Presentation on history on the topic "Elizaveta Petrovna". Presentation on history on the topic "Elizaveta Petrovna" The coup and the beginning of the reign

Elizaveta Petrovna (December 18, 1709, Kolomenskoye December 25, 1761, St. Petersburg) Russian empress from November 25, 1741, from the Romanov dynasty, daughter of Peter I and Catherine I. At the age of eight, Princess Elizabeth already attracted attention with her beauty. In 1717, both daughters, Anna and Elizabeth, greeted Peter, returning from abroad, dressed in Spanish attire. Then the French ambassador noticed that the youngest daughter of the sovereign seemed unusually beautiful in this outfit. In the next year, 1718, assemblies were introduced, and both princesses appeared there in dresses of different colors, embroidered in gold and silver, in headdresses glittering with diamonds. Everyone admired Elizabeth's skill in dancing. In addition to ease of movement, she was distinguished by resourcefulness and ingenuity, constantly inventing new figures. The French envoy Levi noticed then that Elizabeth could be called a perfect beauty, if not for her snub nose and reddish hair.

Education The upbringing of the princess was not particularly successful, especially since her mother was completely illiterate. But she was taught in French, and Catherine constantly reiterated that there are important reasons for her to know French best. The reason for this was the strong desire of her parents to marry Elizabeth to someone of the French royal blood. However, to all persistent proposals to intermarry with the French Bourbons, they responded with a polite but decisive refusal. In all other respects, Elizabeth's education was a little burdensome, she did not receive a decent systematic education. Her pastime was: horse riding, hunting, rowing and caring for her beauty.

Before accession to the throne After the marriage of her parents she bore the title of crown princess. The will of Catherine I in 1727 provided for the rights of Elizabeth and her descendants to the throne after Peter II and Anna Petrovna. In the last year of the reign of Catherine I and at the beginning of the reign of Peter II, there was a lot of talk at the court about the possibility of marriage between her aunt and nephew, who were connected at that time by friendly relations. After the death of Peter II, betrothed to Catherine Dolgorukova, from smallpox in January 1730, Elizabeth, despite the will of Catherine I, was not actually considered one of the contenders for the throne, which was transferred to her cousin Anna Ioanovna. During her reign (s.) Princess Elizabeth was in disgrace; dissatisfied with Anna Ioannovna and Biron pinned great hopes on the daughter of Peter the Great.

Accession to the throne Taking advantage of the decline in the authority and influence of power during the regency period, on the night of November 25, 32-year-old Elizabeth, accompanied by Count M.I. Vorontsov, physician Lestock and his music teacher Schwartz with the words “Guys! You know whose daughter I am, follow me! As you served my father, so serve me with your loyalty! " raised the grenadier company of the Preobrazhensky regiment behind her. Not meeting resistance, with the help of 308 loyal guards, she proclaimed herself the new queen, ordering to imprison the young Ivan IV in the fortress and arrest the entire Braunschweig surname (relatives, including the regent Anna Leopoldovna) and her followers. The favorites of the former empress Munnich, Levenwold and Osterman were sentenced to death, replaced by exile to Siberia in order to show Europe the tolerance of the new autocrat. Coronation dress of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna, 1742

The reign of Elizabeth almost did not deal with state affairs, entrusting them to her favorites - the Razumovsky brothers, Shuvalov, Vorontsov, A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin. The main principles of domestic and foreign policy, Elizabeth proclaimed a return to Peter's reforms. The role of the Senate, Berg and Manufacturing Collegium, Chief Magistrate was restored. The Cabinet of Ministers has been abolished. The Senate received the right to initiate legislation. During the Seven Years' War, a permanent meeting arose, standing above the Senate Conference at the highest court. The heads of the military and diplomatic departments and persons specially invited by the empress took part in its work. The activities of the Secret Chancellery became imperceptible. The significance of the Synod and the clergy grew, and schismatics were severely persecuted. The Synod took care of the material support of the clergy, monasteries, and the dissemination of spiritual education among the people. During the reign of Elizabeth, work was completed on a new Slavic translation of the Bible, begun under Peter I in 1712. The Elizabethan Bible, published in 1751, is still used with minor changes in the divine services of the Russian Orthodox Church. The ruble of Elizabeth I in gold. 1756

In 1741, the empress adopted a decree allowing Buddhist lamas to preach their teachings on the territory of the Russian Empire. All lamas who wished to come to Russia were sworn in allegiance to the empire. The decree also exempted them from paying taxes. At the same time, in 1742, a decree was adopted on the expulsion of all citizens of the religion with permission to stay only for those who want to convert to Orthodoxy. The 2nd census of the taxable population was carried out in 2005-2006. In the late 1740s - the first half of the 1750s, a number of serious transformations were carried out on the initiative. In 1754, the Senate adopted a resolution developed by Shuvalov on the abolition of internal customs duties and petty fees. This led to a significant revival of trade ties between the regions. The first Russian banks were founded - Noble (Loan), Merchant and Medny (State). In 1744, a decree was issued banning fast travel around the city, and fines were taken from those who swore in public.

A tax reform was carried out, which made it possible to improve the financial situation of the country: fees for concluding foreign trade transactions were increased to 13 kopecks from 1 ruble (instead of the previously charged 5 kopecks). The tax on salt and wine was increased. In the city, a new commission was created to draw up the Code, which finished its work by the end of the reign of Elizabeth, but the process of transformations was interrupted by the Seven Years' War (). In social policy, the line of expanding the rights of the nobility continued. In 1746, the nobles were granted the right to own land and peasants. In 1760, the landowners received the right to exile peasants to Siberia with their credit instead of recruits. The peasants were forbidden to conduct monetary transactions without the permission of the landlord. Portrait of Elizabeth Petrovna by Charles van Loo Tax reform has been implemented, which has improved the country's financial situation: fees for foreign trade transactions have been increased to 13 kopecks per ruble (instead of the previously charged 5 kopecks). The tax on salt and wine was increased. In the city, a new commission was created to draw up the Code, which finished its work by the end of the reign of Elizabeth, but the process of transformations was interrupted by the Seven Years' War (). In social policy, the line of expanding the rights of the nobility continued. In 1746, the nobles were granted the right to own land and peasants. In 1760, the landowners received the right to exile peasants to Siberia with their credit instead of recruits. The peasants were forbidden to conduct monetary transactions without the permission of the landlord.

In 1755, the factory peasants were assigned as permanent (possessional) workers at the Ural factories. The death penalty was abolished (1756), the mass practice of sophisticated torture was stopped. Under Elizabeth, military educational institutions were reorganized. In 1744, a decree was issued to expand the network of primary schools. The first gymnasiums were opened: in Moscow (1755) and Kazan (1758). In 1755, on the initiative of I.I. Shuvalov, the Academy of Arts was founded, and in 1760. On August 30, 1756, a decree was signed on the beginning of the creation of the structure. Outstanding cultural monuments have been created (Tsarskoye Selo Catherine Palace, etc.). Support was provided to M.V. Lomonosov and other representatives of Russian science and culture. In the last period of her reign, Elizabeth was less concerned with issues of state administration, having entrusted it to P.I. and I.I. Shuvalov, M.I. and R.I. Vorontsov and others. Summer Palace of Elizabeth Petrovna

In general, the domestic policy of Elizabeth Petrovna was distinguished by stability and focus on the growth of the authority and power of state power. For a number of signs, we can say that the course of Elizabeth Petrovna was the first step towards the policy of enlightened absolutism, which was then carried out under Catherine II. Empress Elizabeth was the last ruler of Russia, who was Romanova "by blood". On November 19, 1742, Elizabeth signed a decree on the destruction of all mosques on the territory of the Kazan province and the prevention of the construction of new ones. Luka Konashevich began a feverish execution of the Decree within two years, out of 536 mosques in the Kazan district, 418 were destroyed ("History of Tataria").

At the turn of the years. XVIII century there were more than 60 revolts of monastic peasants. In the years. uprisings occurred twice in Bashkiria. In years. disturbances were observed at 54 factories in the Urals (200 thousand registered peasants). Social unrest

Foreign policy Ivan Vishnyakov. Portrait of Elizabeth Petrovna The Russo-Swedish War () In the city of Prussian King Frederick II decided to use the death of the Austrian Emperor Charles VI to capture Silesia. It has begun. Hostile to Austria, Prussia and France tried to persuade Russia to take part in the conflict on their side, but they were also satisfied with non-interference in the war. Therefore, French diplomacy tried to set Sweden and Russia apart in order to divert the latter's attention from European affairs. Sweden has declared war on Russia. Russian troops under the command of General Lassi defeated the Swedes in Finland and occupied its territory.

The Abo Peace Treaty () in 1743 ended the war. The treatise was signed in the city of Abo (now) on the part of Russia A.I. and I., on the part of Sweden G. and E.M. During the negotiations, Russia agreed to limit its territorial claims, subject to the election of the Holstein heir to the Swedish throne. Prince, great-uncle of the Russian heir to Peter III Fedorovich. Mr. Adolf was elected heir to the Swedish throne, which paved the way for a final agreement. Article 21 of the peace treaty established eternal peace between countries and obliged them not to enter into hostile alliances. Confirmed in 1721. The Kymenegorsk province with the cities of Friedrichsgam and Vilmanstrand, part of the Savolak province with the city of Neishlot, seceded to Russia. The border runs along the river. Kyummene. The beginning of the annexation of the Kazakh lands to Russia. While still in Anna Ioannovna, she signed a letter of acceptance of the Younger Kazakh zhuz into Russia. Khan zhuza Abulkhair and the foremen swore allegiance to Russia. During the years, he voluntarily became a part of Russia; were built (1743) and a fortress on the river Yaik.

In the city of the Anglo-French war for the colonies. The war involved two coalitions: Prussia, England and Portugal against France, Spain, Austria, Sweden and Saxony with the participation of Russia. Frederick II attacked Saxony without declaring war. In the summer of the same year, he forced her to surrender. Russia has declared war on Prussia. Frederick defeated the Austrian and French troops and sent the main forces against Russia. In the summer of 1757, the Russian army under the command of Apraksin entered East Prussia. the Russian army was surrounded at the village. Gross-Jegersdorf and only with the support of the reserve brigade of P.A.Rumyantseva broke out of the encirclement. The enemy lost 8 thousand people. and retreated. Apraksin did not organize the pursuit, and he himself retreated to Courland. Elizabeth will remove him and put him under investigation. The new commander was appointed Englishman V.V. Fermor. Seven Years' War ()

At the beginning, the Russian troops captured Königsberg, then all of East Prussia, the population of which even swore allegiance to the Empress. East Prussia received the status of a province of Russia. In August, a battle took place near the village of Tsondorf, in which the Russians were victorious. Some rulers of Germany often toast to the Germans who won at Zondorf, but these statements were erroneous since the army that occupied the battlefield after the battle is considered the victor. The battlefield was occupied by the Russian army (this battle is described in detail by Valentin Pikul in his novel "With the Pen and the Sword"). At the beginning of the battle, Fermor, together with the Austrian ambassador to the Russian army, fled from the battlefield. The victory was won by the army without the commander-in-chief. Fermor was then removed. During the battle, Frederick II said the famous phrase: "It is not enough to kill a Russian, a Russian must also be knocked down. I see killed Russians, but I do not see defeated Russians."

The army was led by P.S. Saltykov. On August 1, 1759, the 58,000-strong Russian army near the village of Kunersdorf fought a general battle against 48,000 of the Prussian army. The army of Frederick II was destroyed: only 3 thousand soldiers remained. Seydlitz's cavalry was also destroyed. Saltykov for his defiant attitude towards the Austrian troops and the delay in the advance, A. B. Buturlin was dismissed and appointed. the capture of Berlin took place; it was briefly captured by the corps of General Z. G. Chernyshev, which captured military warehouses. However, when Frederick approached, the corps retreated. In December, Elizabeth died of an unidentified chronic disease by the medicine of those times. He ascended the throne. The new emperor returned all the conquered lands to Frederick and even offered military assistance. Only a new palace coup and accession to the throne prevented Russia's military actions against the former allies of Austria and Sweden.

Personal life According to the testimony of contemporaries and historians, in particular, the Minister of Public Education Count Uvarov (the author of the formula), Elizabeth was in a church morganatic marriage with. According to some historical sources from the 1770s to 1810s, she had at least two children: a son from Alexei Razumovsky and a daughter from Count Shuvalov. Subsequently, she took under the personal care of the two sons and the daughter of a chamber junker, Peter, Alexei and Praskovya, who were orphaned in 1743. However, after the death of Elizaveta Petrovna, many impostors appeared who called themselves her children from her marriage to Razumovsky. Among them, the most famous figure was the so-called Princess Tarakanova. The reign of Elizabeth is a period of luxury and excesses. At the court regularly held - and in the first ten years and the so-called "metamorphoses", when the ladies dressed up in men's suits, and men in ladies' suits. Elizaveta Petrovna herself set the tone and was the trendsetter. The Empress's wardrobe consisted of up to 45 thousand dresses. Unknown artist Portrait of Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky, mid-18th century

Succession to the throne The official heir to the throne on November 7 (18), 1742, Elizabeth appointed her nephew (son of Anna's sister), Duke of Holstein Karl-Peter Ulrich (Peter Fedorovich). His official title included the words "Grandson of Peter the Great." Equally serious attention was paid to the continuation of the dynasty, to the choice of a wife (the future Catherine II) and to their son (the future Emperor Pavel Petrovich), whose initial upbringing was given great importance.

Chuprov L.A. MOU secondary school №3 with. Kamen-Rybolov, Khanka district, Primorsky Territory

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6th Empress of All Russia November 25 (December 6) 1741 - December 25, 1761 (January 5, 1762) Coronation April 25 (May 6) 1742 Preceded: Ivan VI Successor: Peter III Birth: December 18 (29), 1709 s. Kolomenskoye Death: December 25, 1761 (January 5, 1762) St. Petersburg Palace on the Moika Dynasty: Romanovs Father: Peter I Mother: Catherine I Spouse: A. G. Razumovsky

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Internal policy of Elizaveta Petrovna The cabinet of ministers was abolished The Senate, Berg collegium, Manufacturing collegium, Chief magistrate were restored The death penalty was abolished In 1746, only the nobles were assigned the right to own land and peasants.In 1760, landowners received the right to exile peasants to Siberia. In 1755, the factory peasants were assigned as permanent (possessional) workers at the Ural factories. The acquisition of the nobility was limited by the "Table of Ranks"

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Russian nobles - the Shuvalovs, Vorontsovs, Razumovskys - were established in the highest posts in the state. The following were founded: the Academy of Arts in St. Petersburg (1757). Moscow University (1755) The Noble Land Bank was established to support the nobility. The nobility will receive monopoly privileges for distilling. A bank for the merchants was established. Makaryevskaya Fair became the center of major operations

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In 1754, internal customs duties were abolished - myty. The customs tariff of 1757 established high duties on imported foreign goods. The production of paints began in Russia. Lomonosov founded a whole factory of multi-colored glasses, and received a solid loan from the state for this, and 200 serf souls for use. Factories for the production of silk, paper fabrics, tapestries, hats appeared in Moscow, the first cotton lace factory appeared, national manufacturers began to manufacture velvet and taffeta

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War with Sweden (1741-1743). Ended up with a beneficial peace for Russia in the city of Abo. In this world, Sweden confirmed the results of the Northern War and ceded part of Finland to Russia. Seven Years War (1756 - 1763). 1. Prussia, 2. England 3. Portugal Course of the war The reason for Russia's entry into the war is a threat to Russia's interests in Poland and the Baltic States 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. France Spain Austria Sweden Saxony Russia 1757 Russia enters the war. Russian troops invaded East Prussia on August 19, 1757 near the village of Gross-Jegersdorf, Russian troops under the command of S.F. Apraksin defeated the Prussian troops. On August 14, 1758, a major battle took place near the village of Zornsdorf. 1758 Konigsberg was taken.

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On July 23, 1759, near the village of Kunersdorf, Frederick's army was defeated. On September 29, 1760, the detachment of General Z.G. Chernyshev occupied Berlin, 1761 captured the Kolsberg Fortress However, the change in the foreign policy of Russia in connection with the accession of Peter III in December 1761 nullified the successes of the Russian troops. Peter III, a great admirer of Frederick II, concludes a separate peace with Prussia (April 24, 1762), returning all the conquered territories to it.

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In the battles of the Seven Years War, the formation of the talented Russian commanders P.A. Rumyantsev and A.V. Suvorov. Suvorov A.V. Rumyantsev P.A.

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From childhood, Elizabeth enjoyed the love and care of her father, learned to read and write early, also studied French, the basics of history, geography. By nature, she was cheerful, good-natured and at the same time capricious and quick-tempered. She loved social entertainment more than anything else: balls, dances, hunting, masquerades. Elizaveta Petrovna was reputed to be the first beauty of her time, she loved to dress up, she never wore the same dress twice and strictly watched that none of the court ladies was dressed or combed more beautifully than her, or even appeared in a dress of the same material (after the death of the empress, her wardrobe had

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After the death of her mother (1727), Elizabeth became close to Emperor Peter II, who, apparently, was in love with her. During the reign of Anna Ivanovna, Elizabeth's position became more complicated, since the empress envied her beauty and saw in her a dangerous political rival. At the same time, she enjoyed great sympathy for the inhabitants of St. Petersburg, especially the guards soldiers and officers who saw in her the heiress of Peter the Great. Since 1731, Alexey Grigorievich Razumovsky, a Ukrainian Cossack by origin, was admitted to the imperial chapel. According to contemporaries, he had a surprisingly powerful bass and great looks. He was a brunette with a very thick black beard, tall and broad-shouldered. The next year, Elizabeth noticed him and begged the Empress. When Razumovsky lost his voice, she made him a bandura player, later instructed him to manage one of her estates, and then her entire yard.

Elizaveta Petrovna

Childhood and youth

Daughter of Peter I and Catherine I
Elizabeth was born on December 18, 1709
g., on the day when the king with triumph
entered Moscow to celebrate
victory in the Battle of Poltava. She was
illegitimate child, parents
got married later, and this is in the future
heavily affected the fate of the girl.
Elizabeth grew up in the Moscow region
villages Izmailovo and Preobrazhenskoe in
deeply religious atmosphere. The whole
life she stayed deep
a believer and promoted
strengthening of Orthodoxy in Russia.
At the same time, the girl is constantly
surrounded by a French retinue,
because she was prepared to be a wife
heir to the French throne,
to the future Louis XV. French
the court abandoned this marriage:
Elizabeth was not forgiven her mother, a common woman and an illegitimate
birth.

The coup and the beginning of the reign

Elizaveta Petrovna survived
five emperors and empresses
- Peter I, Catherine I, Peter II,
Anna Ioannovna and Ivan VI.
After the death of Anna Ioannovna on
the Russian throne was
foreigner Ivan Antonovich (his
mother was a niece
empress). It seemed
unthinkable how is this possible,
that the direct heiress to the throne,
daughter of Peter the Great does not
throne. During the reign of Ivan VI
regent Anna Leopoldovna
staged by its persecution
Elizaveta Petrovna before
the inevitable choice: either
monastery, or a coup.
On the night of November 24 to 25, 1741
Ivan Antonovich as a result
bloodless coup was deprived
throne.

Economic transformation

During the reign of Elizabeth
Petrovna, there is a noticeable
economic growth of the country.
Agriculture is developing
through the development of arable
lands in the south and east
empire, industry,
metallurgy. Russia has become
largest in Europe
exporter of cast iron. Has increased
the population of the empire.
However, the government
Elizabeth tried to strengthen
landlords to the detriment of the peasants.
This caused numerous
uprisings and revolts in the last
years of the empress's reign.
The flight of peasants to Poland,
Moldova, the Middle Volga and
Siberia has become widespread
phenomenon.

Elizabethan favorites

Elizabethan rule
was famous for its
favorites. Even before the start
reign at Elizaveta Petrovna
there were a great crowd
lovers. The question was about
tonsure of the loving
Elizabeth to the monastery.
Officially Elizabeth
Petrovna remained unmarried,
but in 1742, apparently, entered into
secret marriage with Alexei
Grigorievich Razumovsky. He
was nine years older than her.
The couple lived the life of commoners.
Then the empress started an affair
with Count P.I. Shuvalov, this
despite the fact that Razumovsky
fulfills the role of an honorary
wife of the empress

Russian science

Under Elizabeth, Russian science
experienced an unprecedented takeoff.
In 1755, the Moscow
university. Since the mid 40s
biennium from the St. Petersburg Academy
sciences gradually
crowded out by foreign
scientists, and in the first roles
domestic scientists came out,
led by
M.V. Lomonosov and his
patron saint earl
P.I.Shuvalov.

During her reign
(1757) the first
permanent dramatic
theatre. Architect
V.V. Rastrelli erected
palace ensemble in
Tsarskoe Selo, started
construction of the Winter
Palace. Under Elizabeth
Petrovna French
became the language of the nobles.
Elizabeth herself is not
lagged behind cultural
progress and had over
10,000 dresses

Seven Years War

Foreign policy of the country
conducted by the chancellor
A.P. Bestuzhev-Ryumin,
enemy of Prussia and France,
a supporter of an alliance with England and
Austria. The empress
adhered to a pro-French
politicians. In 1756 began
Seven Years War. Russia fought,
France, Austria, Spain,
Saxony and Sweden against Prussia,
England and Portugal. Russian army
won the battles on the GrossEgersford field at the eponymous
villages (1757), near Zorndorf
(1758) and Kunersdorf (1759). 28
September 1760 the Russians entered
the capital of Prussia is Berlin. Crown
Frederick II was saved by the death of a Russian
empress.
Elizaveta Petrovna died on 25
December 1761, presumably
from epilepsy

Elizaveta Petrovna in the history of Russia.

By all accounts,
The Elizabethan era is still not
received official coverage in
world historiography. In Russia since
coming to power of Catherine II
it has become a tradition to present
Elizaveta Petrovna
frivolous, "cheerful"
empress who was fond of
balls and masquerades and little
caring for government
affairs.
Frederick II: “Sensual
woman who upset finances
Russia messy
housekeeping and personal
expenses ”.
N.M. Karamzin: “Idle,
voluptuous, could not well
run the state. "

Years of government

The coup and the beginning of the reign of Elizabeth Petrovna survived five emperors and empresses - Peter I, Catherine I, Peter II, Anna Ioannovna and Ivan VI. On the night from 24 to 25 November 1741, Ivan Antonovich was deprived of the throne as a result of a bloodless coup.

Economic transformations Development of agriculture Development of industry and metallurgy The population of the empire increased Strengthening the role of the nobility Removal of the Germans from the highest ranks Restoration of the role of the Senate Introduction of the "Conference at the highest court" Introduction of magistrates

Elizabethan favorites Elizabethan rule was famous for its favorites. Even before the beginning of her reign, Elizaveta Petrovna had a great many lovers. The question arose about the tonsure of the loving Elizabeth into a monastery. Officially, Elizaveta Petrovna remained unmarried, but in 1742, apparently, she entered into a secret marriage with Alexei Grigorievich Razumovsky.

Foreign policy of the country - Seven Years War -War with Turkey

Elizaveta Petrovna in the history of Russia. By all accounts, Elizaveta Petrovna is considered a frivolous, cheerful empress, who was fond of balls and masquerades and cared little about state affairs. Frederick II: A sensual woman who upset Russian finances with disorderly management and personal spending. N.M. Karamzin: Idle, voluptuous, could not manage the state well.

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Childhood Elizabeth was born in the village of Kolomenskoye on December 18, 1709. This day was solemn: Peter I entered Moscow, wishing to celebrate his victory over Charles XII in the old capital; Swedish prisoners were taken after him. The sovereign intended to immediately celebrate the Poltava victory, but upon entering the capital he was informed of the birth of his daughter. “Let's postpone the celebration of victory and hasten to congratulate my daughter on her ascent into the world,” he said. Peter found Catherine and the newborn baby healthy and made a feast to celebrate. At only eight years old, Princess Elizabeth already attracted attention with her beauty. In 1717, both daughters, Anna and Elizabeth, greeted Peter, returning from abroad, dressed in Spanish attire. Then the French ambassador noticed that the youngest daughter of the sovereign seemed unusually beautiful in this outfit. In the next year, 1718, assemblies were introduced, and both princesses appeared there in dresses of different colors, embroidered in gold and silver, in headdresses glittering with diamonds. Everyone admired Elizabeth's skill in dancing. In addition to ease of movement, she was distinguished by resourcefulness and ingenuity, constantly inventing new figures.

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Upbringing The upbringing of the princess could not be particularly successful, especially since her mother was completely illiterate. But Elizabeth had a lively, shrewd, cheerful and insinuating mind and great ability. In addition to Russian, she perfectly studied French, German, Finnish and Swedish and had a beautiful handwriting. She was taught in French, and Catherine constantly reiterated that there are important reasons for her to know French better than other subjects. This reason, as you know, was the strong desire of her parents to marry Elizabeth off to some of the persons of French royal blood.In all other respects, Elizabeth's education was not burdensome, she never received a decent systematic education. The princess herself, however, did not even think to fill the gaps in her upbringing. She never read, spending time hunting, horseback riding and boating, taking care of her beauty. Disorderly, bizarre, having no specific time for sleeping or eating, hating any serious occupation, extremely familiar and then angry about some trifle, sometimes scolding the courtiers with the most nasty words, but usually very kind and simple and wide hospitable.

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Before the accession to the throne of Louis Caravac, after the marriage of her parents, she had the title of crown princess. The will of Catherine I in 1727 provided for the rights of Elizabeth and her descendants to the throne after Peter II and Anna Petrovna. In the last year of the reign of Catherine I and at the beginning of the reign of Peter II, there was a lot of talk at the court about the possibility of marriage between her aunt and nephew, who were connected at that time by friendly relations. After the death of Peter II, betrothed to Ekaterina Dolgorukova, from smallpox in January 1730, Elizabeth, despite the will of Catherine I, was not actually considered one of the contenders for the throne, which was transferred to her cousin Anna Ioannovna. During her reign (1730-1740), the crown princess Elizabeth was in disgrace; dissatisfied with Anna Ioannovna and Biron pinned great hopes on the daughter of Peter the Great.

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Accession to the throne Departure of Emperor Peter II and Princess Elizabeth Petrovna to hunt. Hood. Valentin Serov, 1900, Russian Museum Taking advantage of the decline in authority and influence of the authorities during the regency of Anna Leopoldovna, on the night of November 25 (December 6) 1741, 32-year-old Elizabeth, accompanied by Count D. D. Khodov, physician Lestock, and her music teacher Schwartz raised the grenadier company of the Preobrazhensky regiment behind her. From the barracks, everyone moved to the Winter Palace. Not meeting resistance, with the help of 308 loyal guards, she proclaimed herself the new queen, ordering to imprison the young Ivan VI in the fortress and arrest the entire Braunschweig surname (Anna Ioannovna's relatives, including the regent of Ivan VI - Anna Leopoldovna) and her followers. The favorites of the former empress Munnich, Levenwold and Osterman were sentenced to death, replaced by exile to Siberia, in order to show Europe the tolerance of the new autocrat

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Reign Under Elizabeth, military schools were reorganized. In 1744, a decree was issued to expand the network of primary schools. The first gymnasiums were opened: in Moscow (1755) and Kazan (1758). In 1755, on the initiative of I.I. Shuvalov, Moscow University was founded, and in 1760 - the Academy of Arts. August 30, 1756 - a decree was signed on the beginning of the creation of the structure of the Imperial Theaters of Russia. Outstanding cultural monuments have been created (the Tsarskoye Selo Catherine Palace, etc.). Support was provided to M.V. Lomonosov and other representatives of Russian science and culture. In the last period of her reign, Elizabeth was less concerned with issues of state administration, having entrusted it to P.I. and I.I. Shuvalov, M.I. and R.I. Vorontsov and others. On November 19, 1742, Elizabeth signed a decree on the destruction of all mosques Kazan province and preventing the construction of new ones. Bishop Luka (Konashevich) began a feverish execution of the Decree - within two years, out of 536 mosques in the Kazan district, 418 were destroyed

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Russian-Swedish War (1741-1743) In 1740, the Prussian king Frederick II decided to use the death of the Austrian emperor Charles VI to seize Silesia. The War of the Austrian Succession began. Hostile to Austria, Prussia and France tried to persuade Russia to take part in the conflict on their side, but they were also satisfied with non-interference in the war. Russian troops under the command of General Lassi defeated the Swedes in Finland and occupied its territory. Abo peace treatise (Abo peace) of 1743 ended the war. The treaty was signed on August 7, 1743 in the city of Abo (now Turku, Finland) from Russia by A.I. Rumyantsev and I. Lyuberas, from Sweden by G. Tsederkreis and E.M. peace and obliged them not to enter into hostile alliances. The Nystadt peace treaty of 1721 was confirmed. The Kymenegorsk province with the cities of Friedrichsgam and Vilmanstrand, part of the Savolak province with the city of Neishlot, seceded to Russia. The border runs along the river. Kyummene.

Slide 9

Seven Years' War (1756-1763) In 1756-1763 there was an Anglo-French war for the colonies. The war involved two coalitions: Prussia, England and Portugal against France, Spain, Austria, Sweden and Saxony with the participation of Russia. In 1756, Frederick II attacked Saxony without declaring war. In the summer of the same year, he forced her to surrender. On September 1, 1756, Russia declared war on Prussia. In 1757, Frederick defeated the Austrian and French troops and directed the main forces against Russia. In the summer of 1757, the Russian army under the command of Apraksin entered East Prussia. On August 19, the Russian army was surrounded at the village. Gross-Jegersdorf and only with the support of the reserve brigade of P.A.Rumyantseva broke out of the encirclement. The enemy lost 8 thousand people. and retreated. Apraksin did not organize the pursuit, and he himself retreated to Courland. Elizabeth dismissed him and put him under investigation. The new commander was appointed Englishman V.V. Fermor. In December 1761, Elizabeth died of throat bleeding due to a chronic disease unidentified by the medicine of those times. Peter III ascended the throne. The new emperor returned all the conquered lands to Frederick and even offered military assistance. Only a new palace coup and the accession to the throne of Catherine II prevented Russia's military actions against its former allies - Austria and Sweden.

Slide 10

Personal life Elizabeth's reign was a period of luxury and excesses. At the court, masquerade balls were regularly held, and in the first ten years - and so-called "metamorphoses", when ladies dressed up in men's suits, and men in ladies' ones. Elizaveta Petrovna herself set the tone and was the trendsetter. The Empress's wardrobe consisted of up to 15 thousand dresses. Elizaveta Petrovna loved to have ladies who were especially trusted and close to her scratching her heels before going to bed. This favor was sought by many noble ladies, but not everyone was honored with such a high honor. Among those who were entrusted with this were Mavra Shuvalova, a friend of the Empress and wife of the main dignitary of the empire, Peter Shuvalov, Shuvalov's sister Elizabeth, wife of Chancellor Mikhail Vorontsov, widow of Admiral Ivan Golovin Maria Bogdanovna.

 

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