Industrial railway transportation. Industrial railway transport in the enterprise. Industrial railway transportation

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Industrial railway transportation

The organization of external and domestic transportation of enterprises of various forms of ownership is engaged in industrial transport. The prevailing importance in the transportation work of industrial transport is occupied by rail (70-80% of the total).

Industrial railway transport, on the one hand, is an integral part of production (technological transportation), and on the other hand, the most important link of the Unified Transport System of the Russian Federation (operation in the field of circulation).

Industrial railway transport provides four main forms of maintenance of railway tracks of victims: railways, organizations of inter-sectoral industrial railway transport, industry-wide transport farms, enterprise transportation shops. Industrial railway transport is a transport and technological complex that provides systemic movements of objects, products and equipment in the production process, as well as interaction with main railway transport. Together with other types of transport and means of moving, industrial railway transport sells technological connections within the enterprise, and is also used to provide technological connections between enterprises and to move workers within the enterprise. It is divided into external and inner.

External industrial transport provides the reception with the enterprise of raw materials, fuel, equipment and blanks from the main transport and the transfer of finished products to the main transport.

Internal (or intraproductive) industrial transport performs technological transportation, moving labor objects from one workplace to another within the borders of the workshop and from one workshop to another within the enterprise.

Operations performed by all types of industrial transport should be considered as component elements of the manufacturing process of the enterprise.

The total length of the railway tracks of the normal rut (1520 mm) of industrial transport exceeds the operational length of the main roads. The detailed length of the paths of individual enterprises of the metallurgical, chemical and coal-mining industry is 300 or more kilometers.

Features of industrial railway transport, occupied in one or another production, are determined by the nature of this production. In the extractive industry, for example, its work depends on the depth of minerals, the method of overwhelming work used by the extractive equipment, the strata of production, trenche lengths, etc. In black metallurgy, the transportation of ingots is carried out in the sets on special trolleys, liquid cast iron - in castover matters or Mixed type. The maneuver nature of the movement prevails, transportation range is 2-5 km.

In addition to the rail transport (wide and narrow gauge), industrial automotive and conveyor transport.

Railway industrial transport performs the volume of transportation three times greater than the trunk (approximately 3, 0 billion tons per year). The length of the routes of industrial railway transport is more than 95 thousand km, 60% of the access roads have a middle length of 1, 5-2, 5 km. The share of the time of finding wagons on the ways of industrial transport in the total time turnover of the wagons is 20-22%.

Railway industrial transport on open developments (in careers) works on steep slopes, in temporary paths, and with other technologies in the mining industry, its work depends on the depth of the main mineral, the method of overwhelming work, used equipment, slopes, trench lengths, etc. .

The freightness of this type of transport ranges from several thousand to 20 million tons per driveway per year. Its paths are characterized by a large number of curvilinear sections with a small radius (100 m and less). Industrial railways must withstand heavy loads at a speed of 8-15 km / h.

In factory territories, they are mainly diesel locomotive with a capacity of 150 to 4000 liters. With, but in mines and on some open developments of mining machines, electric locomotives are used with a capacity of up to 2100 kW. For the export of cargo from deep quarries (500 m or more), special electric trains or traction aggregates are created. Hybrid locomotives and traction units operating as diesel locomotives or electric locomotives are created (if there is contact networks). Specialized rolling stock, for example, iron carports for liquid metal with a carrying capacity of up to 140 tons are used for the transport of some cargo (and long distances - up to 600 tons), slag truck with a carrying capacity of 48 tons for molten slag with a temperature of 1400-1500 ° C, dumpcars (dump trucks) with load capacity up to 200 t and others. Specialized rolling stock is approximately 70%.

Since there is no centralized management system on industrial transport, in order to improve the efficiency of the use of industrial railway transport, united enterprises are formed, and in large industrial assemblies - inter-sectoral enterprises of industrial railway transport (PPST) serving cargo owners of various departments. With market relations, PPGT has become independent joint-stock enterprises and firms. Created concern "PromventorTrans", the length of the rail rut of which is 5000 km. For better interaction between PPGT, a cargo owner association (Grasso) was created, which includes transport enterprises of various sectors of the national economy. In the conditions of a decline in transportation and competition, transport enterprises are associated and work is carried out to coordinate their actions in the market of transport services and tariff policies with main railway transport.

To ensure safety, operational leadership of trains moving on the territory of the enterprise and communication with external transportation, various systems are widely used.

To improve the efficiency of industrial railway transport, united enterprises are formed, and in large industrial nodes - inter-sectoral enterprises serving cargo owners of various departments

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Own industrial railway transport at the enterprise, carrying out serious economic activities for the transportation of products, raw materials, production waste, etc. - not a luxury, but an urgent need. To date, the activities of industrial railway transport covers more than 10,000 enterprises of all industries.

The interaction of the main railway and industrial transport lies in the carriage of goods from one business object to another, most often - from a particular industrial organization to the station entering the structure of Russian Railways. At the same time, the activities of industrial rail transport accounts for about 90% of the total number of freight traffic carried out on public railways.

Industrial railway transport at the enterprise of any industry has the same infrastructure as the railway transport of JSC "Russian Railways", namely:

1) Driveways, whose width is almost everywhere amounts to 1524 mm, and the length ranges from 100 m (in small enterprises) to over 400 km (in industrial giants);

2) Traction rolling stock - to traction rolling stock:
Locomotives, in most cases - diesel, since industrial access roads (paths of non-use) are not equipped with a contact network: diesel locomotives, traction modules, drowsines;
Wagons of the most diverse configuration: indoor, dumping, hoppers, platforms, dumpcars, tanks, refrigerators, etc.

3) Specialized servicing organizations, whose competences such types of work, as well as, service and.

All work on industrial railway transport is regulated by the same regulatory and technical documents and instructions as working on the LDA of common use.

Have tremendous experience on the big "piece of iron". That is why we are pleased to offer you the whole range of your own, starting from and ending with your farm.

Our traction composition is the Fatherland of the CME3, TEM-2 (7, 15, 18), TGM-4 (6, 23), etc., under the control of first-class machinists, will transport any of your goods at any distances. At the same time, you do not have to worry about or loading cars - this is also.

In addition, we agree all possible issues with the relevant services of JSC "Russian Railways", thus putting the interaction of the main railway and industrial transport for your enterprise.

Railway transport Use for the transportation of any types of cargo, the dimensions of which are limited only by the possibilities of overloading devices and lift dimensions of railways.

Railway industrial transport performs 3 times more traffic than a trunk, and mainly large enterprises of mining and manufacturing industries. The routes of communication are characterized by the large curved areas with a small radius curve (100 m and less). 60% of the driveways have a length of 1.5-2.5km and are characterized by a lifestyle from several thousand to 20 million T-km / km per year.

Park of cars is divided into cargo and passenger.

Specialized rolling stock (approximately 70% of the total) created for the transport of individual goods.

To improve the efficiency of industrial railway transport, united enterprises are formed, and in large industrial assemblies - inter-sectoral enterprises serving cargo owners of various departments.

Question 70. Automotive industrial transport.

Automobile transport Works in the workshops, on open mountain development, is the main in the careers. It is represented mainly by dump trucks of various carrying capacity (27, 40, 45, 65, 120, 180 tons or more). Abroad use dump trucks by carrying capacity up to 600 tons and engine power 3300 liters. with. (for example, in France on coal mining). In industrial transport, specialized cars (carbohyroids, slag, cement trucks, solutes, etc.) and special-purpose cars (truck cranes, auto-loaders, firefighters, etc.) are also used in industrial transport.

Works automobile transport with heavy load. Thus, during the extraction of diamonds in kimberlite rocks, containing up to 8 - 10% diamonds, car dump trucks with a carrying capacity of 40 tons moving at an interval of up to 1 min.

Question 71. Special types of industrial transport

Special types of industrial transport include conveyor, cable-suspension, pipeline, monorail and others. The greatest distribution when moving mass bulk goods received conveyors.According to experts, the overall length of the conveyor lines operated in Russia exceeds 5 thousand km.

Large volume of transportation is carried out by conveyors at the enterprises of black and non-ferrous metallurgy, coal industry and building materials industry. It is especially effective to use their use when delivering bulk materials from the car components or receiving bins to the workshops and warehouses of minerals and revealing rocks - on open mining developments.

For example, at the Ostroc Metallurgical Combine, 70% of the total volume of intercuring transport provides conveyor transport and only 30% - automotive.

The widespread application of conveyors is due to their high performance, the ability to overcome natural and artificial obstacles, up to 20 °, which ensures transportation of goods in the shortest distance.

Operation of conveyor transport on careers dictates the need to use feeder bunkers with crushing and thille installations. They serve for crushing large-scale cargoes to avoid damage to the conveyor belts.

There are various types of belt conveyors. One of these species are ribbon conveyors,in which the functions of the carrier and traction organ are distributed between ribbon and rope. In such conveyors, the tape is less susceptible to wear than in purely tapes.

The vibration conveyors were used on the mills and mines (Fig. 32, but).They represent a horizontal or inclined vehicle or pipe, according to which bulk materials are moved under the action of vibration. The length of one steel of the vibrocontuer is up to 100 m or more.

The conveyor transport includes conveyor trains (Fig. 32, b)which combine the benefits of rail transport and belt conveyors.

Cargo hanging cablewaysthey are used in many industries both on external and on intersary moves. In some cases, for example, with a strongly rough terrain, they are more effective than railway and road transport. The total length of the lines of cable-suspended transport (including passenger) is 380 km in Russia. Maximum productivity of cable-suspended roads up to 1 thousand tons / h.

Monorail suspended roadsmost widely used on intracachers and interception transport of engineering enterprises. The length of these roads in the territories of automotive plants often exceeds 40 km.

; Pipeline transportthey are divided into external (for the delivery of raw materials to enterprises and finished products to consumers) and internal (to move raw materials and semi-finished products within the enterprise). This type of transport includes hydraulic, pneumatic and pneumocontaine.

Hydraulic transportsuccessfully used in black and non-ferrous metallurgy (for example, to remove slag and ashs into dumps), in the coal and mining industry (for the movement of waste of the processing factories). Its productivity up to 1 thousand tons / h. In Russia, the systems of pressure hydrotransport over the year a large number of different solid bulk materials are moved. Hydrotransport pipelines are subject to rapid wear by the materials that transport them.

Pneumatic transport(The total length of its pipeline lines in Russia is about 500 km) serves to deliver such materials such as cement, grain, flour, wood and metal sawdust, waste paper at a distance of up to 200-300 m. The main disadvantage of this transport is its big energy intensity.

A variety of pneumatic transport is a pipeline pneummokok) 1 engineer transportproviding movements along pipelines of loaded and empty containers on wheels under the action of the generated air pressure drop in the pipeline. It can be used on intracuchery, interception and external transport of a wide variety of cargo.

    The main feature of special types of industrial transport is their stationarity (with a rare case there are portable devices), a narrower specialization in terms of cargo and one-sidedness of the flow, so it is advisable to use various types of industrial transport in the complex in the enterprise. Costs for the transportation of goods at the same time significantly lower than on other types of transport. Specifications of special types of transport are presented in Table. 1. The main direction of the development of special industrial transport should be considered the development of a conveyor system, which is characterized by high productivity and low transportation costs. With underground embedding, it can significantly reduce production areas. The total length of conveyor lines in Russia is more than 3000 km. The main classification feature of the conveyor (conveyor) is the type of traction and loads of the bodies. There are conveyors with ribbon, chain, cable and other, traction bodies and conveyors without a traction organ (screw, inertial, vibration, roller). By type of loads, the conveyors may be ribbon, lamellar, scraper, television, etc. The most common belt conveyors with a load-mounted rubber or steel ribbon moving at a speed of 1-7 m / s are most common. Special types of industrial transport can be stationary, mobile and portable, magnetic suspension, air cushion, with a wave propulsion, etc. The vehicle with the wave propulsion is designed to transport pipes with a complex development of oil gas and other natural deposits of Western Siberia and the Far North. In some technologies, special lifting and transport devices on an air cushion are used to lift and transport the large-sized heaving cargo. When using cable-suspended transport, the load is placed in trolleys. The advantage of this type of transport is that it does not depend on the terrain, as it is built on supports; It can overcome the biases of up to 50%, it has little on atmospheric conditions and has the full automation of the entire transportation process. Elevators are used to transport goods, with large passenger traffic, for example, in the metro instead of escalators (experience in Western Europe), as well as in institutions, in hotels. Industrial transport should develop in two directions: first, fully satisfy the conditions of the technological process of the enterprise and its level of development, secondly, to meet the general use of general use with which it interacts. The trends in the development of industrial vehicles mainly coincide with the development trends of similar types of main transport. So, for railway industrial transport, the following directions of development are characterized: an increase in the share of electrified roads, an increase in vehicle carrying capacity, an increase in the share and expansion of the range of a specialized fleet of cars, automation of production processes, etc. Automation of technological processes, as shown by foreign and domestic experience, reduces The total transport time by 25% increases the bandwidth by 10-30%, and the speed of movement by 30-35%. Question 73. Special types of industrial transport. Cable-suspension transport.

Rope-suspended transport is different from other special and universal modes of transport by many positive features, the main of which are:

ü low dependence on terrain relief;

ü large permissible slopes of the path (up to 50 °) and spans between supports (over 500 m), allowing to lay road track through the shortest racer and cross the natural and

artificial obstacles without a device of pre-coating artificial structures;

ü The flexibility of the road route in the plan (radii of curves up to 5 m and the corners of the turns of the track to 180 °);

ü Small dependence on atmospheric conditions;

ü The possibility of full automation of loading, transportation and you load cargo.

Transportation schemes. Analysis of the movement of mass bulk cargoes from mining sites to consumption points shows that the use of special types of transport is most appropriate for transportation:

F crude ore from mines and iron ore quarries for processing, agglomerating, crushing and sorting factories and occupation factory. Depending on the magnitude of the cargo flow, it can be transported by conveyor, cable-suspension and pneumocontaine transport. Hydrotransport of crude ore in the calculations of the comparative efficiency of special types of transport is not provided, since its application requires the construction of additional devices for the dehydration of ore;

F iron ore concentrate from processing factories to metallurgy plants. The use of hydraulic transportation on these cargo traffic provides high efficiency and corresponds to the technological process of deep wet concentrate enrichment, as a result of which it dismisses it to dehydrate it, and therefore, eliminates the costs of the structure of the relevant devices;

F Coal from hydrochshacht for processing factories and from them enriched coal (concentrate) for coke-chemical plants. At these freight traffic, hydrotransport is most appropriate, since it corresponds not only to coal mining technology by hydraulically, but, as on the cargo flows of iron ore concentrate, the technological process of wet coal enrichment. It is known that grinding of the latter is an indispensable condition for effective hydrotransport. The degree of grinding coal plays an important role in coke-chemical production. This determines the thoroughness of mixing the various components of the charge, its bulk mass and the coke cake associated with it, as well as the coke structure. In this regard, and with an increase in use in the mixture of skinny and global coals (which significantly expands the resources of coal coals), the significance of their subtle crushing is especially increasing, and therefore the basic-formation of the use of hydrotransport to deliver coal from the hydroxhacht to the concentration factory and from them to coke-chemical plants;

F coal from hydrochshacht, mines and quarries on GRES; Transporting it can be carried out by all special types of transport, including hydro-transport. The application of the latter, taking into account the experience of domestic and foreign methods of directly incineration of hydropulips in cyclone furnaces, is very promising. As shown by calculations, a certain decrease in thermal efficiency due to the high moisture content of coal is compensated by the exclusion of large capital expenditures and operating costs of dehydration of coal pulp and coal dross, and all structures of the hydrotrans-port system are very simplified;

F Sand, rubble and sandy-gravel mixture from sandy and gravel car-eres to reinforced concrete products and various construction objects. All special types can be applied to transport these bulk cargo. Transport, which are accounted for in all calculations. However, this one of them is preferable to be preferably preferred, which corresponds to the technique of hydrotransport in the hydromechanization of the development of loose and unrelated rocks (sand and sandy-gravel soils) and conveyor transport;

F agglomerate, pellets and shallow sorted ore, respectively, from aglopabrik, bidding factories and crushing and sorting factories on metal lurgic plants. On these freight traffic, all special vehicles can be applied, with the exception of hydrotransport, which cannot provide the immutability of the properties of the agglomerate and the peal of the greatest efficiency during the transportation of ore, if its subsequent dehydration is necessary.

Pipeline industrial transport. Basic principles of work. Question 74.

Classification of pipelines

I. According to the appointment of pipelines are divided into the following groups:

1. Internal - connect various objects and installations on fishery, oil refineries and oil refuses;

2. Local - connect oilfields or oil refineries with the head station of the main oil pipeline or with points of pouring on the railway or in bulk vessels;

3. Trunk - characterized by a larger length, pumping is conducted by several stations located on the highway.

II.I. In a dependence on the transported medium, pipelines are divided into: 1. gas pipeline It is intended for transportation of associated petroleum and natural gas. Strategic gas pipelines are intended to transmit large amounts of large gas volumes to export and gas synthesis enterprises. 2 . Pipeline-it is intended for transportation of crude oil. In this case, it is subjected to heating that impede the solidification of the paraffins included in its composition. 3 . Petroleum products Transportation of petroleum products, including gasoline and kerosene obtained as a result of cracking. It is carried out to enterprises intended for the production of oil products higher than high. 4 . Ammonia- It is intended for transporting ammonia. In Russia and Ukraine has an export trunk ammonia of Togliatti - Odessa. 5 . Ethylene conduction Infrastructure intended for transportation of ethylene

6. Masouting - pipeline transporting heavy petroleum products, cracking waste. Such products can be used as a flue fuel oil, as well as for processing in diesel fuel or even for further separation of light hydrocarbons.

7. Pulpoprode - Pipeline for moving (under pressure) pulp (in particular, ore, coal, water slag). Depending on the material being moved, the pulp is also called a carbon, core and ore.

8 . Water pipes-designed to provide water and industry. At the same time, water for household and industrial needs may differ in organoleptic properties; Fitness for drinking, household and industrial needs. 9 .Air loudspeakers Often it is created within the framework of an industrial enterprise to ensure the production of compressed air .. 9. Parium - Technological pipeline designed to transmit steam under pressure used for heating or working third-party mechanisms [Source not specified 466 days]. 10 .Pneumatic post Using air under pressure to move on pipes of physical objects most often, standardized capsules with small mass and volume objects

III. Depending on the conditional diameter of the pipe, the main pipelines are divided into 4 classes in:

1. 1000-1420 mm

2. 500 - 1000 mm

3. 300 - 500mm

4. Less than 300 mm.

IV. In its destination Oil and petroleum products can be divided into the following groups: - fishery -connecting wells with different objects and oil preparation installations on fishery; - trunk-designed for transportation of commodity oil and petroleum products (including stable condensate and gasoline) from areas of production (from fisheries) of production or storage to consumption sites (tanks, transshipment bases, pillow points in tanks, oil terminals, individual industrial enterprises and refineries) . They are characterized by high bandwidth, pipeline diameter from 219 to 1400 mm and overpressure from 1.2 to 10 MPa; - technological -designed for transportation within an industrial enterprise or group of these enterprises of various substances (raw materials, semi-finished products, reagents, as well as intermediate or final products obtained or used in the technological process, etc.) necessary for maintaining the technological process or operation of equipment. The main oil pipelines include: linear structures, head and intermediate pumping and bulk pumping stations and tank parks.

In turn, linear structures include:

· Pipeline (from the place of exit from fishery prepared for foreign transport of commodity oil) with branches, shut-off reinforcement, transitions through natural and artificial obstacles, nodes of connecting oil pumping stations, installation of electrochemical protection of corrosion pipelines, and electrochemical protection of pipelines;

· Firefire, anti-errosion and protective pipeline facilities;

· Capacities for storing and permitting condensate, earthy barns for emergency production of oil;

· Permanent roads and helicopter platforms located along the pipeline route, and entry to them, identifying and signal signs of the location of the pipeline;

· Oil heating points Indicators and warning signs.

The main elements of the main pipeline are the pipes are welded into continuous thread, which are actually a pipeline. As a rule, the main pipelines are plugged into the ground usually to a depth of 0.8 m to the upper pipe forming, if a large or smaller depth of the embedding is not dictated by special geological conditions or the need to maintain the temperature of the pumped product at a certain level (for example, to eliminate the possibility of freezing of accumulated water) . For main pipelines, solid or welded pipes with a diameter of 300-1420 mm are used. The thickness of the walls of the pipes is determined by the design pressure in the pipeline, which can reach 10 MPa. The pipeline deployed in areas with eternal soils or through the swamps can be laid on the supports or in artificial embankment. At the intersections of large rivers, oil pipelines are sometimes dried by cargo or solid concrete coatings fixed on pipes and solid concrete coatings are fixed with special anchors and plug below the bottom of the river. In addition to the main, laid backup threads of transition of the same diameter. At the intersections of iron and large highway roads, the pipeline passes in the cartridge from the pipes, the diameter of which is 100-200 mm larger than the diameter of the pipeline. With an interval of 10-30 km, depending on the relief of the track on the pipeline, linear valves are installed for overlapping sections in the event of an accident or repair. Along the route passes a link (telephone, radio relay), which basically has a dispatching destination. Located along the route of the cathode and drainage station, as well as the protectors protect the pipeline from the outer corrosion, being a supplement to the anti-corrosive insulating coating of the pipeline. Oil stations (NPS) are located on oil pipelines with an interval of 70-150 km. Pumping (pumping) stations of oil pipelines and petroleum products are equipped, as a rule, with centrifugal pumps with an electric drive. At the beginning of the pipeline, there is a head oil pumping station (GNPS), which is located near the oil field or at the end of the supply pipelines, if the main oil pipeline is serviced by several fields or one fishing scattered in a large area, GPS differs from the intermediate presence of a tank fleet with a volume equal to two-, three-day Passing capacity of the oil pipeline.

In addition to the main objects, each pumping station has a complex of auxiliary facilities: a transformer substation that reduces the power supply line from 110 or 35 to 6 kV, boiler room, as well as water supply systems, sewage, cooling, etc.

If the length of the pipeline exceeds 800 km, it is divided into operational sections with a length of 100-300 km, within which the independent operation of the pumping equipment is possible. Intermediate pumping stations at the borders of the plots should have a reservoir park with a volume of 0.3-1.5 daily bandwidth of the pipeline. Both head and intermediate pumping stations with reservoir parks are equipped with retaining pumps. The thermal stations are installed on pipelines transporting high-speed and highly viscous oil and petroleum products, sometimes they are combined with pumping stations. For heating the pumped product, steam or fire heaters (heating furnaces) are used to reduce heat losses such pipelines can be equipped with

heat insulating coating.

On the highway, bulk points can be built for transshipment and oil pouring into railway tanks. The final item of the oil pipeline is either the raw material fleet of the oil refinery, or the transshipment refinement, usually marine, from where oil tankers are transported to oil refineries or exported abroad.

The technology of pipeline transport is characterized by the continuity of cargo pumping. To increase the performance of pipelines, and sometimes simply for the implementation of pumping (for example, especially viscous varieties of the same oil), there is a technological need to change the physicochemical properties of goods. Therefore, in some cases, it is necessary to heal or decrease the temperature, dehydration, mixing, degassing (decomposition of poisoning substances allocated by chemical compounds to non-toxic products) and other actions. For example, paraffinous oil grade is heated to 50 ° C, various gases require different temperatures for liquefaction (butane is liquefied at a temperature of -48 o C, propane - when

- 45 o C, and ammonia - at -33 o c).

Along with pipelines intended for transporting liquid carbohydrates and natural gas, the construction of pipelines for pumping a number of other goods is expanding. This is ethylene, liquid ammonia, salt salt. At the beginning of the 80s, the largest Togliatti pipeline was built - Odessa for transporting ammonia.

Pipelines are used for transportation of solids (coal, ore) in the form of pulp for short distances. But the creation of such pipelines is a serious problem. The main disadvantage of such pipelines is the need for pre-grinding materials before submitting to the system, its drying and cleaning after moving, strong wear of pipes, a large need for water, narrow specialization.

Pneumatic pipeline industrial transport. Question 75.

Pneumatic transport - a set of installations and systems that serve to move bulk and piece goods with air or gas; One of the types of industrial transport. Installations of P. t. Depending on the method of creating air flow and the conditions of movement of it in the pipeline together with the material or creating a pressure drop in the pipe can be suction, injection and combined.

Compared to other types of transport P. t. It has the following advantages: tightness of transport systems, the ability to adapt them to various production conditions and automate the operation of pneumatic installations; the use of pneumatic installations for drying, heating or cooling material when transporting it; Installation of pipelines of arbitrary configuration.

Disadvantages common to all types of pt: relatively high energy consumption and large metal. In the installations of P.T., the work of which is based on the principle of cargo transfer in the mixture with air, there is an increased wear of the equipment during the transportation of materials with high abrasiveness, the movement of wet materials is difficult.

Installations P. t. Used to load bunkers and adjustable output of materials from them, moving materials from warehouses to industrial trains and between shops, unloading and loading cars, ships and cars, bookmarks of produced mines of shafts rock, removal of production waste (ash, metal and metal and wood chips, etc.), suction of dust, etc.

Performance of pneumatic transportation plants - from several kg to hundreds tons of 1 hour, transportation range reaches several km. In systems of P. t. Apply pipes with a diameter of 70-1200 mm. Air pressure or gas in plants P. t. High pressure up to 0.8 MN / m 2 (8 kgf / cm 2), specific energy consumption of up to 5 kWh / t.

Moving bulk materials in the pipeline in the mixture with air is carried out by transferring solid particles of material in the suspended state by the flowing air flow or the saturation of the material by air, as a result of which the material acquires fluidity.

Moving piece loads through a pipeline is performed under the action of a pressure drop created by blower or suction settings. The size of the cargo in this case must correspond to the inner section of the pipe.

The cargo actually performs the function of the piston in the cylinder. This species P.T. Got the most distribution to move various documents or minor items (instruments, tools, samples of materials, semi-finished products, etc.) at enterprises, institutions, libraries, etc. (so-called. Pneumatic Mail).

Further development of P. t. Pond cargo gets in the form of container (capsule) transport. The system of pipeline container P. T. is a pipeline in which the air-generated air intake, containers on a wheelter or compositions of them are moving. To create a force that ensures the movement of a transport unit on horizontal sites, a slight pressure drop (about 10 4 N / m 2) is required. Container systems P. t. The operational regime is divided into systems of continuous and periodic action.

transport Pneumatic Composition Cargo

The continuous system has 2 pipeline transport lines, according to one of which movement of breast containers or cartridges, on the other - the return of the empty. In the periodic system, the shuttle nature of the movement of the load and empty containers or compositions in one pipeline line was carried out, i.e. In the pipeline simultaneously there may be only one transport unit.

Capsule P.T. Found the application also in projects of transport systems for the transport of passengers in special cabins.

Pipeline industrial hydraulic transport. Question 76.

Pipeline transport. For the transport of industrial enterprises, it is envisaged to expand the use of hydraulic, pneumatic and pipeline conveyor transport on the external and intra-water transportation.

Hydraulic transport. Hydraulic vehicles are used for labeling bulk materials:

· From mines and quarries - to process enterprises and enrichment factories (coal, ore, cement raw materials, sand, sand-gravel mass, etc.);

· With processing factories - on enterprises (coal, ore concentrate);

· From the enterprise and quarries - in the dump (zolothelki thermal electrostatan-cine and metallurgical plants, the waste of enrichment, waste of metallurgical and chemical industries, reveal rocks);

· From enterprises - to utilization objects or hydraulic layout (enrichment waste, metal-containing metallurgical production sludge, etc.);

· Soils in hydrotechnical, transport and hydrochromelic construction, etc.

The industrial hydrotransport system consists of a number of interconnected structures, installations and devices. The initial link of the system - the preparation of the technique - ensures the reception of the source material from the supplier, to prepare it for transportation and loading into vehicles. Trans-tailor complex - a set of devices carrying out the pumping re-swing on the material pipelines from the supplier to the consumer. Final link system - dehydration complex; It ensures the reception of the hydraulic windows, dehydration of the received material and issuing it to the consumer.

Hydraulic transport has technical and economic advantages:

Elimination of labor-intensive loading and unloading and continuity of the transport and technological process;

Lack of dust formation and losses of the transported material, environmental impact;

The possibility of laying the pipeline by the shortest distance between two points;

Small areas occupied by transport communications;

The ability to create fully automated and remotely managed transport systems.

The disadvantages of hydrotransport should include, mainly significant water consumption and wear of hydrotransport equipment when working on abrasive materials, as well as the difficulties of dehydration of the material issued by the consumer.

Pipeline pneumocontaceanery transport. Systems (installation) of pipeline pneumocontaine transport (TPK) of goods are compared to a new type of industrial transport. The pneumatic-piston movement of loaded cylindrical containers on the pipeline is based. Air injection into the pipeline ensures their movement. Containers or compositions of them are equipped with rolling wheels to reduce resistance and transverse ring seals that reduce air losses.

In TPK systems, in most cases, steel pipelines with a diameter of 200-1200 mm are used. It is assumed to use TPK to deliver goods to a distance of up to 30-50 km with freight traffic 0.1-5 million tons per year (0.06-3 million m3 per year) and mainly with the stationary location of loading and unloading points. The decision to apply this type of transport must be taken as a result of a technical and economic comparison, taking into account specific conditions for future operation.

Annual transportation volumes define the types of systems used. With non-large cargo traffic and transportation distances, it is advisable to use single-pipe TPK. Thus, for an overpass with a diameter of 1200 mm, a single-tube line is applicable to 1 million tons per year (0.6 million m per year) and distances up to 10 km.

For large volumes of transport work, two-pipe TPK should be applied. In the first form of installations, the same pipeline is used to move the loaded containers and return the empty. These systems are often called shuttle or periodic lines.

Other schemes of single-pipe systems with two injection systems are possible. Stations, located at the ends of the line, with way-of-the-compelling of the oncoming composition, with a large number of loading and unloading sites, etc. In two-pipe pneumocontaine lines, the robbery of counter flow containers was carried out. Each of them has its own pipeline and movement on each - unidirectional. These are a line of cyclical continuous action. They can have both ring and deadlocks at the ends.

Special types of industrial transport. Monorail suspended roads. Question 77.

Monorail suspended roads are widely used. Their design is simple and reliable, they require minor operating costs, but large initial investments. Such roads in the workshops are mounted on brackets and traction, and in open areas - on the overpass under the canopy. The transport process and overload works are fully mechanized.

 

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