Organization of container management at catering establishments. Course work: Organization of warehouse container facilities at a catering enterprise. Basic principles of warehouse management
A container is a commercial packaging that is used during the transportation and storage of goods. It is designed to ensure the safety of the quantity and quality of goods, protect them from external influences, losses and damage. All goods and products that are processed or sold by catering establishments are delivered in containers. Various physical and chemical properties of raw materials, products, finished products determine the need to use various types of containers.
The packaging is classified according to four main criteria:
o according to the type of material, the container is divided into wooden, glass, metal, fabric, cardboard and paper, plastic, different;
o according to the degree of rigidity, that is, the ability to withstand mechanical stress - hard, semi-rigid, soft;
o according to the degree of specialization - on universal and specialized; universal packaging is used for several types of goods;
o According to the frequency of use, containers can be single-turn and multi-turn (used repeatedly). Reusable packaging, in turn, is divided into inventory, belonging to a certain supplier enterprise and having its inventory number, and general use packaging coming from different suppliers; the use of reusable containers can significantly reduce the amount of containers in circulation.
Now more and more widespread use is acquired by reusable packaging - packaging equipment, which is both packaging and equipment. These are special structures that simultaneously serve as external containers, vehicles and warehouse equipment. The most common at restaurant enterprises is a unified container in the form of containers and means of moving them. These containers are intended for storage, preparation, transportation of semi-finished products from procurement and industrial enterprises to restaurant enterprises, short-term storage, preparation and distribution of dishes.
Technical, operational, sanitary and hygienic and environmental requirements are imposed on the container.
It is important to raise the level of unification, improve standards and technical conditions. Certain requirements are imposed on the container in accordance with GOST. The technical requirements include requirements for material, dimensions, as well as strength, reliability, ensuring complete safety of products and multiple use of containers.
Operational requirements for containers provide for the convenience of packaging, unpacking, acceptance, transportation, storage, and sale of goods.
Sanitary and hygienic requirements provide for the possibility of quick sanitization and disinfection. Eco-friendliness of the container - and harmlessness, the ability to avoid environmental pollution during disposal.
Tariff turnover includes acceptance, opening, storage and return.
Acceptance of containers. The container received with the goods must be accepted with the relevant regulatory documents and the terms of the supply contract by the materially responsible persons in the same way as the goods. Acceptance by quantity includes checking the actual availability of containers and comparing it with the data of the accompanying documents. When accepting containers, it is necessary to pay attention to the presence of a certificate, as well as the correctness of the container marking, and its compliance with the requirements of GOST.
When accepting containers for quality, they check its integrity, appearance, pay attention to defects: the presence of damage, contamination, etc. They reveal how the quality of the received container meets the requirements of GOST, technical conditions and the data of accompanying documents.
If a non-compliance of the container quality with the requirements of the standards is found, acceptance should be suspended and an act drawn up.
If the actual quantity, quality, prices and labeling of the received containers correspond to the data of the accompanying documents (consignment note, invoice), then the financially responsible person signs the receipt, an acceptance stamp is put and the container is recorded.
The opening of the container should be done with special tools to maintain its quality
Containers are stored in specially designated warehouses or in separate rooms in a stack or rack manner. Containers, which have a specific smell, are stored separately. The bags are thoroughly cleaned of dust, dried and stored on shelves in dry rooms.
The procedure for returning the container must be provided for in the supply contract. Reusable inventory containers belonging to a certain supplier are returned to him at the security price specified in the contract. The packaging, the cost of which is included in the cost of the goods, is returned to the collection points as packaging material. The container, the cost of which is not included in the cost of the goods, must be returned to the supplier of the goods, but this procedure must be provided for in the contract.
If the cost of the container is included in the price of the goods, the cost of the container is not paid in excess of the price of the goods, while it is subject to return to the container repair enterprises at contractual prices as container material.
If the supply agreement stipulates that the cost of the container is not included in the price of goods, the container is paid for by the commodity holder at contractual prices in excess of the cost of the goods, and the contracts must provide for the return of the container to the supplier without fail at the prices of receipt.
When the quality of the returnable packaging decreases, the merchandiser accepts the price at lower prices or he pays a fine. All issues related to the payment of packaging should be discussed in the supply contracts.
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Topic 3. Organization of warehouse and container facilities. Organization of work of warehouses. Storage and delivery of products. Organization of container facilities.
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Warehouses of public catering establishments serve for acceptance of products, raw materials and semi-finished products coming from suppliers, their short-term storage and distribution. Warehouses can be located in separate rooms, as well as on the first, in the basement and basement floors. They must have a convenient connection with the production area. The layout of storage facilities is carried out in the direction of movement of raw materials and products while ensuring the most rational execution of warehouse operations and loading and unloading operations.
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In general, the complex of warehouse operations is the following sequence: transport unloading; acceptance of goods; placement for storage; release of goods from storage locations; intra-warehouse movement of goods.
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The composition and area of \u200b\u200bstorage facilities for various types of catering establishments are established according to the Building Code and Design Rules for Public Catering Enterprises (SNiP ΙΙ-L 8-71), depending on the type and capacity of the enterprise.
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The arrangement of warehouses should ensure: complete quantitative and qualitative safety of material assets; proper storage regime; rational organization of warehouse operations; normal working conditions.
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Warehouse equipment depends on the type and capacity of the enterprise, the standards of commodity stocks. Warehouse equipment includes racks and items for placing and storing food, in meat chambers - hanging hooks, weighing, lifting and transporting and refrigerating equipment. Warehouses should be equipped with the necessary inventory, tools for accepting raw materials, storing and dispensing them (Fig. 1). These are various equipment for storing and transporting products, equipment for opening containers, vehicles for storage facilities - cargo carts, etc.
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Fig. 1. Tools and equipment used in pantries 1 - ovoscope: a - removable lid with nests for eggs, b - milk glass for checking wine bottles; 2 - thermometer with a metal tip; 3 - hydrometer; 4 - psychrometer; .5, 6, 7 - samplers for butter, cheese, flour, cereals; 8 - magnifier; 9 - string for cutting oil; 10 - scoops; 11 - pump for vegetable oil; 12 - wooden and lattice shovels for potatoes; 13 - a device for moving barrels; 14 - confectionery tongs; 15 - confectionery shovel; 16 - milk meters; 17- a spoon for sour cream; 18- funnel; 19- herring fork; 20 - scoops for cottage cheese, ghee, caviar, jam, for cleaning barrels; 21 - ice cream; 22 - hooks for meat (gastronomic): a - "eight", b - "swivel"
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The internal layout of the warehouse must meet the following requirements: ensure the use of the most rational methods of placing and stacking goods; eliminate the negative impact of some goods on others during storage; not to allow oncoming, cross movements of goods; to ensure the possibility of using mechanization means, modern technology. To ensure the efficient operation of warehouses, certain space planning and sanitary and hygienic requirements are imposed on the warehouses of catering establishments.
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To ensure the efficient operation of warehouses, certain volumetric planning and sanitary and hygienic requirements are imposed on the warehouses of catering establishments. Volume-planning requirements: the warehouse area should be compact, for each product a section is allocated; the equipment must be rationally placed, and the required area for driveways and walkways is provided; the height of storage facilities located in the basement floors must be at least 2.5 m; cooled chambers - not less than 2.4 m; transport access and unloading of products should be carried out from the side of the household yard; unloading platforms, platforms for unloading several vehicles at once are provided for receiving cargo; special hatches with doors and ramps are installed for lowering goods into basements; refrigerated chambers should be located in one block with a common vestibule; width of warehouse corridors - 1.3-1.8 m, and if trolleys are used - 2.7 m.
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Sanitary and hygienic requirements: in order to comply with sanitary rules, the walls in the warehouse must be protected from rodents and painted with oil paint, and the walls of the refrigerated chambers must be lined with tiles for systematic wet cleaning; lighting in vegetable pantries and refrigerated chambers should be only artificial; in other storage rooms, besides artificial lighting, it can be natural; the ratio of natural light is 1: 15 (the ratio of the area of \u200b\u200bthe windows to the area of \u200b\u200bthe floor), the rate of artificial lighting is 20 W per 1 m; ventilation in warehouses should be natural and mechanical (exhaust); floors should ensure safe and convenient movement of goods, people and vehicles;
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When storing raw materials and products, the requirements of sanitary standards must be observed in accordance with SanPiN 42-123-4117-86 "Conditions, storage periods for especially quickly perishable products." Responsibility for the observance and control of the Sanitary Rules is borne by the heads of enterprises that produce and transport perishable foods, public catering and trade enterprises. Control over the observance of the Sanitary Rules is entrusted to the bodies of the Sanitary and Epidemiological Service.
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To prevent loss and damage to products, it is necessary to provide an optimal storage regime for goods in warehouses in accordance with their physical and chemical properties. Storage mode is a specific temperature, air speed, relative humidity. During storage, you should strictly monitor compliance with the terms of sale of products, especially perishable products.
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There are several ways of storing and storing raw materials and products: Stackable; Box; Bulk; Suspension.
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Rack - products are stored on shelves, racks, in cabinets; with this method, it is protected from dampness, since air is accessed to the lower layers. In this way, food is stored in boxes, butter, cheese, bread, wine in bottles (in a horizontal position to wet the corks).
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Stacked - products are stored on stackers; this is how products are stored in containers that can be stacked in a high stable pile no more than 2 m high; (bags with sugar, flour are laid flat, no more than 6 bags high).
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Bulk - products are stored in bulk - in bins, chests, containers, bins without containers, and a space of 10-20 cm is left from the walls and floor for free air access; in this way, potatoes (height no more than 1.5 m), root crops (0.5 m), onions (0.3 m) are stored.
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Suspended - used for storing raw materials and products in a suspended state, this is how smoked meats and sausages are stored. Meat in carcasses, half carcasses, quarters is stored in a suspended way on tinned hooks, without the carcasses touching each other and with the walls.
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To ensure the correct storage regime, it is prohibited to store: food products outside the warehouse (in corridors, on the unloading site, etc.); finished products, gastronomic products - together with raw; goods that easily absorb odors (eggs, dairy products, bread, tea, etc.), - with sharp-smelling goods (fish, herring, etc.); products with empty containers.
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Violation of the established rules and regimes of storage, transportation and release of goods may lead to loss of goods. They are divided into two types: standardized and non-standardized.
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Normalized losses - losses within the limits of natural loss (shrinkage, weathering, crumbling, spraying, spilling). Natural loss occurs as a result of changes in the physical and chemical properties of products during storage. Natural loss rates are set for all types of products. Natural loss is written off during the inventory period if a shortage is found in the warehouse. Calculations for natural attrition are made by buh-galteria and approved by the director of the enterprise.
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Non-standardized losses include battle, damage to food. These losses arise as a result of unsatisfactory conditions for the transportation and storage of products, as well as due to the mismanagement of storeroom workers. Losses from battle and damage to products are formalized by an act no later than the next day after their establishment. The value of the spoiled products is collected from the perpetrators.
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Release of products is one of the important finishing operations of the warehouse cycle. From the warehouses of public catering enterprises, products are dispensed to production, to branches, buffets according to the requirements drawn up by materially responsible persons (production manager, bartenders). Based on the requirement, the accounting department draws up invoices, which are signed by the chief accountant and the head of the enterprise, and after the release of the goods - by the warehouse manager and the materially responsible person who received the goods. Upon receipt of products from the warehouse, their compliance with the invoice requirements for assortment, weight and quality is checked, as well as the serviceability of the container.
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The classification of containers is made according to four main features: according to the type of material, containers are divided into wood, glass, metal, fabric, cardboard and paper, plastic, and various; according to the degree of rigidity, that is, the ability to resist mechanical stress - to hard, semi-rigid, soft; according to the degree of specialization - into universal and specialized; universal packaging is used for several types of goods; according to the frequency of use, containers can be single-turn and multi-turn (used repeatedly). Reusable packaging, in turn, is divided into non-inventory, belonging to a certain supplier enterprise and having its inventory number, and general use packaging coming from different suppliers.
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Packaging equipment is a special structure that simultaneously serves as an external container, a vehicle and warehouse equipment. The most common at catering establishments is a unified container.
For the effective organization of warehouse and transport operations at the enterprise, the optimal organization of the packaging (packing) of various goods is of no small importance.
Packaging
- a means or a set of means that ensure the protection of products (goods) from damage or loss during transportation, warehousing, transshipment, stacking, storage and other operations. Packaging is often a carrier of information about a product. Packaging also plays an important role in marketing - good packaging design contributes to product sales.
Container
- This is a commercial packaging used in the transportation and storage of goods. The container is designed to ensure the safety of the quantity, quality of goods, protect them from external influences, losses and damage. All goods and products that are processed or sold by catering establishments are delivered in containers. Various physical and chemical properties of raw materials, products, finished products determine the need to use various types of containers.
The packaging is classified according to four main criteria:
· According to the type of material, the container is divided into wood, glass, metal, fabric, cardboard and paper, plastic, different;
· By the degree of rigidity, that is, the ability to resist mechanical stress, - to hard, semi-rigid, soft;
· According to the degree of specialization - into universal and specialized; universal packaging is used for several types of goods;
· By the frequency of use, the container is single-turn and multi-turn (used repeatedly). Reusable packaging, in turn, is divided into inventory, belonging to a certain supplier enterprise and having its inventory number, and general use packaging coming from different suppliers; the use of reusable containers can significantly reduce the number of containers in circulation.
At present, reusable packaging is increasingly used - packaging equipment, which is both packaging and equipment. Container equipment is a special structure that simultaneously serves as an outer container, a vehicle and warehouse equipment.
The unification of packaging found its expression in the creation of functional containers and means of their movement. These containers are designed for storage, preparation, transportation of semi-finished products from procurement and industrial enterprises to catering establishments, short-term storage, preparation and distribution of dishes. The introduction of packaging equipment is one of the main directions of the industrialization of the trade and technological process. Technical, operational, economic, sanitary and hygienic, ecological requirements are imposed on the container. Increasing the level of unification, improving standards and technical specifications are of great importance. Certain requirements are imposed on containers in accordance with GOSTs. The technical requirements include requirements for material, dimensions, as well as strength, reliability, ensuring the complete safety of the packed products and the repeated use of containers. Operational requirements for containers provide for the convenience of packaging, unpacking, acceptance, transportation, storage, and sale of goods. Sanitary and hygienic requirements imply the provision of the possibility of rapid sanitization and disinfection. Eco-friendliness of packaging - its harmlessness, when disposing of packaging to exclude environmental pollution. Tarot turnoverincludes acceptance, opening, storage and return.
Organization of the enterprise's container management includes the following stages:
· Purchase, design and manufacture of containers;
· Storage and accounting of the movement of containers;
· Delivery to production and organization of container repair.
The main directions of improving the container economy:
· Development of the most efficient and economical standard container designs;
· Organization of centralized production and rational operation of containers used at the enterprise.
Acceptance of containers... The container received with the goods must be accepted with the relevant regulatory documents and the terms of the supply contract by the materially responsible persons in the same way as the goods. Acceptance by quantity includes checking the actual availability of containers and comparing it with the data of the accompanying documents. When accepting containers, it is necessary to pay attention to the presence of a certificate, as well as the correctness of the container marking, its compliance with the requirements of GOST. When accepting containers for quality, they check its integrity, appearance, pay attention to defects: the presence of damage, contamination, etc. They reveal how the quality of the received container meets the requirements of GOST, technical conditions and the data of accompanying documents. If it is found that the quality of the container does not meet the requirements of the standards, acceptance should be suspended and an act should be drawn up in the same manner as for the goods. If the actual quantity, quality, prices and labeling of the received packaging correspond to the data of the accompanying documents (consignment note, invoice), then the materially responsible person signs for them in receipt and an acceptance stamp is put, and the packaging is received.
The opening of the container must be carried out with special tools in order to maintain its quality.
The bags are opened with special sickle-shaped knives with bulges at the end, carefully protecting the fabric from cuts. After the barrels are freed from the goods, the dons are placed in their places, the hoops are lowered and the removed persistent hoops are put on. Storage of containers is carried out in specially designated pantries or free-standing rooms in a stack or rack way. Containers that have a specific smell are stored separately. Bags, coolies are thoroughly cleaned of dust, dried and stored on shelves in dry rooms. The procedure for returning the container must be provided for in the supply contract. Reusable inventory containers belonging to a certain supplier are returned to him at the collateral prices specified in the contract. The packaging, the cost of which is included in the price of the goods, is returned to the collection points as packaging material. Packaging, the cost of which is not included in the cost of the goods, must be returned to the supplier of the goods, but this procedure must be provided for in the contract. If the cost of the container is included in the price of the goods, the cost of the container is not paid in excess of the prices of the goods, while the container is subject to return to the container repair enterprises at contractual prices as container material. If the supply contract stipulates that the cost of the container is not included in the price of the goods, the container is paid by the consignee in full at contractual prices in excess of the cost of the goods, and the contracts must provide for the return of the container to the supplier without fail at the prices of receipt. If the quality of the returnable packaging decreases by the consignee, the price is accepted at lower prices or the consignee pays a fine. This must be stipulated in the delivery contract. All issues related to the payment of packaging should be discussed in the supply contracts. Measures to reduce packaging costs. In the process of organizing the turnover of containers, there are costs and losses. The costs of operations with containers include: costs of delivery, loading and unloading of empty containers; expenses related to repairs, cleaning, disinfection, and other expenses that are not the result of mismanagement.
Tare losses are the sum of the difference between the acceptance and return prices for containers, losses from writing off containers that have become unusable, and other losses due to mismanagement. Losses on packaging also include penalties for late return of packaging and a decrease in its quality. In public catering, there are great opportunities to reduce container losses. This is facilitated by the implementation of organizational, technical and economic measures. Organizational and technical measures include:
- strict observance of all terms of the contract for the supply of packaging; acceptance of containers in terms of quantity and quality;
-compliance with the rules of opening, storage, return of containers;
-timely repair of returnable packaging;
- careful handling of containers during loading, transportation, unloading;
-providing the necessary conditions for the safety of containers, excluding its theft or misuse at large enterprises, the appointment of a materially responsible employee for maintaining the container economy. He must have a good knowledge of GOSTs, TUs, the rules for preparing documentation;
- organization of control over the management of container management by the administration of the enterprise.
Economic measures include:
- economic analysis of all costs and losses separately for each type of container, development of measures to reduce container losses;
-timely accounting of packaging, compliance with contractual obligations, correct execution of accompanying documents.
Topic 10. Organization of production of THC and product quality
10.1 Nature and significance of quality management
In modern conditions, one of the key problems of economic development is ensuring the competitiveness of products, including printing. This can be achieved through improved quality and clear customer orientation. It became apparent that product manufacturers cannot attract and retain consumers (customers) if they do not consider quality as a strategic goal.
Product quality assurance at printing enterprises is determined by a number of internal factors: technical, organizational, economic, socio-psychological. An important place among these factors is occupied by organizational factors associated with improving the organization of production and labor, etc. It is with these factors that the use of an effective approach to solving quality problems at an enterprise - systemic quality management is associated.
A quality management system is a special organization in a production system. The main thing in this organization is the documentation of all processes related to the production of products, from the purchase of materials to the delivery of finished products to the consumer. In many cases, this leads to dramatic changes in technology, technology and organization of production at the enterprise. It is possible to ensure quality at an enterprise only when all processes - technical, technological, organizational - are interconnected through quality management. Quality is a system, and this system must be managed.
Today, every enterprise, regardless of its size and industry specifics, risks quickly becoming outside the scope of solving the quality problem if it refuses to implement a quality management system. Of course, every enterprise is individual and absolutely the same approach to solving the quality problem cannot be. There are also differences in the creation of quality management systems in large and small enterprises.
Modern quality management systems at enterprises are created in accordance with the requirements of the ISO 9000: 2000 series, which are a whole set of documents: methodological materials, guidelines for the use of standards. The set of standards ISO 9000: 2000 series in the Russian Federation is approved in the form of state standards:
GOST R ISO 9000-2001 - a conceptual standard that also contains a terminological dictionary;
GOST R ISO 9001-2001 - a standard that sets out all the requirements for quality systems;
GOST R ISO 9004-2001 - a standard that acts as a guiding document to the GOST R ISO 9001-2001 standard (recommendations for improving performance);
GOST R ISO 19011: 2002 - a standard that includes guidelines for auditing quality and environmental management systems (to be introduced in 2002).
Standards GOST R ISO 9000-2001 series are recommendatory documents, allow significant variations determined by the structure, principles of operation of each enterprise. Despite the recommendatory nature, these standards are adopted as national in almost 100 countries of the world, including Russia in 2001. In the GOST R ISO 9000-2001 series, the term “quality management system” has been modified. Instead, the term "quality management system" is used as a management system for guiding and controlling an organization in relation to quality.
An external sign of whether the enterprise has a quality system in accordance with the requirements of GOST R ISO 9000-2001 series is a certificate of conformity, which indicates that the enterprise, regardless of external and internal circumstances, will produce products of the required quality with certain guarantees. The certificate of conformity for the quality management system is issued by an authorized certification body, for example, CJSC TKB Intercertifika, etc. The validity of the certificate of conformity for the quality system is no more than 3 years. At the end of its validity period, the quality system is recertified. The validity of the certificate of conformity can be suspended or canceled in cases of changes: regulatory documents for products, design or product configuration, technology, technology requirements, control methods, quality assurance system.
It should be noted that the fulfillment of the requirements of GOST R ISO series 9000-2001 cannot provide a 100% guarantee on the quality of the products, but is intended to ensure the guaranteed elimination of all the defects in the production process that affect the quality.
The introduction of GOST R ISO 9000-2001 series at an enterprise can be carried out not by radical implementation of everything that is provided for by these standards, but by harmonious infusion of elements of a new quality system in accordance with market requirements or specific features of a particular situation.
Foreign experience of enterprises shows that quality management systems based on the requirements of ISO 9000 standards cover only 30% of the problems that enterprises constantly have to solve. In this regard, the competitiveness of enterprises in the future can be ensured only through the integrated management of all subsystems of the enterprise and their continuous improvement based on the "Total Quality Management" (TQM). It is a comprehensive system based on continuous quality improvement, on-time delivery and minimization of production costs. The main ideology of TQM is based on the principle - there is no limit to improvement.
10.2 Technical control in the product quality management system
In the quality management system, in the standards GOST R ISO 9000-2001 series, a certain place is given to control, which is understood as the procedure for assessing conformity by means of observations and judgments, accompanied by appropriate measurements. These measurements should be performed using methods that confirm the ability of processes to achieve planned results.
To perform this procedure, GOST R ISO 9004-2001 recommends defining measurement methods, measurement requirements for assessing the functioning of processes and their improvement, and planning measurements.
When choosing measurement methods to ensure product compliance with requirements, it is necessary to consider:
types of product characteristics, which then determine the types of measurements, suitable measuring instruments, the required accuracy and the required skills;
necessary equipment, software and tools;
location of measuring points in the sequence of the process;
characteristics to be measured at each point, documentation and acceptance criteria to be applied, etc.
A visible place in the control system is occupied by technical quality control, which is an integral part of the production process and is a system of measures aimed at ensuring the production of products that fully comply with the requirements of regulatory documents.
Technical control is a check of the compliance of the control object with the established technical requirements.
The main objects of technical control at printing enterprises are considered:
main and auxiliary materials coming from outside;
semi-finished products received from outside;
manuscripts and originals from publishers;
technical documentation;
technological processes, operations, modes of their implementation;
semi-finished products transferred from workshop to workshop or from site to site;
technological discipline in the production process;
condition of equipment and tools;
finished products, etc.
Controlled parameters, depending on the object of technical control, can be: material grade, physicochemical, geometric, functional parameters, quantitative and qualitative characteristics of the technological process, external and internal defects.
The organizational types and forms of technical control processes are very diverse. Therefore, it is advisable to divide them into groups according to classification criteria: the stage of the production process, the completeness of the coverage of products by control, the degree of connection with the object of control in time, the purpose of control, the location of control points, the nature of control, the method for determining quality indicators, organizational forms of identifying and preventing defects, performers etc. The classification of technical control of product quality is given in table. 10.1.
Table 10.1
Product quality control classification
TRANSPORTATION, WAREHOUSE AND TARE SERVICE.
Tasks, significance and composition of the transport sector.
Vehicle classification.
Organization of transport services.
Organization of warehouse services for production.
Organization of container facilities.
Improvement of transport, storage and container facilities.
1. Tasks, significance and composition of the transport sector.
Transport facilities is a complex of technical means of an industrial enterprise for the transportation of materials, semi-finished products, finished products, waste and other goods on the territory of the enterprise and on its access roads.
The activity of the enterprise requires the daily movement of a large volume of goods. Therefore, the uninterrupted operation of the transport system plays an important role in the high-performance functioning of the main production.
Transport facilities perform the following functions:
transportation of goods;
loading and unloading;
forwarding.
movement of objects of labor, fuel, finished products in accordance with the requirements of the production process;
efficient use of vehicles and labor of transport workers;
mechanization and automation of transport and loading and unloading operations;
reducing the cost of transport operations;
ensuring strict consistency of transport operations with the requirements of the production process;
constant maintenance of transport and handling equipment in good condition.
An industrial plant uses a variety of vehicles. Their composition depends on the scale, type of production, products, technology and location of workshops, the degree of processing of raw materials. In this regard, the transport facilities of a large industrial enterprise may include the following workshops (sections): railway, river, motor transport, aviation, loading and unloading and others. In addition, the divisions of the enterprise may include intra-technological transport.
Transport management at enterprises is carried out by the transport department, subordinate to the director or chief engineer.
The transport department has in its structure divisions that carry out planning of transportation, loading and unloading operations, management and operation of vehicles; organization and planning of the repair of vehicles and communication lines; accounting of transport, loading and unloading operations and analysis of the results of production and economic activities of the transport sector.
The transport department subordinates workshops specialized in types of vehicles.
2. Classification of vehicles
.
Transport in an industrial enterprise is subdivided into:
by type and purpose: railway, river, automobile, aviation, mechanical, pipeline, pneumatic, etc .;
by the nature of the action: periodic and continuous action;
by type of work performed: interdepartmental, performing operations for the transportation of goods on the territory of the enterprise between workshops and storage facilities; intrashop, providing the movement of objects of labor between workplaces, devices in the course of the technological process; for external transportation, i.e. for the transportation of goods from external suppliers and the export of finished products to consumers at railway stations, ports, etc. In addition, internal vehicles include vehicles for moving goods in horizontal and vertical directions;
stationary vehicles: conveyors, pipelines, conveyors;
mobile vehicles: lifting carts, electric cars, forklift trucks, cars, etc.
3. Organization of transport services
.
Organization of transport services of an enterprise is a system of measures that ensure an efficient and rational organization of transport, freight flows and labor of transport workers and aimed at identifying and using reserves in the operation of the enterprise's transport facilities, as well as improving its quality indicators.
The organization of transportation at the enterprise should provide for the stability of the size and directions of individual cargo flows, as well as the organization of work according to tsable schedules and routes.
Cargo transportation can be one-time, performed according to separate (non-recurring) requirements-orders; route, made according to certain directions and schedules. The projected route system must fully meet the requirements of the main production, ensure normal and uniform loading of vehicles, maximum use of their technical characteristics (speed, power, carrying capacity) at minimum costs.
There are two main systems of routes for the transportation of goods: pendulum and circular.
The pendulum provides a link between two points. In this case, the following options for returning the transport are possible:
empty - one-sided pendulums (a) and fan-shaped (c);
with load (b) - double-sided.
a) c) b)
The ring system assumes the sequential delivery of cargo from one point to another with the subsequent return of the transport to the starting point
a) increasing freight traffic (or assembly route)
3 4
1
b) delivery or damping freight traffic
2
The system of routes is chosen depending on the structure of cargo flows and the territorial location of the serviced facilities of the enterprise. At enterprises of mass and large-scale production with technologically connected procurement, mechanical, thermal, assembly and finishing shops, it is advisable to use circular routes, and at enterprises with single small-scale production with a small number of shops - pendulum routes.
Drawing up a work plan for the transport sector begins with determining the total volume of traffic and freight turnover.
For this:
a) the planned nomenclature and the number of arriving and departing goods by groups are determined;
b) intra-plant cargo flows between warehouse, shop and other points of loading and unloading are calculated.
Based on the volume and structure of the planned cargo turnover, external and internal cargo turnover, the need for vehicles by type of transport, the volume of loading and unloading operations broken down into mechanized and manual work are determined, the number of workers, the wage fund, etc.
When planning external cargo turnover, the calculations are based on plans for material and technical supply and sales, as well as reporting data for recent years on the removal of production waste from the enterprise.
Internal cargo turnover is determined by the volume of interdepartmental traffic. The calculation is based on plans for the production of the enterprise and workshops and plans for the delivery of raw materials, materials, semi-finished products, fuel and other means of production to the workshops, as well as plans for the export of finished products and waste.
Table 1
An example of a checkerboard of internal cargo turnover
enterprises for 2004, tons
|
Raw material warehouse |
Workshops |
Finished products warehouse |
Total |
||||
|
Casting |
Prepare. |
Mecha-nich. |
Collecting |
||||
|
Raw material warehouse |
* |
500 |
450 |
370 |
630 |
- |
1950 |
|
Workshop: | |||||||
|
Casting |
- |
* |
- |
450 |
20 |
20 |
490 |
|
Blank |
- |
- |
* |
400 |
40 |
- |
440 |
|
Mechanical |
- |
- |
- |
* |
1120 |
30 |
1150 |
|
Assembly |
- |
- |
- |
- |
* |
1810 |
1810 |
|
Finished products warehouse |
- |
- |
- |
- |
- |
* |
- |
|
Total: |
- |
500 |
450 |
1220 |
1810 |
1860 |
5840 |
The work of in-plant transport is characterized by a system of indicators.
Quantitative indicators: freight turnover - the number of goods arriving, dispatched and transported on the territory of the enterprise for a certain period of time. Loading and unloading volume It is characterized by the number of loaded, unloaded and physically handled tons and the number of standard hours to complete the planned volume of work.
Qualitative indicators:
a) the speed of movement of machines is determined by the technical and operational speed of transport machines. The technical speed is understood as the ratio of the path length to the time spent directly on the movement, and the operational speed is the ratio of the path length to the entire time for the trip, taking into account the idle times of the machines at the initial, intermediate and end points of the line;
b) the use of the carrying capacity of the machines. The loading capacity is influenced by the nature of the cargo, the container used:
Kgr \u003d Q / q * m,
Where: Q is the weight of the transported cargo; q - carrying capacity; m is the number of trips.
The time per trip (t) is calculated based on the distance to the destination and back, the speed of the vehicle with and without cargo, and the time for loading and unloading.
t \u003d l / v + t n + t p,
Number of vehicles:
And aut \u003d Q * t flight / q * K gr * T working,
Where: A aut - the number of vehicles required; t flight - time for one flight, per hour; Q is the volume of traffic in tons; q - rated lifting capacity; K gr - coefficient of use of carrying capacity; T working - working time of transport during the day, per hour.
A wagons \u003d Q * t voyage / 24,
Where: Q is the amount of cargo transported in wagons per day, tons; t flight - turnover time of the train for one full flight, hour.
t flight \u003d Bp + 2Bx + Bp,
where: Bp - loading time, taking into account weighing, registration, maneuvers; 2Вх - breathing time in both directions; Вр - time for unloading.
AND tr. Wed-in = Q * K s / K flight * K gr * Q gr ,
Where: K flight - the number of flights; K z - coefficient of delay of goods (1.1 - 1.2); K gr - coefficient of use of carrying capacity (0.7 - 0.85).
c) use of mileage: Kpr \u003d L / L + Lo,
where: L - track with load; Lo - path without load.
d) use of working time.
The technical and economic planning of the work of the in-plant transport consists in the development of the corresponding section of the development plan of the enterprise "transtechplan", which sets the following indicators:
Traffic volume;
The need for materials;
The amount of labor costs;
The cost of transportation of goods (the cost of transporting 1 ton of cargo at a distance of 1 km - the cost of 1 t / km; the cost of machine-hour of operation of the vehicle; annual costs per 1 ton of freight turnover);
Cargo volume for 1000 UAH marketable products;
Cargo volume per 1 transport worker;
Specific mechanization of transport and loading and unloading operations;
The proportion of transport workers in the total number of auxiliary workers;
The ratio of transport and basic workers;
The share of the cost of vehicles and means of mechanization of loading and unloading operations in the total value of fixed assets, etc.
Operational planning of the activities of the transport sector consists in the development of transportation plans for shorter periods (quarter, month, day and shift).
In the conditions of work on a fixed schedule, the main planning document is the timetable for the movement of vehicles. When planning the work of transport on demand, operational work is carried out on the basis of shift-daily plans.
4. Organization of warehouse services for production.
Warehouse management is an operational subdivision, consisting of a complex of highly mechanized warehouses, specialized in the types of material resources, taking into account the requirements for optimizing the conditions of their storage and warehouse processing, designed to ensure the smooth operation of all workshops and participants.
Uninterrupted, rhythmic, precise work of warehouses, of the entire warehouse economy is one of the decisive conditions for the normal operation of the entire enterprise, the timely fulfillment of production plans by it in terms of volume and range of products.
The main purpose of the warehouse:
Ensuring the qualitative and quantitative preservation of goods;
Concentration of the necessary stocks of various material values \u200b\u200band ensuring uninterrupted supply of them to consumers;
Providing a variety of services to consumers (cutting, cutting, packaging, sorting materials, not only to create greater convenience for the consumer, but also to avoid unnecessary dispensing and loss of these materials).
The main tasks of the warehouse:
Organization of a rational system of warehouse operations with minimal costs for handling and transport and intra-warehouse operations;
Effective use of warehouse space and volumes, as well as handling equipment and devices for the formation and storage of goods (pallets, racks, etc.);
Identification and mobilization of surplus and over-planned stocks of material assets, promotion of their correct consumption in accordance with the norms and taking into account the use of waste and the reuse of containers;
Providing a centralized delivery of goods and other materials to consumers;
Timely information about the movement of stocks of raw materials, materials, products.
Warehouse functions include:
acceptance of material assets;
preliminary preparation of materials for production consumption (sorting, drying, etc.);
ensuring the safety of material values;
supplying production with all necessary materials and completing areas and workplaces;
shipment of finished products.
According to the purpose and nature of the activity, warehouses of industrial enterprises are divided into material (raw materials, auxiliary materials, equipment), internal production (semi-finished products) and finished products. It should be borne in mind that the functional difference between these warehouses is rather arbitrary. The certainty in the functioning here is associated with the industrial affiliation of the warehouse. So, a metal warehouse at a machine-building enterprise is a warehouse for raw materials, and at a mine or at a chemical industry enterprise - a warehouse for auxiliary materials. Or, for example, a cement warehouse: for cement industry enterprises, this is a finished product warehouse; for a plant of reinforced concrete products - this is a warehouse for semi-finished products; for a metallurgical plant - a warehouse of auxiliary material.
Material warehouses at an industrial enterprise are subdivided into supply, production and sales.
By the types of materials to be processed, warehouses are divided into specialized (metals, fuel) and universal (various types of materials).
By the type of warehouse building, its structures are distinguished: open warehouses (platforms), semi-closed warehouses (sheds), closed warehouses (one-story, multi-story, heated, unheated), as well as storage devices of a special design (bins for storing bulk materials; tanks for storing liquids) ...
Warehouses that have a connected railway line for the supply and cleaning of wagons are called railroad warehouses.
The volume of warehouse operations is determined:
total volume and interval of deliveries and dispatches of materials;
the size of consignments of supplies and shipments of materials;
type and type of materials, conditions of their storage;
a list of auxiliary operations;
a condition for mechanization and automation of warehouse operations;
mode of transport, etc.
5. Organization of container facilities.
The container farm is an independent subdivision of the auxiliary farm. A container is a product into which materials, semi-finished products or finished products are placed in order to preserve them qualitatively and quantitatively during transportation from the place of production to the place of storage or consumption.
Purpose of packaging: consumer, transport, industrial.
Consumer packaging is a functionally independent device that directly contains a consumer stock that is rational in terms of the volume of use, providing direct protection of its quantity and quality for the required time, economically characterized by a single cost with a margin.
A shipping container is a functionally independent device containing a certain set of consumer stocks, ensuring their physical safety during transportation, reloading and storage in a warehouse, economically characterized by a uniform transition of its cost to the cost of a stock during operation. Transport containers intended for storage and movement of goods from suppliers to consumers, according to the principle of use, are divided into universal (boxes, barrels, bags, etc.) and special (bags for cement, flour, boxes for butter, etc.) ).
Industrial containers are intended for storage, movement and storage of products at the manufacturing enterprise (in workshops, moving semi-finished products and finished products between workshops, at release warehouses). Wooden and metal (solid, lattice, mesh), as well as plastic and cardboard boxes, various pallets, bags are accepted as production containers.
According to the degree (frequency) of use, the container is divided into one-time, reused (including returnable) and reusable. Disposable containers are intended for single use when supplying products. Usually, after the first use, it becomes unusable. In other cases, collecting, storing and returning it is less cost-effective than manufacturing it.
Basic requirements for packaging:
The minimum ratio of the mass of the container to the mass of the products placed in it;
The strength and reliability of the structure, ensuring the preservation of the quality and quantity of the product placed in it;
Cheap manufacturing;
Convenience of packing and unpacking;
Portability and convenience of transporting empty and loaded.
When establishing the advantage of the type or type of packaging, the following should be taken into account:
absolute mass (difference between gross and net mass);
relative weight (the ratio of the own weight of the container to the weight of the product to be packed. This indicator characterizes the technical level of container production);
own mass coefficient (the ratio of the container mass to the volume formed by it to be loaded);
bulk tare weight (the ratio of tare weight to its own volume).
The composition and organization of the container economy depend on the type of products of the enterprise, the consumer's requirements for its packaging, packaging and containers, as well as on cooperation with enterprises - suppliers of containers and packaging materials. Usually, a part of the container and packaging means are produced by the enterprise independently, for which special units (workshops, sections) are created. The main part of the container is received by the enterprise from specialized enterprises - barrels, glass jars, metal containers.
The organization of the container economy includes accounting and planning of the need for containers, its turnover, manufacture, repair and storage.
The need for containers and packaging materials is planned on the basis of the production program for the production of products by the enterprise according to the number of types and consumption rates of container and packaging materials per unit of production.
The annual demand for container and packaging materials in the appropriate units of measurement is established by the formula:
where Qпр - the annual quantity of the goods in stock; n is the number of products placed in a container; k is the container turnover ratio (the number of container turnover between the supplier and the consumer per year); m - the rate of consumption of container or packaging materials per unit of production.
The need for containers is calculated based on the norms of the capacity of products in containers with the maximum use of its volume. Having found out the need for containers, the department of material and technical supply of the enterprise draws up applications for containers and packaging materials, taking into account the turnover of containers and carry-over stocks.
Container turnover (value) is an integral part of the turnover of working capital. The accurate and break-even work of the enterprise depends on a properly organized container turnover. Packaging turnover includes operations related to acceptance, storage, repair, reuse, delivery and return of packaging. The peculiarity of the container turnover lies in the fact that the container, together with the goods, getting to the consumer, does not enter the sphere of consumption as a product (except for consumer containers), but usually, after removing the goods, it is returned back to the consumer of the container for its further use.
The use of containers includes a mandatory operation - marking (the type of cargo, its quantity, requirements for transportation, consignee, consignor, special requirements for the safety of the cargo, etc.). Packaging marking subject to verification is: commercial (name of the enterprise, product, its grade); price list (ordinal code or container number according to the price list); shipping (name of the sender, station of destination and departure); railway freight (number of seats and their weight); special - conventionally illustrative (it prescribes methods of handling the cargo and, therefore, with the container). For example, it is written "Do not throw", "Up, do not turn", "carefully" or manipulation signs are applied: a glass (glass) - careful, fragile; umbrella - afraid of dampness, etc.
Multiple use of containers is the main factor in reducing the cost of its manufacture and is carried out in two forms:
the packaging in which the supplier releases the goods is not sold to the buyer, but remains the property of the supplier and therefore, after the removal of the goods, must be returned (inventory);
the container in which the supplier ships the material or product is sold together with the goods, but is subject to delivery to the enterprises collecting containers (returnable containers - barrels, boxes).
6. Improvement of transport, storage and container facilities
.
The main directions of improving the transport economy:
introduction into production of modern lifting and transport equipment and a sharp increase in the level of mechanization, automation of transport and loading and unloading operations;
introduction of unified transport systems with automatic addressing of goods, automation of warehouses, sorting and issuing goods using special devices with programmed control, telecontrol of vehicles, automated container platforms, hydraulic pneumatic and rope-suspended transport of continuous action;
design of the technology of transport and loading and unloading operations, its registration in a single technical documentation4
the use of collapsible containers for through application, increasing the efficiency of using lifting and transport equipment;
improvement of the system of scheduled transportation and flight control management (work on a fixed schedule, creation of a regulatory framework, improvement of shift-daily planning);
creation of modern depots, car garages, service stations, organization of systematic supervision over the condition of the tracks and their repair;
Container Is a material used in the transportation and storage of goods and designed to ensure the safety of the quantity and quality of goods, protection from external influences, losses and damage. Unlike packaging, a container has a deposit price, while the price of packaging is included in the cost of the goods.
Container classification :
· By type of material: wood, glass, metal, fabric, paper-cardboard, plastic, etc.;
· By the degree of rigidity (by the ability to resist external influences): hard, semi-rigid, soft;
· By degree of specialization: universal and specialized;
· By frequency of use: single-turn and multi-turn;
· By accessory: general use packaging and inventory (supplier's packaging).
One of the types of reusable packaging is packaging equipment- these are special structures that simultaneously serve as external containers, vehicles and warehouse equipment. The most common in EPP is the unified container. Functional containers are also used as containers, which are intended for storage. preparation and transportation of p / f from procurement and industrial enterprises to POP, short-term storage, preparation and distribution of dishes.
Packaging requirements :
1. technical - requirements for material, dimensions, strength, reliability - are determined by GOSTs;
2. operational - ease of packaging, unpacking, acceptance, transportation, storage, sale of goods;
3. sanitary and hygienic - ensuring the possibility of quick sanitization and disinfection;
4. ecological - harmlessness, during disposal, exclusion of the possibility of environmental pollution.
Tarot turnover includes:
· Acceptance of packaging - packaging must be accepted with the relevant regulatory documents and the terms of the supply agreement, as well as the goods (the compliance of the packaging with the documents, the presence of a certificate, compliance with the requirements of GOSTs) is checked. If the actual quantity, quality, prices and labeling of the received packaging corresponds to the accompanying documents, then the materially responsible person signs them on receipt and the packaging is credited;
· Opening of containers - performed with special tools (hatchet-hammer, nail puller, pliers, hoop puller, knife for ripping bags, rod for opening containers, etc.), bags are opened with special sickle-shaped knives with thickenings at the end, carefully protecting the fabric from cuts. When opening the barrels, first remove the upper hoop, then knock up the middle (chime) - to the width of the hoop - remove the lid and return the hoops to their place;
· Storage of containers - in specially designated storage rooms or free-standing rooms in a rack or stacking way. The bags are thoroughly cleaned of dust, dried and stored on racks in a place inaccessible to rodents, tying them in 10 pieces;
· Return of containers - provided by the supply contract. Inventory packaging is returned to the supplier at collateral prices. The packaging can be returned to collection points as packaging material. if the quality of the returnable packaging decreases by the consignee, the price of the packaging is accepted at lower prices or a fine is paid.
Measures to reduce packaging costs :
organizational and technical:
1.strict compliance with all terms of the contract, correct acceptance, compliance with the rules of opening, storage, return;
2. timely repair of returnable packaging;
3. careful handling during loading, transportation, unloading;
4. providing the necessary conditions for the safety of containers, excluding theft and misuse;
5. at large enterprises, the appointment of a responsible employee for container management;
6. organization of control by the administration.
economic :
1.economic analysis of all costs and losses separately for each type of container, development of measures to reduce losses;
2. timely registration of containers, compliance with contractual obligations, correct execution of accompanying documents.
Tests
1. Tarot turnover includes:
A) acceptance and opening of containers;
B) storage and return of containers;
C) acceptance and return of containers;
D) acceptance, storage, repair and return of containers;
E) acceptance, opening, storage and return of containers.
2. The container differs from the packing:
A) higher manufacturing cost;
C) dimensions;
D) the complexity of manufacturing;
E) that has a security price.
3. With a decrease in the quality of returnable packaging:
A) containers are accepted at lower prices;
B) containers are not accepted;
C) its price is reduced or a fine is taken;
D) there is no correct answer;
E) all answers are correct.
4. When accepting containers pay attention:
A) for the presence of accompanying documents;
B) correct labeling and cleanliness;
C) for a certificate, correct labeling,
compliance with state standards;
D) quantity and quality;
E) for compliance with the standard.
5. The inventory includes:
A) to the supplier's container;
B) for general use containers;
C) to the packaging of catering establishments;
D) to the universal container;
E) to specialized containers.
6. Expenses for operations with packaging include:
A) costs of delivery, unloading;
B) repair costs;
C) costs with cleaning and disinfection;
D) there is no correct answer;
E) all answers are correct.
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