Medicinal properties of snake venoms - presentation. Snake bites What to do with snake bites presentation

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

Bites of animals, insects, snakes The presentation was prepared by: OBZH teacher I.M. MBOU "Verkh-Yazvinskaya secondary school"

2 slide

Description of the slide:

3 slide

Description of the slide:

Bites of animals, insects, snakes Insects and arachnids Mosquitoes, midges, midges, horseflies, bees, wasps, bumblebees, hornets, ticks, spiders (karakut, skarpion). Encephalitis is a contagious disease (mortality can reach 20% among cases)

4 slide

Description of the slide:

When bitten by bees, wasps, hornets and bumblebees, pain, burning develops at the site of the bite, swelling and local fever occur. With multiple bites, weakness, dizziness, headache, chills, nausea, vomiting appear, body temperature rises. People with hypersensitivity to bee venom may develop pain in the lower back and joints, convulsions and loss of consciousness are possible. First of all, you need to remove the sting of the insect from the skin, moisten the stung place with alcohol. Apply cold to the stung area plastic bag with cold water). Give the victim plenty to drink.

5 slide

Description of the slide:

6 slide

Description of the slide:

Bites of sea snakes, Cobras Cotton muzzle Vipers Gyurza Intoxication - poisoning with the poison of the body

7 slide

Description of the slide:

Central Asian cobra Some poisonous snakes Common viper Gyurza Steppe viper Common copperhead Common muzzle

8 slide

Description of the slide:

When bitten by a poisonous snake, two small red dots remain on the skin of a person - from the penetration of poisonous teeth. In the first minutes after the bite, mild pain and a burning sensation occur in this place, the skin turns red, and swelling increases. Weakness, dizziness, nausea appear, blood pressure decreases. The first minutes after the bite of a venomous snake Immediately after the bite, it is necessary to provide the victim with peace and a horizontal position, this will ensure the minimum rate of transfer of poison by the blood. Reassure the victim. Transport it to a safe, weather-protected location.

9 slide

Description of the slide:

If there is a syringe and antivenom serum, then the most radical method of treatment will be its immediate introduction. Immediately begin to suck the poison from the wound. To do this, immediately after the bite, open the wound by pressing your fingers, and then suck the poison with your mouth for 15-20 minutes. Spit out the bloody liquid. These actions are harmless to the caregiver. With the correct and timely suction of the poison from the wound, it is possible to suck out 50% of the poison. To reduce blood circulation, cold can be applied to the bite site (a plastic bag with cold water). Disinfect the wound with iodine or brilliant green and apply a sterile bandage, which should be loosened as swelling increases. First aid Give the affected area of the body an elevated position, fix it, apply an immobilization bandage or splint. Give the victim plenty to drink. Arrange for the victim to be transported to a medical facility.

10 slide

Description of the slide:

Animal bites Domestic animals (horses, cows, dogs, cats) Rodents (rats, mice) Wild animals (wolves, foxes..) Rabies is a deadly viral disease that affects the brain.

11 slide

Description of the slide:

To Avoid Dog Attacks Treat animals with respect and do not touch them when the owner is away. Do not touch animals while sleeping or eating. Do not take away what the dog plays with to avoid his defensive reaction. Don't feed other people's dogs. Do not approach a dog that is on a leash. Do not play with the owner of the dog, making movements that can be perceived by the animal as aggressive. Do not show fear or excitement in front of a hostile dog. Do not make sudden movements and do not approach the dog. Give commands in a firm voice, such as: "place", "stand", "lie", "fu". Do not run away, so as not to arouse the hunting instinct in the animal of an attack from behind and not become easy prey. Try to protect your throat and face. Defend yourself with a stick.

12 slide

Description of the slide:

In a collision: In no case should you be afraid of a dog. You can't run away from the dog, you can't turn your back on it. Untrained dogs feel insecure if they lose sight of the owner or when they move away from the protected area. It makes sense to retreat so that the dog is in a different environment than at the beginning of the collision. Having lost confidence, she becomes less aggressive and may run away on her own. You can try to growl at the dog and show his teeth, or scream threateningly. If bitten by a dog: Wash the bitten area with soap and water. If the wound is bleeding, use a bandage to stop the bleeding. Contact the owner to find out if the dog has been vaccinated against rabies. Notify the police and health authorities of the incident, indicating, if possible, the exact address of the owner of the dog. In case of bites, immediately contact the nearest emergency room or call an ambulance by calling 03.

13 slide

Description of the slide:

Dangers of encounters with predatory animals Animals, as a rule, smell a person before he can see them, and always try to get out of his way. In the summer, the attack of animals is a rarity if there is no direct threat to the animal from a person. An attack by a snake, for example, can occur when, out of inattention, they step on it or approach it - out of curiosity or the same inattention - so close that they enter its attack zone. In winter, wolves and connecting rod bears pose a real danger to humans in the taiga. If the route of movement of people passes through the wolf territory (this can be determined by the tracks of wolves in the snow), then you should know that the wolves are very careful and will not attack a group of people during the day. So you need to keep tight. If someone fell behind and saw a wolf, then you should not run: you need to climb a tree and wait for your group, which will miss the straggler and return. If you happen to come to a floating hole in the snow, surrounded by frost, go around this place without finding out whether the den is in front of you or not. After discovering the trail of a connecting rod bear, it is necessary to stick together and stop for the night before dark. The best thing to do in such a situation is to leave the dangerous territory as soon as possible.

14 slide

Description of the slide:

Settling down for the night in an area where there are wolves or traces of a bear are found, the camp is set up in an open, well-viewed place. More firewood is being prepared than usual: the fire must burn all night. Iron objects should be kept at hand to scare away animals with noise. The mass exit of female bears from their dens occurs in March-April. A mother bear with cubs is not dangerous to people when her path intersects with the direction of a group of people: she will simply lead the cubs aside. It is another matter if a she-bear with cubs is near her lair: she will never leave here, and if people approach a critical distance, she will rush to protect the cubs.

15 slide

Description of the slide:

General principles behavior when meeting with an animal: - in case of an accidental meeting with a large animal, you need to give him the opportunity to hide; - if the beast is approaching, try to scare it away with a whistle, fire, scream; - in cases of a clear attack, when all the above methods do not help, weapons should be used; - you need to approach the fallen animal carefully: perhaps the animal is still alive and is capable of inflicting serious injury on you with its claws, teeth or horns. When wounded by an animal, the bleeding must first be stopped. Then it is necessary to disinfect the skin around the wound and apply a bandage.

From time immemorial, the image of a snake has been associated in humans with healing. Greek mythology tells that when the son of Apollo, the healer of all ailments, Asclepius (Roman Aesculapius) arrived on the island of Crete, the son of the local patron died. During this period, Asclepius saw a snake on his rod and, in order to avoid being bitten, killed it, but soon another snake appeared with miraculous grass in its mouth and revived the dead one. The healer used this herb and revived the young man.

Sometimes, not the staff of Asclepius, but the rod (Roman caduceus) of Hermes was used as a symbol of medicine. This Greek god was an intermediary between gods and people. The caduceus of Hermes became a medical symbol in the Renaissance. This is probably due to the fact that in the 16th century alchemy began to develop, the patron of which was considered Hermes. The main goal of alchemical experiments at this time is to obtain medicines.

Some of Avicenna's recipes include the head of a snake. In The Canon of Medicine, Ibn Sina describes the preparation of cakes from boiled viper meat, gives recommendations on which viper to catch and how to dry the medicine so that it does not lose "strength, resisting poisons from a bite, from (poisons) that have entered the stomach."

The amount of poison that can be obtained from one snake is from 2 mg to 720 mg of dry residue and depends on its size, species, season, interval between taking poison, microclimate, physiological state of the snake and the method of selecting poison (electrical stimulation, mechanical "milking" ). Snakes are needed to obtain 1 g of venom.

Snake venom is a thin, clear liquid, colorless or yellowish, heavier than water. When mixed with water gives opalescence. The reaction of viper and viper venom is acidic, cobra venom is neutral. Quickly loses activity (toxicity) in water, ether, chloroform, under the action of UV rays. Keeps well when frozen and dried. On drying, yellow crystals are obtained; in this form, the poison remains toxic for decades.

Snake poison - complex complex biologically active substances: 1) Enzymes (phospholipase, hyaluronidase, phosphodiesterase, etc.), 2) toxic polypeptides, 3) proteins with specific biological properties (nerve growth factor, anticomplementary factors), 4) inorganic components.

Cobra venom contains neurotoxins that disrupt the transmission of excitation in neuromuscular synapses and thereby cause paralysis of the skeletal and respiratory muscles. Death comes from respiratory arrest. The poison contains the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, which destroys acetylcholine and aggravates the development of paralysis.

The venom of the viper and viper contains proteolytic enzymes. As a result of poisoning, hemorrhagic edema develops due to an increase in vascular permeability and disorders in the blood coagulation system (intravascular coagulation, blood clots, and then the blood loses its ability to clot for a long time), extensive hemorrhages form.

In medicine, snake venoms are used as an analgesic and anti-inflammatory agent for diseases of the peripheral nervous system. Such drugs are intended for injection or for external use. Injections are usually prescribed for neuralgia, arthralgia, myalgia, myositis, chronic nonspecific mono- and polyarthritis, periarthritis and other diseases. Means for external use are used for rheumatic pains, neuralgia, sciatica, lumbago, myositis and other ailments. The main active ingredient, cobrotoxin, has been isolated from cobra venom, which has an analgesic and calming effect on spasms of the heart vessels, bronchial asthma, and malignant tumors.

Drugs: 1) Common viper venom (substance-powder) 2) Viper poison (substance-powder) 3) Viperalgin - a stabilized sterile solution of sand viper venom 4) Vipraksin - an aqueous solution (with the addition of glycerin) of common viper venom Ointments for external use: 1. Based on viper venom: a) Salvisar b) Viprosal B c) Alvipsal 2. Based on viper venom: a) Vipralgon b) Viprapin c) Viprosal

In addition to drugs, snake venom is used to create anti-snake sera - the only means to date that can save the life of a person who has been bitten by this type of reptile. Antidotes are prepared from the blood of horses, which are injected with the same poison in small doses for a long time.

O Increased sensitivity of the body to snake venoms, o Pulmonary tuberculosis, o Fever, o Damage to the skin at the site of application, o Coronary circulation insufficiency, o Organic damage to the liver and kidneys, o Pregnancy and lactation, o Pustular skin diseases, o Heart defects , o tendency to angiospasms.

slide 2

Central Asian cobra
Large snake up to 1.6 m long.
Distributed in the southern regions of Central Asia: southwest of Tajikistan, south of Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Cobra can be found in the foothills, river valleys, common among shrubs, often found in abandoned buildings.
Some poisonous snakes
Common viper up to 75 cm long. The viper is the most widespread venomous snake in our country. The viper can be found in the European part of Russia, in Siberia up to Sakhalin.

slide 3

Gyurza A large snake up to 1.6 m long.
It occurs in Transcaucasia, Eastern Ciscaucasia, Southern Turkmenistan, Southern and Eastern Uzbekistan, Western Tajikistan and southern Kazakhstan.
Steppe viper The size of the steppe viper, as a rule, does not exceed 60 cm.
It lives in the Crimea, Kazakhstan, Central Asia, the steppe regions of the Caucasus.
Some poisonous snakes

slide 4

Sandy Efa A small snake up to 80 cm long.
It occurs from the eastern coast of the Caspian to the Aral Sea, in southern Uzbekistan and southwestern Tajikistan.
Common muzzle Inhabits a vast range from the mouth of the Volga and South-East Azerbaijan through Central and East Asia to the shores of the Pacific Ocean. It occurs in mountain forests and steppes, deserts, along river cliffs.
Some poisonous snakes

slide 5

Common copperhead
Widespread in Russia. The length reaches 65 cm.
In the fight against large and strong prey, it uses poisonous teeth, with the help of which it injects a paralyzing poisonous secret into the victim.
Cat snake Distributed in Azerbaijan, Dagestan. It lives in dry rocky places, but often settles in the reed roofs of houses. In case of danger, he gathers the back of the body into a ball and raises the front. Makes rapid throws towards the enemy.
Some poisonous snakes

slide 6

When bitten by a poisonous snake, two small red dots remain on the skin of a person - from the penetration of poisonous teeth. In the first minutes after the bite, mild pain and a burning sensation occur in this place, the skin turns red, and swelling increases. Weakness, dizziness, nausea appear, blood pressure decreases. These phenomena reach a maximum 8-36 hours after the bite.
The first minutes after being bitten by a venomous snake

Slide 7

Immediately after the bite, it is necessary to provide the victim with peace and a horizontal position, this will ensure the minimum rate of transfer of poison by the blood. Reassure the victim. Transport it to a safe, weather-protected location.
First steps for a snake bite

Slide 8

If there is a syringe and antivenom serum, then the most radical method of treatment will be its immediate introduction.
First aid is a radical method

Slide 9

Immediately begin to suck the poison from the wound. To do this, immediately after the bite, open the wound by pressing your fingers, and then suck out the poison with your mouth for 15-20 minutes. Spit out the bloody liquid. These actions are harmless to the caregiver. With the correct and timely suction of the poison from the wound, it is possible to suck out 50% of the poison.
First aid - suction of poison

Slide 10

To reduce blood circulation, cold can be applied to the bite site (a plastic bag with cold water). Disinfect the wound with iodine or brilliant green and apply a sterile bandage, which should be loosened as swelling increases.
First aid - wound treatment

slide 11

Give the affected area of the body an elevated position, fix it, apply an immobilization bandage or splint. Give the victim plenty to drink. Drinking coffee is contraindicated. Arrange for the victim to be transported to a medical facility.
First aid for snakebite

slide 12

make incisions at the site of the bite;
cauterize the bite site;
apply a tourniquet above the bite;
allow the victim to perform any physical activity.
When bitten by a snake, it is prohibited:

slide 13

When bitten by bees, wasps, hornets and bumblebees, pain, burning develops at the site of the bite, swelling and local fever occur. With multiple bites, weakness, dizziness, headache, chills, nausea, vomiting appear, body temperature rises. People with hypersensitivity to bee venom may develop pain in the lower back and joints, convulsions and loss of consciousness are possible.
First aid for insect bites - the first signs

Slide 14

First of all, you need to remove the sting of the insect from the skin, moisten the stung place with alcohol. Apply cold to the stung place (a plastic bag with cold water). Give the victim plenty to drink.
First aid - first steps

slide 15

remember

Note that the most dangerous are the stings of bees, wasps, hornets in the oral cavity, where the insect can get when a person eats fruit. In such cases, urgent medical attention is needed, since the resulting swelling of the larynx and suffocation are deadly.

slide 16

mosquito bites

Due to the specific properties of mosquito saliva, small bubbles form at the site of its bite, itching, and a burning sensation occur.
Itching can be eliminated by moistening the skin with ammonia or a solution of baking soda (half a teaspoon of soda in a glass of water).

Slide 17

Note that in places with a large concentration of mosquitoes, mosquito nets are used, which are sewn from gauze. Various means are used to repel mosquitoes.

Slide 18

Of particular danger are malarial mosquitoes, which are carriers of malaria and other diseases. You can tell them apart by their position. Common mosquitoes sit with their abdomens parallel to the surface, while malarial mosquitoes lift their abdomens up.

Slide 19

Review questions

What is the sequence of first aid for a venomous snake bite?
What are the consequences of insect bites (bees, wasps, hornets)?
How to provide first aid for insect bites?
How to protect yourself from mosquito bites while hiking?
Determine what precautions you should take in your area during the spring, summer, and fall to avoid snake bites and reduce the possibility of insect bites.
Determine how the contents of your individual first aid kit will change in different

View all slides

Description of the presentation on individual slides:

1 slide

Description of the slide:

2 slide

Description of the slide:

You all know what animal bites are. Most likely, all of you have been bitten and scratched by your animal, but not when you did not think that it could be fatal. Animal bites are one of the important causes of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. Up to five million people worldwide, mostly in Africa and Southeast Asia, are bitten by snakes every year. If bitten by a venomous snake, prompt treatment with an appropriate antitoxin is required. Dog bites result in tens of millions of injuries each year; most at risk children are exposed. Rabies from dog, cat and monkey bites is a significant public health problem.

3 slide

Description of the slide:

Snakebites An estimated 2.4 million cases of intoxication (snakebite poisoning) and 94,000–125,000 deaths each year, as well as 400,000 amputations and other severe health effects such as infection, tetanus, scarring, contractures and psychological consequences Most snake bites occur in Africa and Southeast Asia. Snake bites are most common among people living in rural areas with limited resources, engaged in low-paid, non-mechanized field crops and other types of agriculture.

4 slide

Description of the slide:

5 slide

Description of the slide:

Treatment There are approximately 600 species of poisonous snakes in the world, and approximately 50-70% of their bites lead to intoxication. Immediately after the bite, it is extremely important to ensure the complete immobilization of the affected body part and the immediate transport of the victim to a medical facility. Tourniquets and cutting of the bite should not be used as first aid, as this may increase the effect of the venom. Often snakebite victims require antitoxin treatment. It is important that the appropriate antitoxin is used, taking into account the snakes endemic to the area.

6 slide

Description of the slide:

7 slide

Description of the slide:

Preventing snakebites In order to prevent snakebites, local communities should be educated about the risks of snakebites and how to prevent them, such as: * avoid areas with tall grass; * wear safety shoes/boots; * keep rodents out of food storage areas; * free from garbage, firewood and low vegetation the area adjacent to the house; * store in houses food products in containers that reliably protect them from rodents, arrange sleeping places at an elevated level above the floor and carefully tuck mosquito nets under mattresses.

8 slide

Description of the slide:

Dog bites There are no global estimates of the prevalence of dog bites, but research suggests that dog bites account for tens of millions of injuries each year. For example, in the United States of America, about 4.5 million people are bitten by dogs every year. Of these, about 885,000 seek medical care; 30,000 people undergo reconstructive surgery; 3-18% of people develop infections, and 10 to 20 cases are fatal. Other high-income countries such as Australia, Canada and France have similar prevalence and case fatality rates. In low- and middle-income countries, the data is more fragmented, but some studies show that dogs account for 76–94% of all animal bite injuries. Dog bite fatality rates are higher in low- and middle-income countries, as many of these countries where rabies is a problem may experience shortages of drugs needed for post-exposure treatment, along with inadequate access to medical care. An estimated 55,000 people die each year from rabies, and most of these deaths are due to rabid dog bites.

9 slide

Description of the slide:

10 slide

Description of the slide:

Who is most at risk? The majority of people who are bitten by dogs are children, mostly middle-aged and older. Children are at higher risk of head and neck injuries than adults, and such injuries are particularly severe.

11 slide

Description of the slide:

Treatment Treatment depends on the site of the bite, the general health of the person affected, and whether the dog has been vaccinated against rabies. The basic principles of medical care include the following: * speedy medical treatment; * washing and cleansing the wound; * the imposition of primary sutures on the wound with a low risk of infection; * prophylactic antibiotic therapy for high-risk wounds or immunocompromised people; * post-exposure treatment for rabies depending on the dog's vaccination status; * the introduction of tetanus vaccine in the absence of proper vaccination in the affected person.

There are 3 types of poisonous snakes in the CIS:

Vipers (Gyurza and efa are especially dangerous).
Asps (this also includes cobras).
Cottonmouths (pitheads).

Cotton muzzle

Viper

Asp

In the figure, traces of snake bites: 1-5 - poisonous; 6 - not poisonous.

Local symptoms include:

pain, swelling, subcutaneous hemorrhage, the formation of blisters filled with bloody contents, an increase in regional (nearest) lymph nodes.

General symptoms of poisoning:

shortness of breath, dizziness, palpitations, rapid pulse, nausea (sometimes vomiting), fainting, collapse or shock.

Snakes do not like persistent pursuit, they become aggressive.
do not walk barefoot through the forest, through wetlands;
wear leather or rubber boots or thick woolen socks;

be very careful, especially at night, in areas where poisonous snakes are found;
when walking or picking mushrooms and berries in the forest, you should always have a cane or stick in your hand, with which you should push the grass in front of you so that the snake can crawl away.

When bitten poisonous insects and snakes: apply to wounds chewed laurel leaves.

Ammonia (5:1) - 5 drops of water 1 drop of ammonia.

Sugar or honey.

common viper

Its length is 50-60 cm, gray in color (red, red and black are found) with a dark zigzag pattern on the back. Lives in forests and swamps. The bite is very painful, but not fatal.

Caucasian viper

Its length is 40-50 cm, orange-yellow or bright red in color with a zigzag dark pattern on the back. There are snakes of black color (or black head). Distributed throughout the Caucasus. The bite is life-threatening.

Central Asian cobra

Its length is 110-140 cm, large in size, coloring from light yellow to black. Distributed in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan, China, India. Very venomous, the bite is deadly.

Efa sandy

Its length is 50-60 cm, it has a color from grayish-sandy to dark brown. On the head is a light drawing in the form of a silhouette of a flying bird. Distributed in Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan. The bite is deadly.

The boa constrictor, for example, has a length of 3 to 4 m.

The smallest boa constrictor is sandy. It lives in Greece and is 30 to 40 cm long.

sand boa

It might be useful to read: