Directions for the development of international tourism. The main trends in the development of modern tourism. "The main trends in the development of world tourism"

1) The essence and importance of tourism.

Tourism (from French "walk", trip) - this is a free time travel, one of the types of active recreation, widespread in most countries of the world. Today tourism is a whole industry. An industry that contains a number of different organizations and enterprises involved in organizing tourist recreation, providing the consumer with a variety of recreation services.

Tourism - a socio-economic phenomenon - the rest of the population in travel outside the permanent place of residence.

Tourists - these are persons traveling for any purpose, except for the search for earnings and change of permanent residence, with a period of stay outside their place of residence for at least 24 hours (less than 24 hours - excursionist).

According to this definition, tourists are also persons traveling for business trips, attending symposia, recreation, treatment, entertainment, study, for family and religious reasons.

This definition, put forward at the UN conference in 1954, confirmed by the UN Rome Conference on Tourism and Excursions in 1963, serves as the basis for international tourist statistics and in the definition of tourist customs law.

The following functions are inherent in tourist recreation:

• liberation of the individual from the feeling of fatigue through a contrasting change of environment and type of activity;

· Providing vacationers with the opportunity to have fun. This includes getting to know the area, its inhabitants, organizing concerts, sports and other events (outdoor activities);

· Presentation of opportunities for personal development, expansion of the cognitive horizon, creative and organizational activities - a humanitarian function (active cognition and manifestation of personality). In connection with these functions, tourism is able to actively influence the economy of the region in which it develops, on its social and humanitarian foundations.

The importance of tourism in the world is constantly growing, which is associated with the influence of tourism on the economy of a particular country: tourism expands contributions to the country's balance of payments, provides employment for the population, contributes to the diversification of the economy, as well as the rational use of recreational resources

Types and forms of tourism, their characteristics, the main classification criteria.

The significance of the classification of tourism as a special phenomenon is determined by the features that underlie it. Depending on their choice, there are different types, types and forms of tourism.

First of all, tourism can be divided into international and domestic.

international tourism covers travel for tourism purposes outside the country of permanent residence. Traveling abroad usually requires compliance with certain tourist formalities. This is the registration of foreign passports and visas, the passage of customs procedures, currency and medical control. The simplification or tightening of tourist formalities has a direct impact on the development of international tourism. Tourist formalities related to crossing state borders are an integral part of international tourism and act as its main feature. The deeper the differences in the monetary systems of states, the more obstacles to the free movement of people between countries, the more significant the language barriers separating peoples, the more significant the differences between international and domestic tourism.

Another feature of international tourism is economic in nature and is revealed through the impact that international tourism has on the country's balance of payments. Foreign tourists, paying for goods and services, ensure the flow of currency into the budget of the host country and thereby activate its balance of payments. Therefore, the arrival of foreign tourists is called active tourism. On the contrary, the departure of tourists is expressed in the outflow of the national currency from the country of their permanent residence. International payments for tourist transactions of this kind are recorded in the liabilities of the balance of payments of the country - the supplier of tourists, and tourism itself is called passive.

The division into active and passive, based on the features of the reflection of the financial results of tourism activities in the balance of payments, is inherent only in international tourism and does not apply to domestic tourism. This division is inextricably linked with two other forms of international tourism - entryand visiting, which differ in the direction of the tourist flow. One and the same tourist can be classified as entering and leaving at the same time, depending on which country his movement is described in. Distinguish the country of origin of the tourist, which he leaves for the purpose of travel, and the country of destination where he arrives. In the first case, we are talking about outbound tourism, in the second - about inbound tourism. These terms are used to refer to overseas travel at the start of the trip. On the way back, the tourist simply returns home.

Unlike international interiortourism is the migration flows of people within the country of permanent residence for the purpose of recreation, satisfaction of cognitive interests, sports and other tourist purposes. It is not connected with crossing the state border and, therefore, does not require compliance with tourist formalities. The national currency, used on a daily basis, continues to be a medium of circulation, and the native language of a tourist is a means of communication. Such trips are relatively easy to organize. Therefore, it is no coincidence that they account for 80–90% of all tourist trips, and the costs of domestic tourism are 5–10 times higher than the costs of international tourism.

Despite significant differences, international and domestic tourism are closely related to each other. Domestic tourism acts as a kind of catalyst for international tourism. It promotes the development of new recreational resources and regions, the creation of a basic tourist infrastructure, preparation; specialists and thereby assists the process of harmonious integration of countries into the international tourism industry.

The question of the classification of tourism based on the purposes of travel remains controversial. Researchers disagree about the sectoral composition of tourism. At the same time, most authors are unanimous on the main point and distinguish between travel for entertainment and recreation, on the one hand, and business tourism, on the other. To give the classification of tourism some order, with the goal primarily of didactic tasks, we will use the scheme proposed in the work of I. Yu. Aleksandrova: "International tourism", and on the basis of this we will consider some of the most complete classification of tourism (see Fig. 5) ...

Tourism development factors

Tourist flows are closely connected with tourist centers, depending on a number of natural (geographic location, climate, etc.) and humanitarian factors (history, social behavior, habits, etc.). The merger of tourist flows in certain geographical areas, due to their attractiveness, forms tourist centers that economically and socially affect these flows.

Tourist flows - a set of groups of tourists who are sent to special centers for the purpose of spending free time, leisure, travel.

In the 1980s. the following tourist flows have developed:

§ meridian (North-South) - from Northern and Central Europe to the Mediterranean Sea and to Africa; eastern - from Western Europe to the Middle East and Asia;

§ Atlantic - from Western Europe to North America; from North America to Europe; from North America to Central and South America;

§ Asian - from Japan to Europe and America; from other Asian countries to neighboring countries;

§ Pacific - from Australia and New Zealand to Europe and North America; from Japan to the countries of the Pacific Ocean basin.

According to the degree of intensity, tourist flows (according to D. V. Nikolaenko) are distributed as follows:

§ trips to countries of their sociocultural system (SCS);

§ travel to the countries of the buffer zone adjacent to its SCS;

§ travel to countries of other SCS;

§ travel to the countries of the buffer zone that is not adjacent to its SCS.

The most intense tourist flows pass through the territory of their SCS; this is typical for all SCS.

In Russia, the tourist flow in domestic tourism over a distance of more than 1000 km has a stable predominantly (70%) western direction - from the regions of the Urals, Siberia, the Far North and the Far East to the main tourist regions and centers of the country - Moscow, St. Petersburg, Krasnodar Territory. Tourist trips to a distance of up to 500 km create hotbeds of lively tourist traffic around the country's largest cities - Nizhny Novgorod, Samara, Yekaterinburg, Chelyabinsk. Omsk, Novosibirsk, Irkutsk, Krasnoyarsk, Khabarovsk, Vladivostok, which determines the high share of intraregional tourism in densely populated industrial centers of Russia.

In order for the flows to pass through a certain tourist center, it is necessary to have territorial combinations of attractiveness factors in this center and the surrounding tourist space.

The presence of favorable factors leads to the leadership of certain regions and countries in world tourism, and undesirable factors reduce the tourist flow.

The main factors influencing the development of tourism are divided into two groups:

§ staticthat have a constant value over time. This group primarily includes the recreational and resource potential of the territory, expressed in the quantity and quality of natural, cultural and historical resources;

§ dynamic - political, socio-demographic, financial and economic, material and technical. It should be noted that the stereotype of a person's life has changed from static to dynamic, and this phenomenon is massive.

Natural and climatic factors - tourists are attracted by the rich and varied natural and recreational resources, the indented coastline and the presence of a large number of bays, bays, inland seas, kilometers of sea beaches, a dense river network, mosaic landscapes and a combination of coastal and mountainous landscapes in neighboring territories.

Cultural and historical factors are a variety of historical and architectural monuments, a high level of spiritual and material culture, a mosaic of national and confessional composition of the population, a high level of education, long traditions of cultural and other ties both within the region and with other large regions of the world.

The attractiveness of holiday destinations is determined primarily by these factors. It is no coincidence that the southern regions with a warm climate have a positive balance on tourism / travel, while in all northern countries, even in the rich Scandinavian countries, the balance is negative. The value of historical and cultural resources increases with an increase in the level of education and the cognitive needs of people.

Geographic location factor acts in all its varieties: physical and geographical position, on which the set of natural and recreational resources depends; economic and geographical location, especially in relation to the main tourist markets; a transport-geographical position, the convenience of which is extremely attractive for tourists, a geopolitical position, since the proximity to hotbeds of international tension, and even more so military conflicts, is almost the main "deterrent" reason for tourists.

Political the situation in the country determines all other dynamic factors. Crises, political instability, militarization of the economy, toughening of tourist formalities, fluctuations in the exchange rate, etc. - these are the consequences of state policy.

An important political factor is the state policy in the field of interstate and intergovernmental agreements on cooperation in the field of tourism and other international economic relations.

Special policy the state in relation to tourism is manifested in the establishment of norms for tourist activities, planning, advertising, control over tourism through administrative bodies.

Tourism policy is closely linked to the country's political regime and defines three levels of state intervention:

§ complete interference - states of a totalitarian type are established, where there are no democratic freedoms, the initiative of the private sector is not manifested. The state monopolizes all functions of tourism activities;

§ partial interference - observed in most democratic countries, characterized by active economic activity.

The state, through organizational structures, interferes to a greater or lesser extent in the procedure for the implementation of tourism activities and exercises control over them, leaving the private sector the freedom to create enterprises in the service sector based on a market economy; small interference is characteristic of political regimes that practically do not interfere in tourism activities, giving the initiative in this area to the private sector operating in a competitive market.

Socio-demographic factors - these are indicators such as age, employment, the presence of single people, childless couples, age tendencies towards marriage, retirement age, the expansion of the social composition of tourists, the level of education, culture, aesthetic requirements of the population, an increase in the duration of paid vacation, the ratio of material and spiritual needs in society, urbanization, etc.

Financial and economic factors - these are the economic situation in the country, financial stability, the level of income of the population, the share of funds allocated by society for travel expenses, prices of goods, etc.

Material and technical factors characterize the state and capabilities of the tourism industry base - accommodation, catering, transport, recreation, trade, etc.

A specific feature of transport links is their integration nature, since they turn the world into a single space. For international tourism, it is most important to ensure links between different levels of transportation so that tourist travel does not have stops and breaks in transport links. The most important characteristics of the transport infrastructure are the speed of movement, the level of safety of vehicles.

Accommodation and catering enterprises occupy a special place in the tourism industry. The attractiveness of the region for tourists largely depends on the level of hotel and restaurant services. But the tourism industry, especially accommodation and catering enterprises, is subject to fluctuations in the demand for tourism services throughout the year (seasonality), which leads to an increase in the cost of maintaining accommodation and catering enterprises and an increase in the cost of their services.

Based on the above factors and analyzing the statistics of the World Tourism Organization, it is possible to make a forecast for the further development of tourism.

Tourism development across regions will be uneven: the highest rates are expected in Asia and the Pacific, in Europe and North America they will be lower than worldwide.

Thus, in the near future tourism will remain one of the most profitable areas of the world economy.

2) Organizational features of religious tourism

A tourist traveling for religious purposes is a person who travels outside the country of permanent residence for a period of no more than six months to visit holy places and centers of religions.

Religious tourism is an independent type of tourism.

Religious tourism should be understood as activities related to the provision of services and the satisfaction of the needs of tourists traveling to holy places and religious centers outside their usual environment.
Religious tourism is divided into two main types:
1 pilgrimage tourism;
2 religious tourism of excursion and educational orientation.
In pilgrimage tourism spiritual pilgrimage tourism stands out.

Pilgrimage tourism is a combination of trips by representatives of various faiths for pilgrimage purposes. Pilgrimage is the desire of believers to worship holy places. Pilgrimage presupposes a certain attitude of a person towards reality. The idea of \u200b\u200ba pilgrimage implies action in conditions of special difficulties, a voluntary commitment to be in these conditions. This symbolizes a person's readiness to sacrifice transient material values \u200b\u200bin the name of eternal spiritual ones. In Hinduism, Orthodoxy and Catholicism, walking pilgrimages were developed. People go on pilgrimages when ritual actions in places of their usual living environment are not enough for them.

Within the framework of educational tours of a religious orientation it is planned to visit religious centers, where excursion tourists will be able to see religious objects - active cult and memorable ones, visit museums and exhibitions. Tourists attend services, take part in religious processions, meditations, and other religious events. It should be borne in mind that sightseers, including representatives of other religions, may not attend all events.

From the point of view of tourist centers, religious tourism is close to scientific tourism of religious themes. Such trips are not numerous, but they expand the geography of tourist trips. Scientists are interested in religious heritage - manuscripts, various cult objects found, including through archaeological excavations, architectural forms of both modern and bygone religions, and much more. Researchers are sent to centers of existing religions, countries and regions with a rich religious tradition. In Russia, there is interest in the countries of the East - China, India, Japan. The places of disappeared religions are visited - Egypt, Mesopotamia, Greece and Italy, Central America.

In some cases, specialized tours are distinguished, in which pilgrims and sightseers are united. Specialized tours are designed for at least three days with visits to religious shrines and architectural monuments of the past. Sometimes permission (blessing) is required to organize such tours. Religious tourism and its varieties are presented in various forms

The difference between pilgrimage trips and religious excursion tours is the difference in their goal-setting. This gives rise to the peculiarities of accommodation and meals for tourists, the specifics of the excursion route, the choice of objects to be displayed, the content and form of the excursion itself.

The cognitive uses the existing elements of the tourist infrastructure - hotels, etc. Educational tours of a religious orientation, unlike pilgrims, are shorter, they are not timed to coincide with religious holidays, and both adults and children can participate in them. Tourists visit religious sites during combined tours, in which the excursion component is only part of the program. For pilgrims, the excursion has a secondary meaning in relation to certain cult activities. However, some tours involve both pilgrims and sightseers.

Excursion tours of a religious orientation are designed for at least three days with a visit to religious shrines and architectural monuments of the past. Sometimes the permission (blessing) of the abbot of the monastery is required to organize such tours.

If for a group of a religious excursion tour, accommodation in a hotel with an abundance of entertainment establishments and modest meals in a restaurant or cafe on fast days may turn out to be insignificant in assessing the quality of the tour, then for a pilgrim this fact can negate all other efforts of the travel agency, create psychological discomfort and emotional stress ... A pilgrim tour, in contrast to a religious excursion, includes not only a visit and a qualified inspection of temples, monasteries, holy places (sources, etc.), but also the real participation of the pilgrim in the religious life of a temple or monastery, the possibility of visiting divine services. Religious and educational and pilgrimage tours combine, first of all, excursion routes and objects of display, which often leads to a mixture of these categories, when any trip to the monastery is called a pilgrimage. At the same time, these tours pursue different goals, namely: the pilgrimage tour is primarily religiously motivated, the excursion tour is primarily cognitively motivated. The difference in goals determines the difference in the choice and use of methodological techniques for showing and telling, the style of communication with the group, the use of special vocabulary, etc.

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The next trend in the development of the tourism market in the world is an increase in the level of state support for the tourism industry. So, today in many countries a regional brand of the tourist region is being formed, many states provide assistance in promoting the tourism product of their country in the global tourist market.

In modern conditions in the field of tourism, public-private partnerships are developing, demonstrating various forms and models in different countries. It seems to us that, given the intensification of globalization processes, tougher competition, this kind of partnership is necessary for promoting the national tourism product to the international market, developing a marketing plan, carrying out advertising activities, and joint financing of tourism projects.

Public-private partnership is also necessary for solving the problems of congestion management on the most popular tourist travel destinations, improving the environmental situation, coordinating the actions of state and non-governmental organizations in crisis situations.

One of the main features of the development of modern tourism is the uneven distribution of international tourist flows in different regions and countries. Tourist flows are concentrated in several regions of the world, their movement is mainly intra-regional in nature. Mainly tourist flows are concentrated in Europe and Asia. At the same time, the role of the New World countries in tourist exchanges is increasing.

Currently, the following proportions are observed: mass or group tourists make up 20-30% of the total number of tourists; the remaining 70-80% are individual tourists traveling to nearby countries. This ratio in recent years has been changing in favor of mass tourism, the reasons for which are as follows: a decrease in the number of consecutive vacation days and, at the same time, an increase in the frequency of vacations; low cost of air transportation; an increase in the number of charters; increased interest of tour operators in mass tourism; search for new directions with great advantages; increasing the number of jobs in mass tourism; an increase in the number of tourists traveling by bus.

By the end of the XX century. there is a trend towards an increase in the length of stay in international travel and the number of travels made during the year. The first is mainly due to the number of elderly tourists, pensioners. At the same time, in the world tourism there is an increase in the number of short-term trips on weekends or 2-3 nights. This is at the expense of young tourists eager to break out on a trip for a few days to avoid long interruptions from work.

There is an increase in the mobility of the population. Many have cars, they can easily be removed from the place and travel. Travel spending has increased, and travelers have started spending more money while traveling. Nowadays, non-traditional accommodation facilities are popular - mountain chalets, hunting lodges, bungalows, etc. The tourist product is becoming more and more sophisticated.

Horizontal integration is the consolidation and active penetration of the capital of individual companies into foreign tourism markets through mergers or acquisitions of homogeneous companies. This is especially evident in the example of the hotel business. So, for example, everyone knows that such hotel chains as Sheraton, Mariotte, Novotel, Sofitel, Hilton, and others are widely spread throughout the world. Large hotel corporations are actively penetrating foreign markets by acquiring property , franchise agreements, management contracts.

There are currently over three thousand hotel chains in North America and Europe, each with at least ten members. The rating of the largest of them is regularly published by the Hotels magazine. He distinguishes three types of hotel chains: corporate companies, hotel management companies, and independent hotel associations.

Vertical integration is the consolidation and penetration of capital into foreign markets through mergers or acquisitions of companies in various areas of travel services. This type of integration in tourism can be considered on the example of the existing three European models: German, English and French.

Concentration processes take place not only in horizontal and vertical directions, but also diagonally. In contrast to the first two, the diagonal type of integration, or diversification, involves the combination of functionally and technologically unrelated enterprises. Diversified, multi-disciplinary formations have one major advantage. They create opportunities for mutual compensation of risks, when the losses of some industries are covered by the profits of others.

Thus, tourism is now becoming more and more global. Many enterprises in the hospitality industry, uniting into large economic complexes, overcome the boundaries of individual states and entail breaking down national barriers. In a short time interval, they turned into a noticeable phenomenon of international life and, like threads, entangled the world space. These new economic formations, corresponding to a higher level of concentration and centralization of production and capital, contribute to the establishment and spread of international standards of tourist services.

It is impossible to imagine modern tourism business without appropriate information support. The development of even the simplest tour requires a large amount of information: knowledge of schedules and tariffs for international or domestic transportation, service prices, class of hotel and other tourist services. Previously, the firm obtained these data from a collection of reference materials. She collected, stored and used them in her work. Gradually, multi-page dossiers were replaced by computer information technologies.

In past years, tourist demand was formed mainly under the influence of tourist supply, while now the situation has changed to the opposite. In modern conditions of ever-increasing market saturation and a greater understanding of their needs by consumers, who also have wider financial and time opportunities, demand determines the profitability of supply. That is why now a detailed and careful study and forecast of tourist demand is needed in order to make it possible to form a tourist offer corresponding to it.

The European region continues to be the main international center for educational tourism. However, in general, there is a steady decline in the proportion of the regions of Europe and America that have been old-tourism in terms of tourism due to the higher growth rates of the young tourism industry in East Asia and the Pacific region and, to a much lesser extent, other macroregions. In total, Europe and America still concentrate 3/4 of the world tourist market.

The second region of cultural and educational tourism is the Asia-Pacific Region (APR). The exchange of cultural traditions for millennia determines the unique combination of unique architectural monuments and places of worship on the territory of the APR. Asia will become a leader in international tourist arrivals not so much thanks to the development of health-improving (resort) tourism, but educational. Currently, China, India and Thailand are becoming major international centers of educational tourism.

The search for new experiences determines the increase in demand for tours to Africa and the Middle East. Combined tours are developing at a high rate in these regions, which are offered mainly to Morocco, Syria, South Africa, Tunisia. However, the bulk of the income comes from organizing beach vacations (UAE, Egypt, Tunisia). The popularity of cognitive tours to countries such as Tanzania, Kenya, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and some others is gradually growing.

One of the interesting trends in the development of international tourism can be the creation of special conditions for the development of tourism (accommodation, transportation, meals, travel programs, etc.), taking into account their national and religious characteristics. This approach will contribute to the development, for example, of "halal" tourism (tourism according to the laws of Islam) in the context of the predicted rapid increase in tourist flow from the Middle East. We can also talk about the formation of special requirements for tourists from other Asian countries (for example, Japan or China), whose perception of the offered tourist opportunities is very different from the perception of them by representatives of Western civilization.

Poleshchuk N.I.
Scientific collection of the Belarusian State University. - 2012. - Issue. III. - S. 176-179.

In the presented article, the author analyzes the main trends in the development of international tourism. The main conditions and trends in the development of international tourism in the world are considered. Particular attention is paid to the consideration of the so-called integration (horizontal and vertical), that is, the consolidation and active penetration of the capital of individual companies into foreign tourism markets through the merger or acquisition of similar businesses or related (partner) companies. The most priority directions of development of international tourism in the world are highlighted.

Tourism is regarded as one of the most profitable and intensively developing sectors of the world economy. This is evidenced by the fact that in 2011 the share of international tourism accounted for 5% of world GDP and 6% of total exports. The number of international tourist arrivals in 2011 reached 980 million.

With the increase in the amount of free time against the background of the deterioration of the general economic situation, two main trends are revealed in the recreational behavior of the population - the fragmentation of the vacation period and the growth of short trips.

Before turning to the analysis of the main trends in the development of international tourism, one should conduct a small analysis of the most important works of different authors highlighting certain trends in the development of international tourism. Thus, such researchers as A. Yu. Aleksandrova, V. Yu. Voskresensky, E. A. Dzhandzhugazova, S. A. Kuskov, and others paid considerable attention to the problems of the development of international tourism in the world and its individual regions.

Purpose of the article - to analyze the main trends in the development of international tourism in the world for the needs of operational planning and forecasting the development of the tourism market.

A team of scientists led by Yu.V. Zabaeva, I.A. Ryabova and E.L. Dracheva in one of her works highlight the main trends in the development of international tourism. This author's position is compared with the positions of other authors who are also engaged in research on trends and dynamics of international tourism.

1. One of the main features of tourism development is the uneven distribution of international tourist flows in different regions and countries. Tourist flows are concentrated in several regions of the world, their movement is mainly intra-regional in nature. Mainly tourist flows are concentrated in Europe and Asia. At the same time, the role of the New World countries in tourist exchanges is increasing.

2. At present the following proportions are observed: mass or group tourists make up 20-30% of the total number of tourists; the remaining 70-80% are individual tourists traveling to nearby countries. This ratio in recent years has been changing in favor of mass tourism, the reasons for which are as follows: a decrease in the number of consecutive vacation days and, at the same time, an increase in the frequency of vacations; low cost of air transportation; an increase in the number of charters; increased interest of tour operators in mass tourism; search for new directions with great advantages; increasing the number of jobs in mass tourism; an increase in the number of tourists traveling by bus.

3. The volume of travel for the purpose of recreation is increasing more dynamically in comparison with the volume of business tourism. If in the 70s. XX century. Since the business segment predominated on the international tourism market, now the ratio has changed towards recreational tourism: 60% of tourists travel for recreation and only 40% for business purposes. It can be assumed that the development of tourism will mainly be carried out by increasing the number of travelers for the purpose of recreation, despite the fact that business tourism will be important for world tourism in general.

4. By the end of the XX century. there is a trend towards an increase in the length of stay in international travel and the number of travels made during the year. The first is mainly due to the number of elderly tourists, pensioners. At the same time in the world tourism there is an increase in the number of short-term trips on weekends or for 2-3 nights. This is at the expense of young tourists eager to break out on a trip for a few days to avoid long interruptions from work.

5. There is an increase in customer demand for service. This is especially true as tourists travel more and more and learn about modern service. The more often tourists travel, the more comfort they want, comparing the level of service provided, often criticizing something, demanding complaints.

6. There is an increase in population mobility. Many have cars, they can be easily removed from the place and travel. Travel spending has increased, and travelers have started spending more money while traveling. Nowadays, non-traditional accommodation facilities are popular - mountain chalets, hunting lodges, bungalows, etc. The tourist product is becoming more sophisticated. New gastronomic concepts are being created.

A characteristic feature of recent years has become the so-called integration (horizontal and vertical), that is, the consolidation and active penetration of the capital of individual companies into foreign tourism markets through mergers or acquisitions of homogeneous business or related (partner) companies. A team of scientists led by A.S. Kuskov in one of her works highlight the main types of integration. I will give the author's point of view below with some changes and additions.

Horizontal integration is the consolidation and active penetration of the capital of individual companies into foreign tourism markets through mergers or acquisitions of homogeneous companies. This is especially evident in the example of the hotel business. So, for example, everyone knows that such hotel chains as Sheraton, Mariotte, Novotel, Sofitel, Hilton and others are widely spread in various countries of the world. Large hotel corporations are actively penetrating foreign markets by acquiring property , franchise agreements, management contracts.

Based on a comprehensive analysis of the points of view of specialists, the author of the article tried to highlight a range of new trends in the development of international tourism.

In past years, tourist demand was formed mainly under the influence of tourist supply, while now the situation has changed to the opposite. In modern conditions of ever-increasing market saturation and a greater understanding of their needs by consumers, who also have wider financial and time opportunities, demand determines the profitability of supply. That is why a detailed and careful study and forecast of tourist demand is now necessary in order to make it possible to form a tourist offer corresponding to it.

At present, educational tourism is one of the leading branches of international tourism. In the context of globalization, cognitive tourism is considered not only as a type of tourist activity, but also as an important mechanism for managing the intercultural dialogue of peoples, an effective way to implement the principles of social partnership at the level of various subjects of interaction. A new understanding of culture in social development and awareness of the need to preserve cultural diversity in the world expands the prospects for cognitive tourism as a factor in regional development.

The increase in the offer of excursion programs is due to the understanding of the important role for a person of cultural and cognitive activity and recreation, recognition of the need to create conditions for the realization of a person's cultural needs in knowledge of history, religion, traditions, peculiarities of the way and style of life, in general, the culture of other peoples. The basis of cognitive tourism is cultural capital, which is expressed in everyday and highly artistic, common and aristocratic and other sources of culture.

Cognitive tourism, being an important branch of the world economy, is characterized by an extremely uneven level of development in the regions of the world, which is explained both by the differentiation of the states of the world in terms of socio-economic development, differences in the structure of consumer demand and life attitudes of various social and demographic groups of the population, and uneven distribution recreational and tourist resources, multidimensional tourist policy of states and international organizations.

In the period from the middle of the XX century. before the beginning of the XXI century. there have been significant changes in the spatial structure of international tourism. The geographical distribution of the flows of educational tourism in its main features had already developed by the middle of the 20th century, but under the influence of global and local processes, constant changes are taking place at the present time. Dynamics of international tourism by regions of the world in the second half of the XX century. reveals significant differences, but reflects the main trends in the development of educational tourism.

In general, the observed changes in international tourist arrivals in various regions of the world repeat the global trends in tourism development. The decline in the growth rate of tourist flows due to the economic crises of the early 80s and 90s. XX century, terrorist attacks in 2001, spread of SARS in 2003 is observed at the level of all tourist regions. However, each region has its own periods of growth, decline, stagnation due to the impact of local factors.

The second region of cultural and educational tourism is the APR. The exchange of cultural traditions for millennia determines the unique combination of unique architectural monuments and places of worship on the territory of the Asia-Pacific region. Asia will become a leader in international tourist arrivals not so much thanks to the development of health-improving (resort) tourism, but educational. Currently, China, India and Thailand are becoming major international centers of educational tourism.

The ever-increasing flow of foreign tourists, which are very different in culture, traditions, mentality from the population of their host countries, also forms a new idea of \u200b\u200bcultural and educational tourism, covering a wider range of issues than the traditional understanding of culture, and requires the creation of a new combined cultural, educational and entertainment a tourist product that provides an opportunity to get acquainted with all aspects of the life of the society visited by tourists. The changes concern not only the content, but also the technology of travel.

Thus, the main feature of the development of modern tourism is the need to create an individualized tourist product that would correspond to the constantly changing complex nature of the needs of tourists and could be flexibly and quickly transformed taking into account the impact of political, economic and other factors of world development.

The current stage of tourism development is also characterized by the widespread introduction of innovative technologies. They are manifested in the improvement of all components of the infrastructure of international tourism, the deepening and expanding diversification of types of tourist activities that satisfy the increasingly complex needs of a modern person in a variety of recreation and leisure, development of new directions and markets of international tourism.

Analyzing the current trends in tourism development, one can see that each new trend gives rise to an opposite movement. In a number of cases, in the course of their development, these tendencies mix, give an unpredictable result, which makes it difficult to determine the main direction. Obviously, the situation in modern tourism is exactly this, and it is not possible to clearly identify one or several dominant trends. At the same time, the wide diversification of tourism activities indicates the maturity of the market. Tourism is such a complex and multifaceted phenomenon that its development is multifaceted and complex and requires special approaches to research.

Bibliographic references

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3. Dzhandzhugazova E.A. Marketing in the hospitality industry. - M .: Academy, 2008 .-- 224 p.
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5. Statistical supplement [Electronic resource] // UNWTO International Tourism Barometer. - 2012, January. - T.10. - Access mode: .
6. Economy and organization of tourism: international tourism / ed. Yu.V. Zabaeva, I.A. Ryabova, E.L. Dracheva. - M .: KnoRus, 2010 .-- 568 p.

Poleshchuk N. The Main Trends of International Tourism Development

The author of the article analyzes the main trends of international tourism development. The main conditions and trends of international tourism development in the world are considered. Special attention is given to consideration of the so-called integrations (horizontal and vertical), i.e. enlargement and active penetration of the separate companies ’capital to the foreign tourist markets by means of merger or absorption of similar or related partner companies. The priority directions of the world’s tourism are identified.

Chapter 3. The main trends in the development of world tourism

Tourism is one of the most profitable and intensively developing sectors of the world economy. Tourism spending accounts for 12% of the world's gross product, 8% of total world exports and 30-35% of world trade in services.

Over the past twenty years, the average annual growth rate of the arrival of foreign tourists in the world amounted to 5.1%, foreign exchange earnings - 14.0%. According to experts' forecasts, the rapid development of tourism is expected to continue: by 2005. this industry will become the world's leading export. It is expected that, while maintaining the current rate of growth, the number of participants in international travel by 2005. will reach 1 billion. people

According to the WTO forecasts (Table 1), the number of tourists on the planet by 2020. will triple and will amount to more than 1 billion 600 million people.

The highest rates of growth in arrivals (Figure 1) are expected in East Asia and the Pacific. In Europe and America, they will be lower than worldwide. The share of these two regions in tourist arrivals will fall from 78.1% in 1998 to 62.6% in 2020. At the same time, an increase in income from tourism is expected: from 444.7 billion dollars. USA in 1998 to 1248 dollars. USA in 2020.

Table 1. The number of tourists in the regions, million people.

					2020 in% to 1995


East Asia / Pacific


Middle East
South Asia

The World Tourism Organization (WTO) notes the following trends in the development of world tourism:

There will always be factors that may not appear in one decade, but will act as the main ones in the next period. This is due to inventions (such as jet planes or computerized booking systems). Another subgroup of factors that will influence travel and tourism is related to the use of new technologies (electronic information and communication systems) and does not depend on socio-demographic changes;

If tourism in the past years has been largely a reflection of advances in transport technology that have contributed to a constant decline in the real cost of travel, then the coming years will be determined by a number of factors that will have a very strong impact on tourism in the early 21st century. These are, first of all, socio-demographic changes, electronic information and communication systems, increased awareness and exactingness of consumers, removal of regulatory restrictions on the markets, as well as the polarization of the activities of travel operators between firms engaged in global business and developed specialized markets (“niches”);

The growth of international tourist activity by 3 - 4% per year in the first decade of the XXI century;

Asia will be the most successful destination, although no region is forecast to grow below average inbound tourism;

The main source of growth will be the rapidly expanding outbound tourism markets in Asia; The Middle East, East and South America and Europe will also contribute significantly to outbound tourism;

Intra-regional tourism (especially in Asia) will increase dramatically, reflecting the opportunities for an increasing segment of the population to participate in tourism;

Long-haul tourism from Europe and Japan will grow faster than short- to medium-haul tourism;

Certain factors will continually influence travel and tourism activity (economic health, political situation, improvements related to travel safety). These factors will also affect national (home) tourism.

Among the expected and most characteristic trends in world tourism in the first decade of the XXI century, the following are noted:

Slow growth rate;

Great competition between regions and countries wishing to receive tourists;

Awareness of the growing impact of economic, sociocultural and environmental factors on tourism;

Consumer awareness of where and how they want to go, and higher requirements for their chosen tourism products and services.

One of the most significant trends in the development of world tourism is a sharp increase in competition in the tourist supply market as a result of the emergence of an increasing number of growing countries with ambitious plans to attract tourists, as well as oversaturation of the same type of tourist supply in the market. As a result, countries seeking to maintain or strengthen their positions in the international market carry out tourism planning based on the principles of sustainable development, provide for long-term investments in this area and have clear government tourism development strategies. Accordingly, the role of the state policy for the development of tourism in the country as a whole is increasing, as well as the targeted promotion of certain tourism products in the domestic and international markets (diagram 2) 3

The main components of strategies that are used in world practice: a detailed analysis of their own markets with an assessment of the ratio of traditional and promising areas. Taking into account global trends and the multiplier effect of tourism development, conducting annual international campaigns under certain memorable slogans, as well as widespread use of the possibilities of advanced information technologies as a basic platform for communication with consumers of tourism services.

The field of tourism, with successful development, can become one of the key elements that create conditions for achieving the strategic goals of the country's development, namely, increasing the well-being of the population based on dynamic and sustainable economic growth, ensuring employment, increasing the level of satisfaction of social and spiritual needs, building potential for the future development of the state and strengthening of international positions. Subject to the implementation of an effective state policy, the tourism industry provides an increase in the quality of services, stimulates the development of human capital, improves the quality of life, creates and improves infrastructure.

Chapter 4. Economic Impact of Tourism

The exchange of international tourism services between countries is part of international trade and has a significant impact on a country's export and import performance. The share of receipts from international tourism accounts for 9% of all receipts of world exports (figure 3) 4

Diagram 3. Place of tourism in the structure

world exports in 1980-1991

Tourism covers many sectors of the economy, which makes it difficult to estimate the number of workers in this area. However, it is clear that tourism has a large impact on employment in the economy. In some (especially small) countries, up to 50% of the working-age population is directly or indirectly involved in the tourism industry. According to the International Labor Office, approximately 100 million people worldwide are employed in tourism. The number of people employed in some countries is shown in figure 4-5.

Chart 4. Employed population in different countries

The diagram shows that the largest number of people employed in this area is in: Canada (768 thousand people), Germany (692.7 thousand people) and Great Britain (603.7 thousand people).

Thus, the impact of tourism on the development of the world economy is difficult to overestimate and it is constantly increasing.

Chapter 5. Factors affecting the development of the tourism industry

Today tourism ranks second in the world after oil in terms of gross income and first in the world in terms of job creation.
The main reasons for the rapid development of tourism in the second half of the XX century. and in the present period:

Political... Peaceful relations were present in the main part of the planet, and peace was a necessary condition for the development of tourism.

Economic... Growing incomes of the population in economically developed countries allowed them to spend money on travel. Similar processes are now taking place in developing countries.

Social... The psychological load on workers is increasing due to the intensification of labor processes, as well as on all people due to urbanization and technological progress. In developed countries, the average length of vacation and vacation periods is increasing, and the average life expectancy of a person is increasing. All this together makes it possible to meet the growing needs for recreation and travel.

Dissemination of culture and education.Raising the cultural level always generates and raises interest in knowing one's region and fatherland, as well as other peoples
and civilizations.

Success in the development of transport. The possibilities of short-term long-distance travel have increased. Service standards are being improved in transport, which is becoming more and more comfortable for passengers and tourists.

Development of the media. By virtue of its peculiarities, the development of tourism seriously depends on the possibilities of providing information to tourists about places of rest and travel. The development of print media, radio, television, computer systems has significantly expanded the possibilities of supply in tourism, as well as increased the efficiency of resolving travel issues. In addition, advertising technologies, improved through marketing, also have a positive impact on the development of tourism.

Currently, experts distinguish five groups of factors that influence the formation of tourist needs, and hence the successful functioning of a tourist center and tourist business:
1. Natural factors - natural resources available to tourists (geographic location of the place of recreation, climate, flora, fauna, proximity to water, comfortable and attractive, beautiful natural objects, etc.).
2. Socio-economic factors - site development
recreation (language, economic and cultural level of development of the country).
3. The material base of the tourism industry - basic ground structures to meet the needs of tourists in terms of convenience and aesthetic perception (hotels, catering, leisure, sports and resort facilities, etc.). Important are the level of comfort, the architectural solution of the object of the material base, its compliance with the culture, surrounding architecture or nature, national characteristics, as well as the type of tourism (recreation, sports, business trip
etc.).
4. Recreation infrastructure - ground and underground structures necessary to meet the needs of the tourism industry (communications, access roads, lighting, beaches, parking lots, gardening facilities, etc.).
5. Tourist offer(hospitality resources) - cultural wealth of the tourist center. Great importance is attached to hospitality in tourism. The success of tourism is promoted by: art, literature, music, theater, available in the tourist center. The resources of hospitality can serve as folklore holidays, national art galleries, festivals and much more that can interest and attract a tourist, including excursion, educational, sports, entertainment, resort, recreational offers.
World tourism is developing quite intensively. At the same time, there is high competition in tourism. And therefore, the factors of development and success of entrepreneurship are of concern to all tourism enterprises. Experts highlight seven factors influencing the competitiveness of tourism services:
1) quality;
2) reliability;
3) safety;
4) justification of the price;
5) segmentation of consumers;
6) seasonal price differentiation;
7) a differentiated system of discounts.
Quality - one of the main factors, without which there is no demand and clientele. Quality is a rather complex value in tourism, of a complex nature. As for the tourist product (tour), at least the concept of quality includes: consumer quality of each individual service, correspondence of the set of services to the type and type of travel, optimality of the program and service technology, compliance of all services with the level of service, etc.
Reliability - compliance of the real service with advertising and information. The client must be sure that during the service he will receive exactly what he paid for. In case of some changes in the program for the provision of services, which may occur for various reasons, including for objective reasons, he must be guaranteed compliance with service standards and, in extreme cases, appropriate compensation.
Safety - an important point that has a great impact on the choice of direction and type of rest, travel. Safety in tourism depends on many factors (political situation, environmental conditions, etc.) that must be taken into account when planning tourist services. The system of measures to ensure the safety of tourists includes: prevention of risks for tourists associated with natural and man-made disasters in tourist centers; prevention of epidemiological, bacteriological and other medical risks and compliance with the relevant formalities; organizing the safety of tourists during transportation; travel insurance for tourists, as well as liability insurance for travel organizations; creation of a special tourist police and security. And in this case, it is important to fully inform tourists about possible risks, the rules for their prevention, as well as guarantees of their safety.
Validity of the price... The price should correspond to the level of service and maintenance. Pricing is the most important issue in a company's market policy. Indeed, in tourism, for the most part, the choice of goods is determined by price. Price competition increases consumer attention to price issues.
Customer segmentation... Tourism services and services should be aimed at certain target groups of tourists (young people, elderly people, rich or not very rich people, parents with children, athletes, etc.) and be guided by the needs of certain groups. Since the needs of different consumer groups differ significantly, the tourism product cannot be uniform. On the contrary, it should be differentiated, varied and targeted (in terms of composition
and service level) to a specific consumer group.
Seasonal price differentiation necessary in tourism, as this field of activity is characterized by seasonal fluctuations in demand. In order to attract consumers in the off-season and equalize tourist flows in different periods of the year, it is necessary to differentiate prices depending on seasonal demand. In the so-called peak (high) seasons, prices may rise, and in the off-season (low season), they may decrease. This serves as an additional attractive factor for tourists.
Differentiated system of discountsIs a very attractive factor for purchasing tours, especially common in terms of discounts for families traveling with children. In addition, tourism offers a number of various discounts, applied in combination or differentiated: for group tours, for pre-booking, repeated calls, as well as for regular customers, etc.
Taking these factors into account when planning their activities allows a tourist enterprise to steadily use the demand of tourists and be competitive

Chapter 6. Forecasts and prospects for the development of world tourism

According to experts' forecasts, the growth rate of international tourism in the first 10-20 years of the XXI century. will decrease slightly. If at the level of 1999 and 2000. global growth rates are just over 5%, then in the next five years they are expected to decline to 4.4% by 2005 and to 4.3% by 2010.
Big changes are predicted in the exit structure as well. The share of inter-regional long-distance travel is growing: in 1995 it was 15%, and by 2010 it is expected to increase to 25%. This trend is explained not only by the fact that people are traveling more and more, but also by the fact that the modern tourism industry can offer tourists a variety of travel opportunities with a fairly high level of security guarantees.

Experts predict that the number of foreign tourist trips by 2010 will reach 964 million, compared with 657 million in 1999, but it will grow at a much slower pace. By 2020, the number of international tourist arrivals will reach 1.6 billion and will be three times higher than in 1995.
The WTO predicts the rapid development of outbound tourism. The largest countries - suppliers of tourists in 2020 will be: Germany (about 163 million trips), Japan (141 million), the USA (123 million), China (100 million) and the UK (96 million). Russia, whose residents got the opportunity to go abroad on a large scale only in 1991, will supply about 30 million tourists to the international travel market by 2020.
The growth of outbound tourism from Europe and the Mediterranean will slow down, while the rate of increase in the number of trips abroad in the countries of South-East Asia will remain rather high, despite the economic difficulties in the region.

The most popular tourist destinations in 2020, according to the WTO forecasts, will be as follows (Table 2.).

The forecast for the development of tourist destinations, made by the WTO based on the results of the study "Tourism: 2020 Vision", identifies the most promising directions and types of tourism in the XXI century. The most popular types of tourism by 2020 will be: adventure, ecological, cultural, educational, thematic and cruises.
The WTO also predicts that the time people spend on their vacation will be reduced. According to research, travelers of the XXI century. will be "rich in money, but poor in time." As a result, they will look for a tourist product that includes the maximum of pleasure in the minimum period of time. Theme parks will flourish
and cruise travel, as people will be able to visit several places in a short time.

Table 2. The most popular tourist destinations in the world in 2020, according to the WTO forecast

Over the next ten years, tourism will remain the largest source of job creation in European countries and in several countries in other regions. Further differentiation of the tourism product offer is predicted, with the goal of ever broader coverage of consumers with diverse opportunities and needs. For example, there are many people who need a rest with complete disconnection from everyday worries, therefore the popularity of resorts operating on the “all-inclusive” system is growing. A further process of capital concentration, the creation of large international companies and corporations is predicted. The trend of integration processes in the tourism sector will continue.

Conclusion

World experience in tourism development shows that this industry is among the priorities of all developed countries of the world. Tourism is also taking an ever stronger position in developing countries.

The goal of the tourism development policy for the coming years is to form a modern competitive tourist complex that meets the needs of both Russian and foreign citizens in tourist services.

To form a modern strategy for promoting a tourist product on the international market, one should undertake:

Organization of presentations of Russian tourism opportunities in countries sending tourists to Russia;

Organization of a network of information centers for tourists from different countries in the places where the largest tourist flows pass;

Formation of modern tourism statistics.

The positive impact of tourism on the economy of the state occurs only when tourism in the country develops comprehensively, that is, does not transform the country's economy into a service economy. In other words, the economic efficiency of tourism implies that tourism in the country should develop in parallel and in conjunction with other sectors of the socio-economic complex.

List of references

Papiryan G.A. International Economic Relations: Tourism Economics. - M .: Finance and Statistics, 1999.

Strzhalkovsky V.I. Macroeconomic conditions for the development of tourism. // Abstract dissertation. Cand. economical sciences. Institute for the Economy in Transition. - M., 2005.

Voloshin N.I. Legal regulation of tourist activities. - M .: Finance and Statistics, 1998.

Tourism management. Tourism and industry systems. - M .: Finance and Statistics, 2001.

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