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Natural resource potential of Latin America

Coursework of the III-year student of the Faculty of MEO, Daria Borisovna

Moscow State Open University

Faculty of International Economic Relations, Department of World Economy and Marketing

Moscow - 2002

INTRODUCTION

The ascent of man to the heights of socio-economic progress is closely related to the use of various natural resources. The world's modern industry consumes a huge amount of raw materials. Its cost in the total cost of industrial production is 75%. This circumstance poses for many countries very acute problems of providing basic types of raw materials.

Latin America consists of 33 politically independent states located south of the United States of America (including the West Indies). Even one glance at the map gives an idea of \u200b\u200btheir diversity: large and small, densely and sparsely populated, plain and mountainous, continental and island countries differ noticeably in terms of socio-economic development, which in turn is closely related to a wide variety of natural historical, political and in particular natural conditions. The purpose of my work is to consider the natural resource potential of Latin America, to understand the distribution of natural resources on its territory, to understand what are the reserves of certain types of natural resources.

GENERAL OVERVIEW OF LATIN AMERICA

Latin America is the name of the Western Hemisphere region located between the United States and Antarctica. It includes Mexico, Central America, West Indies and South America. Mexico, Central America and the West Indies are often combined into the Mesoamerica (Middle America) subregion. In South America, two sub-regions are distinguished: the Andean (Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Chile) and the Laplat countries, or the Atlantic (Argentina, Uruguay, Paraguay, Brazil). In the latter subregion, the first three countries, together with Chile, are often combined into the Southern Cone subregion.

The name "Latin America" \u200b\u200bcomes from the historically prevailing influence of the language, culture and customs of the Romanesque (Latin) peoples of the Iberian Peninsula - the Spaniards and the Portuguese, who in the 15th - 17th centuries. conquered this part of America, colonized it and then made up the most important component of the nations that formed here. Colonial conquests of other European countries - Great Britain, France, the Netherlands - in this region began later and were relatively small, respectively, and the ethnic influence of their peoples was insignificant. Currently, out of 33 politically independent states of Latin America, 18 (about 63% of the population) have Spanish as the official and predominant language, Brazil (34%) has Portuguese, and 14 small countries (about 3%) have French as official languages. (Haiti), English (Guyana, Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados, Jamaica, Bahamas, Grenada, Dominica, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saint Christopher and Nevis, Antigua and Barbuda, Belize) and Dutch (Suriname) (Table 19). In recent years, in connection with gaining independence, all small “non-Latin” countries of the West Indies, as well as Belize, Guyana, Suriname, are united into the geographical sub-region “Caribbean countries”, and the whole region is now called “Latin America and the Caribbean countries” in the UN nomenclature. However, outside of official documents and publications, the entire region continues to be called Latin America according to a long tradition, which we will do for brevity.

The countries of Latin America are united by a common historical destiny and much in modern socio-economic development. All of them are former colonies of European countries that have achieved national sovereignty from their metropolises. Most of the Spanish colonies won independence in the war of liberation from 1810 to 1825. Already in the period of their emergence, these economically weak states fell into financial dependence, first on Great Britain and France, then on the United States.

The collapse of the colonial system, which began after the Second World War, also affected Latin America. The people of Cuba, who rose up in an armed struggle for genuine national independence, won a decisive victory in January 1959; many colonies of Great Britain achieved sovereignty. The overthrow by the Nicaraguan people in 1979 of the despotic regime of the Somoza clan was of great importance for strengthening the democratic movement in Latin America.

The United States of America continues to control previously seized territories: Puerto Rico (which has been declared a "freely joining US state"), the Panama Canal Zone, and the Virgin Islands. They also hold in their hands the system of military bases, including Guantanamo on the territory of Cuba.

MINERALS

With an increase in the production of industrial products in the world, the bowels of the earth, the minerals they contain, are becoming increasingly important among natural resources for the development of productive forces.

Latin America is provided with practically all known types of mineral raw materials; in many of them, it stands out from other regions of the world. The most unusual combinations of minerals are found here in relatively small areas.

Of the fuel and energy resources, oil and natural gas are of the greatest importance. Their reserves are confined to sedimentary rocks in the troughs of the Patagonian platform, as well as to the intermontane troughs of the Precordillera and Andes (provinces of Neuquen, Mendoza, Salte). The main oil deposits are located on the outskirts of the Andes geosynclinal region, in its marginal or intermontane troughs. Almost all the way from Trinidad and Venezuela to northwestern Argentina, oil fields are widespread along the eastern foredeep of the Andes. Not all promising regions have been explored, let alone mastered; little developed areas of the foredeep in Ecuador and Peru. The western foredeep of the Andean geosynclinal region is expressed on land as limited stretches of coastal plain in the west of Ecuador and northern Peru, north and south of the Gulf of Guayaquil. Productive sandstones and sands contain in highly dislocated Tertiary shaly clays and are located at a relatively shallow depth. The accessibility of these territories helped to identify oil-bearing resources here and start developing them back in the 70s of the 19th century. The largest oil deposits in Latin America are associated not with advanced, but with intermontane troughs. Such are the famous deposits of the Maracaibo basin and the Magdalena trough. Oil fields in the Jurassic and Cretaceous Precordillera sandstones of western Argentina belong to the same type. With the opening in the 70s of the XX century. the largest oil fields in the states of Chiapas and Tabasco, offshore in the Campeche Bay, Mexico has taken one of the leading places in the world in terms of oil reserves and production. Its reliable and probable reserves are estimated at 14 billion tons (1990); Mexico is second only to Venezuela in Latin America (17 billion tons). Small reserves of bituminous and sub-bituminous coal are found in Patagonia.

In Latin America, considerable reserves of radioactive minerals (uranium, thorium) have been discovered, which have become the basis for the development of nuclear energy. The largest of their resources are in Brazil, Argentina, Colombia, Mexico.

Latin America is very rich in high quality iron ores - more than 1/4 of the world's reserves. The most important deposits are confined to the metamorphosed rocks of the Precambrian continental shield of South America. The non-competitive first place is taken by Brazil, where reserves amount to 80 billion tons, including those explored with an iron content of more than 54% - 42 billion tons. One of the world's largest iron ore deposits (18 billion tons) is Karajas in the state of Para , which, according to preliminary estimates, is twice the entire ore potential of the state of Minas Gerais, where almost all other exploited deposits are currently located. Another large iron ore region is located in the state of Mato Grosso, 2000 km from the sea coast. The total reserves of one of the world's largest Mutun fields in Bolivia (not yet exploited) are estimated at 40 billion tons.

The most significant deposits of nickel, cobalt, chromium, and titanium ores are also confined to the Brazilian-Venezuelan shield and the islands of the West Indies. The Andes are home to the largest ores of tungsten (Bolivia, Peru), molybdenum (Chile), and bismuth (Peru, Bolivia) explored in the region. Deposits of metal ores are confined to the Andean fold belt, as well as to the crystalline cores of the Precordilleras and the Pampin Sierras, of which Argentina is sufficiently supplied with lead-zinc, copper, manganese ores and rare metals - tungsten and beryllium; there are iron ores (Sierra Grande in Patagonia), but of low quality.

In some of the peripheral intermontane basins of the Andes, there are small deposits of coal, brown coal and lignite, of which the largest are the coal basins of central Chile. But all other Latin American countries have an acute shortage of coal and are forced to import it.

The unique "tin belt" stretches across the Andes of Bolivia, Peru and the surrounding regions of Brazil. According to the latest estimates, up to 1/3 of the world's tin reserves are concentrated here. Antimony deposits are adjacent to tin deposits, 1/2 of the reserves (and about 70% of production) of this mineral belongs to Bolivia. The largest resources of lead-zinc ores are found in Peru and Mexico. In these so-called. in the mesothermal depths, mainly copper and polymetal ores were deposited. These deposits are characterized by very rich ore accumulations. A striking example of this type is the well-known Serre de Pasco deposit in Peru, lying in the crater of an ancient volcano with a diameter of 25 km, at an altitude of 4.5 thousand meters. When processing Peruvian polymetallic ores, a significant amount of bismuth, arsenic is obtained, as well as gold and antimony. Mexico contains 95% of the mercury reserves of Latin America (approximately 5.5% of all in the capitalist world). The region has more than 1/4 of the world's bauxite reserves, including almost 1/2 of them - in sedimentary rocks of the Brazilian Highlands, the rest - on the eastern outskirts of the Guiana Highlands, as well as in Jamaica and other islands of the West Indies.

Despite brutal exploitation for five centuries, the reserves of gold are still not exhausted. In recent years, large deposits have been discovered in the Amazon basin in Brazil and the Orinoco basin in Venezuela, as well as in the foothills of the Andes in Argentina. In recent years, Brazil has been experiencing a new "gold rush": the discovery of new gold deposits in the Amazon moved more than 300 thousand gold miners ("garimpeiros") there, and then the giants of the world gold mining industry from Canada, the USA, and South Africa. 1990-1995 officially registered gold mining has grown from 40 to 80 tons. Mexico firmly holds the first place in the world in silver mining, the abundance of which at one time so amazed and attracted the Spanish conquistadors; the main deposits are Las Torres (Guanajuato state) and Lampasos (Sonora state), the third is Peru. There are placers of platinum in Colombia.

Of non-metallic minerals, it should be noted large deposits of sulfur, arsenic and graphite in Mexico, diamonds - in Brazil are now mined in limited quantities and mainly for industrial purposes), Venezuela and Guyana, quartz, mica, asbestos, barite, magnesite - in Brazil, saltpeter - in Chile. In many countries, there are phosphorites, dolomites, gypsum, fluorspar, kaolins, etc.

The desert climate of the Central and Western Andes turned out to be a very favorable factor in the formation of the nonmetallic mineral raw materials of the Andes. The well-known Chilean saltpeter and significant reserves of iodine and boron owes its origin to him. Deposits of saltpeter and iodine are associated with biochemical processes in dried up relict water bodies in Atacama, and borates accumulated in closed lakes as a result of the activity of volcanoes, fumaroles and geysers and are confined to salares near active volcanic foci in northern Chile. Argentina has one of the world's largest natural borate deposits.

Large quantities of emeralds are mined in the pegmatite veins of the Eastern Cordillera of Colombia. Minor but numerous deposits of various metals are found almost everywhere.

HYDRAULIC RESOURCES

Rivers are one of the most important and still little involved in the economic activity of the wealth of Latin America. About 60% of the region's area belongs to the basins of the world's largest rivers, and their integrated use requires joint or coordinated actions of various states. The Amazon basin (over 7 million km2) covers the territory of seven countries; more than 2/3 of it is in Brazil. The La Plata basin (more than 4 million km2) stretches within the borders of five states. The rivers of this basin, to a large extent, flow through the zones requiring irrigation. The Orinoco basin (about 1 million km2) is located within Venezuela and Colombia. In terms of the availability of water resources, Latin America, with about 1/4 of the world runoff, ranks first among the five continents in terms of runoff per 1 km2 of territory and per capita. One of the most significant features of the economic geography of Mexico, influencing many aspects of the country's economic life, is the separation of water resources from the main areas of their consumption. Over 80% of water resources are concentrated in the low-lying part, which suffers from excessive moisture. The interior regions, where the bulk of the population lives, experience chronic water shortages. The hydropower potential of the Mexican rivers is estimated at 10 million kW. The rivers of the tropical coastal regions have the greatest potential. The systems of rivers of the Atlantic Ocean are of the greatest transport importance. Brazil has large reserves of fresh water. Their largest source is the Amazon River. Hydropower reserves are estimated at 255 million kW (1993). The rivers of the Parana basin are most intensively used for hydro-construction, giving almost 2/3 of the capacity of all hydroelectric power plants in the country. The San Francisco River is of great importance for both energy and water supply in the Northeast. The economic hydro potential of Argentine rivers is estimated at 30 million kW, most of it falls on the Paraná - Uruguay basin and the Patagonia rivers. Parana is the second longest and the largest river in South America; plays an important role in the economic life of Argentina both as a navigable artery and as a source of electricity and water supply.

There are few large lakes in Latin America. Only the terminal glacial lakes in the South Andes are numerous. In the Central Andes, at an altitude of 4000 m, lies the largest of the alpine lakes in the world - the tectonic lake Titicaca. In Central America, the largest lakes are Nicaragua and Managua, both of which occupy most of the Nicaragua Basin. In desert and semi-desert areas, huge salt marshes are abundant, and in humid lowlands there are vast swamps.

The main features of the relief and climate determine the nature of the runoff and the water supply network and the availability of water resources in Latin America. Being mainly in low latitudes and exposed to humid winds from the Atlantic, in general, they receive almost 2 times more precipitation than on average the entire land of the Earth. River runoff is also almost 2 times higher than the global average. But the distribution of the river source network over their territories is extremely uneven and often very unfavorable for economic use. The runoff is greatest from the steep windward mountain slopes (west of the Colombian and Patagonian Andes, the eastern slopes of the ranges of Central America and the Guiana Plateau), as well as from the flat, but constantly and abundantly supplied with rainfall, the Amazon. These areas also have the densest and most evenly full-flowing river network with the largest (over 7 million sq. Km) river basin and the most abundant river in the world - the Amazon. The reserves of hydropower resources, which have not yet been precisely determined, are also huge. For example, in Brazil's energy balance (1992), about 1/3 is accounted for by hydropower (and its share is growing). If mountain rivers have almost no transport value, then the Amazon itself and many of its upper tributaries are navigable up to the Andes. Slightly less runoff is in the seasonally humid subequatorial and eastern tropical regions, which are still well supplied by a dense river network. But the predominance of mountainous or plateau relief and dense rocks in them determines the steep drop of rivers or rapids, on the one hand, generating a large energy potential, and on the other, making navigation very difficult. Even such large rivers of this type as the Parana, San Francisco, Magdalena, the largest tributaries of the middle and lower Amazon and the upper Orinoco with its right tributaries, are navigable only in some sections. Only after reaching the plains do they become accessible to ships up to the estuaries. In addition, the regime of these rivers with fluctuations in water discharge during the year by 15-20 times is very unfavorable for transport, irrigation, and hydropower. "Corrections" in nature have to be made by building large reservoirs and irrigation canals. Smaller streams in winter drought become sharply shallow or dry up completely, violently, overflowing in devastating floods during the rainy season.

Porous, often loess-like or sandy soils of tropical and subtropical plains drastically reduce runoff and limit the development of rivers. This is observed even with a large amount of precipitation. The runoff from the interior desert plateaus of northern Mexico, the Central Andes, the Pacific coastal deserts, and the continental regions of northwestern Argentina is negligible. All of these areas are almost devoid of runoff into the ocean, surface water courses and even drinking water. At the same time, the demand for water in agriculture and the mining industry is enormous in these areas. Therefore, for example, in Peru, there is a transfer of water to the west from the Amazon basin.

PAGE_BREAK-- SOILS AND VEGETATIONS

Since territories with an equatorial uniformly humid climate occupy a significant area in Latin America, it is natural that permanently humid evergreen equatorial forests are widespread in its vegetation. Evergreen forests cover almost all of the Amazonian Lowlands, most of the Guiana Highlands and northern Brazilian. However, solid massifs of typical gilea are distributed only in the Western, low-lying and constantly humid Amazon. In the east and on the adjoining slopes of the Guiana and Brazilian highlands, as a result of the dry period, as well as the peculiarities of soil and soil and relief, rather extensive areas of open forests, herbaceous-shrub formations, savannas appear among the giles, and in the forests there is a significant admixture of deciduous tree species.

Typical giles are characterized by density, multi-tiered and shade, richness and diversity of species composition. They are dominated in them, first of all, by the legume families, then by myrtle, rutaceous, palm, laurel, and others. Lianas also represent the genus of ficus, and the families of mimosa and cactus, etc.

Evergreen equatorial forests develop on lateritic, often podzolized soils. In the Amazon Valley itself, a low floodplain is under water for several months. On it, swampy alluvial soils and flooded, depleted in composition gileal forests - igapo - are formed. The most lush and diverse vegetation is non-flooded upland areas - "hard lands".

The moist eastern slopes of the Andes in the equatorial and subequatorial belts and the western slopes and lowlands of the Andes of Colombia and northern Ecuador are clad in mountainous moist forests on laterite and red earth soils. Palm trees predominate up to a height of 1000-1500 m, in the second zone (up to 2500-2800 m), palm trees give way to bamboos. In the "cold" zone (3200-3500 m), high-altitude gilea develops - evergreen small trees and shrubs from the families of myrtle, heather, small bamboos and interspersed with tree ferns.

Similar to the vegetation and soils of the Andean mountain gilea and the tropical forests that cover the wettest eastern slopes of the coastal serres of the Brazilian Highlands and northern Guiana. The main difference is the admixture of deciduous vegetation. The eastern plains and plateaus of the tropical and subequatorial latitudes of Latin America are characterized by various types of savannas, woodlands, and shrub formations on lateritic red, red-brown and red-brown soils.

Large tracts of typical savannahs are distributed in South America only in the southwestern, flat and low-lying parts of the Orinoco plains, where they are called llanos. The most characteristic representative of woody ones in them is the Mauritius palm. The red soils of the llanos in Orinoco in the upper part acquire an almost black color associated with a high content of organic matter as a result of the decomposition of the dense grass cover. Severe aridity and the length of the period completely devoid of precipitation in the northeast of the Brazilian Highlands led to a special type of tropical desert woodland, with an abundance of cactus, baobabs, euphorbia and thorny and pungent shrubs. Cereals and Asteraceae are almost absent in this area, and the ephemeral ground cover appears only for a few days after heavy rains. The red-brown and especially red-brown laterite soils of this area are very thin, skeletal and gravelly. Often, as a result of erosion and deflation of small particles, dense cemented shells of nodules are completely exposed, forming a glandular laterite crust.

South of 20˚ S sh. on the high massifs of the Brazilian Highlands in a cooler and more moderately humid climate, evergreen, mostly hard-leaved forests on mountainous red earth and yellow earth soils are widespread. To the south of the tropics, they are replaced by very light and rare subtropical mixed forests. The gentle Paraná plateau in the subtropical zone is occupied by a treeless herbaceous formation.

Diverse vegetation formations and soil types adapted to prolonged periods of drought or flooding characterize the tropical Chaco Plains. In the dry and elevated west, on red-brown soils, thorny acacias, mimosas, cacti, euphorbia, sometimes intertwined with lianas, are common. The interfluvial spaces with different types of lateritic red and gray-brown soils are characterized by dry woodlands, steppes, or gnarled kebracho forests. A wax palm grows in wet depressions; vast swamps occupy low-lying areas in the north, in the foothills of the Andes, in the east of the region along Paraguay and Parana and in the north of Mesopotamia. South of 28-29˚ S lat. in the subtropical zone, the Chaco spotted vegetation is thinning, acquires an even more xeromorphic character and gradually passes into the semidesert of western Argentina. On the scarce, often saline desert gray soils, only undersized deciduous shrubs develop, not always fixing the dunes, cacti. To the east, where the amount of precipitation increases, the semi-desert is replaced by dry subtropical steppe on gray-brown soils.

The eastern, low and humid Pampa, with fertile chernozem-like and meadow soils, was once covered with a dense cover of perennial grasses and dicotyledonous forbs. But at present, this natural vegetation of the subtropical steppes in the northeastern part has been destroyed by grazing, and in the western part by plowing. Further south, in Patagonia, gray soils are replaced by brown soils. The herbal "background" is also made up of grasses and forbs, but their leaves are very tough and prickly. Shrubs, mostly evergreen, acquire a pillow-like, bristled appearance and are much more similar to heaths than to steppes.

The Central Andean highlands are characterized by the greatest continental, harsh and dry climate in the Andes. Plants, adapting to unfavorable environmental conditions, in their desire to retain heat and moisture and resist strong gusts of wind, acquire a pillow-like, creeping look, nestle to the ground. On a sparse spotty background of low-growing herbaceous, developing on thin gray soils, in some places gnarled dwarf shrubs stand out.

The most desert type of soil and vegetation is confined to the Pacific coast and slopes between 5 and 28˚ S. Among the almost bare sands, where only a few xerophytes survive, there are riverbed bands of evergreen thorny bushes, willows and reeds. The northern edge of the deserts is marked by areas of dry woodlands that make up the transition to the savannas of western Ecuador. Due to the rapid increase in precipitation south of 38˚ S lat. the forests are becoming more powerful and dense, intertwined with vines. The main component in them are evergreen beeches with an admixture of magnolia and conifers, and in the lower tiers, as in the mountain giley, tree ferns and bamboos. Mountain-forest brown soils are developed under these moist evergreen forests. The extreme south of Chile is characterized by sub-Antarctic mixed forests, lower, poor and thinner than the previous ones, although they are similar to them in species composition. More and more peatbog patches appear among these forests towards the south, but evergreen flora in Latin America reaches the extreme polar limit of woody vegetation. However, the upper forest belt is made up of beeches with foliage falling down for the winter and conifers; they also predominate on the drier eastern slopes of the Andes of Patagonia. Above them, in front of bare rocks and eternal snows, there are swampy meadows, and below, along the coast, there are heathers.

CONCLUSION

Human needs for different types of natural resources are not the same. So, without oxygen, a person cannot live even a few minutes, while without uranium or plutonium, he did for thousands of years. The costs of developing natural resources are also different: sometimes they are minimal, but much more often the development of natural resources requires large investments, especially when it comes to using expensive equipment and technology, inaccessibility of deposits, etc.

The distribution of natural resources in Latin America, as well as in the planet as a whole, is characterized by unevenness. As a result, there are marked differences between countries in the level and characteristics of their natural resource endowments.

A significant range of soil and climatic conditions in Latin America makes it possible to grow crops in both tropical and temperate zones, and creates the preconditions for different types of agriculture.

The question of the fate of the forests of the Amazon is important today. Here selva (gilea) - over 5 million km2 - is the world's largest massif of evergreen broad-leaved forests. It is called the "lungs of the planet": vegetating all year round, the selva provides up to 40% of the oxygen released by the vegetation of the earth into the atmosphere. The destruction of forests is fraught with grave consequences for the climate of the entire Earth, rivers and soils. But it is in this direction that events are developing. Beginning in the Amazon, especially in Brazil, the intensified agricultural colonization based on the slash-and-burn system has already caused considerable damage to its forest resources. The state of land resources around the world, and especially in developing countries, raises serious concerns in connection with the tasks of increasing food production.

The area of \u200b\u200bagricultural land in Latin America is expanding, which is largely due to a decrease in forest areas. The slash-and-burn farming system is widely used, which leads to the spread of erosion processes. These processes are observed in all countries of Latin America - from Mexico to Argentina, including the vast Pampa plains. Erosion, deflation covers most of the cultivated land in these countries. In order to combat soil destruction, the study of lands is carried out, their inventory is carried out, and well-known anti-erosion measures are carried out, but so far in very limited limits.

Of the 33 states, only two Bolivia and Paraguay are landlocked. But the distribution of the river source network over their territories is extremely uneven and often very unfavorable for economic use.

The dependence of the economy of Latin American countries on foreign monopolies often impedes the exploration of many minerals.

The main problems are the study of resources and the organization of their large-scale and rational use. It is also very important to study the possibilities of cooperation between Latin American countries in the field of cooperation of natural resources with the advanced development of industries producing durable goods and means of production.

List of references

Volsky V.V. Socio-economic geography of the foreign world. - M .: Kron-Press, 1998.

Lukashova E.N. South America. - M .: State educational and pedagogical publishing house of the Ministry of education of the RSFSR, 1983.

Spiridonov I.A. World economy. Tutorial. - M .: Infra-M, 2001.

Countries and peoples. America. General overview of Latin America. Middle America. Editorial board. Bromley Yu.V. and others - M .: Thought, 1981.

The composition of the subregions of Latin America. MexicoCentral America West IndiesAndian countriesLa Plata Basin Countries Brazil MexicoGuatemalaEl SalvadorHondurasBelizeNicaraguaCosta RicaPanama Cuba, Haiti, Dominican Republic, Bahamas, Jamaica, Barbados, Suriname, etc. VenezuelaUkraineColombiaBulguay

States in the region 33 Currently, within the region there are 46 states and possessions of some countries in Europe and the United States. Independent States in the Region 33. Cuban Government The Latin American countries are highly homogeneous in terms of government. They are all republics. A special place is occupied by Cuba - the only country in the region that belongs to the socialist states. administrative-territorial structure Unitary states prevail in Latin America in terms of the form of the administrative-territorial structure. Its four largest countries and one state in the West Indies have a federal structure.

More uniform. Spanish and Portuguese are predominant. Spanish is the official language in 18 countries (250 million people). Portuguese in one country Brazil mln. In Mexico, Bolivia, Paraguay, along with Spanish, the official languages \u200b\u200bare Aztec, Quechua.

Latin America can be classified as an industrialized region, although all of its countries are usually classified as developing. 8.5%. The region's share in the global gross product is 8.5%. 4/5 4/5 of all industrial production is accounted for by the three economic leaders - Brazil, Mexico, Argentina. The region has a prominent place in world agricultural production.

For a long time, the industry of the region was characterized primarily by the development of mining industries. However, in recent years, the leading role has begun to shift to the manufacturing industry (especially ferrous, non-ferrous metallurgy, oil refining, as well as electronics and mechanical engineering). In Brazil, electronics, automobiles, shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing have developed; in Mexico, Argentina - production of cars, machine tools.

Represented by two completely different sectors. The first sector is a highly commodity, plantation economy. The world's largest banana producers are Costa Rica, Colombia, Ecuador, Honduras, Panama. On refrigerated ships, the entire collection of bananas is exported to Europe, the USA, and on the way they ripen. In Cuba, 1/2 of all cultivated land is occupied by sugar cane plantations. Sugar factories produce over 5 million tons of sugar per year. The sugar industry is a specialty industry in Cuba. The second sector is a small-scale consumer economy not affected by the "green revolution". The peasants employed in it grow corn, cassava, beans, vegetables, potatoes.

The transport equipment of Latin America is weak. Inland water and pipeline transport are underdeveloped, despite the long length of railways, their throughput is very low, better developed - air and automobile. A huge role is played by sea transport and seaports, all roads in the region lead to the seaport.

Latin American music, whose role in the daily life of Latin America is very high, is a fusion of many musical cultures, but it is based on three components: Spanish (or Portuguese), African and Indian musical cultures. As a rule, Latin American songs are performed in Spanish or Portuguese, less often in French. Latin American performers living in the United States are usually bilingual and often use English lyrics.

Rio de Janeiro is an amazing city. Founded in 1502 by the Portuguese, Rio de Janeiro has been the beauty and tourism capital of South America for 4 centuries. Rio is definitely one of the most beautiful cities in the world. The combination of southern colors, green mountains, blue sea and sky, abundance of sun all year round, extraordinary islands and beaches - all this is Rio de Janeiro. The city never sleeps. There are nightclubs and bars, numerous shows, discos and restaurants. After sunset, samba rhythms are heard everywhere. Brazilian Carnival is another wonder of Brazil. At night you can also see Jesus Christ on Mount Corcovado soaring over the city with outstretched wings.

Easter Island (Rapa Nui) lies in the Pacific Ocean at almost 3800 km. west of the Chilean coast. The island is 171 sq. km. opened by the Dutchman Jacob Roggeven on Easter 1722, from which its modern name originated. The island is a colossal seamount with three volcanic craters towering above the ocean surface. There are no rivers or lakes on the island. One of the most secluded and mysterious islands on the planet.

Mayan pyramids are ancient pyramids created by the civilization of the ancient Mayan Indians. They are located mainly in Mexico on the Yucatan Peninsula. There are quite a few pyramids in Mexico. Many of them are buried under a layer of earth, covered with dense tropical vegetation and are just green hills. Most of the pyramids are multi-layered structures. The oldest pyramid is inside, and several later superstructures and facings exist above it.

New Year turns into a bright and unusual carnival. On December 31, in the oldest district of the capital of Colombia - Bogotá, a festive parade is held, in which actors, dolls attached to cars participate. Residents of Colombia at this time throw gifts to the dolls and thank them for all the good events that happened to them in the old year. The outgoing year is personified by a man on stilts. He walks around the crowd and tells the kids stories of the past year. Santa Claus in Colombia, as well as in many other countries of Latin America, is called Pope Pasquale. He, like his brothers Santa Claus and Ded Moroz, is also dressed in a red and white suit. The celebration ends with the dolls being thrown away from the crowd and at the set time the sky is illuminated with hundreds of colorful lights. It turns out that charges of gunpowder, firecrackers and volleys of fireworks are pre-sewn into dolls.

Slide 1

Latin America

Slide 2

The name "Latin America", which took root in the 30s of the XX century, is associated with the fact that most of the inhabitants of the region speak Spanish or Portuguese (originated from Latin), as well as the fact that the Romanesque ("Latin") countries Europe markedly influenced the formation of its culture. The most favorable EGP have countries located in Central America and on the islands of the Caribbean Sea Access to the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, along which important world sea routes pass

Slide 3

The Latin America region occupies 21 million square kilometers. with a population of 561 million people. There are 33 sovereign states, all of which are developing.

Slide 4

46 states
33 sovereign states
Region political map
Within the region there are 46 states and possessions of some countries of Europe and the USA. There are 33 independent states in the region. By form of government, all countries are republics. A special place is occupied by Cuba - the only country in the region that belongs to the socialist states. In terms of the form of the administrative-territorial structure, unitary states prevail. Its four largest countries and one state in the West Indies have a federal structure.
Republics
UNITARY
FEDERATIVE
Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Venezuela, Saint Kitts and Nevis.

Slide 5

Countries in the eastern part of South America Countries in the mountainous west of South America Countries in Central America and the Caribbean islands Mexico
- Plain territories with favorable soil and climatic conditions - Significant forest and water resources - Deposits of iron and manganese ores, bauxite, oil - Natural conditions change with height - Deposits of non-ferrous metals, silver, antimony, beryllium, bauxite, iron ore - In Chile, saltpeter - Rivers rich in water resources - Favorable conditions for the cultivation of tropical crops - Significant forest resources - Poor for minerals - Significant deposits of bauxite on the islands - The natural conditions are diverse - Rich in oil, gas, silver, gold, iron ores, sulfur - Lack of water
Natural resources

Slide 6

Latin America - a region of the resettlement type

Slide 7

Schedule. Dynamics of population growth in Latin America.
Population of Latin America
THE TASK. Analyze the graph and answer the following questions: 1. What is the population of Latin America? 2. How many times has the population of the region increased since the beginning of the 20th century? 3. Compare the dynamics of population growth in Latin America with other regions.

Slide 8

Natural population growth in Latin America.
Population reproduction and natural growth.
For Lat. America is characterized by the II type of reproduction. This affects the size and age structure of the region's population.
"Fertility"
"Mortality"

Slide 9

Ethnic composition
Many representatives of large ethnic groups were formed in this region in modern times. Three main elements took part in their formation: the indigenous Indian population, emigrants from Europe and slaves exported from Africa.
The preserved monuments of the pre-Columbian period testify to the high level of development of the culture of the Aztecs, Maya and Incas. This culture was completely destroyed by the Spanish-Portuguese conquerors. Hernandez Cortes destroyed the Aztec state with incredible brutality in 1521. Francisco Pissaro destroyed the Inca state with the same cruelty. In 1532 he fraudulently captured the Supreme Inca Ataulpa, who in exchange for his freedom offered an unheard-of ransom: to fill the room in which he was imprisoned with gold. The Supreme Inca kept his word, but the Spaniards, having received gold, executed him. Before the arrival of Columbus, the indigenous population was 20 million, and in 1521 - 7.3 million.

Slide 10

The almost complete extermination of the Indians raised the question of labor force for the colonialists, which was resolved by importing Negro slaves from Africa. The total number of blacks brought to America was 10 million. So there were three main racial and ethnic elements.
INDIGENOUS POPULATION
EUROPEAN MOVERS
AFRICAN
ITZTEK MAYA
SPANISH, PORTUGUESE (CREOLE)
METIS
MULATTO
SAMBO

Slide 11

Spanish is the official language in 18 countries (250 million people). The Portuguese language in one country, Brazil - 170 million. In Mexico, Bolivia, Paraguay, along with Spanish, the official languages \u200b\u200bare Aztec, Quechua.

• Territory, boundaries, position
• Political system
• Natural conditions and resources
• Population
• Industry and agriculture
• Foreign economic relations
• Regional differences
• Environmental problems of the region

• Latin America includes American countries and territories south of the United States, in which Romance languages \u200b\u200bare common, that is, languages \u200b\u200bthat originated from Latin

Using the satin and flyleaf

textbook, name the countries Latin

America

• The name "Latin America" \u200b\u200bwas introduced by the French emperor Napoleon III as a political term; he viewed Latin America and Indochina as territories to which France tried to expand its influence during his reign

Louis Napoleon Bonaparte Napoleon III

• Geopolitically, Latin America is divided into 20 independent countries and several dependent territories

http://map-site.narod.ru/amerika.html

• The richness and variety of minerals in Latin America is determined by the features of the tectonic and geological structure.

Crystal

platform foundation,

folded belt of the Andes and

Cordillera

Regional and intermountain

deflections

Ore

place of Birth

Deposits

oil and gas

Using the map,

give examples

Peru

Jamaica

Guyana

Mexico

Trinidad and Tobago

Brazil

Metis -

descendants of mixed

indian marriages and

Mulattos -

descendants of mixed

creole marriages and

africans

Indians

15% of the population

Africans

1/10 population

Creoles -

descendants of the Portuguese

and Spaniards

More than ½

population

region

Almost all Latin American nations have a complex ethnic background

• Average level - 76%, slow pace
• Large concentration of the population in big cities and cities - "millionaires"
• There was a Latin American type of city
• Active process of forming urban agglomerations

The core of the city was usually the central square ("plaza major"), which housed the town hall, cathedral and administrative buildings. The streets diverged from the square at right angles, forming a "checkerboard" grid. Modern buildings were superimposed on it

Mexico City

Rio de Janeiro - US $ 10 million

Mexico City - 20 million

Buenos Aires - 10 million

Sao Paulo - 20 million

Share of urban population

far exceeds the share

economically active

urban population,

employed in production

and non-production areas.

The formation of

slums, "belts of poverty",

where 30-50% is concentrated

population of many large

cities

• The industrial image of the region is determined Argentina, Brazil and Mexico (The "big three", which accounts for 2/3 of industrial production in Latin America, due to domestic production, it already provides more than 90% of consumed industrial products), and Chile, Venezuela, Colombia and Peru

FIRST SECTOR -

highly commodity,

predominantly plantation

farm that acquires

monoculture character

The most important monocultures for the region are

sugarcane and bananas

SECOND SECTOR -

consumer small-scale

agriculture

The peasants employed in it grow

corn, cassava, beans, vegetables, potatoes

CONTRADICTIONS

• Long distance

• Low technical

equipment of iron

• There is an internal

• Weak development

water, pipeline,

automobile and

air Transport

internal water and

pipeline

transport

• Play a big role

seaports

• Train traffic restored in southern Chile, negotiations are underway with Bolivia to modernize the railway from Chile to Bolivia
• The construction of railways in Venezuela is at a rapid pace
• There is an agreement to build a railway to Colombia
• Argentina and Chile plan to restore rail links by 2010, $ 300 million allocated for this

about. Easter

Barbados

Tourism plays an important role in

economies of many Latin

America

Cuba

Bahamas

Peru

The Big Three -

Argentina, Brazil,

Middle countries

provisions -

Venezuela, Colombia,

Chile, Peru, Uruguay

Other countries

• 70% of GDP
• ¾ processing

• Most backward

industry

are states

Central America

• Brazil - 1st in

economic

indicators

• http://images.google.ru

• Wikipedia

• school.iot.ru/predmety/geo/nas1.html
• http://ec-dejavu.ru/p/Panorama_12.html - Encyclopedia of Cultures
• www.karib.ru
• http://www.krugosvet.ru - Encyclopedia "Krugosvet"
• http://revolution.allbest.ru/geography/00001263_0.html
• http://www.tiwy.com/leer.phtml?id\u003d3822
• www.nisan-sv.com.ua/land_barbados.htm

 

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