuals of physical labor was carried out on weekends, as in persons mental labor. In the behavior of the subjects, activity and interest were observed, but less than the subject mental labor.

After the study, data were obtained on the state of mental performance, which were made to Table 3.

Table 3.

Surname
Golikov	1280
Kozyrev	1087
LEGATP
Piryazev
True	1440
Alexandrov
Digilev	1480
Kulakova
Markov	1400
Omnodova	1280

Original data of physical labor

Where S is the number of characters viewed, M is the number of crossed letters, n is the total number of letters that needed to delete, n is the number of mistakes made.

These calculations of indicators about the physical condition of the subjects are made to Table 4.

Table 4.

Surname	A \u003d m / n	P \u003d A * s	Q \u003d 0.5936 * s	SP \u003d (Q -2.807 * N) / T	UVN \u003d S / N
Golikov	0,99	1264,00	759,81	3,14	8,00
Kozyrev	0,63	685,65	645,24	2,13	8,36
LEGATP	0,99	751,74	451,14	1,87	8,26
Piryazev	0,99	755,16	451,14	1,87	4,84
True	0,94	1359,55	854,78	3,44	8,04
Alexandrov	0,84	605,11	427,39	1,61	7,66
Digilev	0,71	1053,70	878,53	3,04	8,04
Kulakova	0,94	654,24	413,15	1,66	7,73
Markov	0,66	922,35	831,04	2,78	8,24
Omnodova	0,87	1112,38	759,81	2,91	7,62
Cf. c.	0,86	916,39	647,20	2,45	7,68

Calculation of indicators of mental performance of individuals of physical labor

Where a is the accuracy of the accuracy of the task, p - the coefficient of mental productivity, q is the volume of visual information, the speed of processing information, UVN - stability of attention.

Calculation of the average deflection of the indicator of the list by the formula:

Where X maximum - x minimum - Rams of values, the ratio determined by the number of values \u200b\u200bin the sample.

X maximum \u003d 3.44 - the result is thorough.

X minimum \u003d 1.61 The result of Alexandrova.

Κ \u003d 3.08- did not change.

The standard error of the average value is calculated by the formula:

Where n is the number of options in the sample.

Thus, the middle-group sleep \u003d 2.45± 0.2 bits / s.

3.3. The results of the comparison of indicators of mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical work

3.3.1. The result of comparison with the accuracy of the task

According to the results of studies, the middle group accuracy of the task is:

In persons mental labor - 0.97;

In people of physical labor - 0.86.

Based on this data, a graph is built (Figure 1), which reflects the results of the studied accuracy of the task accuracy.

Fig.1. Comparison of the accuracy of the task

3.3.2. The result of comparison in mental productivity

Medium-group mental productivity is:

In persons mental labor - 1102.79;

Persons of physical labor - 916.39.

Based on this data, a graph (Figure 2) was built, reflecting the results of the mental productivity under study.

Fig.2. Mental productivity comparison

3.3.3. The result of comparison in volume of visual information

The mid-group volume of visual information is:

In persons mental labor - 676.82;

Persons in physical labor - 647,20.

Based on this data, a graph is built (Figure 3), reflecting the results of the studied indicator of the volume of visual information.

Fig.3. Comparison by volume of visual information

3.3.4. The result of comparison for the rate of information processing

According to the results of studies, the middle group speed of the task is:

In persons mental labor 2.77 ± 0.15 bits;

In physical labor persons 2.45 ± 0.2 bits / s.

Based on this data, a graph is built (Figure 4), which reflects the results of the investigated rate of processing rate of information.

Fig.4. Comparison of the rate of processing of information

3.3.5. Result Sustainability Result Result

According to the results of studies, medium-range stability of attention is:

In persons mental labor - 8.20;

Persons of physical labor - 7.68.

Based on this data, a graph (Figure 5) is built, reflecting the results of the studied stability indicator.

Fig.5. Sustainability comparison

FINDINGS

1) In the course of the analysis of educational and methodological and scientific literature, physiological differences of mental and physical employment were identified. Mental labor activity covers a large number of nerve elements. Based on the modern data of neurophysiology and neuropsychology, mental work is the result of the most complex combinations of nervous processes and histochemical changes in the neurons of cortical-subcortical formations. The system of work of the brain with mental labor activity is not only difficult and highly qualified, but also more extensive and includes more systems and subsystems than in physical work. Also a large load and on the sensory system. Therefore, with mental labor activity, the mental load, systematic and many years of labor naturally develop mental performance, including intelligence, contributes to the safety of them up to old age.

2) during the assessment of the mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical employment, it can be concluded that in terms of mental performance (accuracy of the task, mental productivity, information processing speed, attention stability) High positive results showed tests that do not have harmful habits, which proves the negative impact of them on the human body. Harmful habits contribute to a decrease in mental performance, its effectiveness, and therefore, the productivity of labor activity is reduced.

3) In the study of the mental performance of persons engaged in mental and physical employment, indicators were compared. The mid-group indicator of the processing rate of information was 2.77 ± 0.15 bits of mental work, in individuals of physical labor - 2.45 ± 0.2 bits / s. There is a change in the indicator at a smaller side by 0.11 ± 0.2 bits, which indicates a reduction in the speed in individuals involved in physical employment. As a result of comparing all mental performance indicators, it can be concluded that mental labor activity has a positive impact on the preservation and development of mental performance.

List of used literature

Anthropova, M.V. The performance of students and its dynamics in the process of educational and employment [text]. - M.: Enlightenment, 1967. - 251С.
Alipov, N.N. Fundamentals of medical physiology: Tutorial / N. N. Alipov, 2008. - 303c.
Boyko, E.I. Mechanisms of mental activity [Electronic resource] .- M.: 1.Pedagogy, 1976. - 248c.
Vinogradov, M.I. The overall characteristics of the main forms of labor activity // Guidelines on the physiology of labor. M., 1969. - 40 s.
Gribkov, V.A. Methods of restoring mental and physical performance by means of physical culture in the process of training activities. [Electronic resource]: author, diss. Cand. Ped. science Gribkov Valery Alexandrovich. - M., 1995. - 26 p.
Danilova, H.H. High nervous physiology / h.h. Danilova, A.L. Krylova. - Rostov N / D: "Phoenix", 2005. - 478 p.
Memerova, N.F. Labor hygiene: textbook / ed. N.F. Memerova, V.F. Kirillova. - M.: Gootar - Media, 2010. - 592 c.
KICH, D.I. General hygiene. Guide to laboratory classes: Tutorial. - D.I. KICH, 2009. - 288 p.
Leonova, A.B. Functional conditions and human performance in professional activities // Psychology of Labor, Engineering Psychology Ergonomics / Ed. E.A. Klimova. M: Yurait, 2015. - 13 p.
Musina S.V. Article: "Physiological and mental performance of students and the impact on it of various factors" / s. V. Musina, E.V. Egorcheva, M.K. Tatarnikova, magazine "Lime Volgograd State Technical University" Issue No. 5, Volume No. 5, 2008.
Orlov, R.S. Normal physiology: textbook / R.S. Orlov, A. D. Nosdrachev - 2nd ed., Corrected. and add., 2010. - 832 p.
Rybnikov, O.N. Psychophysiology of professional activities / Textbook for universities [Text]. - M: Academy, 2010. - 467 p.
Seliverstova, V.V. Diagnosis of functional state: Tutorial / V.V. Seliverstova, D.S. Melnikov; National State University of Phys. Culture, sports and health. PF Lesgafta, St. Petersburg. - SPb.: [B.I.], 2012. - 93 p.
Stolyarenko, A. M. Physiology of higher nervous activity for psychologists and teachers: a textbook for students of universities students on humanitarian and social specialties / A.M. Stolyarenko. - M.: Unitidan, 2012. - 463 p.
Semenovich, A. A. Physiology of a person: studies. Allowance / A. A. Semenovich [et al.]; Ed. A. A. Semenovich. - 3rd ed., Act. Minsk: See. Shk., 2009. - 544 p.
Smirnov, V.M. Physiology of sensory systems and higher nervous activity: Tutorial for studies. Higher. studies, institutions / V.M. Smirnov, S. M. Budilin - M.: Publishing Center "Academy", 2003. - 304С.
Smirnov, V. M. Human Physiology: Textbook / Ed. V. M. Smirnova. - M.: Medicine, 2002. - 608 p.
Licorkov A.S. Guide to practical exercises in human physiology // Tutorial for universities of physical culture. - Moscow: Soviet Sport, 2006. - 163 p.
Lododkov, A.S. Human physiology. Total. Sports. Age: tutorial. / A.S. Solodkov, E.B. Sologub ed. 2nd, copy. and add. - M.: Olympia Press, 2005. - 528 p.
Sudakov, K.V. Physiology. Fundamentals and functional systems: lectures / ed. K. V. Sudakov. - M.: Medicine, 2000. - 784 p.

Applications

Attachment 1

Form for the study of mental performance according to ANNIMIO AFIMO Methodology N s and e in a to innch and in with and and in with and in with n and e a and with and with and with and with and with and with and with and and in kn x and From x in x e to x and in x e and s and e and n and e and k x k and k x e and k and s in x and x and k and with to and and with in e to In hn and and with nshe k x and with n and k with k in x k in n and n with n and k and e to and with x and in x e to and with n and And to ek a e k n a and x e and k a with n and e s in n and x k a e s n i h n k a e s n a k a e v e c a and with n And with n and in k a n a k a e k n s x e in x e n and s x k a k a e x k a e k a to N and e x k a e n a and k e a and s n k a e c e in nk n a and e in nk n a k a x e n n a x e to And a to in and k a k e k n ae and k with n and a e e a h n k a e n k in x e e x k a k in c in k e in k a a E with a in and e x e k n ae E in x k a e n a and with n and e s n k in k a e e x with tok and a with n and e with nk and in with x and in with n and k a e e SK A E C E C A C A I C N A E A C A E I A E A C A E I C HOE EN N A E N A E N A E AND KH N A AND X k h e v in and with n in k a e h c n and n k a e v and in n and e and x e v a e v a e n a and x e and with n and e X e to a in e to a k k a s s n a k a e s x e n ae and with n and e a and with n k ae with to E a k a e s x e c k k x e and x n and s nk in e in and and with n and with n and and with n and c n X k in x e and n and k a e x e and s in x and e k ae with and with n and x e c a e s n a k a e n a and with x to and In x n and x e s n and v e v n a k a e v c with n a and k in e x k in k a e in k a n x k a s n and k with x e x e x E A S N A K A E K A E N A E K A E K E C H E C H A E C E S N A C A E S H E C N E C A E C N E N With n and s a k in s n x k e s u e s n i e n k a s x k a x in x e a and e and in to In k who and with n and x k a h e n a e n i k in k a e s n i e x in to and e to a and e x e and with S in N E V and S N A E A H E H A C A N A C C A V I K V E X K C A E C A N X K A S N A K S H E X E X E A S N A K A E K A E N A E K A E K E C H E C H A E C E S N A C A E S H E C N E C A E C N E N With n and s a k in s n x k e s u e s n i e n k a s x k a x in x e a and e and in to In k who and with n and x k a h e n a e n i k in k a e s n i e x in to and e to a and e x e and with S in N E V and S N A E A H E C C A N A C C A C A C H A E S N AI N K A S H E E X K V E X E A C N A SK A E C N E K A S E K A C N A C E K A E K A N A C H E K E C N A E C N E H E N A E C N E H E N A In n s and x and h e n a n and e s c k a n k a e v and k a and k a k n i k a k a k n and c n a and e and n And with n and in e in x e and c k a and e x e k x k a and e x k a e a k and in with

Appendix 2.

Results of the proof test

SURNAME

Appendix 3.

Calculation of mental performance indicators

SURNAME	A \u003d m / n	P \u003d A * s	Q \u003d 0, 5936 * s	SP \u003d (Q -2.807 * N) / T	UVN \u003d S / N
Individual indicator
Cf. c.

Appendix 4.

Characteristic of mental labor

SURNAME	floor	age	position	bad habits
Anechkin		60 years	Those. Director	Denies
Valenov		62 years	Engineer	Alcohol on holidays
Lyapin		65 years old	Head of Design Sector	Alcohol on holidays
Logans		65 years old	Head of the Housing Committee	Alcohol 1 - 2 times a month
Pekhev		61 year	Engineer
Bukin		63 years	Electromechanic	Denies
Zubareva		62 years	Clothes designer	Denies
Solin		65 years old	GL accountant	Alcohol on holidays
Ovacheva		65 years old	Teacher	Denies
Soshin		60 years	Deputy. Directors	Alcohol on holidays

Appendix 5.

Characteristics of physical labor

SURNAME	floor	age	position	bad habits
Golikov		61 year	Mechanic	Alcohol on holidays, smokes 20 cigarettes per day
Kozyrev		63 years	Wipers of underground work	Smokes 10 cigarettes per day
LEGATP		65 years old	Master of finishing work	Smokes 20 cigarettes per day
Piryazev		65 years	El. Installer	Smokes for 10 cigarettes per day, alcohol on holidays
True		64 years	Metallurgist	Alcohol 1 - 2 times a month, smokes 20 cigarettes per day
Alexandrov		60 years	Barmaid	Denies
Digilev		62 years	Bakery buffetche	Smokes 20 cigarettes per day, alcohol on holidays
Kulakova		62 years	Seller	Denies
Markov		62 years	Painter	Smokes for 10 cigarettes per day, alcohol 1 - 2 times a month
Omnodova		64 years	Former	Denies

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Mental labor is more complicated by physiological and psychological filling, although it proceeds invisibly, often silently, informatically and externally seems easy. It includes professions related to the industry of material production (scientists, engineers, technicians, masters, operators, and others) and are outlawed (doctors, teachers, educators, writers, artists, artists and others). As a rule, mental labor is accompanied by minor muscle activity and smaller, in comparison with the physical, energy costs. The shortage of motor activity reduces the pulsation of the crust, a decrease in the amplitude and frequency of the main Rhythms of the EEG (electroencephalogram), which temporarily worsens the terms of mental activity (Smirnov V.M., 2003).

Breathing exercises.

Eye exercises.

Warning fatigue.

Computer and life.

Conclusion.

Introduction

The development of science and technology leads to increasing intellectualization of labor. This process led to the emergence of such new professions, as operators of a wide profile, machine gunners, conveyor workers, techniques for maintenance of electronic computing machines, dispatchers on transport, etc., requiring special knowledge and high nervous voltage workers. At the change of centuries, the restructuring forms of physical work comes the work is increasingly intelligent.

Scientific and technical progress has a global impact on all types of human work activities, on the nature of his recreation and entertainment. The pace of life is accelerated, the forms of interaction of people in small and large groups are changed, many people become different.

Many types of labor can be attributed to mental, which are significantly different in the organization of the workflow, the distribution of the load, the degree of neuro-emotional drug. The following groups can be selected conditionally:

1) the work of engineers, economists, accountants, office workers, requiring mainly voltage of mental processes and performed according to a predetermined plan;

2) The managerial nature of labor is typical for managers of enterprises, institutions, large and small groups, for teachers. Its distinctive features - the uneven load, the need to take non-standard solutions, the possibility of conflict situations;

3) for the labor of scientists, designers, writers, composers, artists, artists are characterized by the creation of new products of creative activity, a non-elected schedule, a periodically arising increase in the degree of neuro-emotional stress;

4) Operator work covers a large group of professions related to the management of machines, equipment, technological processes. Work is characterized by special responsibility and high neuro-emotional stress;

5) work with a large load on small muscle groups, requiring the voltage of individual analyzers and attention functions, is typical for typewriters, controllers, collectors, etc.;

6) the work of medical professionals is associated with great responsibility, often with a deficit of information necessary for the adoption of the right solution, the complexity of relationships with patients, which causes its high voltage;

7) The development of new knowledge requires the learning stresses of memory, attention, the mental processes necessary to perceive and reproduce new information.

Intellectual work with its increased mental demand requirements, long-term nerve stresses, the ability to process a large flow of a variety of informations differs from the labor of physical. In the latter, muscle fatigue is a normal physiological state developed during evolution as a biological adaptation, a protective organism from overload. The mental work is to achieve nature at higher steps of its development, and the human body has not yet managed, naturally, adapting to it. Evolution has not yet developed reactions, reliably protect the central nervous system from overvoltage. Therefore, the offensive of the nervous (mental) fatigue, in contrast to the physical (muscular), does not lead to an automatic termination of work, but only causes overexcitation, neurotic shifts that accumulating and deepening, lead to a human disease. So-called "Civilization's diseases" are particularly frequent among representatives of professions related to a sedentary intense mental labor and emotional load.

In these new people for the human body, the conditions each worker of mental labor should learn to calmly and soberly assess their strength and opportunities, learn how to manage its body, competently use the physical culture and sports for this purpose. The newest scientific data, of course, testify to the enormous benefits of exercise exercise for people working with increased neuro-emotional loads under hypodynamine.

Preserving and promoting the health of workers, an increase and maintenance of their high performance is one of the most important tasks of our society. Among many factors determining its decision, a prominent place belongs to physical culture. It contributes to the adaptation of the body to the rapidly changing working conditions and life, being one of the main components of the healthy lifestyle of contemporaries. It is not by chance that K. Marx characterized health as unlimited freedom for each person to fulfill its biological and social functions. In promoting the health of the population, the harmonious development of the personality, the importance of physical culture and sports increases in the preparation of youth to work and the protection of the Motherland, the introduction of them in everyday life.

Psychophysiology of mental labor.

Satisfaction with work more contributes to longevity than physical development, the method of nutrition, non-corrosion and longevity of parents.

M. Bernst

The working brain consumes significantly more oxygen than other body tissues. Making 2 - 3% of the total body weight, the brain fabric is at rest absorbs up to 20% oxygen consumed by all organism. Observations on a person working as a difficult book have shown that when reading the first 8 pages, the extraction of carbon dioxide increases by 12% compared with the state of rest, after 16 pages - by 20%, and after 32 - by 35%.

In case of mental operation, the blood vessels of the brain vessels, narrowing of peripheral vessels of the limbs and the extension of the vessels of the insides, that is, vascular reactions are observed, the inverse of the topics that occur during muscle work. The functions of the cardiovascular system change slightly. A business that such work is accompanied by emotional experiences. Trouble and excitement, anger and impatience, tension under time deficiency conditions are affected on the circulatory apparatus. So, before the start of work, the group of persons was recorded by the average pulse rate of 70.6 beats per minute, with relatively calm work - 77.4 shots. The mental magnesium tension work increased the pulse frequency to 83.5 shots per minute, and with strong - up to 93.1 beats per minute. Students in front of the entrance to the audience, where the exam is coming, the heart rate is recorded up to 130 - 144 beats per minute. Arterial distant rises to 135/85 - 155/95 mm. RT. Art. Against 115/70 during training sessions. Similar psycho-emotional mobilization is observed at the speaker before a public speech. With simultaneous translation, the translators have heart rate frequency rises to 160 beats per minute.

Breathing with emotionally intense work becomes uneven, can be more expensive, deepened and even suspended, the saturation of blood is reduced by oxygen, its morphological composition changes. The thermoregulation of the body, leading to enhanced sweating - more intense with negative emotions (fear, anxiety) than with positive are violated.

The initial signs of fatigue, causing the development of the braking state in the cerebral cortex, biologically necessary to prevent the body's depletion, are a signal to termination of work and physiological recovery. However, the process can be inhibited by a volitional effort, which only gives fatigue, but does not eliminate it.

The specificity of intellectual work is that even after the cessation of work, the thought of her does not leave the person, the "working dominant" does not completely fuss. It is impossible to command yourself: "Everything, I finish thinking!". And in his free time, the doctor does not leave thoughts about a difficult patient, the engineer pursue the drawings, plans, and the researcher again analyzes the results of a failed experience, trying to find a mistake, the head of the manufacturing enterprise continues to "scroll" in the head of the solutions to the production tasks.

It is noted that the work of those workers, whose workplace is not erected in the room for several people. It is not able to think, to solve creative tasks in humans, a specialist compensates for useless efforts already at home, trying to figure out his head, looking for and during the rest of the ideas that will suffer from work tomorrow.

Fatigue increases with dissatisfaction with work, failures. The feeling of fatigue is removed or relaxed by positive emotions, gaining interest in work. In the excited state, you can not notice fatigue.

Functional fatigue is first partial. So, the charter of computing operations can be successfully reading. But there may be such a fortune when, for example, neither the classes of mathematics, nor reading the literature, nor even a simple conversation turn out to be able to sleep only unrestrained. External signs of fatigue are shown in Table 1.

Table 1. External signs of fatigue with mental labor.

Objects observation	Fatigue
Objects observation	insignificant	significant
Attention	Rare distractions	Scattered, frequent distractions	Related, the reaction to new stimuli is missing
	Non-permanent, palpation and torso	Frequent change of poses, head turns to the sides, clamping, maintaining heads with hands	The desire to put your head on the table, pulling out, leaning back on the back of the chair
Movement		Uncertain, slow	Fussy movements of hands and fingers (worsening handwriting)
Interest in new material	Live interest ask questions	Decline in interest, lack of questions	Complete lack of interest, apathy

S.A. Kosyl.

With a systematic overvoltage of the nervous system, an overwork arises, for which the feeling of fatigue is characterized already before the start of work, the lack of interest in it, apathy, increased irritability, dizziness and headache. In addition, dyspeptic disorders occur, tendon reflexes increase, sweating appears, the protective forces of the body decrease (Table 2).

Table 2. Characteristics of the detection of overwork.

Symptoms	The degree of overwork
Symptoms	beginning		pronounced
Reduced legal capacity		Noticeable	Pronounced
The appearance of fatigue	With enhanced load	With ordinary load	With lightweight load	Without visible load
Emotional shifts	Temporary decline in work	At times instability mood	Irritability	Depression, sharp irritability
Sleep disorder	Harder to fall asleep	It's hard to fall asleep and wake up	Sleeping day	Besonian
Reduced mental performance		It is difficult to focus	At times forgetfulness
Vegetative shifts	Times the severity in the head	Often heaviness in the head	At times, headaches, decline in appetite
Profile measures	Streamlining of recreation, physical culture	Rest, Physical Culture	Organized vacation, vacation care

By KK Platonov.

Observations of clinicians, teachers, sociologists suggest that people who have long time in the conditions of information overload occurs. "Information neurosis", shown by the need to handle a large flow of information and quickly take on its basis.

Long-term neuro-emotional voltage without a full rest leads to the fact that a person loses sleep, appetite, he has a bad mood, there are outbreaks of irritability, longing, headache, and so on.

Many types of mental labor are related to the need to contact with other people, entire teams. In such conditions, neuro-emotional tension and the associated fatigue is largely determined by the culture of interpersonal relations, the psychological climate in the team, and often in the family. Properly organized working day mode, afterbirth, physical classes, sports hobbies will significantly help in the removal of fatigue and prevention of neurotic and psychological diseases (neurogenic hypertension, coronary heart disease, ulcerative disease of the stomach and twinNews and DR.).

With a long lesson, professional mental labor in the body may occur functional changes due to mainly small mobility. It is expressed in the worsening of the heart of the heart, sclerotic changes in blood vessels, hypotension (in young) and hypertension (in the elderly), the emergence of neurosis. The lack of movements also leads to the weakening of breathing. In the lower lungs, in the cavity of the abdomen and legs, blood is stared. The intestines arises, the products of rotting are accumulated in the body, headaches appear. Reducing the oxidative processes in the body attracts for both anemia, as well as obesity.

It is known that emotional reactions lead to an increase in blood cholesterol in connection with an increase in the level of highlighting a number of harmonies, for example, in artists before reaching the scene, at the pilots before the flight, etc. If you take into account that this chemical substance is attributed to an important The role in the development of sclerotic changes in blood vessels, it becomes clear the special importance of the prevention of cardiovascular pathology.

From a little working muscle system in the brain, a limited flow of information is incorporated, and this leads to a weakening of the excitation process and braking in certain zones of large hemispheres.

Conditions arise for increased fatigue, reduce performance not only physical, but also mental, worsen general well-being. Reducing the muscle tone worsens posture.

All of the above emphasizes the importance of the right organization of mental labor and the conditions in which it is performed.

Exercise in the labor day.

The most important condition that increases the work of the memory is the healthy state of the nerves, for which physical exercises are necessary.

K. Ushinsky

We are all accustomed to the words "physical culture", they became ordinary and therefore risk losing their appeal. But we are talking about a very important component of human culture, which includes not only the development of musculatures and exercise classes to meet the natural needs of the body in motion, but also the ability to manage their well-being.

This also includes the active use of natural nature factors (sun, air, water), hygienic working conditions, rest, life, nutrition. The physical exercises have for human performance or direct impact immediately after their use, or remote, after some time, or cause a cumulative effect in which the total effect of multiple (for several weeks or months) of their use is manifested.

Professor A.M. Vane, the head of the All-Union Center for the Pathology of the Vegetative Nervous System, allocates three main factors that determine the effect of movements on human mental activity. The first factor is associated with mental protection, because with excitement or shock in the body, harmful active substances are formed in the body. The physical activity helps the "burning" of these poisons. The most dangerous for the body are those negative emotions to which he did not respond with expressed actions. The second psychotherapeutic factor ensures the effect of substitution, i.e., switching from negative emotions to the favorite occupation associated with the use of exercise. The third factor determines the activation of the creative process, stimulates the sphere of intellectual activity.

The direct influence of physical exercises on mental operation is not definitely. Stimulating effect, as already noted, have small loads. The increase in their intensity and volume that does not appropriate human preparedness may be useless, and under certain conditions, influence negatively. All other things being equal, the better the health condition and higher level of human physical fitness, the greater the resistance to mental fatigue, the stronger the positive impact of various physical exertion. That is why in the morning gymnastics (charging), physical pauses at work or in educational institutions, short-term loads of moderate intensity prevail. To maintain mental performance at a sufficiently high level for a long time, it is advisable to use medium intensity exercises.

Table 3. Changes in mental performance when using various physical exertion for the course of 90 minutes,%.

Load intensity	Heartbeat Frequency, Ud / Min	Level of work
Load intensity	Heartbeat Frequency, Ud / Min	source	after 10h.
Small

Physical activity as the norm and the composition of a healthy lifestyle of each person can be implemented during a working day in the form of the execution of short-term exercise complexes, or in a separate longer lesson.

For productive mental labor, daily outdoor walks are needed at least 60 - 70 minutes, in addition, exercise classes are not less than 2 - 3 times a week to 40 - 90 minutes.

In self-employment, there is a wide use of physical education tools for comprehensive physical development, as well as exercises aimed (specific) impact affecting the vascular brain system. These include respiratory gymnastics, exercises for the micromysh of the visual apparatus, for relaxation, hardening procedures, etc.

Promotion to physical culture is better to start, contacting the most elementary forms of classes that do not require special medical control, nor a certain preliminary physical fitness, nor a particularly equipped place. It is necessary to go from simple more complex, observing the basic principles - regularity, graduality, subsuisability, control ...

Morning hygienic gymnastics.

Every day a practically healthy person should begin with morning charging.

A complex of simple exercises, which for a start can be engaged in only 8 - 10 minutes, makes it easy and pleasant to move from the morning sludge to active state, faster eliminating stagnant phenomena that have arisen in the body after night motor inactivity. Morning charging is chaging the excitability of the central nervous system, accelerates produce in the labor process. So, monitoring the group of students who regularly carried out charging, and for those who did not do it, showed that the first period of inclusion in high-quality training was 15 minutes, and the second is 45 minutes. Morning gymnastics helps to mobilize the upcoming work day, improves performance, creates a good mood. Positive effects increases after water procedures.

Starting classes are better under the guidance of qualified professionals, leading radio or television lessons, although this may not quite coincide with your morning schedule, calculated in minutes. The inconvenience will be temporary when you have the skill of the correct execution of various and multidirectional exercises, you can do it yourself. Make a set of exercises of gymnastics, including the movements that are particularly necessary for you personally.

When drawing up an individual complex, take care so that it meets the medical requirements:

- exercises must comply with the functional capabilities of your body, health, age, sex, the specifics of work;

- to be implemented in a certain sequence;

- cover major muscle groups and affect strength, stretching, relaxation, ensure improvement of overall mobility;

- to wear mainly dynamic character, to be carried out without significant effort and breathing delays;

- the load must gradually increase with some decline by the end of the charge;

- Complex periodically update, because The exercise usability reduces its effectiveness.

1) Exercises contributing to the gradual transition of the organism from the inhibited state in the working. This is a walking, run, performed in a calm pace, sipping. At the same time, several breathing exercises must be done;

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2) Exercises affecting the muscles of the hands and feet, activating the activities of the cardiovascular system. They combine rotation in the shoulder joints, mahu hands in different directions, shallow falls, squats in a calm pace;

3) Exercises, strengthening body muscles, which increase the flexibility of the spine, driving breathing, improving the cerebral circulation. These are rotation and tilting of the head, torso, turns to the right and left of various source positions. Those who work primarily sitting, special attention should be paid to various rotations and corners of the body, slopes to the side, preferably back. Tilt forward in this case better limit;

4) exercises for the development of power capabilities (push-ups in the stop lying, pull-up);

5) Exercises for stretching include mahi legs and hands in different directions, sloping forward with the touch of fingers or palms of gender, etc. They contribute to the increase in the mobility of the joints, the muscles train and increase the elasticity of the ligament apparatus;

6) Exercises for the abdominal press must be emphasized, because The sitting pose causes congestion in the abdominal cavity. These are the lifts of the body from the position lying, the various lifting legs from the position lying down and sitting, circles and mahs with legs from the same source positions;

7) Foot exercises include deep attacks, squatting on one leg, jump, run, dancing to music;

8) Complete the morning gymnastics exercises for relaxation and reconstruction of breathing. This is a walking with the movements of the hands. They must be performed and after exercises with an increased load.

After 8 - 10 weeks of regular classes, almost healthy people of young and middle age are increasing to complicate some of the exercises, perform them with a rubber bandage, an expendent or dumbbell weights (1.5 - 3 kg).

This will reduce the number of repetitions of each exercise by 25 - 50%.

The entire complex of exercises of the morning gymnastics is spent 10-15 minutes. Do not forget to open the window, and if possible to do in air.

Practically healthy people under the age of 40 can carry out in pace, in which the pulse rises to 150 beats per minute. After 50 years, the pulse frequency should not exceed 140 beats per minute, and for 60-year-olds - 120. The indicator of the optimal load is well-being. After the completion of the complex must be a cheerful mood. Fatigue and lethargy after charging or during the day they may testify or about excessive load, or on disabilities in health. Charging should swing and do not cause fatigue feelings.

Daily independent or collective classes with success can be replaced by a complex of the morning charge of increased difficulty. Performing such complicated exercise complexes can take 20 - 40 minutes. However, it should be borne in mind that not all people are easily and painlessly transferred in early morning watches elevated. For some, it is advisable to transfer them to the post-hour evening.

Physical exercises of general impact.

Walking and movement contribute to the game of the brain and the work of thought.

J.J. Rousse

Usually any physical exercises in one degree or another affect many systems and human bodies. However, on the principle of preferential impact on the body as a whole or on some of its exercise systems, it is possible to group. So, for persons whose work is associated with a low-fat work, small exercise, exercises that improve the cardiovascular and respiratory system are of particular interest, which increase total endurance, i.e., the ability to resist fatigue. This problem is the most important exercises of low intensity, but sufficient duration. Such dosage work can ensure walking, running, swimming, skiing, rowing, bike, sports games, etc. It is impossible not to say that all these exercises are an effective means of human psychological unloading, removal of mental tension.

Forms of selected exercises, elements of certain sports or sports training with their obligatory purposeful component - competitions are very diverse. With individual independent classes, the load is disappeared naturally. There are too rare cases when the man of Owse does not feel the load measure. More difficult in collective classes, when it can bring emotional passion. In the course of such classes, a trend towards averaging a total load, which is not enough for some, for others is insufficient.

The choice of occupations also depends on the individual tastes, the conditions and capabilities of each person. One person in cowards and T-shirt will be engaged in the playground under the windows of the houses, and the other prefers classes in a secluded place in nature or in its own apartment. But the main thing is to engage in regularly with the optimal load.

"Backway" training.

We call the training "backway" very conditional. We are talking about use for additional physical exertion of conventional working conditions and life. This includes a walking walk - training along the way to work and back. A very competitive useful addition to the results of such a workout is, according to psychologists, in the fact that during the walking movement in humans the nervous emotional tension accumulated in the day, and he does not bring him home, in the family. It is just as useful to use a bike for a trip to work and back, as well as on household matters.

Conventional stair marches, metro escalators, can be used to activate the muscles as an additional load. Take a rule not to use the elevator without special needs when lifting until the 4th floor, but even higher. Already in about 2 months, and maybe earlier, you will notice that it causes an all smaller shortness.

Get an additional physical activity, evenly distributing during the day a variety of household work helps: cleaning bed, apartments, floor washing, work with a vacuum cleaner, hand-made and machine washing. All of them equal to physical work of moderate gravity and ultimately add up to fairly impressive digits of Energotrat.

Wellness walking.

This simplest type of physical activity for people leading a sedentary lifestyle is the best medicine. This should be added that for untranslated elderly and complete people, walking is the most affordable and mandatory initial stage of independent activities, because when walking the load on the feet is 2 times less than when running.

Walking can be engaged in the street, and in the park, and in the forest. At the same time, numerous muscular groups are actively operating, including the largest: muscles of legs, pelvic belt, back, hands, respiratory organs, etc. Walking can provide a relatively high functional load, training and strengthening the cardiovascular system. So, if a person spends an average of 1.5 kcal energy per minute, then when walking with a normal speed of 5 - 6 km / h, depending on its own weight, the energy produces are increased by 3-4 times. In an hour walking, a great result can be achieved in increasing the overall balance of motor activity and Energotrat - 360 - 600 kcal (Table 4).

Table 4. Energy pumps when walking at a different speed of movement, kcal.

Speed, km / h	Body weight, kg
Speed, km / h

By E.M. Berkovich

There are scientific evidence that classes conducted with reduced intensity, but for a longer time, give a marked exercising aerobic effect, for example, classes for 30 to 40 minutes 5 times a week within 70 days. This means that the Chorde is effectively trains the respiratory and cardiovascular system. By increasing the burden, do not forget about the initial level of your preparedness, physical condition and age. Smooth and lowered persons with reduced performance, it is possible to raise a more gradual increase in the daily training load (Table 5).

Table 5. Recomplicable increase in load increases when walking.

Distance length, km.	The time of passage is 1 km, min.	Approximate walking time, min.

Wellness running.

Running more intense exercise than walking, however, and it can be dosed on energy consumption, speed of movement, distance, etc. So, according to S.V. Erdakova and V.V. Chernushkina, at the speed of running 10 km / h (coward), energy produced 10.5 kcal per minute (630 kcal / h); With the speed of running 15 km / h (the usual light run) - 21 kcal per minute (1260 kcal / h), which is more than half of the daily powerrata of a person engaged in mental labor.

Recommended to start physical training from walking, gradually moving to run. Increasing the distance, additional minutes of running should come naturally. It is necessary to know your own capabilities and keep training loads within their limits. One of the basic principles is to train, not straining.

It is impossible not to mention that when running significantly increases in compare, with walking load on the musculoskeletal system of a person. This should especially take into account persons overweight. There may be a situation at which it is not a cardiovascular system to limit the possibility of increasing the body, and pain in the muscles and leg statutes. In this case, it is advisable to reduce the weight by long walking, intense gymnastic exercises, rational nutrition and only after that begin the wellness run. However, there are people who are allowed to start their physical training immediately from running. And even this group of novice runners should increase the load gradually (Table 6).

Table 6. Bega dosage for months.

Age, years		Dosage run, min.
Age, years

According to A. Vollarbergeru.

Start the dosage run after performing a small complex of familiar overall exercises. Access attention to the preparation of articular ligaments. If it's cold on the street, the workout is better to do at home.

It is advisable to choose a ring route on cold days to start and finish running at the home threshold.

Do not try the hard times in order to fulfill the outlined, because The human well-being can change due to weather and many other reasons. Running, as experience shows, should pass on the verge of pleasant with difficult, especially for beginners.

Wellness Run has little in common with running sports, including in the technique of movement. Do not put the leg on the sock. The best option is to roll the heel on Novok with a large focus on the outer surface of the foot.

An important importance is psychological unloading, emotional comfort arising during a long run at an optimal speed. It is not by chance that most fans of the wellness run are noted by the fact that as a result of long runs, they invariably feel a feeling of pleasure.

This phenomenon is reflected in the results of special scientific research. So, it was revealed that when running from 20 minutes and longer with an intensity of 60 - 80% of the maximum age indicator of the heart rate in the blood plasma significantly increases, the concentration of Bateadrofins and Mat Encefamins - Mediators of Pain and Pleasure. Researchers suggest that such a reaction takes place with all cyclic exercises.

Physical exercises aimed exposure.

The courage of the mind is that a tireless and stubborn training session give it flexibility, not to retreat before mental labor.

R. Rolland

To the exercises of the directional impact for persons engaged in the mental work, it is possible to include the movements that affect the system of the body, which are mostly dependent on the conditions and specifics of labor.

Training of brain vessels.

Two internal sleepy and two vertebral arteries are going to the brain, 1,500 kilometers is the total length of the smallest vessels of the brain - capillaries. The deterioration of blood flow in the arteries and vessels immediately leads to insufficient cerebral circulation and reduction of working capacity.

Conducted by V.E. Nagorous proceedings made it possible to establish a real possibility directly and indirectly broadcast on a vascular brain system for the purpose of its improvement (Table 7).

Table 7. Classification of physical exercises by the nature of their impact on the brain vessels.

Impact	Exercises
1) Direct	Movement head (turns, slopes, circles). The same, in combination with the movements of the hands. The adoption of poses, in which the head turns out to be below other parts of the body (lifting legs lying on the back, "bike", racks on the blades, elbows, head, etc.). Fast movements of the head with the occurrence of inertia (swinging driving torch). The bending of the spine in the neck, chest (feet behind the head in the position lying on the back). Intensive breathing through the nose, sharp reductions in the diaphragm (running, movement on skiing, etc.), breathing only through the nose (exercises with intense exhalation, etc.). Massage and self-massage techniques, including hallenging with your fingers on your head.
2) Founded on reflex vascular reactions	The muscles involving the active work of the brushful and inter-pumping areas of the shoulder belt. Massage of these regions. Causing irritation of the vestibular apparatus (circles, knuckles, coups, etc.). Exercises for the eyes (turns, circular movements, bringing a view from distant locations to neighbor and others). Temperature water exposure: foot baths, shower, wash.
3) the use of specific brain vessel reactions on chemicals entering blood.	Performing non-physical exercises with breathing delay (walking, slopes, squats, etc.). Diving, swimming with a crawler or breach with breathing after 1.5 or 2 cycles, etc.

The systematic and regular execution of the exercises of the first group with a complete amplitude of movements has a variety of mechanical effect on the vessels, passing through the neck: squeezing, stretching, massage. Multiple repetitions will be submitted to preserve the elasticity of the walls of the vessels, an increase in their strength.

In the usual position - standing, sitting or lying - blood pressure in the head vessels is determined by pressure, which creates a heart. When performing exercises such as all sorts of racks down head, lifting legs lying on the back, the pressure is added to this pressure, created by the weight of the blood pole height equal to the growth of a person. An additional pressure requires a response and substantial change in the nature of the vascular system. Systematic repetition of these exercises is a highly efficient training of all head vessels. However, not all people can perform these exercises, the position down the head is vital for individuals prone to hypertension having a myopia of more than 3 diopters (DPT).

Big influence on the vascular and liquid (cerebrospinal fluid) of the brain system have respiratory movements. During the inhalation, the blood blasting of the brain decreases, and when exhaling it increases. The impact is more significantly if the respiratory intensity increases and an interference occurs for air passage, for example, when breathing only through the nose or one nostril. Even large pressure drops in the venous head vessels cause exercises in which the exhalation ends with an energetic pushing of air. All this improves metabolic processes in the brain.

The effect of using the exercises of the second group is explained by the presence of numerous bilateral nervous bonds between the internal organs and individual areas of the skin and muscles. Therefore, the involvement in the intensive work of the muscles, reflexively associated with the brain vessels, has a stimulating effect on the last.

The irritation of the vestibular apparatus causes the extension of the brain vessels. The fact that after performing exercises in the form of various movements, a feeling of cheerfulness after mental fatigue occurs, it is explained by the presence of certain functional bonds between the eye nerve and the nerve cells of the brain vessels, as well as the activation of blood circulation in the muscles controlling the movements of the eyes.

The peculiarity of the effect of exercises of the third group on the vessels of the brain is that when performing some respiratory gymnastics techniques there is a feeling of air shortage. This is an excess signal in 2 (carbon dioxide), in which the vessels are expanding. Latest deep breathing returns them to normal stool.

When using exercises of all three groups, caution in the intensity and the number of repetitions is necessary. Observations show that an excessive dose not only reduces the positive effect, but also can lead to opposite results. For example, the circle of the head at small doses causes the expansion of the brain vessels, and in excess - spasms. Therefore, when using exercises aimedized impact, it is generally important to comply with the gradualness and guided by subjective sensations.

Breathing exercises.

A sharp deterioration of mental activity often occurs due to insufficient admission to oxygen brain cells. The breathing exercises that strengthen the oxidative processes in the body are of great importance for the struggle.

The complex of breathing exercises should be done 2 - times a day, after at least one hour after eating. Initially, breast and abdominal breathing is mastered, and the fastener is complete. Exercises are performed in the positions lying, sitting and standing.

Abdominal breathing is used not only for the training of the respiratory system and statement, but also to strengthen the muscles of the abdominal press, reducing fat deposits in the abdomen, with the omission of the abdominal organs.

To perform abdominal breathing, a calm breath is made with a stomach protrusion (2 - 3c.).

When exhaling (3 - 4С.) The stomach is maximally drawn. Exercise is repeated 3 - 5 times. In the subsequent phase of the exhalation, it is desirable to gradually extend, but do not bring it duration until excessive tension.

Breast breathing begins with exhalation and protruding the front wall of the abdomen with the simultaneous removal of air from the chest. During the breath, draw the stomach and without excessive tension to gain air into the cavity of the chest. The account is the same as in abdominal breathing.

Full breathing is the most effective type of exercise. With its implementation, gas exchange is significantly improved, blood pressure is normalized. First, it is mastered lying, and then sitting and standing. In position lying with the hands lowered along the body to make a calm exhale, then smoothly stick the belly (score 1 - 2), lowering the diaphragm as low as possible. In this case, the breath is involuntarily, the air is sucked in the lungs. Continuing inhale, expand the lower ribs, fully expand the chest, slightly lifting the shoulders and clavicle and tightening the belly (account 3 - 4).

With the beginning of the exhalation, empty shoulders and clavicle, remove the air from the chest cavity with the simultaneous abdominal protrusion (account 1 - 4).

Repeat exercise 3 - 4 times. The trained person needs to extend the phase of the exhalation.

For further training, it is advisable to perform exercises with breathing delay, but such a duration so that the sensation of the lack of air-permensed is easy. Excessive tension, especially in older people and persons with diseases of the cardiovascular system, should not be. The respiratory delay significantly facilitates the work of the heart, expands the coronary vessels and brain vessels, increases the level of urban breathing.

Respiratory gymnastics can be performed during walking.

Exercise 1. During walking in moderate pace, make a complete breath on 4, 6 or 8 steps. Then hold breathing on 2, 3 or 4 steps. Full exhalation is done again by 4, 6 or 8 steps. After exhalation - the delay in the breathing of the former duration (2, 3 or 4 steps).

In the event of unpleasant sensations, the number of repetitions is determined by well-being. During the repetitions, the duration of the breath may increase to 12 steps or more, and in connection with this, there may be a breathing delay.

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Exercise 2. The same as the exercise 1, only exhale to make shocks through tightly compressed lips.

Exercise 3. After the inhalation of the middle depth to do exhale, delay the breath and pass 10 - 16 steps before the feeling of air shortages. Repeat 15 - 20 times.

Exercise 4. While walking to make 15 - 20 respiratory movements with accented exhalation.

Exercise 5. Complete 0.5 - 1 kilometer (you can at an accelerated pace), breathing through the nose, focusing the operation of the diaphragm (when you breathe, and when you exhale your stomach).

Eye exercises.

The shortage of the majority of mental workers inevitably affects vision. Working at the table, on the instruments or in the easel, a man lasting a look at the points located at the same distance. This is the assignment of micromysh lens and motor muscles. Therefore, it is recommended during the working day to repeatedly translate a look at far standing objects and visually fix them. And on the lunch break it is useful to play games such as table tennis and badminton.

Unfortunately, among persons engaged in predominantly mental labor, many suffer from a myopsy ("Mio" - pure, "OPSIS" - look).

This is one of the shortcomings of the refraction of the eye, as a result of which the persons suffering from them are poorly seen distant items. Myopia often arises from persons with deviations in the general state of health. They often have a violation of posture, the trend is chosenly tilted to the body and head with visual work at close distance.

Physical exercises for the prevention of myopia and during its progression not only contributes to the general strengthening of the body, but also improve the activities of the eye muscles, blood circulation in the tissues of the eye.

An important role in the prevention of myopia is played by breathing exercises that enhance pulmonary ventilation, which improve the redox processes in the body.

The myopia is weak (up to 3 diopters), medium (4 - 6 DPT) and high (more than 6 DPT) degree.

For people suffering from myopia, it is necessary to clearly comply with the testimony and contraindications to sports (Table 8).

Table 8. Contraindications for sports, depending on the degree of myopia.

Kind of sport	Contraindications
	For any degree

Weightlifting
		No correction
Trek race	With a high degree, as well as with any complications on the eye day
Trees on the highway
Gymnastics art		As a rule, without glasses. With a downgrade - contact correction
Horseback Riding		No correction
Water polo		No correction
Figure skating
Volleyball basketball		No correction
String stand, bullet, out	No contraindications	Point or contact correction
Modern pentathlon	For anyone, in addition to the stationary myopia of a weak degree
Sports gymnastics		No correction
Skiing		No correction or contact correction
Running short distances		No correction
Football, manual ball		No correction
Fencing	Only with complicated	Point or contact correction
Swimming		No correction
		Point correction
Running on medium and long distances		No correction

Training can have a beneficial effect on the state of the eyes, but they can have a negative impact, lead to impairment of vision. It all depends on the degree of myopia, sport and dosage of loads. With progressive myopia, especially complicated, sports related to large physical tension, sharp movement of the body and the possibility of its concussions.

Warning fatigue.

To be more workable, give yourself sometimes. Where the voltage does not alternate with rest, there is no endurance. Stretched bow burst.

Jan Amos Komensei

The centuries-old experience of humanity suggests that a weekly rest is needed to maintain high performance. In the year of the First World War in England, the industrial enterprises abolished a Sunday day off. Negative effects did not slow down to affect - the number of diseases decreased, the number of diseases increased. Then at some plants, the day of rest restored, and the health and productivity indicators returned to the norm.

Most workers of our country have two weekends. And they need to skillfully use. If these days restrict ourselves to passive events: reading, cinema, visiting the theater, concert hall, etc. - This rest will not contribute to the restoration of performance, but on the contrary, can lead to relaxation, a kind of muscle detriment. Monday then will be "hard afternoon", because the production of the work process will be difficult.

Weekly rest must be active. On the day off - on nature! Teach yourself to this. Go beyond the city, it is still in what role - both tourists, dackets, for work on a plot, fishermen, hunters, mushrooms, bicycles or children. In winter with skis, sledding. Outside the city you can visit the museums and estates, natural or historical monuments. Typically, buses, trains go close to these objects, and pass 5 - 6 kilometers on fresh air is useful and ugly.

The air in the forest near the water surfaces is most clean and useful. It contains the greatest number of negatively charged ions. In addition, the air around the fields and forests is saturated by the so-called. phytoncides. These adversely active substances on the microbes are released leaves, roots and fruits of many tensions. Doctors found that phytoncides strengthen the human nervous system, relieve fatigue and neuro-emotional tension.

Active rest is absolutely necessary people of mental labor leading mainly sedentary lifestyle. It is unlikely that anything can be replaced by shady flakes of forests, which causes so many pleasant sensations, raises the performance and mood of man.

Which forest is better for walking? It largely depends on the climati and weather catch, as well as the individual characteristics and hundreds of human health. It is believed that the microclimate of the deciduous and mixed forest is softer and more favorable for the body than coniferous. Fitoncides are larger in warm weather and in the middle of the day, with the cold and night their amount in the forest air is minimal.

The most pronounced bactercid (phytoncidal) properties possess poplar, maple, viburnum, magnolia, jasmine, white acacia, alder, birch, sons and cypress. Oblaws found that the air is practically styled in pine and cedar forests; It will actually even even on a tuberculosis wand. It is also noted that in the forest air of negative ("lungs") ions 2-3 times more than in the sea or above the meadow, and 5 - 10 times more than in urban. The greatest amount of light ions is detected under the crown of red oak, white maple, ordinary pine.

It should, however, know that a long stay in the coniferous forest has some people, for example, suffering from cardiovascular diseases, a significant storing of the centerpal nervous system, is not tolerated, especially in dry, hot spring-summer days.

Along with short-term rides on a bike, skiing, walking walks are useful to make more long journeys that combine active vacation with cognitive tasks. According to the All-Union Laboratory for Tourism and Excursions, Tourism is the best reservoir emotional switching from one type of activity to another.

It is believed that active rest can underline reduce cardiovascular diseases, by 40% of respiratory diseases, almost a third - diseases of the quotation-muscular apparatus and more than 20% of the gastrointestinal tract.

During tourist treasures and hiking, we not only listen to the guide or manager, if there is such, but with a living interest we are watching nature, admire the sun, the sea, the river, the forest, inhale clean aromatic air and, of course, do not smoke. Just illogical to go to nature, but inhaling the cigarettes poisoned smoke.

But no matter how well the rest is organized, it cannot comparture a long annual vacation. Systematic, repeated, from a week a week repetition of labor efforts, since they are to a certain extent with monotonous external irritants, weakens the nerve cells of the cerebral cortex. To prevent such a body reaction can be rest within a few weeks. No medicine can have such an effect in the fight against overwork, as a rationally organized annual rest, preventing the possibility of the development of overwork.

If the daily and Sunday vacation helps us completely restore the energy spent at work, then the annual vacation, vacation or vacation, advances strength, vigor and health for many months ahead. This was pointed to Academician A.A. A mantist man who believed that rest should go injured fatigue, to warn him.

Even in the sanatoriums, where the doctor is going to be treated and relaxing, you need to strive for an active holiday, to participate in tourist campaigns, excursions, to go to fish, for mushrooms, etc.

All this suggests that the ability to actively relax during the year is as much as much as the ability to work at work and at home.

To bring holidays in nature only the benefit, it is necessary to observe some hygienic rules. So, going to the pedestrian walk, pay special attention to the choice of shoes. It should be durable, moisture-resistant, well make a foot, do not have inner scars. New, not proven shoes, put on the campaign is not recommended. Select the free, easy, concerned season. In the campaign, do not forget about the rules of rational nutrition, do not overeat, do not drink alcoholic beverages. Do not drink, not boil, water from open sources. Bathe, sunbathing, observe the measure. In short, nature should be used skillfully, and then it will thank you with tide of vigor and health.

Influence of computer on human health.

Computer and life.

Today, the computer is useful in a wide variety of areas of human activity. In many professions, it is either the object of labor or the main tool, the working tool. With the expansion of the Internet network, an increasing number of people living in different cities, different countries and even on different continents, communicate with each other through a computer. The computer is an excellent assistant when teaching languages, natural, accurate and applied sciences both schoolchildren and adults who receive vocational education. Computers penetrate everyday life. Recently, a great multitude of educational programs, all sorts of thematic computer encyclopedia, assistant programs for home accounting, libraries are created. Multimedia performances appeared on CDs, computer games, whose fans are people of the most different age, level of education, intelligence, worldview. Unfortunately, numerous users of personal computers (PCs) often forget, and sometimes they simply do not know that computers together with benefit and pleasure carry a number of factors adversely affecting health.

At the dawn of the universal computerization PC was perceived simply as a more convenient and perfect, compared to large computing machines, a tool for solving a number of programming tasks, managing large databases, as the required link in publishing systems, as well as an extremely comfortable electronic typewriter or a fascinating leisure toy .

But since 1990, publications began to appear that intensive and long-term work with the computer is the cause of a number of diseases. Moreover, many scientists believe that the possibility of long-term consequences is not excluded due to the impact of the display radiation.

Factors of computer impact on man.

The problem of the influence of a computer on human health is being developed in two alternative directions. The most numerous and most likely the closest to the truth are supporters of the statement that the computer disease exists. Their arguments of weights.

The negative impact of the computer per person is complex.

First, as the results of numerous scientific papers with the use of the latest measuring equipment, the PC monitor is a source:

- electrostatic field;

- weak electromagnetic emissions in low-, ultra-low and high-frequency bands (25 Hz - 400 kHz);

- X-ray radiation;

- ultraviolet radiation;

- infrared radiation;

- Radiation of the visible dipazone.

The effect of their human body has been studied not enough, but it is clear that it does not do without consequences.

Secondly, the fixed intense pose of the operator, for a long time of the display chained to the screen, leads to fatigue and the appearance of pain in the spine, neck, shoulder joints.

Thirdly, intensive work with the keyboard causes pain in the elbow joints, forearms, wrists, in the brushes and fingers.

Fourthly, the operator's activity involves primarily the visual perception of the information monitor displayed on the screen, so the visual apparatus of working with PCs is a significant load. The factors that are most affecting vision are:

1) Imperfection of ways to create an image on the monitor screen. This group of factors includes:

- incompatibility of monitor parameters and graphics adapter;

- insufficiently high monitor resolution, defocusing, ray nonstore and low levels of its technical characteristics;

- Excessive or insufficient image brightness.

2) an ill-conceived organization of the workplace, which is the cause:

- availability of glare on the front panel of the screen;

- lack of the required level of illumination of jobs;

- non-compliance with the distance of the operator's eye to the screen.

Fifth, the work of the computer is accompanied by acoustic noise, including ultrasound.

Possible deterioration in the well-being of PC operators is the object of research programs of the National Academy of Sciences, Scientific and Medical Institutions of Sweden, France, Germany, Authority, Japan and Russia.

Specialists of various directions and specializations after careful studies came to the conclusion that the cause of user health deviations are not so much computers themselves, as not enough to comply with the principles of ergonomics. In the work associated with the womb, there is nothing that would do inevitable pain, physical discomfort, violation of vision or functions of the musculoskeletal engine. A person must remain healthy and energetic even after a long-term work at the computer. Today it is possible!

However, many operator jobs due to the insufficiency of available information from both the heads of institutions and users themselves continue to maintain the former look, which will affect the emergence of complaints of operators.

So, many people who are constantly working with PCs note that often after a short time after the start of work, headache appears, painful sensations in the muscles of the face and neck, a pain in the spine, caring in the eyes, tear, disruption of a clear vision, pain Move hands. The degree of soreness of sensations is proportional to the time of work for the PC.

Due to prolonged seating in an inlet pose in some PC operators, muscle weakness develops, a change in the form of the spine (long-term static static syndrome) is developing, which in the most extreme cases can lead to disability. Such diseases are satellites of any "sitting" work.

For those who work with the information displayed on the screen on the screen of 7 hours and more per day, the likelihood of asthenopia (visual weakness) and eye inflammation is significantly higher than those who are not related to the computer. In addition, it was revealed that among the pofesia operators there is an increased frequency of glaucoma and cataract diseases. According to the World Health Organization, such operators are forced every 6 - 9 months to change the pit in the direction of their strengthening.

Permanent PC users are more often exposed to psychological stress, functional disorders of the central nervous system, closer to the cardiovascular system and the upper respiratory tract. Low-frequency electron field when interacting with other negative factors can initiate cancer and leukemia. Dust, attracted by the electrostatic field of the monitor, like any dust, sometimes the cause of the dermatitis of the face, exacerbation of asthmatic symptoms, irritation of the mucous membranes.

Although the picture of the effects of computers on the human body described above, looks rather gloomy, it must be remembered that such consequences are possible only in the case of fully ignoring the problem. Each PC user should know the danger of "in the face" to be able to avoid it.

Special exercise complexes for PC operators.

Complexes are composed on the basis of developments and proposals of the Eye diseases of the eye diseases. Helmholts under the guidance of Professor E.A. Avetisova. They have a beneficial effect and contribute to the restoration of the normal performance of the eyes and muscles of the body.

Complex 1.

Exercise 1. Sit with closed eyes, having ragged the muscles of the face, leaning back at the pink of the chair, put his hands on the hips (10 - 15 p.).

Exercise 2. Close your eyes and perform self-massage of the abnormal arc and the bottom of the eye, making the light circular stroking movements from the nose to the outside (20 - 30 p.).

Then sit with closed eyes 10 - 15 s.

Exercise 3. Hands bend in front of the breast, brushes tightly join, crossed fingers. Turn the chiti fingers to the chest, not allowing the disconnection of the palms. Turn the brush fingers forward. Repeat 4 - 6 times. Then lower your hands down and shake with declared brushes.

Exercise 4. Hands bend in the elbows, palm up and forward. To perform alternately clicks of fingers, starting with the index (each time the thumb is above).

The same in the reverse order. Repeat 2 - 3 times. Then lower your hands down and shake with tassels.

Exercise 5. Tilt the head on the chest and stay back, then slightly take back. Head tilt forward. Repeat 4 - 6 times. The pace is slow.

Exercise 6. Watch in front of yourself 2 - 3 seconds. Transfer a look at the tip of the nose at 3 - 5 s. Repeat 6 - 8 times.

Complex 2.

Exercise 1. Very slow circular movement of the head in one direction, then to another. Repeat 3 - 4 times.

Exercise 2. Self-massage of the occipital part of the head and neck. All movements to carry out the pillows of the fingers from top to bottom of the duck; Stroking, circular motion, rubbing.

Exercise 3. Firmly clog the eyes at 3 - 5 s, then open for 3 - 5 s. Repeat 6 - 8 times.

Exercise 4. Hands on the belt. Right hand on the head. Straightening muscles, turn the torso right. Relax muscles, return to its original position. The same - in the other direction. Take 2 - 3 times.

Exercise 5. Follow the eyes of slow downs, and then raising your hands at a distance of 40 - 50 centimeters from the eyes. Repeat 10 - 12 times, changing hands.

Complex 3.

Exercise 1. Close the eyes, three-finger pads of each hand easily pressed on the upper eyelid 2 - 3 s. Then remove the fingers from the century and sit with closed eyes 2 - 3 s. Repeat 3 - 4 times.

Exercise 2. Raise the top bent in the elbows of the hand, the lowered brushes are almost touching the ears. Then slightly bend ahead, lower the head on the chest, consistently "drop" shoulders, forearms, brushes, fully relax. Repeat 2 - 3 times.

Exercise 3. Sitting with directly lowered hands, dramatically strain the muscles of the whole body. Then immediately relax completely, lower your head on the chest, close your eyes. So sit 10 - 15 s. Repeat 2 - 3 times.

Exercise 4. With turning the body to raise hands up. It is intense to dilute your fingers, strain all the muscles of the body, delay your breath at 7 - 8 s. With the rotation of the body to the original position "drop" hands and relax the whole body at 7 - 8 s. Repeat in different directions 3 - 5 times.

Exercise 5. To connect your chest palm of both hands, finger to finger, without tension. Sequentially breed and reducing the index fingers, maizins, medium, large, unnamed. Repeat in reverse order.

Exercise 6. Put the finger of the right hand in the middle at a distance of 20 - 25 cm from the eyes. Look at him with two eyes 3 - 5 s., With the right eye (shusing the left) 3 - 5 s., Left eye (closing the right one) 3 - 5 s., In two eyes. Change your hand. Repeat everything sacrificed. Total to perform 2 - 3 cycles.

Complex 4.

Exercise 1. Sitting for PC, accept the Masimally comfortable posture:

- Relax, do not strain;

- gently, not a foot, straighten your back (do not narrow);

- closing the eyes, gently, not squeezing, subject the eyelids;

- With closed eyes, see only right in front of yourself - the eyes, not straining, defocush;

- Keep my head easily, not straining, effortlessly;

- Body Do not strain and perform light head slopes: to the chest, back, in turn, right and left shoulder.

Exercise 2. Without opening your eyes, make the rotational movements clockwise and against, down and up.

Exercise 3. At least once every 2 hours, take off from work, throw back on the back of the chair, put your hands on the hips, decay the muscles of the face and sit for this 10 - 15 s.

Exercise 4. Close your eyes and massate with your fingers, making light circular stroking movements from the nose outside, the abnormal arcs and the lower part of the eyelid 20 - 30 s. Then drink with closed eyes 10 - 15 s.

Exercise 5. Slowly tilt the head forward, overlooking the chin in the chest, and remove the head back. Do a number of rotations head. Repeat 4 - 6 times.

Exercise 6. 2 - 3 s. Shot in the distance, then transfer the look at the tip of the nose, climb on 2 - 3 s. Repeat 6 - 8 times.

Exercise 7. Physical traffic. If there is an opportunity, lift your hands up, strain your fingers tense, strain all the muscles of the body, hold your breath at 7 - 8 s. With the turn of the body "drop" hands and relax the whole body to 7 - 8 s. Repeat 3 - 5 times.

Exercise 8. Tighten and squeeze your fingers so that it is possible to easily make the voltage. Relax, and then, not in a hurry, pour your fingers.

Exercise 9. To break the shoulders and the top of the back, learn the fingers of the hands behind the head and shift the blades until you feel the voltage at the top of the back. Stay in this position 5 - 10 s. Then we declare. Repeat 5 - 10 times.

Exercise 10. We are gossip for kicking your fingers with addressed inside palms. Slowly try to raise and straighten your hands. Stay in this position 5 - 10 s. Repeat 5 - 10 times.

Exercise 11. In the standing position, slowly raise your hands, while turning the head to the left, then to the right until you feel a slight tension.

Exercise 12. This exercise will help neutralize the consequences of a long stay in a susceptible position when you are long and closely look at the screen. Slowly lower the chin so that folds formed, remain in this position 5 s. Repeat 5 - 10 times.

Conclusion.

Labor and creativity slow down the arrival of patterns and fading.

1-14_physical culture 3 - page 4

S.T. Konenkov

Achievements of science and technology are increasingly pushing physical labor into the second plan, preferring the mental work with its complex psycho-emotional loads. The brain, heart, the vessels of a person are forced to work with an incomparably high voltage than its muscular system, which makes up about 40% of the entire body. The disturbed normal physiological balance of the human body of the human body creates all new ailments that limit its livelihoods. People do not want to hurt and prematurely age, they are looking for a more efficient means of preserving high performance. In these centuries-old and versatile searches, humanity experienced a lot of hobbies of fashionable drugs, the latest theories of recovery and rejuvenation, but the authority of physical exercises from this not only did not hesitate, but also consistently increased. And all because the influence of movements is crucialized both on a separate system or function and on the whole body as a whole.

All proposed exercises, of course, cannot take into account individual features, personal experience and habits of each person. Therefore, they should not be taken unconditionally, they need their practical verification and, if necessary, refinement.

Exercise are powered by natural human backups. Nothing is able to reimburse our nervous system. The Chesses give her active work of muscles, optimal physical exertion. Classes in the gym, swimming pool, in the stadium, sports fields, forest paths lay the basis of high performance, the possibility of long-term voltage of the most complex functions of the nervous system. Physical culture, properly organized physical classes - this is a reliable shoulder on which you can and should be relying at any age. Physical culture is a powerful vitality battery, it brings vigor and cheerfulness, muscle joy, pride for their motor skills and opportunities.

List of useful literature.

1) Vilensky M.Ya., Ilyinich V.I. Physical culture of mental labor equipment. - M: "Knowledge", 1987, - 96 p.

2) F.P. Kosmolinsky. Physical culture and workability. - M: "Knowledge", 1983, - 64 p.

3) G. G. Demirchoglyan. Computer and health. - M: Lukomorier, 1997, - 256 p.

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