Star Wars. Spaceships in Star Wars: Non-Working and Impractical Executioner wookieepedia

Executioner-class Star Destroyer

The Executioner-class Star Destroyer, also known as the Executioner-class Star Dreadnought or the Executioner-class Super Star Destroyer, was a heavy warship in the Star Destroyer class used as the flagship of the Imperial Navy and only carried out the most important and important missions. The ship was the absolute record holder among the traditional starships that were part of the military space forces of the Empire - its size, at that time, was surpassed only by the Death Star. Assigned to the Executioner class meant stepping onto the road to career heights for the officers of the Empire.

The Imperial-class Star Destroyers instilled fear in entire worlds, seeking their obedience, the Executioner-class Star Destroyers instilled fear in them, rendering them unable to resist. Measuring almost twelve times the size of a standard Star Destroyer, he could decide the outcome of the fight in his favor without firing a single shot, thereby winning the fight before it even began.

The Executioner class is the brainchild of Lyra Wessex, a brilliant and ambitious engineer who by that time already had such Star Destroyer projects as the Venator Class and the Emperor Class (later renamed Imperial Class). After her work on the already impressive Imperial class, Wessex sought to improve the design. Following the Kuat Shipyard's philosophy of psychological effects on starship designs, she believed that the sheer size of an Imperial-class Star Destroyer would greatly intimidate the enemy. With this in mind, she began developing a starship that overshadowed all her previous projects. Although KDY had previously built large warships such as the Mandator-class Star Dreadnought, the result obtained by Wessex was simply, incredibly, gigantic.

Wessex submitted the Executioner class project for approval at a time when Imperial tactical philosophy revolved around the concept of a superweapon - the Death Star, whose construction was coming to an end. The Imperial Navy sensed that its leading position was threatened by a battle station, and the approval of the Star Destroyer project was likely related to this - not to lose the fleet's significance as Palpatine's first weapon of terror. If the Death Star can handle its intended role as expected, the Navy will keep up with it with its own superweapon. If the station does not cope with the tasks (which happened as a result of the Battle of Yavin), the fleet will have a ready alternative for the Impe

rator.

Emperor Palpatine agreed to build the first four Executioner-class ships prior to the Battle of Yavin. but the sudden and unforeseen destruction of the Death Star in 0YB changed the production schedule. At the urging of Darth Vader, the Emperor ordered the release of new starships as quickly as possible to compensate for the loss of the battle station, and the Empire needed a new symbol of its unlimited power and dominance.

Initially considered militarily ineffective, the Executioner-class Star Destroyers, on the other hand, were even very capable of finding and destroying the Rebel Alliance. However, they were disliked by most of the Admiralty, which believed that smaller ships could do the same job. Although the ship was built by KDY, the first Executioner-class ship was built in secret on Fondor, six months after the Battle of Yavin. This ship received the same name as the class of the ship itself - the Executioner. The Executioner became Darth Vader's new flagship. The construction of the second ship was completed shortly after the Executioner. He was given a new name Lusankya. Lusankya, at the behest of Ysanne Isard, was quickly hidden beneath the surface of Coruscant. The other two starships were given to admirals personally selected by Palpatine.

The huge, heavy-duty Executioner class measured 19,000 meters in length. 279,144 Imperial officers and military personnel served the ship, while 1,590 gunners operated over 5,000 turbolasers and ion cannons. Thirteen engines combined in five groups give the Executioner class an impressive acceleration of 1230 G for its size. The ship carries at least 144 fighters on board, and the massive hangar can hold and service thousands or more. In addition, there are 200 other warships and support ships, 5 garrison bases, and enough stormtroopers and walkers on board to destroy any Rebel base. To power only the shields of the Star Destroyer, it needed energy equivalent to that released by the average star (3.8 × 1026 W).

The Executioner-class command tower has the same layout as the Imperial-class Star Destroyer. The command bridge contains two control pits, in which are located the control panels of the starship, and between them the central passage. On the right and left sides of the bridge are niches containing defense stations and weapons. Behind the bridge are communications stations, turbolifts and a Holonet transceiver. There was the main navigation complex at the level under the bridge. The domes around and on the Executioner's Command Tower served two different purposes. Inside the domes were hyperwave transceiver coils for the FTL active sensors, while the blades protruding from the dome serve as shield projectors.

These domes were not vulnerable to external attacks as long as the shields remained intact, but concentrated fire (like the one set up by Admiral Ackbar during the Battle of Endor) could destroy the protective field, thereby endangering both the sensors and the shield projectors themselves. There are many such domes located on the ship's hull, which ensure that there are no dead zones and ensure full distribution of the protective field over the entire surface. Thus, intense fire into a separate area, and disabling a number of deflector field generators, would not deprive the starship of all its protection.

In later years, production of Executioner-class Star Destroyers and other Super-class Star Destroyers continued. After the death of the Emperor and the division of the Galactic Empire into feudal fiefdoms, the Executioner-class Star Destroyers were a very popular acquisition among warlords hoping to improve their military power and prestige. Some fell into the hands of the New Republic, where they fought against the Empire they once served.

The huge, heavy-duty Super Destroyer class measured 19,000 meters in length. 279,144 Imperial officers and military personnel served the ship, while 1,590 gunners operated over 5,000 turbolasers and ion cannons. Thirteen engines combined into five groups give

The Super Destroyer has an impressive acceleration for its size of 1230 G. The ship carries at least 144 fighters on board, and the massive hangar can hold and service thousands. In addition, there are 200 other warships and support ships, 5 garrison bases, and enough stormtroopers and walkers on board to destroy any Rebel base. Powering the shields alone required an amount of energy equivalent to the energy released by the average star (3.8 x 10 ^ 26 W).

Angar "Executioner"

This giant also carried a support squadron, like the Star Destroyers of other series. The Executioner could carry over a thousand fighters, presumably more than five hundred TIE fighters and as many other Imperial-made fighters. However, the standard configuration included only 144 fighters (12 squadrons), which was only twice the size of the Imperial air wing, and was clearly not enough to cover a ship of this size.

The command tower of a Super Destroyer class ship has the standard layout of an Imperial-class Star Destroyer. The command bridge contains two control pits, in which are located the control panels of the starship, and between them the central passage. On the right and left sides of the bridge are niches containing defense stations and weapons. Behind the bridge are communications stations, turbolifts and a Holonettransceiver. There was the main navigation complex at the level under the bridge. The domes around and on the Executioner's Command Tower served two different purposes. Inside the domes were hyperwave transceiver coils for the FTL active sensors, while the blades protruding from the dome served as shield projectors.

Executioner-class Super Star Destroyer Blueprint

These domes were invulnerable to outside attacks as long as the shields remained intact, but concentrated fire (such as the one set up by Admiral Akbar during the Battle of Endor) could destroy the protective field, thereby endangering both the sensors and the shield projectors themselves. There are many such domes located on the ship's hull, which ensure that there are no dead zones and ensure full distribution of the protective field over the entire surface. In this way, intense fire into a separate area and disabling a number of deflector field generators would not deprive the starship of all its protection.

In later years, production of Super Star Destroyers continued. After the death of the Emperor and the division of the Galactic Empire into warring fiefdoms, they were a very popular acquisition among warlords hoping to improve their military power and prestige. Some fell into the hands of the New Republic, where they fought against the Empire they once served.

Information taken from Wikipedia

Initially considered militarily ineffective, the Executioner-class Star Destroyers, on the other hand, were even very capable of finding and destroying the Rebel Alliance. However, they were disliked by most of the Admiralty, who believed that smaller ships could do the same job. Although the ship was built by KDY, the first Executioner-class ship was built in secret on Fondor, six months after the Battle of Yavin. This ship received the same name as the class of the ship itself - the Executioner. The Executioner became Darth Vader's new flagship. The construction of the second ship was completed shortly after the Executioner. He was given a new name Lusankya. Lusankya, at the behest of Ysanne Isard, was quickly hidden beneath the surface of Coruscant. The other two starships were given to admirals, who were personally selected by Palpatine.

The huge, heavy-duty Executioner class measured 19,000 meters in length. 279,144 Imperial officers and military personnel served the ship, while 1,590 gunners operated over 5,000 turbolasers and ion cannons. Thirteen engines combined in five groups give the Executioner class for its size an impressive acceleration of 1230 G. The ship carries at least 144 fighters on board, and a massive hangar can hold and service thousands or more. In addition, there are 200 other warships and support ships, 5 garrison bases, and enough stormtroopers and walkers on board to destroy any Rebel base. To power only the shields of the Star Destroyer, it needed energy equivalent to that released by the average star (3.8 × 1026 W).

These domes were not vulnerable to external attacks as long as the shields remained intact, but concentrated fire (like the one set up by Admiral Ackbar during the Battle of Endor) could destroy the protective field, thereby endangering both the sensors and the shield projectors themselves. There are many of these domes located on the ship's hull, which ensure that there are no dead zones and ensure full distribution of the protective field over the entire surface. Thus, intense fire into a separate area, and disabling a number of deflector field generators, would not deprive the starship of all its protection.

Super powerful!
Venator-class Star Destroyer

The Venator-class Star Destroyer is the Old Republic's aircraft carrier, invented during the Clone Wars, and one of the most efficient ships of its time.

Despite millennia of peace, with the outbreak of the Clone Wars, the Galactic Republic was able to transform itself surprisingly quickly into a gigantic war machine. The republic, immediately after the start of the war, began the rapid development of the fleet, not rejecting even the most unrealistic projects proposed.

The Venator Star Destroyer, unlike most Republic and Separatist warships, has not been converted to a civilian military. "Venator" was originally created as a warship for conducting space combat and confronting similar large enemy ships. It was not a versatile ship like the Victory and the future Emperors. The general design concepts of the ship are largely based on the Star Destroyers' design of the Appreciation. The Venators became one of the most common ships during the Clone Wars. Their powerful shields and armor allowed them to withstand fire that would have destroyed most types of ships of their size. The presence of a large number of turbolasers made it possible to conduct concentrated and powerful fire at individual target areas.

Despite its enormous size, the Venator proved to be much faster than both Pobeda and most of the Separatist ships. The first ships of this series left the stocks of the Rotana factories. It was Rotan's engineers who built the first generation of these ships. The Venator Star Destroyers soon showed themselves during the Battle of Geonosis (they were fighting an orbital battle). After the outbreak of war, Kuat shipyards themselves began to produce cruisers of this type.

Another innovation of the ship is the control bridges. The central tower is the main bridge, the left is the center of tactical coordination of fighters, and the right is the center of space control and communication system.

For the Republic, this was a magnificent warship that, along with the Victory, could control the entire galaxy, but Blissex was still not happy with the result, seeing the Venator as a transitional link to her dream ship - the Emperor-class Star Destroyer. And a few years after the end of the Clone Wars, her dream came true - thousands of "Emperors" controlled the galaxy and established a New Order.

Type: Star Destroyer. Manufacturer: Kuat Shipyards. Developer: Lyra Wessex. Dimensions: 1,137 m long 548 m wide 268 m high. Carrying capacity: 20,000 tons. Crew: - 7,400 - 20,000 - soldiers. Hyperdrive: class 1.0. reserve class 15.0. Sublight speed: 3,000 G. Atmospheric speed: 975 km / h. Armor: yes. Shields: like ZR Pobeda. Armament: - 8 double heavy turbolasers - 2 double medium turbolasers - turbolaser guns (depending on modification) - 26 twin laser cannons - 6 traction-beam projectors - 4x16 heavy proton torpedo launchers.

Maneuvering

Victory-II-class Star Destroyer

The Victory-II-class Star Destroyer is a modified Victory-class Star Destroyer used by the Galactic Empire since the end of the Clone Wars.

After the end of the Clone Wars, a new ship was launched - "Victory II". The designers of the original "Victory" were forced to do this by the insufficient speed of the "Victory" in a space battle. The weapons of the first "Victory" also did not meet the requirements of the Empire.

The new Star Destroyer Victory II was significantly faster than its predecessor. This was achieved the hard way: in order to increase the speed, the power of the force shield was significantly reduced. The ship's armament has undergone major changes. Since the weapon of the predecessor was focused primarily on fire support for ground units, blockades of planets and orbital bombardment, a significant part of it was launchers for missiles or torpedoes. Such weapons were poorly suited for space combat (especially long-term), since the ship carried a small number of turbolaser weapons, which took a long time to reload.

The battle cruiser "Pobeda-II" is well suited for combat with all types of enemy ships. Guidance systems for turbolaser guns, more advanced than those installed on Pobeda-I, allow the ship to hit high-speed targets with turbolasers. Linear turbolaser cannons, combined with ion cannons, enable the ship to effectively counter most ships of a similar type. The new ship is intended only for space combat, therefore Pobeda-II is deprived of the opportunity to enter the atmosphere.
dimensions:
- length 900 m
- width 564 m
- height 289 m (including the command cabin)
Crew:
- 610 officers
- 4590 conscripts
- 402 artillerymen
Minimum crew: 1,785 people
Armament:
- 10 quadruple turbolaser installations
- 40 twin turbolaser installations
- 20 launchers (standard ammunition - 4 missiles)
- 10 traction-beam projectors
Systems:
- DeLuxFlux hyperdrive converter (class 2.0, backup - class 15)
- generator of power shielding
Engines:
- 3 ion engines LF9
- 4 auxiliary ion engines
Power plant: hyper-matter annihilation reactor, output power approx. 3.6 X 10 ^ 24 W
Air speed: 800 km / h
Carrying capacity: 8100 t
Flight autonomy: 4 standard years

Emperor III-class Star Destroyer

The Emperor III-class Star Destroyer is a modified Emperor II Star Destroyer that the Empire began using after the formation of the New Republic. A ship of this type has great advantages over its predecessors.

In the aftermath of the Battle of Endor, with the increasing military power of the New Republic, the Empire still had enormous military resources, but over time it had fewer and fewer skilled personnel. This forced the Empire to resort to automating most of the systems, which significantly reduced the number of crew required.

The new ship has retained all the best features of the previous types of ships. The generators of the protective shield were strengthened and improved, the guidance systems were improved and new weapons were installed. The great advantage of the new model was the presence of missile-torpedo launchers - the best weapon against enemy fighters and an excellent addition to the ship's main caliber.

The Emperor III Star Destroyer could only be observed as part of the Bastion Empire's armed forces (it is possible that Carnor Jax's Shard also had these ships). These ships took part in the fighting during the Vong invasion.
Dimensions:
- length 1600 m
- height 448 m
Crew:
- 4520 officers
- 32565 enlisted personnel
- 275 artillerymen
Engines:
- 3 ion engines "Destroyer I"
- 4 Gemon-4 ion engines
Hyperdrive Converter: Class 2.0 (Backup - Class 8.0)
Powerplant: SFS I-a2b solar ion reactor
Sublight Velocity: 60 MGLT
Maximum acceleration: 2300 g
Armor: Durastyle Alloy
Shielding: 2 KDY ISD-72x generators
Armament:
- 6 paired heavy turbolaser installations
- 2 quad heavy turbolasers
- 3 built-in turbolasers
- 2 turbolasers of medium power
- 60 Taim & Bak XX-9 turbolasers
- 2 heavy twin ion units
- 60 ion cannons Borstel NK-7
- 10 Phylon Q7 traction beam projectors
Systems:
- fire control system LeGrange
- receiving and transmitting device Holosety
Lifting capacity: 360,000 t (metric)
Flight autonomy: 6 standard years

At the Kuat shipyard

in order of battle at Endor.

Executioner-class Star Destroyer (Executor)

The Executioner-class Star Destroyer is the first ship in the Super Star Destroyer series. The first ship in the series was the flagship of Darth Vader and became associated in the eyes of many inhabitants of the galaxy with the Palpatine Empire.

Engineer Lyra Wessex, who once designed the Venator cruiser and the Emperor-class Star Destroyer, came up with a ship design that made all other ships in the galaxy dwarfed.

The emperor was interested in the project and allowed the construction of four ships of this type to begin simultaneously at the shipyards of Fondor and Kuat. The Senate tried to protest the Emperor's decision, but Palpatine was able to convince them. After the death of the Death Star, the emperor ordered to speed up the construction of the Executioner. The reason for this was the emperor's desire to provide his citizens with another symbol of the greatness and inviolability of the New Order.

The first two ships of the new type left the stocks at approximately the same time. The first ship, named the Executioner, became Darth Vader's flagship, and the second, Executioner II, was hidden on Coruscant and renamed Lusankia. The Executioner's first mission, in which the Sith appreciated its power, was the destruction of the Alliance base on the planet Laaktien. Soon the ship was actively involved in many operations against the rebels.

After the Endor disaster, the Executioners became a powerful argument in proving the legitimacy of the claims of numerous claimants to the throne. At the time of Grand Admiral Thrawn's return, the regions of the galaxy that recognized him did not have ships of this type. But the mere possession of such a ship was not yet a guarantor of power.

During the struggle for power, the former head of Imperial intelligence, Isard, captured Lusankia. After a year of repairs, the ship became part of the New Republic fleet and was used very successfully against the remnants of the empire for a long time. But during the Vong invasion, Lusankiya, due to its size and sheer numerical superiority, could no longer satisfy the New Republic's strategy. Therefore, Wedge Antilles, defending Borleias, used the Lusankia as a ram.

This giant also carried a support squadron like other Star Destroyers. The Executioner could carry over a thousand fighters, presumably more than five hundred TIE-fighters and as many other Imperial-made fighters. clearly not enough to cover a ship of this size.

The Executioner-class Star Destroyers are well armed and well protected. One ship can withstand the whole fleet, but in reality it was not possible to verify this. It is also worth noting that all ships of this type died as a result of accidents, stupidity, or successful sabotage of the rebels (New Republicans). In open combat, this ship is a very dangerous enemy.
Length: 19000 m
Maximum acceleration: 1230 g
Sublight Velocity: 40 MGLT
Hyperdrive Converter: Class 2.0 (Fallback - Class 10.0)
Armament:
- 2000 heavy turbolasers
- 2000 turbolasers
- 250 heavy ion cannons
- 500 laser cannons
- 250 launchers (ammunition - 30 missiles)
- 40 Phylon Q7 traction beam projectors
Crew:
- 279 144 officers and enlisted personnel
- 1590 artillerymen
Minimum crew: 50,000
Troopers: 38,000 people
Carrying capacity:
- 250,000 t (metric)
Flight autonomy: 6 years

Surprise attack, skirmish and

destruction.

Eclipse-class Star Destroyer

The Eclipse-class Star Destroyer is the most powerful and effective Star Destroyer in the galaxy. It was built by the Empire in the aftermath of the Battle of Endor. In total, two such ships were built, each of which was able to destroy the enemy's middle fleet.

The construction of the first ship of this type began at the Kuat shipyards before the Battle of Endor. After the beginning of the collapse of the Empire into small state formations, construction was stopped for some time, but then continued again. Four and a half standard years after the Battle of Endor, both ships left Kuat and stood guard over the planet Byss, on which the clones of Emperor Palpatine were grown.

Eclipse managed to install a smaller version of the Death Star superlaser, which was capable of reaching 2/3 of the station's power. The superlaser is located along the ship and forms a single unit with the main power elements of the hull. Eclipse's main caliber could turn the surface of the planet into a lifeless desert.

In space combat, the presence of this weapon was a very unpleasant surprise for the New Republic fleet. During the first stage of the campaign, the resurrected Emperor tested his new superweapon on the border worlds of the New Republic. This territory was a clash of interests between the New Republic and the Empire, as the former sought to subjugate new territories, and the latter defended them. In the course of the rapid campaign, the New Republic suffered heavy losses and retreated with no chance of victory against a technically superior enemy.

In a short time, the Emperor regained significant territories occupied by the New Republic. Despite the fact that the government of the New Republic was aware of the great losses, it did not take any action even to find out what happened in those worlds. These were just tests of new weapons. After some time, the troops of the resurrected Emperor attacked Mon Calamari, and only then Mon Mothma admitted her mistake.

In addition to powerful weaponry, an Eclipse-class Star Destroyer carries ten gravity well projectors, whose gravitational "shadow" prevents large fleets from going into hyperspace. The large air group was able to protect the ship from any attempts by the enemy forces to inflict any damage on the Eclipse. Powerful armor and shields made the ship virtually invulnerable in open space combat.
This was proved by the events during the next crisis of the New Republic. Eclipse I was not destroyed by the New Republic fleet. It was destroyed when Luke Skywalker tricked Palpatine into destroying the supership. Eclipse II was destroyed in a Republican sabotage in the Byss system. He collided with the Galactic Cannon and died with it.
Length: 17.5 km
Maximum acceleration: 940 g
Hyperdrive: class 2 (redundant: class 6)
Armament:
- 1 superlaser
- 500 turbolasers
- 550 laser guns
- 75 ion cannons
- 100 traction-beam projectors
- 10 directional gravity generators
Crew:
- 708,470 personnel
- 4175 artillerymen
Troopers: 150,000 people
Carrying capacity: 600,000 t
Flight autonomy: 10 standard years
Orbiting Byss

Turbolaser battery

1. TIE fighter (aka TIE fighter, aka Dishka)

The main fighter of the Imperial forces, equipped with a twin ion engine (Twin Ion Engine), this is a rather menacing ship, which also emits a characteristic ominous creak during flight, which can annoy the enemy. The main disadvantage of the LED is the flat panels around the edges of the fighter, which makes it look like an eye dangling between two playing cards. Of course, you can figure out why they are needed (how do we know how these same ion engines work), but from a tactical point of view, these panels make a fighter jet too easy a target, which has been demonstrated more than once in the films, and also completely block the pilot's view. leaving it less than 50 degrees of visible space. You can fantasize that with the help of a special virtual reality helmet, the pilot of the LED received a full view (by the way, helmets of the radar complex with a distributed aperture, providing a 360-degree view, already exist on F-35 fighters), but when the first trilogy came out about nothing like that was out of the question, which meant that the TIE fighter pilot actually saw nothing behind him, or even from the side.

2. Super class Imperial Star Destroyer.

A huge spaceship 18 kilometers long, the flagship of Darth Vader, carrying a huge number of fighters (as many as 6 squadrons) and ground equipment on board. An imposing ship, fearsome to enemies, but somehow extremely vulnerable. Why was it necessary to build such a huge ship? He was much larger than ordinary Star Destroyers, but for some reason was not equipped with more powerful weapons. This is especially evident in the Battle of Endor, when one Rebel fighter crashed aboard the flagship, the huge ship lost control and collided with the second Death Star. When a tiny fighter can shoot down the flagship, and then the main strategically important weapon, someone has big problems with the initial project.

3. Fighter "Snowspeeder".

We first saw this small atmospheric fighter in The Empire Strikes Back. In addition to the two laser blasters, the Snowspeeder also has a harpoon that blasts out of the ship on a durable, flexible cable. With this harpoon they pierce the hull of the "walkers" (probably the most ridiculous machines in the Empire's armament) and use a cable to entangle their legs, causing the walkers to fall. It should be noted how strange this strategy is, during which the pilot, winding a circle around the walker's leg, may simply lose consciousness or his head may get cloudy, there must be very strong overloads. Plus, if the cable is so strong and tied so tightly around the walker's legs, the fighter can easily rip in half before the maneuver is finished. Well, in principle, this is a long operation, it is easily blocked and requires tremendous training from each pilot, which is almost impossible in the conditions shown in the films. By the way, where does such a huge rebel army train?

4. Trade Federation droid control ship.

Many military organizations in the Star Wars universe suffer - in addition to disgusting shooting skills - from dire command and control problems. Take the droid control ship we saw in The Phantom Menace, for example. He controls the ground-based robotic troops, a huge army of 139,000 droids. When, again, one fighter accidentally flies into this huge ship and starts a chain reaction to destroy it (in general, sometimes it seems that in the local universe they have an extremely vague idea of \u200b\u200bthe concept of compartments), all ground troops simply stop and the offensive stops. That is, no options in case of an accident, no other control methods. Quite a strange strategy, you cannot say otherwise. The ship had exactly one function, and even that it performed poorly.

5. X-Wings, or X-wings.

The famous rebel fighters, which have become a real symbol of "Star Wars", which embodied all the small oddities of the spaceships of this universe. The control system of local spaceships, including the X-Wings, does not make sense. How, for example, do they slow down? In zero gravity, these fighters would need their engines directed in the opposite direction, or they themselves would have to turn around and direct the engines in the opposite direction - however, they do neither one nor the other in the films. How do fighters change direction at all? The X-Wing has four engines, but judging by the design, there is simply no means to change the course. Of course, they could change the direction of flight by gradually changing the thrust of individual engines, but then any turn would take a lot of time, and maneuverability could be forgotten. Finally, as with many Star Wars spacecraft, they are simply too small. How did Luke manage to get all the way to another star system on a tiny fighter when he was looking for Master Yoda? How did he not go crazy on the road, sitting in one place, unable not to get up, not move, not lie down? And if the X-Wings have the technology of such a fast teleportation or a FTL engine, then all the massive battles of films completely lose their meaning.

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