Presentation on the topic "features of human higher nervous activity". Presentation "Features of human higher nervous activity Features of human higher nervous activity presentation

Elena Bereg In the word, a being, essence, being, existence dies, the word replaces the universe. Everything is in the word. It itself is nothing. Elena Bereg 1. A person's speech consists of ……. words 2. Words mean …… meaning 3. Grammar rules are needed for ……. linking individual words

Distribute in correct order stages of the formation of internal speech, putting next to the Arabic numbers 1, 2, 3: Verbal cues-commands go into the child's inner speech. 3 The child himself pronounces the actions, as if giving instructions to himself. 2 Adults show the child the necessary actions and name them. 1

Cognitive processes Sensation Perception Imagination Memory Thinking Reflection of individual properties of objects and phenomena that directly affect our senses Reflection of objects and phenomena that directly affect the senses in general and the totality of properties and attributes of these objects and phenomena Reflection of the future, consciousness of the new images based on past experience Reflection of past experience or imprinting, preservation and reproduction of something The highest form of reflective activity, which makes it possible to know the essence of objects and phenomena, their relationship, patterns

Laboratory work. "Study of the phenomenon of mutual induction of excitation and inhibition processes" Consider the picture "vase - two profiles". Find on it two black profiles, facing each other, and a white vase. Consider the drawing "vase - two profiles." Find two black profiles on it, facing each other, and a white vase. Why, when a vase is visible, the profiles disappear, and when we see profiles, the vase image disappears? Why, when a vase is visible, the profiles disappear, and when we see the profiles, the vase image disappears? Look at the drawing "vase - two profiles" until the images begin to replace each other: either a vase or two profiles will be visible. Explain this phenomenon. Look at the picture "vase - two profiles" until the images begin to replace each other: one will see a vase, then two profiles. Explain this phenomenon.

Consider the drawing "a man with a nose and a beggar." Consider a drawing "a man with a nose and a beggar." To with least cost nervous energy to ensure the stability of attention on a white profile, it is necessary: a) to give alms to a beggar woman; b) to hold the image with the help of volitional effort; c) let the "nosed man" smell flowers, perfume, ammonia; d) do nothing. Conclusion: what law did you encounter while executing laboratory work? What ensures the selectivity of perception?

Memory Mechanical Logic ²-5²

By the duration of the preservation of the material Short-term (the first seconds after the perception of the material) Operational (type of short-term, maintenance of actual actions) Example: reading, cheating Long-term (after repeated repetition and playback)

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The term "higher nervous activity" was first introduced into science by IP Pavlov, who considered it equivalent to the concept of mental activity. All forms of mental activity, including human thinking and consciousness, Pavlov considered elements of the highest nervous activity... Iva n Petrovich Pa vlov (1849-1936)

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The difference between human GNI and animal GNI in humans in the process of his social labor activity a fundamentally new signaling system appears and reaches a high level of development. The signal system is a system of conditioned and unconditionally reflex connections of the higher nervous system of animals (including humans) and the surrounding world. Distinguish between the first and second signaling systems.

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The first signaling system is conditioned reflex activity of the cerebral cortex associated with perception through receptors of immediate specific stimuli (signals) of the external world (light, color, sound, t ° ...).

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IP Pavlov wrote: This is the first signaling system of reality, which we have in common with animals. "

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second signaling system (signal signals). conditioned reflex activity of the cerebral cortex associated with the perception of signals of any property (speech, gestures), and each of these signals has a correspondence in the I signal system and is able to close the reflex. According to I.P. Pavlov, an extraordinary addition to the mechanisms of nervous activity is the second signal system, which arose as a result of human labor activity and the appearance of speech.

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The activity of the second signaling system is manifested in speech conditioned reflexes. The word heard, spoken (speech), visible (writing, the alphabet of the deaf and dumb), tangible (the alphabet of the blind) is a conditioned stimulus, a signal about specific environmental stimuli, that is, a "signal of signals."

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“The word,” writes IP Pavlov, “constituted our second, our special signaling system of reality, being the signal of the first signals”.

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The formation of reflexes of the II signaling system involves the frontal lobes and cerebral speech centers.

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A special human feature of VND is associated with the II signaling system - the ability to distract and generalize signals coming through the 1st signaling system. The signal meaning of a word is associated not with a simple sound combination, but with its semantic content. II signaling system provides abstract thinking in the form of inferences, concepts, judgments.

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Features of the II signaling system. 1) Available only in humans. 2) Formation of conditioned reflexes based on the I signaling system based on speech activity. 3) Provides the perception of information in the form of symbols (words, signs, formulas, gestures). 4) The frontal lobes are involved in the formation of speech reflexes. 5) Provides abstract human thinking.

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In all people, the second signaling system prevails over the first. The degree of this predominance is not the same. This provides a basis for dividing the higher nervous activity of a person into three types: mental artistic average (mixed).

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The thinking type includes persons with a significant predominance of the second signal system over the first. They have more developed abstract thinking (mathematicians, philosophers); direct reflection of reality occurs in them in insufficiently vivid images.

Topic: "Higher nervous activity"

Tasks:
1. Describe unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.
2. Show that human GNI is based on the formation and inhibition of reflexes

Pavlenko S.E

Higher nervous activity- Another, most important, function of the nervous system.
R. Descartes. The founder of the doctrine of higher nervous activity is IM Sechenov, in 1863 his book "Reflexes of the Brain" was published. Ivan Mikhailovich believed that all human mental activity is based on reflexes.
Higher nervous activity- the activity of the higher parts of the central nervous system, ensuring the adaptability of animals and humans to environmental conditions.

Creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

I.P. Pavlov experimentally confirmed the validity of the views of I.M. Sechenov and created the doctrine of conditioned and unconditioned reflexes.
Unconditioned reflexes are characterized by:
1. These are congenital reflexes, inherited (swallowing, salivation, breathing);
2. Are specific, characteristic of all individuals of a given species;
3. Have permanent reflex arcs;
4. Relatively constant;
5. Are carried out in response to a certain irritation;
6. Reflex arcs are closed in the spinal cord or subcortical nodes of the brain.

Creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

An example of an unconditioned reflex is salivation in a dog with a salivary gland fistula... When food enters the oral cavity, the receptors of the tongue are excited, along the processes of sensitive neurons, excitation is transmitted to the medulla oblongata, where the salivary center is located, then the excitation along the motor neurons is transmitted to the salivary gland and salivation begins.

Creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

Unconditioned reflexes include food, respiratory, defensive, sexual, orientation reflexes.
Conditioned reflexes are characterized by:
1. Acquired by the body throughout life;
2. Individual, formed on the basis of personal life experience;
3. Do not have ready-made reflex arcs, arcs are formed under certain conditions;
4. Fickle, may disappear (slow down);
5. Formed on the basis of innate reflexes in response to any irritation;
6. Carried out due to the activity of the cerebral cortex.

Creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

The formation of a conditioned reflex occurs when combined in time indifferent irritant with unconditional.
An indifferent stimulus must precede an unconditioned one. Then it becomes conditional.
For the formation of a strong temporary connection, multiple reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus by the unconditioned one is necessary.

Creation of the doctrine of GNI. Reflexes

The action of an indifferent stimulus leads to the appearance of excitation in one nerve center of the cortex, then in the other nerve center, excitation arises under the action of an unconditioned stimulus, and a temporary connection arises between them.
With repeated combinations, this connection becomes stronger, a conditioned reflex to this stimulus is developed.
An example is salivation in response to the sight of food, its smell, at the time of feeding, to any conditioned food stimulus.

Inhibition of reflexes

In the cerebral cortex, along with excitation processes, inhibition processes also occur. There are two types of braking - external and internal.
External braking. It occurs as a result of the action of a new stimulus. The new focus of excitation inhibits the existing focus. It is characteristic not only for the cortex, but also for the lower parts of the central nervous system, therefore the second name is unconditional braking... For example, extraneous noise inhibits salivation in a dog.

Inhibition of reflexes

Internal braking develops only in the cortex. Hence the second name - conditional inhibition... An indispensable condition is non-reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus by the unconditioned one. If the reflex to light developed in the dog is not reinforced with food, then the reflex weakens and disappears.
In nature, inhibition of unsupported conditioned reflexes and the formation of new... For example, the drying up of the reservoir from which the animals drank will lead to the fact that they will stop coming to it, they will find a new reservoir. Inhibition of some conditioned reflexes and the formation of new ones will occur.

Inhibition of reflexes

Another kind of internal inhibition - differentiation... If one stimulus is reinforced, and a close one is not reinforced, then a conditioned reflex reaction will arise only to the reinforced stimulus. For example, by the nature of the conditional knock on the door, you can determine who came - your own or someone else's.
A.A. Ukhtomsky developed the foundations of the doctrine of the dominant - the predominant system of interconnected centers that temporarily determine the nature of the body's response to external and internal stimuli. Distinguish between food, sexual, defensive and other types of dominants. Cats have any sound during estrus….

GNI of humans and animals

Higher nervous activity is inherent in both humans and animals. In animals, higher nervous activity depends on the complexity of the nervous system; the more complex it is, the less role instincts play, the more important is learning.
For example, the offspring of a spider-spider appears in the spring, when the parents have already died, but young spiders are able to build a trapping net, their behavior is quite rigidly programmed.

A certain sequence of unconditioned reflexes that determines some forms of behavior is called instinct... An example of instinctive activity is the construction of a trapping net by a spider-spider, a dam by beavers.

GNI of humans and animals

GNI of humans and animals

An important role in learning is played by imprinting - imprinting... In animals, it manifests itself in the reaction of newborns following the first moving object. For example, K Lorenz and the geese….
In humans, it manifests itself at the age of 6 weeks to 6 months, is associated with the mother and the feeling of comfort and safety arising from feeding, hygienic care, communication between mother and child.

GNI of humans and animals

Human children raised by animals will never become full-fledged people due to the lack of proper upbringing.
Unlike animals, the human cortex has a greater ability to perceive patterns in the surrounding world.

GNI of humans and animals

And the main difference between the higher nervous activity of people is associated with the presence of speech - the second signaling system according to I.P. Pavlov.
The first signaling system delivers information directly through the senses, the second signaling system is associated with the perception of words heard during pronunciation or visible during reading. With the development of the second signaling system, it became possible to store and transmit information to future generations, and a basis for the development of abstract thinking and consciousness appeared. “The word, - wrote I.P. Pavlov, - made us people”.
Thinking ... One of the main functions of the brain is associated with the work of the associative zones, especially the frontal cortex. Allows you to choose the most optimal behavior in response to incoming information. The choice is based on personal experience or already available information, provides rational activity of a person .

Protective adaptation of the body against overwork, protective inhibition of the cerebral cortex. During sleep, brain cells restore their working capacity. Sleep center located in the midbrain, a mediator that causes the development of a sleepy state - serotonin... The destruction of the sleep center leads to a decrease in the amount of serotonin and the person is deprived of the opportunity to fall asleep.

Wakefulness depends on reticular formation medulla oblongata, pons and anterior nuclei of the hypothalamus, the axons of which support the excitation of the cerebral cortex.
EEG (electroencephalogram) shows that the sleep process is broken down into several cycles, the duration of which is approximately 90 minutes. 70-80 minutes lasts slow wave sleep, when the brain is more inhibited, rests.

Slow and large electrical waves appear in the cerebral cortex. Then 10-15 minutes fast-wave, paradoxical sleep, which is accompanied by involuntary movement of the eyes, fingers, facial muscles, increased metabolism, increased heart rate and breathing. It is during these periods that a person sees dreams, small and fast electrical waves appear in the cortex.

During 6-8 hours of sleep, REM sleep occurs 4-5 times, becoming more and more prolonged. In general, REM sleep takes about 20% of the time.
A person usually wakes up in REM sleep, the sleep-interrupting peptide is thyroid-stimulating hormone.
Interesting facts: Napoleon and Edison slept 2 hours a day.

Repetition

Fill in the tables:

Repetition

What is the sequence of the elements of the reflex arc of the unconditioned salivary reflex.
What is the sequence of the elements of the reflex arc of the conditioned salivary reflex.

Repetition

Correct judgments:
For the formation of a conditioned reflex, an unconditioned stimulus is required.
Conditioned reflexes are associated with the formation of temporary connections between different centers in the cortex.
For the formation of a conditioned reflex, it is necessary that an indifferent stimulus begins to act a few seconds earlier than an unconditioned one; after a few repetitions, it becomes a conditioned stimulus.
Conditioned reflexes are formed for life.
Conditioned reflexes are inherited.
The doctrine of conditioned reflexes was developed by I.M. Sechenov.
The formation of conditioned reflexes is associated with the cerebral cortex.
Unconditioned (external) inhibition is associated with the extinction of a conditioned reflex without its unconditioned reinforcement.

Repetition

Correct judgments:
Internal inhibition allows you to adapt to the changed conditions of life.
External inhibition allows you to adapt to sudden changes in the world around you.
The reaction of students to a call from the lesson is an example of internal inhibition.

Which Russian scientist was the first to show that human mental activity is based on reflexes?
What Russian scientist created the doctrine of conditioned reflexes?
What reflexes are called unconditioned?
What reflexes are called conditioned?
What is instinct?
Give a definition of higher nervous activity.
Is higher nervous activity inherent in animals?
What reflex arcs exist from birth and persist throughout life?

Repetition

Give short answers to the questions:
What reflex arcs are formed in the process of life and can fade away?
What is the name of the neural connection that arises between different centers during the formation of a conditioned reflex?
What conditions are necessary for the formation of a conditioned reflex?
What two types of reflex inhibition do you know?
In response to the sound signal of the car, the pedestrian stopped. What kind of braking is it?
The dog has developed a food reflex to the sound of a rattle. Subsequently, he ceased to be supported by food and slowed down. What kind of braking is it?
What information does a person perceive with the help of the first signaling system?
What information does a person perceive with the help of the second signaling system?

Repetition

Give short answers to the questions:
What is a dominant?
Who developed the dominant doctrine?

The main terms of the topic:
Unconditioned reflexes.
Conditioned reflexes.
Temporary connections.
An unconditioned irritant.
Conditioned stimulus.
Unconditional braking.
Conditional inhibition.
The principle of the dominant of A.A. Ukhtomsky.
Second signaling system.
Imprinting.

Higher nervous activity (HND) are the nervous processes that underlie human behavior and provide adaptability to environmental conditions. The founder of the theory of GNI is I.M. Sechenov, in 1863 his book "Reflexes of the Brain" was published. Ivan Mikhailovich believed that all human mental activity is based on reflexes.

Conditioned reflexes are reactions acquired during life, with the help of which the organism adapts to the influences of the environment. An indifferent stimulus must precede an unconditioned one. Then it becomes conditional. For the formation of a strong connection, multiple reinforcement of the conditioned stimulus by the unconditioned one is necessary. FLASH

Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes Unconditioned Conditioned * Are congenital * Developed throughout life * Are specific, characteristic of all individuals of a given species * Individual, formed on the basis of personal life experience * Constant and do not fade during life * Unstable, can disappear (slow down)

Conditioned and unconditioned reflexes Unconditioned Conditioned * Carried out in response to a certain stimulus * Formed on the basis of unconditioned reflexes * Reflex arcs are closed in the spinal cord or subcortical nodes of the brain * Carried out due to the activity of the cerebral cortex

Inhibition of reflexes In the cerebral cortex, along with excitation processes, inhibition processes also occur. There are two types of braking, external and internal. 1. External braking (unconditional). It occurs as a result of the action of a new stimulus. The new focus of excitation inhibits the existing focus. For example, extraneous noise inhibits salivation in a dog.

2. Internal inhibition develops only in the cortex. A) Conditional - non-reinforcement of a conditioned stimulus by an unconditioned one. For example: * If the reflex to light developed in a dog is not reinforced with food, then the reflex weakens and disappears. * Drying out of the reservoir from which the animals drank will lead to the fact that they will stop coming to it, they will find a new reservoir.

B) Differentiation. If one stimulus is reinforced, and a close one is not reinforced, then a conditioned reflex reaction will arise only to the reinforced stimulus. For example, by the nature of the conditional knock on the door, it is possible to determine who has come - friends or foes.

A.A. Ukhtomsky developed the foundations of the doctrine of the dominant: a single focus of excitation temporarily dominates in the brain, as a result, the fulfillment of one vital reflex at the moment is ensured. Distinguish between defensive, food, sexual and other types of dominants.

Insight (from the English insight - insight, insight). Indicates a sudden appreciation of the essence of a problem situation. In experiments with great apes, when they were offered problems that could only be solved indirectly, it was shown that the monkeys, after a series of unsuccessful tests, stopped active actions and simply looked at objects around them, after which they could quickly come to the correct solution. So, the famous monkey Imo, instead of picking grains from the sand, threw their mixture into the water, and then collected the grains from the surface.

The first signaling system delivers information directly through the senses, the second signaling system is associated with the perception of words heard during pronunciation or visible during reading. With the development of the second signaling system, it became possible to store and transmit information to future generations, and a basis for the development of abstract thinking and consciousness appeared. “The word, wrote I.P. Pavlov, made us human. " The main difference between the higher nervous activity of people is associated with the presence of a second signaling system in speech.

Sleep phases 1) Slow sleep: * Lasts minutes * Decreases muscle and vascular tone * Breathing evenly

2) REM sleep: * minutes * Accompanied by involuntary movements of the eyes, fingers * Increased pulse and breathing. * In this phase, a person sees dreams, small and fast electrical waves appear in the cortex.

Insomnia (insomnia) is the inability to fall asleep or frequent awakening during sleep. Reason: stress, neurosis, frequent change of time zones. Sleepiness (hypersomnia) is often attributed to a poor night's sleep. But there is rare disease- lethargy (a person can sleep for several years).

There is a version that the lethargic dream of Nikolai Gogol was mistaken for his death. They came to this conclusion when, during reburial, scratches were found on the inner lining of the coffin, pieces of the lining were under Gogol's nails, and the position of the body was changed (“Turned over in a coffin”). thirty

summaries of other presentations

"Higher nervous activity" - Higher divisions of the nervous system. The study of higher nervous activity. An experiment on the development of conditioned reflexes. Types of conditional (acquired) inhibition. Forms of behavior. The concept of congenital and acquired forms of behavior. Dominant focus. Reflexes. Common signs conditioned reflexes. Unconditioned reflexes. Insight. A chain of innate reflexes. Brain functions. Conditioned reflexes. Inhibition of the conditioned reflex.

"Vegetative division of the nervous system" - Pilomotor reflex. Orthoclinostatic reflex. Raynaud's disease. Pilocarpine test. Reflex neural pathway of salivation. Bernard's Syndrome. Bulbar department. Mesencephalic department. Sacral department. The autonomic nervous system. Dermographism. Sympatotonic crises. Research methodology. Salivation. Solar reflex. Cold test. Functions internal organs... Limbic system. The parasympathetic part of the autonomic nervous system.

"Autonomic autonomic nervous system" - Sympathetic, parasympathetic and metasympathetic divisions. Functions not needed to overcome sudden stress. The parasympathetic nuclei lie in the midbrain and medulla oblongata. The process of the first cell (preganglionic) ends in the nerve node. The effects of the parasympathetic system. Sympathetic NS. Fibers departing from the nuclei, vegetative nodes. The sympathetic nuclei are located in the spinal cord, in the lateral horns.

"The work of the human nervous system" - Find a match. M. Gorky. Reflex principle of the nervous system. Knee reflex. The active state of neurons. Sechenov Ivan Mikhailovich. Ivan Petrovich Pavlov. Reflex concept. Reflex arc. Comparison of unconditioned and conditioned reflexes.

"Central nervous system" - Spinal cord. Subcortical (basal) nuclei. Physiological role of the central nervous system. Stato-kinetic reflexes. Reticular or reticular formation. A number of reflexes are studied in animals. Cerebellum. The medulla oblongata and the pons varoli. Limbic system. Midbrain. Spinal cord conduction. Diencephalon. Motor neurons are located in the 5th layer of the cerebral cortex.

"Physiology of VND" - Cochlear implant. Brains in a vat. Formation of a global workspace. Psychophysiological problem. Combining neurons. Theories of consciousness. Decreased metabolic activity. Variety of different states of consciousness. Body and spirit. Difficult problem. Consciousness. Vegetative state. Physiology of higher nervous activity. Global workspace. The problem of consciousness in cognitive science.

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