How to choose a warehouse - types of warehouses and their classification. Types of warehouses Types of warehouses in the logistics table

Classification attribute	Warehouse types
In relation to the functional areas of logistics	Logistics supply Production logistics Distribution logistics
In relation to participants in the logistics system	Manufacturers' warehouses Warehouses of trading companies Warehouses of transport companies Warehouses of forwarding companies Warehouses of logistics operators
By ownership	Own warehouses Commercial warehouses Leased warehouses Warehouses of state or municipal enterprises
By functional purpose	Long-term storage (seasonal, reserve) Transit and transshipment (warehouses, platforms, cargo terminals) Distribution (distribution centers) Bonded warehouses
By product type	Raw materials - Materials - Components Work in progress - Finished goods Containers --- Residues and waste --- Instruments
By storage mode	Unheated Heated Refrigerated warehouses Warehouses with a fixed temperature and humidity regime
By technical equipment	Non-mechanized Mechanized Automated Automatic
By type of warehouse buildings and structures	Open areas Sheds under a canopy Closed facilities - a) multi-storey b) one-story: - with a height of up to 6m. - high-rise under one roof; - high-rise (more than 10m.); - with height difference
According to the material flow	Closed warehouses (storage of products of the 1st enterprise and retail network) Open warehouses (collective warehouses, hotel warehouses)
By the presence of external transport links	With berths With railway sidings With road access Complex
By the scale of activity	Central Regional Local

Warehouse management in the logistics system

The purpose of warehouse management is to create an interconnected system, flows and organize its management based on principles resistance and adaptability to achieve maximumefficiency of the logistics system as a whole. Logistics objectof warehouse management are the flows that pass and circulatein stock. There are three main types of flows -ma technical, informational and financial .

At least three kinds of flows are processed in the warehouse -entrance, weekend and internal. The presence of an input stream meansthe need to unload transport, check the quantity and qualitythe status of the arrived cargo, - checking the shipping documents goods, etc. The output flow necessitates the loading of transport, preparation of shipping and cargo documents cops. Internal flow necessitates relocationniya and cargo handling of inventory items inside warehouse and registration of warehouse documents. At the warehouse, input flows are converted into outputs, i.e., as a result of cargo processing, such parameters of transport consignments as their size, composition, number of names of goods, packaging, parameterindividual cargo storage units, pick-up and drop-off times, etc.Characteristics of the input cargo flow of the warehouse systemare influenced by the specific features of cargo handlingrulers or manufacturers of products and systems transport delivering goods to warehouses. The parameters of the output cargo flow of the warehouse depend on the type and characteristics of the consumers supplied through the warehouse, the specifics of the operation of the transport delivering goods from the warehouse to consumers, the organization of storage and processing of goods. Warehouse management is about maintainingstability of the output parameters of streams, defined by the conditionspits of the contract, etc.

To organize a warehouse management system, there isauto mattized warehouse management system (ASUS;computerised warehouse management system ), computationally basedcasting technology and computers. This is a planning, control systemacceptance, placement and delivery of products from the warehouse, which isit from various functional subsystems (monitoring the statestocks, supply control, process controlcargo handling processes, etc.). Warehouse management based on ACS

Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution

higher professional education

Saratov State Technical University Gagarina Yu.A.

Faculty of Economics and Management (FEM)

Specialty "Logistics and supply chain management"

Department of "Enterprise Economics, Engineering Economics and Logistics" (EPL)

TEST

on the discipline "Warehousing logistics" "

on the topic: "Classification of warehouses in logistics"

Saratov 2014

Introduction

Warehouses in the broadest sense of the word are places for storing products. Logistics gives warehouses a more complete and comprehensive description. Firstly, it gives a more thorough definition for a warehouse (distinguishes it from a simple room), and secondly, depending on the purpose, it makes a classification.

In the supply chain, the movement of material flows is impossible without the concentration in certain places of the necessary stocks, for the storage of which the warehouses are intended. The increase in the value of goods is associated with the cost of moving through the warehouse of living or materialized labor. The rationalization of the movement of material flows in the logistics chain, the use of vehicles and distribution costs are influenced by the problems associated with the functioning of warehouses.

A modern warehouse is a technically complex equipped structure that includes interconnected elements, has an appropriate structure and performs a number of functions for changing material flows, as well as collecting, processing and distributing goods between consumers. At the same time, the warehouse is just an integral part of the system of a higher level of the logistics chain, which determines the basic technical requirements for the warehouse system, dictates the tasks and positions of its optimal operation, and establishes the conditions for cargo processing.

In this regard, the warehouse is not considered autonomously, but as a component of the logistics chain.

This approach allows you to ensure the successful implementation of the main functions of the warehouse and the achievement of a high level of profitability.

It should be borne in mind that for each specific warehouse the components of the warehouse system differ significantly from each other, both its elements and the structure itself, based on the relationship of these elements.

When forming a warehouse system, you need to remember the basic principle: only an individual solution, taking into account all the accompanying factors, can make it profitable. A clear definition of work tasks and a thorough analysis of cargo handling both inside and outside the warehouse is a prerequisite for its cost-effective operation. This implies that any costs must be economically justified, that is, the use of any technological and technical solution accompanying the investment must be applied proceeding from rational expediency, and not from fashion trends and technical possibilities offered on the market.

1. Concept, tasks and functions of the warehouse

A warehouse in the sense of logistics can be called buildings or structures equipped with production and technological equipment, as well as automation equipment necessary for the full functioning, reception, processing and dispatch of products (as well as for performing other functions directly or indirectly related to the needs of the consumer).

A modern warehouse performs a huge volume of logistics operations, providing the client with the opportunity to choose a wide range of logistics services, warehousing, cargo handling, packaging, transportation, information and other services.

The main reasons for using warehouses in the logistics system:

Reducing logistics costs during transportation due to the organization of transportation in economical batches;

Coordination and alignment of supply and demand in supply and distribution through the creation of insurance and seasonal stocks;

Ensuring an uninterrupted production process by creating stocks of material and technical resources;

Ensuring maximum satisfaction of consumer demand through the formation of a range of products;

Creation of conditions for maintaining an active sales strategy;

Increasing the geographical coverage of sales markets;

Providing flexible service policy.

Warehouses are one of the most important elements of the logistics system. The objective need for specially equipped places for holding stocks exists at all stages of the flow of materials, from the primary source of raw materials to the end consumer. This explains the large number of different types of warehouses.

Warehouse tasks:

Within the framework of the logistics system:

a) modern presentation of goods and services to consumers;

b) concentration and replenishment of stocks at optimal cost;

c) protection of production and consumers from various unforeseen circumstances;

d) balancing the increase in production rates and volumes

manufactured products with an increase in consumer demand.

Traditional tasks:

a) maximum use of storage facilities;

b) rational management of loading and unloading and storage operations;

c) efficient use of equipment;

d) elimination of losses of goods during their warehouse processing, storage, etc.

The main task of the warehouse is the concentration of stocks, their storage and the formation of an uninterrupted and rhythmic supply of consumer orders.

The main functions of the warehouse include the following.

In accordance with demand, the transformation of production assortment into consumer assortment, which means creating the right assortment to fulfill customer orders. This function is of particular importance in distribution logistics, where the trade assortment is represented by a huge list of goods from various manufacturers, differing from each other in design, size, color, shape, etc.

The effective fulfillment of consumer orders is facilitated by the creation of the desired assortment in the warehouse. The same factor contributes to the implementation of more frequent deliveries in the volume required for the client.

Warehousing and storage. This function allows you to smooth out the time difference between output and consumption and facilitates the implementation of continuous production and supply based on emerging inventories. Storing them in the distribution system is necessary due to the seasonal consumption of certain goods.

Unitization and transportation of goods. To reduce transportation costs for consumers who order from the warehouse lots "less than a wagon" and "less than a trailer", the function of combining (unitizing) small consignments for a group of customers is carried out until the vehicle is completely unloaded.

Provision of services. A visual element of this function is the provision of all kinds of services to customers that provide an organization with a high level of customer service. Among them: packaging of products, filling containers, unpacking, etc. (preparation of goods for sale); checking the operation of devices and equipment, assembly; pre-processing of products to give it a presentation; freight forwarding services, etc.

2. Classification of warehouses

An important link in the technological process of manufacturing enterprises for wholesale and retail trade are warehouses, which serve as the basis for enterprises aimed at staying ahead of competitors. Warehouse work requires a modern organization, advanced technology and skilled personnel.

Warehouses are the basis of the reserves of material resources needed to adjust the volumes of demand and supply, as well as the consistency of the flow rates of goods in the systems of advancement from manufacturer to consumer. In economic activity, a large number of types of warehouses are used.

Depending on the place and role of the warehouse in the supply chain, they can be classified:

Supply logistics warehouses. From the name it becomes clear that these warehouses are designed to meet the needs of the manufacturer. As a rule, these are raw materials warehouses.

Industrial logistics warehouses. This includes warehouses, like the first, that meet the needs of the manufacturer within the organization of the production process. In particular, tool warehouses, instrument warehouses, and others can be distinguished.

Distribution logistics warehouses. This classification refers to warehouses intended for intermediate delivery and dispatch of goods. Depending on the length of a specific logistics chain, these warehouses can be divided into the following types:

warehouses of finished products - warehouses of the manufacturer, which are intended for temporary storage of finished products, shipment to distributors or retailers;

distribution warehouses of manufacturers. Usually used by large manufacturers with their own supply chains. Designed for intermediate storage of products between finished goods warehouses and wholesale or retail warehouses;

Wholesale warehouses are generally warehouses of distributors or regional distributors. The main purpose is storage of products obtained from finished goods warehouses or distribution warehouses of the manufacturer. Consumers are generally retailers;

retail warehouses - warehouses of retailers, usually designed to meet the needs of trade pavilions or stores. Replenished from wholesale warehouses, less often from consumer distribution warehouses or consumer finished product warehouses.

Warehouses of transport organizations. This is a kind of warehouse that is rarely dependent on consumers and producers. Usually, logistics services of enterprises or hired (outsourcing) logistics services are associated with the warehouses of transport organizations.

The warehouses of transport organizations should include air terminals, seaports, railway warehouses, and the like. The direct use of the warehouses of transport organizations is often associated with the solution of complex logistics issues, for example, remote delivery, or the delivery of products in very large quantities (freight train).

In the domestic literature on logistics, the following signs of systematization of warehouses are distinguished: in relation to the basic functional areas of logistics and participants in the logistics system, type of product, form of ownership, functional purpose, level of specialization, degree of mechanization of warehouse operations, type of warehouse buildings and structures, possibility of delivery and removal cargo; location in table 1 shows the main types of warehouses in logistics.

warehouse logistics cargo transportation

Table 1 - Classification of warehouses in logistics

Classification attribute Warehouse type 1. In relation to the basic functional areas of logistics Supply logistics warehouse Production logistics warehouse Distribution logistics warehouse 2. By product type Warehouse for material resources Warehouse for work in progress Warehouse for finished products Warehouse for containers Warehouse for returnable waste Warehouse for tools3. By service area General warehouse (central) District warehouse (for supplying a group of workshops with homogeneous materials and products) Near-workshop warehouse (serves one workshop) 4. By type of ownership Own warehouse of the company Leased warehouse Commercial warehouse Warehouses of state and municipal enterprises Warehouses of public and non-profit organizations, associations, etc. 5. By functional purpose Buffer warehouse (for supplying production processes) Transit and transshipment warehouse (cargo terminals) Commissioning warehouse (formation of assortment and picking of consignments in accordance with customer orders) Storage warehouse (acceptance of goods for temporary storage) Special warehouse (customs warehouses, warehouses residues and waste, etc.) 6. In relation to the participants of the logistics system Manufacturer's warehouse Trading companies warehouse Trading-intermediary company warehouse Transport company warehouse Shipping company warehouse Warehouse of a cargo-handling enterprise Warehouses of other logistics intermediaries 7. By the level of specialization A highly specialized warehouse A warehouse of a limited assortment A warehouse of a wide assortment8. By the degree of mechanization of warehouse operations Non-mechanized warehouse Complex-mechanized warehouse Automated warehouse Automatic warehouse 9. By the type of construction of warehouse buildings (structures) Closed warehouse (separate structure) Semi-covered areas (have only a canopy or roof and one, two or three walls) Open areas (specially equipped areas outside the premises) 10. By the number of storeys of the building Multi-storey warehouse One-storey warehouse with a height of up to 6 m High-rise warehouse High-rise warehouse with a height of more than 10 m Warehouse with a height difference11. If possible, delivery and removal of cargo Station or port warehouse (located on the territory of a railway station or port) Railroad warehouse (has a connected railway line) Deep warehouse

The classifications listed above do not reflect all the design and logistic features of storage facilities. In order to describe the characteristics of the warehouse itself, as well as the warehouse, one well-known logistics company has developed a classification system that most fully reflects the characteristics of the warehouse as a logistics and marketing unit. This classification divides all warehouse premises, regardless of their purpose, into six categories. When determining the category of a specific warehouse, such parameters as the geographical location of the warehouse, the presence and condition of access roads, the distance from highways, the presence of a railway branch, the area of the premises, the number of storeys, the height of the ceilings, the presence of technical security equipment, and much more are taken into account.

Category "A + »Unites warehouse premises that are the most convenient and conveniently located in terms of logistics. Such warehouses have sufficient space, offices and service premises, storage and loading equipment. The cost of renting such premises is the highest.

Warehouses of category "A" slightly cheaper, although they meet many of the requirements of the previous category. These are also one-story capital structures with a developed infrastructure.

Category "B + »Requires a ceiling height of at least eight meters from the warehouse. The floors should be covered with anti-dust coating. The warehouse should be located near major highways, have convenient access roads and a place for maneuvering heavy vehicles.

Premises of the category " »Can be either one- or two-story. In the case of a two-story warehouse, the required number of lifts and lifts must be provided.

Conclusion

At all stages of the movement of material flow, from the primary source of raw materials to the end user, there is an obvious need for specially equipped places for storing stocks. Therefore, there are a large number of different types of warehouses that solve these issues.

In warehouses, the necessary conditions for storage are created, taking into account the physical and chemical properties of goods. Sometimes, warehouses also have capacities for packaging, packaging, testing and other operations.

A large modern warehouse is a complex technical structure. The warehouse consists of numerous interconnected elements, has a characteristic structure and is designed to perform a number of functions to change material flows.

The functions of the warehouse include the accumulation, processing and distribution of goods among consumers.

The basic concepts of warehouse activity include: acceptance of goods and goods from the carrier (acceptance of goods is carried out in terms of quantity and quality).

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Warehouses can differ in size, design, degree of mechanization of warehouse operations, type of storage, and functional purpose. The warehouse can be a link in the chain of movement of industrial products (warehouses of raw materials, finished products, specialized warehouses, etc.), or be located in the area of movement of consumer goods (warehouses).

With the development of the market, the most famous classification is based on the technical parameters of the areas, the development of infrastructure, including engineering communications. Nowadays it is customary to distinguish warehouses by classes "A", "B", "C", "D".

Below is the classification of company warehouses Knight frank and Swiss Realty Group

Knight Frank warehouse classification

Warehouse premises of class A +

1. A modern one-storey warehouse building made of light metal structures and sandwich panels, preferably rectangular without columns or with a column pitch of at least 12 meters and with a spacing of at least 24 meters.

2. Building area 40-45%.

4. High ceilings of at least 13 meters, allowing the installation of multilevel shelving equipment (6-7 tiers).

7. Availability of a ventilation system.

9. Autonomous power substation and heating unit.

10. Availability of a sufficient number of automatic dock-type gates (dock shelters) with loading and unloading platforms of adjustable height (dock levelers) (not less than 1 per 500 sq.m.).

11. Availability of sites for storage of heavy vehicles and parking for cars.

12. Availability of platforms for maneuvering heavy vehicles.

13. Availability of office space at the warehouse.

14. Availability of auxiliary premises at the warehouse (toilets, showers, utility rooms, changing rooms for staff).

15. Availability of a system of accounting and control of employees' access.

16. Fiber optic telecommunications.

17. Fenced and guarded around the clock, illuminated landscaped area.

18. Location near central highways.

19. Professional management system.

20. Experienced developer.

21. Railway line.

Class A warehouses

1. A modern one-story warehouse building made of light metal structures and sandwich panels, preferably rectangular without columns or with a column pitch of at least 9 meters and with a span of at least 24 meters.

2. Building area 45-55%.

3. Smooth concrete floor with anti-dust coating, with a load of at least 5 tons / sq., At the level of 1.20 m from the ground.

4. High ceilings of at least 10 meters, allowing the installation of multi-level shelving equipment.

5. Adjustable temperature conditions.

6. Ventilation system.

7. Availability of a fire alarm system and an automatic fire extinguishing system.

8. Security alarm system and video surveillance system.

9. Availability of a sufficient number of automatic dock shelters with loading and unloading platforms of adjustable height (dock levelers), (not less than 1 per 700 sq.m.).

10. Availability of sites for storage of heavy vehicles and parking for cars.

11. Availability of platforms for maneuvering heavy vehicles.

17. Professional management system.

18. Experienced developer

19.

20.

21. Railway line

Warehouse premises of class B +

1. A one-storey warehouse building, preferably newly built or reconstructed in rectangular shape.

2. Building area 45-55%.

3. Smooth concrete floor with anti-dust coating, with a load of at least 5 tons / sq., At the level of 1.20 m from the ground.

4. Height of ceilings from 8 meters.

5. Adjustable temperature conditions.

6. Availability of a fire alarm system and an automatic fire extinguishing system.

7. Availability of a sufficient number of automatic dock shelters with dock levelers, (not less than 1 per 1000 sq.m.).

8. Security alarm system and video surveillance system.

9. Ventilation system.

10. A ramp for unloading vehicles.

11. Availability of sites for parking and maneuvering of heavy vehicles.

12. Availability of office space at the warehouse.

13. Availability of auxiliary premises at the warehouse (toilets, showers, utility rooms, changing rooms for staff).

14. Fiber optic telecommunications.

15. Fenced and guarded round the clock, illuminated landscaped area.

16. Location near central highways.

17. Professional management system.

18. Experienced developer.

19. Availability of a system of accounting and control of employee access.

20. Autonomous electrical substation and heating unit.

21. Railway line.

Class B warehouses

1. One-, two-storey warehouse building, preferably rectangular, newly built or reconstructed.

2. In the case of a two-story structure v the presence of a sufficient number of freight lifts / hoists, with a carrying capacity of at least 3 tons (not less than 1 per 2000 sq.m.).

3. Ceiling height from 6 meters.

4. Floor - asphalt or uncoated concrete.

5. Heating system.

6. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing system.

7. A ramp for unloading vehicles.

8. Availability of sites for parking and maneuvering of heavy vehicles.

9. Security around the perimeter of the territory.

10. Telecommunications.

11. Security alarm system and video surveillance system.

12. Availability of auxiliary premises at the warehouse.

13. Ventilation system.

14.

15. Availability of a system of accounting and control of employee access.

16. Autonomous electrical substation and heating unit.

17. Railway line.

Warehouse premises of class C

1. A major production facility or a heat-insulated hangar.

2. Ceiling height from 4 meters.

3. Floor - asphalt or concrete tiles, uncoated concrete.

4. In the case of a multi-storey building v the presence of freight lifts / lifts.

5. The gate is at zero.

7. Ventilation system.

8. Heating system.

10. Office space at the warehouse.

11. Railway line.

12. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing system.

13. A ramp for unloading vehicles.

14.

15. Telecommunications.

16. Availability of auxiliary premises at the warehouse.

Class D warehouse premises

1. Basements or civil defense facilities, not heated production facilities or hangars.

2. Availability of sites for parking and maneuvering of heavy vehicles.

3. Fire alarm and fire extinguishing system.

4. Heating system.

5. Ventilation system.

6. Office space at the warehouse.

7. Railway line.

8. Telecommunications.

9. Perimeter security.

Note: in italics options that are desirable but not required are highlighted.

Swiss Realty Group classification

Class A

Modern premises built with the future warehouse activity in mind. The location, decoration and equipment of such warehouses are designed to meet the following principles of modern warehouse logistics: the proximity of the main transport arteries, the ability to adapt to any type of cargo, high speed of cargo turnover and guarantees of cargo safety.

1. Location: on the main transport routes. Direct access to the warehouse area directly from the highway or along convenient satellite roads.

2. A one-story / one-volume building with high ceilings allows you to install any rack (conveyor, etc.) equipment, including multi-storey (mezzanine) rack systems.

3. Flat concrete floors with anti-dust coating, ensuring high speed and safe movement of loading equipment.

4. The high design load on the floor surface allows the use of heavy loading equipment (high-altitude stackers) and, as a result, maximizes the height of the racks.

5. A sparse grid of columns, allowing you to vary the placement of rows of shelves and optimize the organization of movement of mechanisms and warehouse workers.

6. At least one loading and unloading gate for every thousand square meters of the warehouse and a separate loading / unloading and order picking area allow you to unload and load freight transport as quickly as possible.

7. Fire alarm system and automatic fire extinguishing system (or installation option).

8. Heating.

9. Autonomous heat and water supply systems.

10. The loading and unloading doors are equipped (or allow installation) hydraulic ramps and dock shelters.

11. Adjacent territory (outbuildings, internal roads, parking lots, turning zones and landscaping), constituting at least 40% of the entire territory of the warehouse complex.

12. Attractive appearance (finishing with modern facade systems, modern glazing).

Class A-

Warehouse or production areas, 20-30 years old, completely reconstructed with the use of modern materials and technologies. The characteristics of such premises are almost identical to class A, with the exception of the location: such warehouses are often located within the city, in industrial zones.

2. Capital one-story (sometimes two-story) building, reinforced concrete or prefabricated metal structure).

Class B +

A recently built warehouse, for a number of reasons, does not meet the 2-3 key parameters required for class A warehouses: insufficient number of gates, inconvenient access roads, etc. There are a lot of such premises on the market, which is associated with the chaotic growth of investment activity in the construction of warehouses.

Year of construction: from the beginning of the 1990s.

Class B

Warehouses of the pre-perestroika period. Built in accordance with the logistics canons inherent in a planned economy, such premises often require some (minor) investments and changes to optimize warehouse activities: changing the floor covering, installing modern security systems, etc.

1. Year of construction: 1970-1980s.

3. Central heating (sometimes own boiler rooms).

4. Height of ceilings is 6-9 meters.

5. Concrete floor.

6. Fire alarm and fire hydrants / hoses.

7. Covered ramp or ramp for loading / unloading vehicles.

Class C

Former production facilities, taxi fleets and motor depots, initially not adapted for warehouse handling. Significant construction and technical changes are required: insertion of additional gates, creation of ramps / ramps, replacement of glazing / stained-glass windows with main walls, modernization of flooring and heating and fire extinguishing systems. In most cases, it is necessary to dismantle the installed equipment.

1. Year of construction: 1950-1990s.

2. Capital one- or multi-storey building (reinforced concrete structure).

3. Height of ceilings from 7 to 18 meters.

4. Concrete or asphalt floor.

5. Fire alarm and hose fire extinguishing system.

6. Low ratio of the number of gates to the area of the premises, the absence of ramps.

7. Location in industrial zones within the city.

Class C-

Old and badly worn out warehouses of the Soviet period; many of them were built in the 1930s and 1960s. Most vegetable stores and grocery wholesalers belong to this class. Warehouses of class C - often do not meet modern requirements for fire safety and environmental friendliness, do not meet the requirements of modern companies in terms of cargo turnover, require significant investments in overhaul and modernization.

1. Year of construction: 1930-1980s.

2. Capital one- or multi-storey building (reinforced concrete structures), often with a large basement.

3. Central heating.

4. Height of ceilings from 4-5 meters.

5. Concrete or asphalt floor.

6. Indoor / outdoor ramp or ramp for unloading vehicles.

7. Location in industrial zones within the city (often in the Central Administrative District).

8. Limited surrounding areas, lack of parking space and maneuvering for heavy vehicles.

9. Outdated security and fire extinguishing systems.

Class D

Garages, basements, bomb shelters, cold hangars, agricultural buildings not adapted for storage needs. It is impractical to modernize or reconstruct such premises. From a financial point of view, to upgrade a warehouse, it is often more profitable to demolish such an object and build a new building. Suitable only for storage of low-turnover cargo, undemanding to storage conditions: raw materials for industrial production, fuels and lubricants, metal, rubber, plastic products, etc.

The huge volumes of modern industrial production have led to the need to concentrate products using special infrastructure elements called warehouses. This is the general name for storage locations, which can be categorized into bases, terminals, and storage locations.

What is a warehouse?

Warehouse premises are required by any enterprise that produces any products, a trading company or any economic structure. The larger the firm, the higher the role of the warehouse in the overall complex of premises.

A modern warehouse is a complex multidimensional object from both a managerial and a technical point of view. Warehousing is carried out at any stage of production - from the extraction of raw materials to the stage of the final sale of products. Therefore, there are a great many varieties of such premises, and a classification of warehouses is inevitably required. To understand this, you need to understand how the warehouse works and works.

Let's talk about its structure

A warehouse is not just a room where all the cargo is mixed up. It has its own structure, which is often quite complex. The warehouse is divided into zones for various purposes and with different equipment. Let's consider the main ones:

Unloading-loading area (one or two separate). There are sites directly serving transport. The requirements for them depend on the type of this transport.
Acceptance area, separated from others. There, cargo is accepted and sent to storage sites. This zone is the most automated.
Storage area with dedicated equipment.
Sorting area, where applications for movement and transportation of cargo are accepted.
Other premises (household, utility, administrative).

How to choose a warehouse?

The market is very volatile; companies are often looking for new warehouse premises for efficient operation. A competent choice of storage is an important economic task. Solving it, one should provide for the most optimal cargo handling technology, as well as determine the required area. Excess square meters of storage will lead to additional costs, which is irrational.

What should be the focus of attention in the first place when choosing warehouse premises for production needs? The most important parameters should be considered the area of the building and its volume, the height and area of each zone, the number, location and equipment of the gates, as well as the size of the place where vehicles can maneuver.

In this case, the main thing is to decide on the size of the room. This is essential to get the most out of the facility. To assess various technological solutions in the warehouse industry, standard coefficients are used. Real indicators should strive for the established norms, otherwise the efficiency of the warehouse will be reduced.

Who should be doing this?

It is best to entrust the choice of warehouse to specialists with experience and the necessary education. These are professionals of a rather narrow specialization, and only the largest companies can afford to have them on the staff. The rest can be recommended to resort to the services of specialized firms that perform such design and calculation work.

The costs of paying for their services will ultimately be an order of magnitude lower than the losses incurred as a result of the wrong choice of warehouse and its layout.

Classification of warehouses in logistics

To simplify the task, you should decide by what criterion to choose a room. The types of warehouses and their classification are different in relation to individual areas and participants of the logistics system, by functional purpose, by belonging to a certain form of ownership, by technological equipment or assortment specialization, by storage mode, type of warehouse building or warehousing, by the type of transport links or in depending on the overall scale of the activity.

If the area is more than five thousand square meters, the existing classification of warehouses makes it possible to consider such an object as a terminal.

There are special warehouses for storing goods exported and imported into the territory of our country. They have special storage rules that are regulated by the Customs Code. Their feature is the absence of taxes and duties on goods for the storage period.

How warehouses are classified in the Russian Federation

Different companies specializing in commercial property appraisal and logistics have their own classification systems. The systems of the London company Knight Frank are recognized as the world's leading ones; it is also worth taking into account the product of the PMC group (St. Petersburg). The latest classification of warehouses is the result of a domestic development that takes into account the requirements of Russian buyers and tenants, as well as the characteristics of various regions of our country.

This classification provides 4 categories. Their designation is carried out using Latin capital letters.

The highest level is a class A warehouse

Class A includes modern one-storey buildings, built with high quality materials according to the prescribed technologies. The requirements for such warehouses are as follows: the room must have a height of 8 meters or more for the unhindered placement of multi-level shelving, level floors with no defects and having an anti-friction coating.

It is mandatory to have a fire alarm and an automated fire extinguishing system (powder or sprinkler type), the ability to regulate the temperature, an automatic gate with a hydraulic ramp (adjustable in height) and a heat curtain.

Also, indispensable requirements are the presence of office premises combined with a warehouse, video surveillance, burglar alarms, central air conditioning and a dedicated Internet line. A class A warehouse should have a convenient entrance (preferably near the central highway) and a site spacious enough for maneuvering heavy-duty road trains.

Other types of warehouses

Under the class B warehouse, the existing classification means a multi-storey capital structure with a ceiling height ranging from 4.5 to 8 m, concrete or asphalt floors without cover, equipped with a fire system, an unloading ramp, a secured area and the necessary telecommunications. On the territory of the warehouse, office premises are also meant, and the temperature regime must be maintained in the range from +10 to +18 ° С.

A class C warehouse is an insulated hangar or a capital-type production facility with a height of 3.5-18 m and uncoated floors (concrete, asphalt or tile). The gates of such a warehouse are at the zero mark, that is, vehicles are driven into the building. The temperature regime must be maintained in the winter in the range from 8 to 14 degrees Celsius.

The most lenient requirements are for warehouses with class D. Under such a warehouse, it is allowed to use basements, civil defense facilities, as well as hangars and unheated industrial buildings. It is clear that the price of renting or buying a warehouse mainly depends on its class.

Western system

The classification of warehouses developed by the aforementioned British company has incorporated many years of international experience. For work in the conditions of Russian reality, it is adapted somewhat worse than the domestic one, but most of the leading firms specializing in the valuation of commercial real estate adhere to its principles.

The warehouse-type real estate market is developing rapidly. Its participants need to develop common criteria for evaluating objects, both already built and only being designed. The system below can serve as its basis.

The purpose and classification of warehouses, according to it, is subject to the main criterion - the availability of conditions in the premises for storing certain products. All warehouses are divided into 6 classes. The highest is A +, the lowest is D (classes C + and D + do not exist). The requirements for classes A and A + are stricter than for those in the domestic classification.

What are the differences?

The difference between classes A and A + is observed in the requirements for the height of the ceiling (10 and 13 m, respectively), the spacing of the columns and the width of the spans, the load on the floor, the building area, the number and systems of door equipment. Differences also relate to issues such as the presence of an automated inventory control system, electrical substation, fencing, security and parking.

The level of landscaping and the presence of a separate railway line are taken into account. In general, most of the warehouses that have been assigned class A according to the classification adopted by the PMC company, by Western standards deserve only class B or B +.

It should be remembered that the classification of the function of warehouses for any system is rather arbitrary. To determine the real cost of acquiring or renting a warehouse, it is necessary to take into account many more important production parameters.

A wide variety of warehouses associated with the peculiarities of the technological, technical and organizational nature of trade enterprises necessitates their classification.

Depending on the the nature of the functions performed warehouses are subdivided into sorting and distribution, transit and transshipment, seasonal long-term storage, storage.

Sub-sorting and distribution warehouses accept goods of a complex assortment from places of production or distribution centers in large quantities. Since the goods are stored in these warehouses for a short time, their main functions should include the acceptance of goods in terms of quantity and quality, sub-sorting and preparation of them for release and dispatch to the retail trade network. This includes warehouses of wholesale bases, which are located in consumption areas, as well as warehouses of retail trade organizations. Here, commodity flows are formed in an assortment convenient for retail enterprises and sent to the trade network.

Transit and transshipment warehouses are located at railway stations, water docks. They serve to accept goods for batch storage due to the need to reload them from one type of transport to another. These warehouses carry out acceptance of goods, short-term storage and dispatch of them in whole container places.

To warehouses seasonal long-term storage include warehouses for potatoes and vegetables, as well as other warehouses where the processing and storage of seasonal storage goods is carried out.

Storage warehouses carry out acceptance of small lots of goods from industrial enterprises and in the form of large-lot shipments send them to the areas of consumption.

One of the important classification features is the assortment of goods, which affects the nature of the functions performed by the warehouses, the construction of the technological warehouse process.

By assortment basis warehouses are divided into universal and specialized.

Universal warehouses are intended for the concentration of a wide range of non-food and food products with the allocation of special storerooms and sections for these purposes. Such warehouses make up the bulk of the consumer cooperation warehouse network.

Specialized warehouses are used to store goods of one or more related commodity groups.

A wide variety of physical and chemical properties of goods requires a differentiated approach to the conditions of their storage and necessitates the presence of an appropriate warehouse network.

By technical device warehouses are subdivided into general and special warehouses.

General goods warehouses are the main type of warehouses in trade and are intended for storing non-food and food products that do not need a special regime.

TO special warehouses include vegetable stores, refrigerators, etc.

Depending on from number of storeys and height warehouses are distinguished one-story(6, 12, 16, 32 m high) and multi-storey warehouses. From the point of view of the most rational organization of the technological process, preference is given to one-story warehouses.

Depending on the devices warehouses are divided into open, semi-closed and closed.

Open warehouses are arranged in the form of unpaved areas or areas with a hard surface. These warehouses are designed to store building materials, fuel, goods in containers, etc.

Semi-closed are sheds for storing building materials and other products that require protection from atmospheric precipitation.

Closed warehouses are one - or multi-storey buildings, which can be heated and not heated (insulated and not insulated). Heated warehouses have heating equipment and a device for air ventilation. They are designed to store goods that require maintaining temperature and relative humidity within certain limits. Unheated warehouses store goods that do not lose their properties at temperatures below 0 ° C.

As the market developed, the most famous was the classification of warehouses, based on the technical parameters of areas, infrastructure development, including utilities. Nowadays it is customary to distinguish warehouses by classes "A", "B", "C", "D".

Warehouse premises of class "A"

1. Modern one-storey buildings made of light metal structures and sandwich panels, preferably rectangular without columns or with a column pitch of at least 12 m and with a spacing of at least 24 meters. A sparse grid of columns allows varying the placement of rows of racks and optimizes the movement of machinery and warehouse workers.

2. Smooth concrete floor with anti-dust coating, with a load of at least 5 t / m2, at a level of 1.20 m from the ground. The high design load on the floor surface allows the use of heavy loading equipment (high-altitude stackers) and, as a result, maximizes the use of the height of the racks.

3. High ceilings of at least 13 m, allowing the installation of multi-level rack equipment (6-7 tiers).

4. Adjustable temperature conditions.

5. Availability of sites for storage of heavy vehicles and parking of cars.

6. Availability of office space at the warehouse.

7. Availability of auxiliary premises at the warehouse (toilets, showers, utility rooms, changing rooms for staff).

8. Fiber optic telecommunications.

9. Fenced and guarded round the clock, illuminated landscaped area.

10. Location near central highways

11. Professional management system.

12. Autonomous power substation and heating unit.

13. Railway line.

Warehouse premises of class "B"

Warehouses of the pre-perestroika period (built in 1970-1980). Built in accordance with the canons of logistics inherent in a planned economy, such premises often require small investments and changes to optimize warehouse activities.

1. A one-storey warehouse building, preferably newly built or reconstructed in rectangular shape.

2. Smooth concrete floor with anti-dust coating, with a load of at least 5 t / m2, at a level of 1.20 m from the ground.

3. Ceiling height from 8 m.

4. The presence of a fire safety system and an automatic fire extinguishing system.

5. Adjustable temperature conditions.

6. In the case of a two-story structure, the availability of a sufficient number of freight elevators (hoists) with a carrying capacity of at least 3 tons.

7. Protection along the perimeter of the territory.

10. Availability of auxiliary premises in the warehouse.

11. A ramp for unloading vehicles.

12. Railway line.

13. Ventilation system.

Warehouse premises of class "C"

Large industrial premises, taxi fleets and motor depots, initially not adapted for warehouse processing (built in 1930-1980). Significant construction and technical changes are required: insertion of additional gates, creation of ramps / ramps, replacement of glazing / stained-glass windows with main walls, modernization of flooring and heating and fire extinguishing systems. In most cases, it is necessary to dismantle the installed equipment.

1. A major production facility or a heat-insulated hangar.

2. Ceiling height from 4 m.

3. Floor - asphalt or concrete tiles, uncoated concrete.

4. In the case of a multi-storey building, the presence of freight elevators.

5. Office space in the warehouse.

7. Telecommunications.

8. The gate is at the zero mark.

9. Availability of sites for parking and maneuvering of heavy vehicles.

10. Railway line.

11. Fire alarm or fire extinguishing system.

12. Ventilation system.

13. Heating system.

14. Availability of auxiliary premises in the warehouse.

Warehouse premises of class "D"

Garages, basements, bomb shelters, cold hangars, agricultural buildings not adapted for warehouses. It is impractical to modernize and reconstruct such premises. From a financial point of view, to upgrade a warehouse, it is often more profitable to demolish such an object and build a new building. Suitable only for storing low-turnover goods that are undemanding to storage conditions: raw materials for industrial production, fuels and lubricants, rubber, plastic, metal products, etc.

1. Basements or civil defense facilities, not heated production facilities or hangars.

2. Availability of sites for parking and maneuvering of heavy vehicles.

3. Fire alarm or fire extinguishing system.

4. Ventilation system.

5. Heating system.

6. Protection along the perimeter of the territory.

7. Telecommunications.

8. Office space in the warehouse.

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