Presentation for the lesson of animal fiber. Fibers and tissues of animal origin. Natural fibers of animal origin

Natural fibers of animal origin.

MBOU "Ziminskaya secondary school - kindergarten" Razdolnensky district, Republic of Crimea, technology teacher of the highest qualification category: Shcherba Irina Vasilievna

Epigraph of our lesson

“Tell me and I will forget. Show me and I will remember. Give me a try and I'll understand."

Chinese proverb

Materials science studies the properties of textile fibers.
All textile fibers are divided into natural and chemical.

Natural fibers of animal origin

Wool fibers are the hairline of various animals: sheep, camels, goats, llamas, etc., but sheep wool is most widely used (95%). The fine wool of merino and angora goats is considered the best. Wool taken from a sheep is called rune . Camel hair is warm, it is an excellent insulator that maintains a constant body temperature. Alpaca wool (llama) - has all the properties of camel wool. "Kviviut" - musk ox wool is 7-8 times softer and warmer than cashmere.

Until now, no one knows exactly why the ancient fleece was called golden. Perhaps the wool of the ancient Colchis rams really had a golden hue, and perhaps the inhabitants of ancient Colchis mined gold with the help of a sheep's skin: they spread the skin at the bottom of the stream, and the hairs retained the golden grains of sand brought by water. Of course, at that time it was not yet known that the fleece itself contained gold ...
And recently, the British Center for Nuclear Research decided to determine the chemical composition of sheep's wool. Particularly sensitive devices found gold in the fibers. Found it in the composition of the protein structure of hair and other animals. Moreover, the content of gold in different animals is approximately the same. Unfortunately, so far none of the scientists has been able to answer the question: where does the gold in the wool come from and what is it for?

Wool is a natural fiber of animal origin.

Ancient woolen fabrics were found at the excavations of burial mounds. Having lain underground for several thousand years, some of them surpassed modern threads in strength. The main mass of wool is obtained from sheep, merinos give fine wool. Sheep are sheared once or in some cases twice a year. from one sheep receive from 2 to 10 kg. wool. From 100 kg. raw wool receive 40 - 60 kg. clean. For the manufacture of outerwear and blankets, camel hair is used. In addition to sheep, in America they used the wool of rabbits, llamas, bison, in Asia - camels and goats. Before being sent to textile factories, wool is subjected to primary processing: sorted, i.e. select fibers for quality; shake - loosen and remove clogging impurities; washed with hot water, soap and soda; dried in tumble dryers. Then they make yarn, and from it in textile factories - fabric. In the finishing industry, fabrics are dyed in different colors and various patterns are applied to the fabrics. Woolen fibers are used to make dress, suit, and coat fabrics.

The legend of silk

Legend has it that the Chinese Empress Hen-Ling-Chi (2600 BC) was the first to discover this wonderful fiber. She accidentally dropped the cocoon into the hot water and saw silk threads detach from the softened cocoon. The Empress came up with the idea that the thread with which the caterpillar wraps itself can be unwound and weaved a cloth from it. She was amazed by the beauty and strength of the silk thread, collecting thousands of cocoons and weaving them into fabric. The fabric turned out to be wonderfully thin, light, beautiful. The Emperor's clothes were sewn. So the silkworm butterfly gave silk to the whole world, and the empress was elevated to the rank of a deity for a valuable gift. Silk was worth its weight in gold; a bundle of silk fabric was supposed to be a double measure of gold by weight. This is how the ancient culture of sericulture was born, based on the vital activity of the silkworm, which feeds on the leaves of the white mulberry (mulberry).

The production of silk fabrics has been known since the third millennium BC. in China - the Great Chinese Silk Road.

The raw material for the production of natural silk fabrics is silk fiber - a product of the secretion of the glands of caterpillars of the mulberry and oak silkworm. The cocoon thread has a length of 500 to 1500 m and a thickness of 10-12 microns. When unwinding several cocoons, raw silk is obtained, from which twisted silk is used to make fabrics, silk threads.
In 121 BC the first camel caravan was sent with silk and bronze mirrors. The Silk Road is a system of caravan routes that for more than a thousand years connected the cultural centers of the vast expanse of the mainland between China and the Mediterranean. From the 2nd century AD silk became the main commodity that Chinese merchants carried to distant lands. Light, compact and therefore especially convenient for transportation, it attracted the attention of buyers along the entire route of caravans, despite the high cost. Silk fabrics gave an unusual feeling of softness, sophistication, beauty and exoticism. They sought to possess and admire. The Egyptian queen Cleopatra loved luxurious robes made from this material.

wool fiber properties

Wool fibers are characterized by good heat-shielding properties, high wear resistance, high hygienic properties - hygroscopicity and air permeability, high dust capacity and shrinkage. Wool fibers are resistant to all organic solvents used in the dry cleaning of clothes.

The strength of wool fibers depends on the thickness and length (from 20 to 450 mm).
Coat color can be white, gray, red and black.
The sheen of the coat depends on the size and shape of the scales.
Wool fiber has good elasticity. Products made of wool do not wrinkle.
The resistance of wool to the effects of sunlight is much higher than that of plant fibers.
During combustion, the wool fibers are sintered, when the fibers are removed from the flame, their combustion stops, and a sintered black ball is formed at the end of the woolen thread. At the same time, the smell of burnt feather is felt.

A B C D

The structure of wool fiber

1 - scaly layer;
2 - cortical layer;
3 - core.

1 - fluff;
2 - transitional hair;
3 - awn;
4 - dead hair.

Silk fiber properties

The thickness of the cocoon thread is uneven along its entire length.
The strength of silk is higher than that of wool.
The color of boiled cocoon threads is white slightly creamy. At temperatures above 110 C, the fibers lose their strength.
Natural silk has good hygroscopicity.
Soft, shiny, beautiful-looking products made of silk have, however, low wear resistance and high cost.
Feels cool to the touch.
Under the influence of direct sunlight, silk is destroyed faster than other natural fibers.
During combustion, the silk fibers are sintered, when taken out of the flame, their burning stops. At the end, a black sintered ball is formed, easily rubbed, there is a smell of a burnt feather.

a - cocoon thread;
b - boiled silk

Wool

Silk

Wool is used to produce yarn, fabrics, knitwear, felt products, etc.

Card number 1. Properties of wool fibers and fabrics made from them.

Length

2 - 45 cm.

Different, the thicker the fiber, the stronger

White, grey, red, black

Properties

disadvantages

Good heat-shielding properties, high wear resistance, high hygienic properties - hygroscopicity, air permeability. Under the influence of heat and moisture, the wool fiber acquires the ability to lengthen up to 60% or shrink

Dust capacity, shrinkage

After combustion, it forms a black lump, rubbed with fingers, the smell of a burnt feather remains.

They make dress, suit and coat fabrics: drape, gabardine, cashmere

Product Care

Washed by hand at t30C, with detergents, dried unfolded, ironed at t150-160C through an iron

Card number 2. Properties of silk fibers and fabrics made from them

Length

500 – 1500m

Thickness - very thin, like a web, but very strong.

White, creamy.

Properties

disadvantages

Possesses high hygroscopicity, air permeability. Elastic, so the fabrics are not wrinkled, smooth, soft, beautiful, have a shine, drape well.

Stretch, crumble, have significant shrinkage.

After combustion, it forms a black lump, rubbed with fingers, the smell of a burnt feather remains.

Product Care

Wash by hand at t30 - 40C, rinse with water and vinegar. Squeeze lightly. Ironed at t150 - 160C from the wrong side.

Comparison of wool and natural silk fibers

Wool

Fiber appearance

Natural silk

Rough matte

Type of thread break

Tassel made of crimped fibers

Smooth, shiny

The nature of the burning thread

straight fibers

Black ball, burnt feather smell

Which animal provides the largest amount of all wool processed in textile mills?
Sheep provide the bulk of the wool.
How does the strength of the fabric depend on the thickness of the fiber?
The thicker the fibers, the stronger the fabric.
What colors are natural wool fibers?
White, grey, pink and black.
What is the felting property of wool fibers?
Under the action of moisture and friction, wool fibers fall off.
What are the properties of wool fibers?
High hygroscopicity, heat-shielding properties, elasticity.
What textile materials are made from wool?
Dresses, suits, coats, felt, felt.

What is the purpose of the primary processing of silk?
Treatment of cocoons with hot steam to soften silk glue; winding threads from several cocoons at the same time.
Describe the properties of natural silk?
Possess high hygroscopicity, air permeability. Elastic, so the fabrics are not wrinkled, smooth, soft, beautiful, have a shine, drape well.
What fabrics are made from natural silk?
They produce dress, blouse fabrics of crepe de chine, chiffon.

slide 2

Fiber classification

Animal fibers are natural fibres. They are obtained from animals (wool) and insects (silk and spider web).

slide 3

Wool is animal hair.

slide 4

Wool composition

Wool consists of 2 types of hairs; 1. Hair and wool. 2. Down Hair - long and straight. Wool - wavy of various lengths (2 - 45 cm). The down is soft, curvy and short.

slide 5

Types of wool

slide 6

Fiber properties

The thickness of the fiber affects the properties of the yarn. The thicker the fiber, the stronger the fabric. Undyed fiber is white, gray, red and black. Woolen fiber has hygroscopicity, heat protection and elasticity, products from it do not crumple. Wool is resistant to sunlight. When burned, wool fibers sinter and emit the smell of a burnt feather, singed bone.

Slide 7

Slide 8

Slide 9

Types of woolen fabrics

Slide 10

Silk is a thin fiber produced by the silkworm caterpillar.

A cocoon is a dense shell that a silk caterpillar twists before turning into a butterfly. Butterflies, when emerging from the cocoon, lay eggs from which caterpillars hatch. Egg - caterpillar - chrysalis - butterfly four stages of silkworm development

slide 11

Silk pretreatment

The pupae are killed by steam, and the cocoons are soaked and unwound on special machines. About 9 kg of silk thread can be obtained from 100 kg of cocoons.

slide 12

Silk processing process

slide 13

Silk properties

Natural color - white, slightly creamy, hygroscopic, breathable, destroyed by sunlight, silk burns like wool, releasing the smell of burnt feathers.

Slide 14

Types of silk fabrics

Satin Velvet Crepe de Chine Chiffon and others

slide 15

gossamer fiber

A fabric woven from a cobweb thread is several times superior to silk in strength, lightness and beauty. Even in ancient times it was made in China, where it was called "fabric of the eastern sea." True, the process of its manufacture was so time-consuming that only a fabulously rich person could afford to dress in clothes from it.

slide 16

In Europe, the industrial production of web fabric was first thought about in France at the beginning of the 18th century. The President of the Royal Audit Office of Montpellier Bock proposed to extract the thread from the cross-spider. As he established, the web can be pulled directly from his abdomen and immediately wound onto a spool. From one insect it is possible to obtain up to 500 meters of thread. In support of his words, Bock presented to the Academy of Sciences the finest women's stockings and gloves made from this raw material, which struck everyone with their beauty and grace. .

Slide 17

German scientists from the Medical School Hannover have created an artificial skin from the web, which can be used in transplantation in reconstructive surgery.

Slide 18

Madagascarians created the largest web of spider silk The technology, developed about a hundred years ago by a French preacher, made it possible to collect a golden web from a million Madagascar spiders. A British historian and an American businessman commissioned her to create the world's largest spider silk tablecloth. The rarest handmade masterpiece will be exhibited in the US and Great Britain. The handmade masterpiece was exhibited at the American Museum of Natural History in New York (AMNH). Next year, the painting will move to London (photo from discovery.com). Art historian Simon Peers and his American business partner Nicholas Godley hired dozens of workers to create a unique canvas measuring 3.4 by 1.2 meters.

View all slides

slide 2

COTTON

slide 3

Cotton is an annual tree-like plant. It grows in a bush, the fruits are capsules containing seeds covered with long hairs. These fibers are called cotton or "white gold".

slide 4

Cotton fiber is a single plant cell that develops from the hull cell of the cotton seed after flowering. Cotton seeds are enclosed in a fruit box, which, upon reaching full maturity, opens, and the seeds come out together with cotton, after which the cotton is immediately harvested and processed.

slide 5

Cotton is the oldest spinning plant native to India. It was grown in the Indus and Ganges valleys on the East coast of the Hindustan peninsula and the Deccan plateau on extensive plantations.

slide 6

fabrics

Cotton fabrics in Russia were the first to be produced by Ivan Tames in the 172s. Russified Dutchman had a linen establishment in Moscow. By the end of the 18th century, cotton production had spread to the Tver, Ivanovo, Vladimir and Moscow regions. A competing era of linen with cotton began, in which cotton fabrics took the lead.

Slide 7

Cotton properties

Cotton is characterized by relatively high strength, chemical resistance (it does not break down under the influence of water and light for a long time), heat resistance (130-140 ° C), medium hygroscopicity (18-20%) and a small proportion of elastic deformation, as a result of which cotton products wrinkle a lot. The resistance of cotton to abrasion is low. Advantages: Softness Good absorbency in warm weather Easy to color Disadvantages: Wrinkles easily Tends to shrink Turns yellow when exposed to light

Slide 8

TYPES OF FABRICS

Cotton fabrics are divided into two main types: household and technical. Household fabrics are intended for sewing clothes, and you can also find decorative fabrics used for making curtains and furniture upholstery. Cotton fabrics can be of different widths: 80, 90, 140 and 160 cm Summer flannelette blankets, tablecloths, bedspreads and gauze are also made from cotton. Technical fabrics are packaging and tare.

Slide 9

Bike is a dense soft fabric with a thick pile. It is used in the manufacture of light blankets, pajamas, warm underwear and home clothes. Flannel is a soft fabric. It has a double-sided bouffant. Flannel is used to sew pajamas, underwear, women's dressing gowns, children's clothes and diapers. . Bumazeya is a fabric that has a one-sided fleece, usually on the wrong side. They sew children's clothes and women's dresses from bumazee.

Slide 10

Velveteen is a fairly dense fabric. On the front surface, it has longitudinal scars from tailoring light coats, suits, skirts, trousers and men's shirts. Corduroy with a rib more than 5 mm is called velveteen cord, and with a narrow one - velveteen rib Velvet is a soft fabric. On the front side there is a thick pile. It is used in sewing jackets, trousers, women's dresses, and is also used in interior decoration and the production of curtains.

slide 11

Waffle fabric is a fabric that is distinguished by its original weave, visually reminiscent of waffles. Has good absorbent properties. Therefore, it has found its application in the manufacture of towels. Coarse calico is a dense unusual fabric. The warp threads are much thinner than the weft threads. They sew overalls, men's and bed linen from coarse calico. Satin has a shiny and smooth face. Goes into tailoring men's underwear, shirts, women's and children's dresses. Chintz, crinkled chintz - a fabric with a printed motley pattern of plain weave. Goes to sewing shirts, light children's and women's dresses.

slide 12

LINEN

slide 13

Flax is a herbaceous annual plant from the flax family. This is one of the most important industrial crops. In our country, two forms of flax are grown: fiber flax, containing flax fiber in the stems, and oil flax, the seeds of which contain a lot of fatty oil. Flax growing is a branch of crop production that is engaged in the cultivation of flax. Fiber flax forms a straight, thin, branching stem at the top 60-160 cm high.

Slide 14

Len-dolgunets is a very ancient culture .. In the X-XIII centuries. fiber flax became the main spinning plant in Russia. Trade in linen fiber and linen fabrics developed, its centers in the XIII-XVI centuries. became Pskov and Novgorod. Later, fiber flax began to be grown on almost the entire territory of the Non-Chernozem zone of Russia. Flax is the most ancient cultivated plant after wheat.

slide 15

Flax cleaning

Since time immemorial, the center of linen production has been the environs of the city of Yaroslavl, especially the village of Veliky, as well as the Pskov and Vladimir provinces, where flax was sown and processed in large quantities.

slide 16

Flax was removed only in dry weather, knitted in sheaves

Slide 17

Trepalka for flax.

In order to separate the remnants of the bone from the fiber and achieve proper separation of the fibers, flax was ruffled immediately after crushing.

Slide 18

Flax combed

Slide 19

Folk spinning

Slide 20

folk weaving

Russian silk in the old days was called thin linen, which could only be woven in Russia.

slide 21

modern weaving

slide 22

The use of flax fiber

slide 23

Internet resources

http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_colier/6915/COTTON http://www.valleyflora.ru/hlopok.html http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/60538/ Linen http://www.valleyflora.ru/len.html pictures http://conceptiobiznes.ru/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/hlopok.jpg http://world.fedpress.ru/sites/fedpress/ files/vladimir_vladimirovich/news/hlopok.jpeg http://royalfabrics.ru/blog/wp-content/uploads/2011/12/velvet1.jpg http://blog.textiletorg.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/ 06/velvet.jpg http://www.conkorde.ru/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/hlopok.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=1&text=%D1%82%D0 %BA%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%20%D1%85%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BA%20%D1%84%D0%BE %D1%82%D0%BE&pos=37&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timira.ru%2Fgallery%2Ftkani.jpg http://cdn.gollos.com/files/6785/Untitled.jpg http:/ /images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=1&text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=45&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fslavlen.com%2Fd%2F45545%2Fd%2F003..jpeg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?text=%D0%BB%D0%B5%D 0%BD&pos=25&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.vitbichi.by%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2010%2F08%2Fw690-300x225.jpg http://images.yandex.ru/yandsearch?p=3&text =%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD&pos=108&rpt=simage&img_url=http%3A%2F%2Fimages.prom.ua%2F2229010_w100_h100_lno_volokno.jpg

View all slides

To use the preview of presentations, create a Google account (account) and sign in: https://accounts.google.com

Slides captions:

Materials Science Cotton and linen fabrics

Cotton and cotton fibers

Linen and flax fibers

Process for the production of cotton fabrics Sorting Carding plant Tape shop Finishing production Spinning production Weaving production Roving shop

Linen fabric production process Straw soaking Drying Wrinkling Finishing production Spinning production Weaving production Scutching

(1704-1764) English inventor, cloth maker by profession. The shuttle (airplane) invented by him can be considered the first impetus for rapid transformations in textile technology. This invention doubled the productivity of the weaver. By the middle of the 18th century, Kay's shuttle-plane quickly spread first in England and then in other countries.

Weaving Professions

Cotton mill, Krasnodar

Weft thread thick fluffy uneven in thickness slightly twisted loose soft less strong than the warp thread Warp thread thin smooth uniform in thickness strongly twisted dense rigid strong Distinctive features

Completed by: technology teacher of the 1st category, MAOU-SOSH No. 10, Almetyevsk, RT. Vafina Svetlana Viktorovna Thank you for your attention!

On the topic: methodological developments, presentations and notes

“Process of fabric production. Natural fibers of plant origin

Methodical development of a lesson on the topic “The process of fabric production. Natural fibers of vegetable origin "...

Lesson objectives: Educational: to familiarize students with natural fibers of plant origin, what they are obtained from, where they are grown, how they are processed, what properties they have, which of them ...

1 slide

2 slide

3 slide

Since ancient times, domestic sheep have faithfully served man. It was one of the main sources of delicious meat and quality wool. Sheep are coarse-wooled and fine-wooled breeds. Since ancient times, the championship in breeding coarse-wooled sheep belongs to Great Britain, and fine-fleeced merino sheep to Spain.

4 slide

prehistoric facts. Neolithic 8-3 thousand years BC The first woolen yarn, braided and woven products from it date back to the end of the Stone Age - at a time when giant mammoths and rock bears lived. These items were found by archaeologists on the ruins of an ancient settlement on the shores of a Swiss lake. 4200 BC The fact of sheep breeding is noted in the valley of the Euphrates River in Mesopotamia.

5 slide

A piece of woolen cloth was found in mounds on the Oka River, which ended up in the ground no later than 1000 BC. Our ancestors sheared sheep with spring shears, not very different from modern ones, designed for the same purpose. They were forged from one strip of metal, the handle was bent in an arc. Slavic blacksmiths were able to make self-sharpening blades that did not dull during work.

6 slide

For the manufacture of outerwear in Russia, homespun cloth made of sheep's wool was widely used. From the report of the chronicle under 1425, it is clear that products made from such cloth - sermyags - were the most common clothing for the general population ("everyone byahu in sermyags"). Thin cloths, called skurlats, or scorlats, came from abroad and were very expensive. In 1712, the tsar issued a decree in which it was prescribed "to multiply the cloth factory in more than one place, so that in five years you would not buy an overseas uniform." New cloth establishments were opened in 1718 and 1720, and in the decree of Peter I of 1720, the "company" of merchants was advised to pay attention to the decoration of the cloth; to the fact that Russian people have already learned to spin and weave, but "to dye, and burnish, and iron, and squeeze cloth, cut, pile are not yet ordinary." The decree, an excerpt from which is given here, was the first printed decree on the development of the production of woolen fabrics in Russia. The manufactory of 1720 was called the "Big Cloth Yard", in 1729 it had 130 weaving mills and employed 730 people.

7 slide

Felting is an ancient textile art, which in our time is experiencing a rebirth, in many ways turning from a vital craft into a vibrant form of artistic expression. The history of felting goes far back centuries. The first felts were found on the territory of modern Anatolia, they date back to 3000 BC. the only material from which felt can be made is wool, and sheep's wool is best

8 slide

Kashmir is the finest fluff of mountain goats, mainly distributed in Tibet and the adjacent regions of China and Mongolia. "Wool diamond", "soft gold of Asia", "royal yarn", "precious thread"... Oh, Kashmir! Sophisticated and chic, timeless and trendy, sophisticated and fairly expensive!

9 slide

Angora goats are an ancient breed of woolly goats. Since ancient times, Angora goats have been bred for their wonderful wool, which is called "mohair" (from the Arabic word for "chosen one"). Jumpers, cardigans, stoles, coats and accessories: hats, scarves, mittens, socks are knitted from mohair obtained from two-year-old goats (thinness 27-30 microns). Coarse mohair and its blends are used to make carpets, throws, blankets, drapery materials, plush toys, wigs, slippers and other soft shoes.

10 slide

Angora - the fluff of angora rabbits and no one else! Don't believe the labels that say "angora" if you have prickly wool in your hands with hairs sticking out in all directions! This is another attempt to confuse the terms and pass off the coarse hair of angora goats as an angora. It's hard not to recognize a real angora - soft, fluffy, tender!

11 slide

Since ancient times in the East, camel hair was considered sacred, its presence in the house brought happiness and good luck, under pain of death it was forbidden even to step on it. Camel wool is obtained only from non-working animals. The camelid family is very ancient.

12 slide

The llama's coat consists of two layers: a coarse outer layer and a softer inner layer. It is used to make coarse rugs, blankets, ropes and carpets. The alpaca (lama pacos) is a species of llama that was domesticated about 6,000 years ago and has been bred for its wool ever since. The alpaca is smaller than the domestic llama. Its height is no more than 1 m, weight is about 70 kg. The colors are very diverse: white, cream, all shades of brown, gray, black, etc. Archaeologists discovered in one of the ritual burials of the Incas the mummified remains of alpaca, the wool of which surpassed all species known today in fineness. Llama (lama glama) - a large, strong animal with a long neck, large sad eyes with long eyelashes and protruding ears

13 slide

Natural silk is one of the stunning wonders of nature. According to an ancient Chinese legend, one day in 2640 BC, Princess Shi Lin-tzu was sitting under a mulberry tree when suddenly a silkworm cocoon fell into her cup of tea. And when she tried to pull it out, she noticed that it was starting to spin in the hot liquid. The princess gave one end of the thread to her maid and told her to move away. The maid walked out of the princess's quarters into the courtyard, then passed the palace gates, and only when she had gone half a mile from the Forbidden City did the thread end.

14 slide

Silk is a natural protein fiber produced by the caterpillar of a nondescript-looking butterfly - the silkworm (Bombix mori). the caterpillar looks very impressive: its body length is about 8 cm, its thickness is about 1 cm, and its weight is 3–5 g. When releasing the thread, the caterpillar quickly turns its head. For each turn, 4 cm of silk thread is required, and for the whole cocoon it takes from 800 m to 1 km, and sometimes more! As many as twenty-four thousand times the caterpillar must shake its head in order to spin a cocoon. It takes about 4 days to make a cocoon. Having finished work, the exhausted caterpillar falls asleep in its silk cradle and turns into a chrysalis there. The silkworm butterfly does not shine with special beauty. The color of her plump hairy body is either white with a light cream pattern, or dark grayish brown.

15 slide

Silk production. Cocoons are collected and sent to factories. A small part of the cocoons is left alive - later butterflies are born from them, which lay eggs. Most cocoons are killed by hot steam or microwave electromagnetic fields. In a few seconds, the pupae inside the cocoon heat up to 80-90ºC. This must be done before the birth of the butterfly, which, hatching from the cocoon, gnaws through it, damaging the thread. To soften the cocoon, it is thrown into hot water, then washed and unwound on special machines.

16 slide

The color palette of cocoons is moderately diverse and consists of cream, beige, brown and golden hues. These beauties are less skilled spinners - the silk from which they build a cocoon is rough to the touch and not as shiny as usual. It does not lend itself well to dyeing and often requires not unwinding, but spinning, as it does not consist of a long thread, but of shorter, tattered silk threads. Wild silk It turns out silk can be spun not only by nondescript Bombyx mori moths, but also by luxurious peacock-eyes (Antheraea) from the Saturnadea family.

17 slide

The history of silk production in Russia There was no sericulture in Russia for a very long time, therefore, silk fabrics were not made in home production. Naturally, attempts to establish their own production of brocade and velvet began long ago, back in the 16th century. Byzantine and Italian masters took part in the establishment of the first productions. In 1740, there were 26 silk-weaving and one reed manufactories in Moscow. Silk establishments that opened in Nizhny Novgorod, St. Petersburg and Yaroslavl usually did not exist for long and fell apart. At this time, the first silk weaving establishments appeared in Astrakhan, later in Moscow, which became another center of the silk industry. In the pre-reform period, the role of the second center of silk weaving passes to St. Petersburg, since all Astrakhan factories were closed. Russian silk fabrics impressed the visitors of the World Exhibition of 1851 in London, and the greatest impression was made by brocades and furniture fabrics. At the Russian Industrial Exhibition of 1853, the products of 20 silk-weaving factories were presented.

18 slide

Advantages of silk Shine. Natural silk has a unique luster that does not fade over the years. Ease. Silk is so light that from 300 to 900 kilometers of thread goes to 1 kg of finished fabric. Softness. Tenderness, smoothness, pleasantness to the touch. Low thermal conductivity and good breathability. It is pleasant to wear silk clothes at any time of the year, as it warms in the cold, and creates a feeling of coolness in the heat. Durability and elasticity. Silk fiber, being very thin, has exceptional strength. Good drape. This property allows silk to be used not only to create clothes of almost any shape, but also for curtains, bed linen and other home interior items.

19 slide

sources http://www.katiagreen.ru http://fachionbook.ru http://www.materiamoda.ru Akhmetshin N.Kh. "Tfines of the Silk Road" M. 2002

It might be useful to read: