Personal goose whistle 7 letters. The clear sound of the clay whistle. Stages of sculpting a whistle

Folk whistles are used all over the world - in Latin America, China, Africa, eastern Europe and other places. In many cultures, the whistle is considered a children's toy, in Europe it spread in this capacity in the middle of the XIX century.

The name "Ocarina" applies to the entire family of whistle flutes, as well as to a specific variety, invented by Giuseppe Donati in 1853 and used in classical music; it is also called "classic ocarina."

Ocarynas include the oldest instruments - whistles, which had a variety of colors and a special whistle device and three or four playing holes, giving various sound combinations. In ancient times, these primitive instruments accompanied a variety of rites and celebrations.

Whistle "Duck". Karachun toy. Master: Lyudmila Dedova , CC BY-SA 4.0

In Russia, whistles were made everywhere as a folk instrument - the famous ones, and the whistles, but they performed more souvenir and decorative functions, had a rather limited range.

The bulk of the craftsmen’s products are traditional whistles: lords, horsemen, cows, bears, roosters.

The form and technique of the game

Most ocarins are near-spherical in shape, while classic ocarins are egg-shaped, but ocarins of various shapes and with different numbers of openings for the fingers are known.

Ocarins often have a mouth-shaped protrusion ending with an air injection hole. When playing on an ocarina, the air flow is directed to the relatively sharp edge of the hole, due to which the air begins to vibrate and makes a sound.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 4.0

A peculiarity of the ocarina is the dependence of the pitch exclusively on the area of \u200b\u200bthe holes: in view of the design of the instrument, the order in which they open is not important if they are of the same diameter. Two holes of equal size can produce three notes (both closed, one open, both open), if they are of different sizes, the number of notes increases to four.

Multi-chamber ocarins can have more holes and produce several sounds at once. Normally, Ocarina cannot play the same sound a few octaves on the same combination of fingers as other musical instruments.

Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 4.0

Ocaries without holes or with one hole, used only for utilitarian purposes (hunting, signaling) are usually called whistles. Due to their small size, the whistles are often hung on laces like medallions.

History

The simplest whistle flutes were made from large seeds, nuts, shells of mollusks, bones and vegetables, for example, pumpkins. The oldest variety of ocarina is the Chinese ceramic tool Xun, the earliest known syuns date back to the 4th millennium BC (however, it is very likely that earlier specimens simply did not survive), by the 18th century AD the number of holes in it reached six.

In Africa, wood, pumpkin and other plant-shaped rhomboid ocarins with 2-3 holes are widespread, in particular, shepherds play on them; in New Guinea they are usually made of clay; in pre-Columbian Central America, the number of openings in the ocarins varied more strongly, from 1 to 4 or more. In a thick tropical selva with the help of an ocarina, which is tied to a rope and untwisted next to itself, travelers let others know about themselves.

Whistle "Harmonist on a pig." Karachun toy. Author: Galina Kotelnikova Guide to Russian Crafts, CC BY-SA 4.0

The modern Ocarina was invented by the Italian master who made musical instruments, Giuseppe Donati. Its 10-hole ceramic ocarina tuned to a European musical scale. Donati called the tool a “gosling” by the similarity of its shape with a goose beak. Donati toured Italy with an ensemble from his native Budrio, who played ocarins. Some performers subsequently returned to Budrio and laid down the tradition of making ocarins that existed in the 21st century.

Later, porcelain whistle flutes appeared in Germany, and metal was also used for the production of ocarins in Europe. With the advent of plastic, they also began to use it in the manufacture of this tool. Okarina Donati had two rows of 4 holes of the same size and two large side holes for the thumbs.

Russian clay toy has been part of the life of the people for many centuries. The art of making such gizmos and craft traditions have been handed down from generation to generation. These, it would seem, trinkets are the embodiment of beauty, work and lifestyle of the Russian people.

clay toys

On the territory of our country, archaeologists have found the most ancient clay toys dating back to the second millennium BC. They were rattles, various utensils and small clay semblances of a tool. During excavations, toys of later origin were found. They were of cult significance and were made in the form of figures of people, birds, horses. These toys were created by means of subsequent firing in an oven. Sometimes they were decorated with paintings and covered with glaze.

The history of clay toys has developed rapidly. Its production in the 17-18 centuries. growing rapidly. Figures began to be made specifically for sale at spring fairs. Clay is a plastic and soft material. She was suitable not only for the formation of dishes. Various whistle toys, images of people, birds, animals, rattles (rattles) and much more were molded from it. Each master had his own style and manner of modeling, and under Alexei Mikhailovich, as a souvenir and gift, such gizmos willingly began to purchase the royal court.

At that time, clay toys sculpted everything, from small to large. For the most part, they were engaged in this in the autumn-winter season, when there was plenty of time free from rural concerns. To this day, a folk clay toy does not lose its relevance. Created in all kinds of variations of form and color, it has a magical ability to bring comfort, warmth and good mood to the house.

Clay folk toy: differences in origin and method of manufacture

Toys can vary in the composition of clay taken for crafts, and in the manner of molding characteristic of one or another type of product. Images made of oily clay are best sculpted. It is mainly used for making Filimonovo toys. Each product is characterized by certain shapes and colors, which depend on the type of clay found in a particular area, and its plastic properties.

Clay toys made earlier represent a special branch of pottery, which has survived to this day. Expressiveness and simplicity are the main criteria for sculpting these products by craftsmen.

Russian ceramic Kargopol, Dymov, Filimonov, and others are very famous. It has gained distribution in many countries of the world.

Clay toy Kargopol: revival story

These crafts owe their name to their place of origin, the city of Kargopol, Arkhangelsk region, and more precisely to the villages around it. It was there that at first the peasants created toys from the most accessible material in these places - clay.

The history of the revival of this industry is quite interesting. In relation to other types of craftsmanship, the revival of which was organized in Soviet times, the art of the Kargopol toy in Russia at some point was practically lost. However, some product samples were saved and brought to our days thanks to Ulyana Babkina. She was able to give a second life to the once extinct kind of craft. Clay toys, photos of which are presented below, reflect all the individuality and characteristics of their places of origin.

Features of the appearance of the Kargopol toy

Kargopol crafts, in comparison with their other relatives, are distinguished by their rather archaic appearance. Nevertheless, they are quite recognizable by their type, style and mural.

Plots are divided into 2 categories:

Plot toys demonstrating a rural way of life, as well as recreating fairy tales. The subjects can be completely different - “Girl at the Laundry,” “Fishermen,” “Three Horses,” and the like.
The old types are all kinds of animals, a polkan (a man with a horse’s body), a shoreline (a woman with pigeons in her hands).

The most important ritual theme of these toys is the "mother-woman", the prototypes of which are the life-giving forces of the "mother - damp earth" and the sun. Among the favorite Kargopol masters is the female figure "Bobka".

Modern masters can come up with new plots while preserving the signs of the Kargopol toy. This only multiplies the already rich abundance of images of such crafts.

If you follow all the traditions, a painted toy is a whitened figure, decorated with different colors, but without any gloss and extra details. Despite the variety of colors, shades, including bright ones, look quite muffled. Face painting is quite simple.

Inherent patterns

Painting clay toys is quite simple, however, it takes its origin from ancient times. Here you can see rectangles, ovals, rhombuses, strokes, stripes, specks, oblique crosses. The set of colors consists mainly of brown, ocher, black, green, brick red and blue. Less commonly, silver and gold paints are added.

Clay whistles: their meaning and beliefs

Clay whistle toys began to be perceived relatively recently as children's fun. Previously, in the days of pagan gods, these figures were magical. They were used to scare away evil spirits.

Pinezhsky's conspiracy says that a toy is capable of luring diseases onto itself. Various whistles had the same goal. They were often sculpted in the form of various animals and birds, which, in general, were the traditional theme of Russian folk toys.

In the Tula region, there were beliefs that whistles could remove damage from a person and return it to the one who sent it. These or other types of figures could relieve various ailments. As a rule, they were placed opposite the window to protect the child from evil and disease.

In the 19th century, an ancient rite was held in Vyatka using a toy whistle, designed to expel evil forces and attract good ones. This holiday was called "Whistle" or "Whistler." These days, adults and children whistled in clay whistles, indulged in dancing and fun.

What is the individuality of clay crafts?

Considering all the works of early and modern masters, including foreign ones, one can see a plentiful variety of whistle crafts. It depends on many factors, including a birdie - a tool for piercing holes in a toy. In length, all tools are almost the same - from 80 mm to 100 mm. However, the cross section can be very diverse - round, oval or rectangular.

The birdhouse of each master is his personal tool, made by himself, so the technique is different for everyone, and the result, accordingly, differs from others. Nevertheless, methods for making whistles are known without any devices where only hands are used.

The value of crafts in the modern world

Making clay toys is an individual process for each person. Such classes in school circles are very useful. With their help, you can arouse interest and love for world culture in children, develop hand motility, artistic taste, train perseverance, perseverance and patience.

Properties of clay applicable for making toys

It is easy to guess that clay toys, including whistles, are made of clay. In its natural form, it can be found in various colors, but usually after firing, it changes its color to white or red. Therefore, they began to call it “white-burning” or “red-burning”.

Clay deposits

Red-burning clay is the most common. It is usually found on the shores of lakes and rivers, ravines and slopes. It can also be found on construction sites when digging pits.

But you should know that natural or living clay is not always suitable for the manufacture of crafts, as it often contains all kinds of impurities - small stones, sand and the like. Clay with a sand content of up to 5% is called "oily", and one in which the proportion of sand reaches 30% is called "lean".

To make a high-quality whistle, you should take medium-fat material (10-15%).

Preparation of material for work

Clay dough, or ceramic mass, is a mixture that has undergone a certain technological process, after which it is ready for the manufacture of pottery. On an industrial scale, special machines are used for this - presses, screens, ball mills, etc. But to make it in small quantities, the whole process can be simplified.

Technology Stages:

Collect clay in a quarry. A small lump of material should be pre-baked in the furnace to make sure it is suitable for use.
On a clean surface, lay the lumps and dry.
Then grind them and remove the existing impurities of chips, stones, blade of grass, etc.
In the crushed mass add water at the rate of three parts of the liquid and one part of clay. Stir the solution thoroughly.
Let the mass settle until the heaviest part (stones with sand) settles to the bottom. The remaining clarified water should be carefully drained.
Scoop out the middle layer of clay and immerse it in a plaster bath or bucket.
Allow the mixture to dry to a thick dough, then during operation it will not stick to your hands.
Knead clay to remove excess air bubbles.
The quality of the material can be checked as follows: roll a bundle with a diameter of 15-20 mm, bend it slowly in half. If the bend remains smooth, without cracks or practically without them, then this mass is suitable for making whistles.
For reliable preservation, place the resulting mass in a plastic bag and close it tightly. In this form, clay can persist for several months. In a dried up lump, you can add a small amount of water and knead it thoroughly.

If your plans are to make just a couple of whistles, try to use the material available to you without the above preliminary processing. Clay from some deposits is already ready for use. If it is not possible to prepare the material in the above ways, then it can be purchased at enterprises engaged in the manufacture of ceramic products, in art shops or online stores.

Aleksey Fedorovich Bondar, a folk craftsman from the Vologda Oblast, is a participant in the exhibitions Vologda Ceramics, Potters of Russia, Russian Puzzles, winner of the first International Potters Festival in Skopin. In school, he was engaged in a circle of painting and drawing. After graduating from the institute, he received the specialty of an electrical engineer. In 1994, he became interested in pottery, so much so that it became the second profession. Now the master works as a teacher of additional education, transfers his experience to schoolchildren. To write an article in the journal "Science and Life" on how to achieve a clear sound in clay whistles, he was asked by many, even experienced ceramists. Unfortunately, in books on the technology of manufacturing folk toys this information is not.

Science and life // Illustrations

Relation to the whistle as a child’s fun arose relatively recently. In ancient, pagan times, a clay toy was a magical tool that could cause wind and rain with it, scare away evil spirits. Later, when the ritual significance of the whistle lost its meaning, its development went in two directions.

The first one is a wind instrument with a whistle device, a genus of flute (Italian ocarina - literally “gosling”), which is widespread in many countries of the world. Its clay, earthenware, or porcelain case of ovoid or cigar-shaped has up to ten holes for changing the pitch of sounds in registers from soprano to double bass. All kinds of ceramic whistles in the form of birds, fish, shells, etc.

The second direction is a folk toy, where the whistle can be an independent image in the form of a bird or some kind of animal and part of the image, for example, the Filimonovo “mistress”. The folk craftsman from the village of Filimonovo, Elena Kuzminichna Evdokimova, said: "Our toys are all whistles, Lyubota only was freed from the whistle. But the ladies and soldiers are supposed to have a whistle bird under their arm."

Traditionally, the same clay was used for making whistles as for pottery, carefully choosing all extraneous inclusions: pebbles, roots, etc. Toys were made of well-washed clay, as a rule, on firing days, when the potter had free time. It was difficult for him to do anything else, more labor-intensive, since the horn or furnace required constant attention.

If you carefully consider the work of old and modern Russian and foreign masters, you can see a huge variety of whistle devices. It depends on the “little bird” - a stack for piercing holes in whistles. The length of all "birdies" is approximately the same - 80-100 mm. But the cross section is very diverse. It can be round, about 6 mm in diameter, from one end and oval from the other, rectangular, 3 x 1 mm in size, in the form of a segment or round along its entire length.

Each master makes a "birdie" for himself. Therefore, how many masters, so many tools; how many crafts, so many techniques. I know a way to make a whistle where no tool is needed except hands.

When asked how to make a whistle, you have to explain that the sculpting process can be shown in 15-20 minutes, but you can’t learn how to make a whistle device. Success in making a whistle comes when a person clearly understands the nature of the sound.

In the whistle device, sound arises due to the pulsation of air falling from the normal pressure zone into the air stream, where the pressure is lowered. A children's skipping rope whistles at high speed in the air, since behind the moving object turbulences are created - zones of low pressure. In them, atmospheric air vibrations occur. In the whistle, the zone of reduced pressure arises at the breakdown of the air stream when leaving the duct channel below a clear edge (see figure). The sharper the edge, the easier the vacuum is. Excess air is thrown out with a sharp tongue, and a stream of air, running around the chamber from the inside, enters the rarefaction zone at the outlet of the channel. This is where the sound wave arises.

Our material is clay. First, a chamber is made by any known method of molding, up to pottery, and then a hole is pierced inside the chamber. (The manufacturing process of the whistle see "Science and Life" No. 10, 1975, pp. 72-75.) The nozzle channel is displayed on a sharp tongue. The sequence of manufacturing air holes can be any. It is important to get a clear edge in the section, a sharp tongue and an input channel directed at it. If there is no blockage (pieces of clay in the channel and in the outlet) and everything is done correctly, then the sound will be clear and sonorous.

It also happens that sound does not work. Then it is necessary, until the clay has hardened, cut the whistle with a string or a strong thread lengthwise into two equal parts and compare the result with the picture presented here.

The most common beginner mistakes are the wrong direction of the input channel, a blunt tongue, a smeared or torn edge at the exit of the channel. Experience usually comes with practice.

A clay whistle can become a small work of art. The molding gives room for imagination. The details emphasizing the decorative or characteristic element of the image are justified. The purity of the sound of the whistle in this case is not so important for some authors.

It is a different matter when you work with musical instruments. Ocarina should attract a beautiful form, concise lines, high quality sound. The form of a traditional Cyril duck is ideal for her. The utilitarian value of this figure (collecting water from the window sill tray) has lost its meaning today. The craftsman from Cherepovets, potter Sergei Fenyveshi, transformed the Cyril duck into Ocarina.

Both old and young find an outlet in working with clay. I advise you to join this amazing craft.

"Science and Life" about a clay toy:

Blinov G. Clay nightingales from the village of Kozhli. - 1976, No. 4.

Blinov G. Feast of colors: [Dymkovo toy]. - 1975, No. 9.

Blinov G. Geography of Russian clay toys. - 1971, No. 9.

Grashin N. Clay toy from the village of Zhbannikovo. - 1992, No. 10.

Zinevich A. Singing clay. - 1975, No. 10.

Konstantinov I. Toys of the Northern Territory. - 1989, No. 12.

Konstantinov I. Khludnevskaya toy. - 1991, No. 5.

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