Polkhov Maidan painting fungus house. Lesson "acquaintance with the Polkhov-Maidan painting". The history of the craft
Polkhov - Maidan painting is much younger than Khokhloma and Gorodetskaya - its features developed in the 20s of the twentieth century.
It got its name from the large village of Polkhovsky Maidan in the south. Nizhny Novgorod region... Almost every family here is engaged in the manufacture and sale of painted wooden toys.
The Polkhov-Maidan toy, or as the masters themselves call it "tararushka", appeared in the late 1920s. Since the 1960s, residents of the village of Krutets, located near the village of Polkhovsky Maidan, began to make such a toy.
First, toys and household items are grinded out of linden or aspen on woodworking machines. Then they are covered with liquid potato starch, that is, grinded and primed with starch paste.
Then, with black ink and a student's pen with a nib N 11-13, which, depending on the pressure, makes a line of different thickness, draw ("direct") the outline of the drawing on a dry surface.
After that, the toys are covered with colorless varnish. Applying the technique of "glazing" - the imposition of pure paints in layers one on top of the other, and using combinations of contrasting colors (red - green, yellow - blue, etc.), artists achieve a special brightness of the painting.
Polkhov-Maidan painting is performed only aniline paints. Paints are applied in a certain order: first, for example, yellow, it is covered with scarlet and get a bright red color, but if you overlap with blue, you get a bright green color.
The main subjects of the patterns are images of birds and animals, as well as flowers: rose, poppy, chamomile, tulip, wild rose. There is also a plot painting. Most often it is a rural landscape with a river, houses, a church and a mill on the shore, as well as the obligatory red dawn in the sky. The assortment of tararushka toys is diverse:
One group - children's toys: nesting dolls, bird whistles, horses, toy dishes, mushroom piggy banks, balalaikas, apple boxes.
Another group of products is traditional Russian dishes: salt shakers, bowls, sugar bowls, "supplies" - cylindrical vessels for storing bulk products, samovars, boxes. Easter eggs are grinded and painted in large numbers.
A feature of the craft is the harmonious neighborhood of handicraft toys with factory ones. Handicraftsmen work with the whole family. Men, in workshops located near the house, grind products, women paint them. Children also take part in the work, they learn from their parents the basics of turning and painting. Among the toys-souvenirs, a large place is occupied by the Polkhov-Maidan matryoshka and decorative lathe sculpture on the themes of Russians folk tales and rural life.
MOU "Gymnasium No. 2",
Fabulous painting of the Polkhovs of the Maidan
Methodical development of classes
in primary school.
Program "Fine Arts and Artistic Work" n / a. presupposes the principle "from the native threshold to the world of universal human culture", therefore the lessons visual arts it is necessary to tie it to the national, or even better, to the local culture and traditions.
The Nizhny Novgorod Territory is very rich in folk crafts: Gorodets, Khokhloma, Polkhov-Maidan, Semenov, the village of Bornukovo (stone carving), centers of artistic embroidery, weaving, lace-making. Masters of Pavlova-on-Oka are engaged in artistic metalworking.
Our city of Sarov is located in the south of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Not far from us, in the Voznesensky district, there is the village of Polkhov Maidan, famous for its tararushka toys. Many children have visited this village. Excursions from the city's schools and additional education circles are often organized there. The guys know how the masters of this village work, what patterns the artists put on their products.
Expeditions, excursions, visits to museums contribute to the formation of a respectful attitude among children to the history of their native land, awaken in them the ability to aesthetic assessment of what they saw.
The fine arts program includes lessons where students learn the peculiarities of painting wooden Polkhov-Maidan toys and dishes.
These lessons, in order to get acquainted with this fishery, are necessary in any region of our country. We have the opportunity to acquaint the children with the patterns of painting in more detail, to study the variety of forms of turning products.
The motives of the Polkhov-Maidan painting become the subject of extra-curricular creative work of students. In the classroom of the circle, children choose this ornament for decorating gift cards, in technology lessons they perform embroidery and applique from fabric.
Excursions to the village of Polkhov Maidan very often encourage children to be creative. When visiting turning workshops, children buy “linen” (turned blanks) or, with the permission of the master, take defective products. Having the skills gained in fine arts lessons, they happily paint "tararushki".
Students, especially primary school, it is very difficult to master the Khokhloma or Gorodets painting, since the methods of work in these crafts require special skill - the application of pattern elements without a preliminary drawing. Some guys remain dissatisfied with their work. Therefore, the Polkhov-Maidan painting, in which the outline of the pattern is first applied, and then the paintwork is carried out, is most convenient for initial stage.
When constructing the composition of the Polkhov-Maidan pattern, the child can change the image, erase unsuccessful lines, achieving the accuracy of the conceived drawing.
Working with paints, students fill in the outline of the pattern using the glaze method. Bright colors: yellow, crimson, red, violet, green - give a joyful mood to children's work.
To master the Polkhov-Maidan painting, a series of lessons has been developed - classes with a gradual complication of educational tasks.
1 lesson. The image of the Polkhov-Maidan fairytale twig.
2 lesson... Decoration on paper "dishes" with a pattern in the style of Polkhov-Maidan painting.
3 lesson. Matryoshka from Polkhov Maidan.
The further task is to go deeper, to understand the specifics of the language of decorative art, to try to get involved in this work with your heart, mind and hands. From exercises on paper, you can move on to painting wooden products.
Using the example of the Polkhov-Maidan painting, many laws and rules of the fine arts can be consolidated and developed further.
Composition.
Format selection.
Equilibrium (arrangement of elements on a sheet, in volumetric form).
Composition center.
Dynamics, statics.
When conducting decorative drawing lessons, children learn to stylize the forms of natural elements and compose patterns and ornaments from them. Here it is necessary to draw Special attention on the skillful, expressive use of rhythm, harmony of color relations, visual balance of shapes and colors in their work.
One of the main means of artistic expression is rhythm - this is the organizing principle in the composition.
DIV_ADBLOCK89 ">
Primer- the product is covered with starch primer on top, and it becomes white.
Contour drawing - with a thin brush or feather, the contour of the pattern is applied over the entire surface of the product.
Painting - filling the pattern outline with color.
Gradually paint over the elements of the pattern with paints, starting with yellow and using the glaze method (overlaying one transparent layer on another).
At the initial stage of mastering painting by children on paper, the process of working on painting changes slightly. The white sheet replaces the priming step, and " circuit»Is applied with a simple pencil. After the work is done in color, the pattern is outlined with black paint with a thin brush, and younger students can be allowed to use a black felt-tip pen.
I propose the development of several lessons (classes) on this topic.
Decoration and fantasy.
During the classes.
Where does the Jewelry Master get his inspiration from?
Today we are meeting again with the Master of Decoration.
-What do the artists decorate?
-Why do artists decorate?
-Are the decorations always exactly the same as in nature?
(It can be shown on the example of Khokhloma painting).
Indeed, artists are trying not only to transfer what they saw in nature to their work, but to add something new, never seen, fabulous.
Today we will get acquainted with the Master storytellers from the village of Polkhov Maidan, which is located not far from our city.
-Have you seen red roses, currant berries, rose hips, yellow buds, apples?
-Does it happen that all this grows on one branch?
Of course it doesn't! But in the fairy tale that the masters from Polkhov-Maidan tell, this can be!
The men in this village are craftsmen, turning masters. Grinding toys-tararushki. And they are decorated by craftswomen-needlewomen. Girls and women in Polkhov-Maidan since childhood absorb the beauty that surrounds them, try to highlight the brightest, the most beautiful, then transfer bright flowers, beautiful roses, juicy apples and berries to the products.
We admire the products of the masters of Polkhov-Maidan.
Photo1. Products of masters Polkhov Maidan
On the board, you see a poster showing the elements of the patterns:
Quintuples (rosehip flowers)
Demonstration on the board:
First, we, as the master of Polkhov-Maidan, sketch out the silhouette of the pattern with a simple pencil.
The magic twig bends beautifully.
Figure 4. Twig.
Place apples, flowers, leaves, berries in the bends.
Figure 5: Elements of the pattern.
Children do work in albums.
The color scheme of the pattern.
We consider crafts with the guys .
What colors do the masters of Polkhov-Maidan use?
(yellow, red, green, blue, black, orange)
Check out the color sequence for the pattern.
Figure 6. Fill with yellow color
https://pandia.ru/text/78/364/images/image014_24.gif "width =" 336 "height =" 200 ">
Figure 8. The final stage - outline the outline in black.
Children do work on sheets.
Photo 2. Work in color.
At the end of the lesson, it is necessary, together with the children, to conclude that the Master of Decorating should be observant, learn from nature, and, of course, be able to fantasize coming up with unusual shapes.
Photo 3. Exhibition of works.
Photo 4. Exhibition of works.
Figure 10. Work 2nd grade.
"Painting dishes"
Exercise: Decoration of "dishes" with a pattern in the style of the Polkhov-Maidan painting.
In the previous lesson, the students were given the task - to fold the album sheet and cut out a blank of "dishes".
The course of the lesson.
Each house has a wide variety of dishes: tea cups, flower vases, salad bowls and pots, saucers and teapots.
Different peoples at different times made dishes from materials convenient for them: clay, stone, wood, metal, birch bark, etc.
Since ancient times, all peoples have sought to make things necessary for everyday life comfortable and beautiful. We never cease to be amazed at the products of folk craftsmen.
(Visual row: dishes of different nations)
The dishes are simple in shape, almost without patterns, and objects of complex design, decorated with paintings.
Ancient Greek amphorae, Tajik bowls, Ukrainian krynka, Russian tuyeski have their own distinctive features.
You are already familiar with the arts and crafts of our region. Let's remember them.
(Gorodets painting, Khokhloma, Semenov, Polkhov-Maidan).
Once upon a time, the masters of the village of Polkhov-Maidan began to make dishes and toys from wood, and in order to please the eyes, they were painted with a clear, bright pattern.
On lathe men grinded plates, vases, bowls, caskets, and women painted them with bright patterns.
We have already met with the work of masters from Polkhov-Maidan and drew a fabulous twig using the elements of the pattern of this craft.
Let's take another look at how the Polkhov-Maidan artists decorate the dishes. In almost every pattern, there are five-leaf flowers, apples, leaves, small berries. Most large element- rosean. Rose trees have a variety of shapes.
On the chalkboard postersI, II, III , IV
The direction of the fairy twig depends on the shape of the dish.
If the pattern runs along the surface of the object horizontally in a strip, then it looks like a wreath with repeating elements.
The composition of the pattern in the circle can be symmetrical. The elements are arranged in a circle with a rose tree in the center. Or a branchy twig goes from bottom to top, and the free space is filled with flowers, apples, leaves.
The sequence of work.
Figure 11.
1. Draw a composition of the pattern on the "dishes" with a simple pencil.
2. Painting starts with yellow. You can paint over the necessary elements or cover the entire surface.
3. Sequentially fill the contours of the pattern elements with other paints: red, crimson, violet, blue, green.
4. Draw black paint over the entire outline of the pattern.
Independent work.
The guys do the work on pre-cut crockery silhouettes, cut "on the fold".
VARIETY OF POLKHOV-MAIDAN FORMS
TOYS - "TARARUSHEK"
(DISHES)
Figure 12. Poster I.
OPTIONS OF POLKHOV-MAIDAN
FLOWER PAINTING
Figure 13. Poster II.
ELEMENTS OF PATTERNS
(CENTURAL, BUD, APPLES, BERRIES)
Figure 14. Poster III
OPTIONS OF PERFORMANCE "ROSANOV"
Figure 15. Poster IV
Figure 17. Work grade 3.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/364/images/image028_6.jpg "width =" 425 "height =" 433 ">
Figure 19. Work grade 3.
Matryoshka painting
Course of the lesson
At present, folk arts and crafts are successfully developing in different regions of our country.
Let's highlight characteristics each trade.
And today we will turn to the image of a woman in folk art.
The Russian peasant has lived on the land since ancient times. The earth, its fertility, he connected with mother's image... The female figure is a deity, expressing ideas about the land that will give birth, and about the woman - the continuer of the clan. The female figure is always associated with symbols of fertility: trees, birds, animals, sun signs.
(Illustrative material with images of women in folk art: in embroidery, toys).
Today Matryoshka is known in all corners of the earth as a symbol of Russia, but it turns out that she has a Japanese relative.
Photo 5. Image of Fukurumu
Student speech: The Japanese ancestor of the matryoshka was carved from wood and contained a whole family of five figurines inserted into one another. He portrayed Fukorokuyu (or simply Fukuruma) - the deity of happiness and longevity. And the five figures inside are five deities of a lower rank.
Once this traditional Japanese toy was seen by a Russian artist. He immediately took the paper and sketched the Russian version of the funny figurine.
Photo 6. Matryoshka with a rooster
The turner of the Moscow workshop "Children's Education" made a shape for her, and Malyutin painted it from his own drawings. "The real Matryona!" Someone exclaimed when they saw the doll. She was dressed in a Russian sundress and a handkerchief, holding a rooster in her hand, and inside she settled down: the elder daughter-assistants - in an apron, with a sickle, with a bowl, a boy in a blouse, a girl with a doll, a baby in a bib with a finger in her mouth and a baby in diapers.
Today the matryoshka is the main heroine of the Maidan "tararushki".
Photo7. Matryoshka dolls from Polkhov Maidan.
Since the 1920s, matryoshka dolls have been made in almost every half-Maidan family: men grinded figurines, women painted.
By the sixties of the last century, the Polkh-Maidan nesting doll began to look like it does today - the brightest and most festive of all nesting dolls.
Photo 9. Classic nesting doll.
DIV_ADBLOCK90 ">
The matryoshka is turned on a lathe, so it has an axis of symmetry.
A decorative doll is not at all a copy of a person; it should have rather a conditional character, smooth outlines.
I suggest you choose the shape of the matryoshka doll you like or come up with your own.
Fold the sheet in half:
(Demonstrating how to fold the sheet)
Practical work.
Depending on the option chosen, the sheet can be folded vertically or horizontally. Cut out the shape of the matryoshka using the "fold" method.
It is necessary to pay attention to the proportions (ratios) of parts to the general form ... (Students can choose the difficulty of the shape based on their ability.)
The next stage of work is to circle the cut out silhouettes on the second sheet to perform a sketch of the painting and outline the contour of the face, apron and other elements.
Figure 20. Clarification of details.
Practical work. Making a matryoshka face with a simple pencil.
Face image.
The face was depicted in a circle. Above there are curls of hair, big eyes, a nose - two points, a small red mouth and pink cheeks.
Photo 11. The face of the matryoshka.
Clarification of the assignment for this lesson
If we talk about painting, then, in principle, it is the same both for nesting dolls and for everything else - a fabulous twig on which apples, berries, and various unprecedented flowers grow at once.
The main element of the painting is the "rose tree". In our area, roses do not grow, where did he come from in the Polkh Maidan ornament?
Student speech:
This is due to the legend about Alena Arzamasskaya - the leader of the people's detachment. According to legend, Alyona Arzamasskaya exclaimed before the execution: "Now, if everyone fought the way I did, it would not be good for the boyars and governors!" and she stepped into the fire. And in the morning, roses bloomed at the place of her death. So Polkh-Maidans draw roses on their products. In memory of the roses that bloomed at the place of execution of Alena Arzamaskaya.
We recall the basic laws of the execution of rosans.
Watercolors "href =" / text / category / akvarelmz / "rel =" bookmark "> watercolors, as their transparency resembles the aniline dyes used by the masters of the Polkhov Maidan.
Figure 22. Work grade 4.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/364/images/image044_5.jpg "width =" 260 height = 269 "height =" 269 ">
Figure 25. Work grade 4.
Painting of wooden products.
After mastering the elements of the pattern on paper, you can start working on wooden products.
Most often, the masters of the Polkhov Maidan paint lathe products.
During an excursion to the workshops, children buy different "tararushka": mushrooms, bells, plates.
It is better to start painting on a flat surface - on plates.
In the village, the children were told how the products are primed.
Starch is diluted in proportions: 1 teaspoon per glass of water. Cook jelly. After removing from heat, allow to cool slightly. While the soil is hot, but the hands are already enduring, they rub it with their fingers into the wood. Allow to dry. They are primed in several layers.
Younger schoolchildren can prime products with PVA glue using a brush. Adults can prepare primed products.
The artists of the Polkhov Maidan use the background for painting:
Photo 12. Primed plates.
The traditional paintings of the Polkhovs of the Maidan are: "Flowers with a tip", "Motley", "Houses".
Since all these types of painting are quite common, children can try to paint in all of these styles.
"The main characters" of the letter reception "Flowers with a tip", are "rose trees", quintuples, apples and berries. The black outline of the pattern gives clarity and brightness.
"Motley"- receiving letters without preliminary drawing with a black outline or with a partial drawing.
The artists of the Polkhov Maidan often paint landscape motifs with elements of architecture - "Houses".
The Batik set for painting fabrics can be purchased at the store.
The first stage is drawing the contour with black ink or felt-tip pen.
1 2
Photo 13. The first stage of work.
Painting - filling the pattern outline with color. Gradually paint over the elements of the pattern with aniline paints, starting with yellow and using the glaze method (overlaying one transparent layer on another).
The yellow color is like a base - a field, it can cover the whole product. The imposition of other colors across the field is made a common technique, in which the coloring is carried out with uneven free strokes. Scarlet paint with uneven strokes creates the impression of a shining corolla of petals that shimmer from scarlet to yellow towards the center of the flower. For example, an apple or bud is bright red at the leaves and yellow at the crown.
https://pandia.ru/text/78/364/images/image048_6.jpg "width =" 478 "height =" 358 ">
Photo 15. Children's work.
Fine arts and technology teacher.
MOU "Gymnasium No. 2",
Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod region
st. Dukhova, 16.
Gymnasium phone number (831
Mobile phone 902
School E-mail: info @ sc2.do. *****
Personal E-mail: ol. ***** @ *** ru
In recent decades, there has been a tendency towards the revival and development of centuries-old folk crafts. One of the most interesting crafts of Russian masters is the Polkhov-Maidan painting. Pictures on dishes and household items, coloring of toys-tararushkas are bright, eye-catching. This is what they say about them: "It does not beat, does not break, and who buys is surprised." Indeed, these amazing handicrafts of folk craftsmen seem to glow from the inside, create a festive atmosphere and cheer up. They are increasingly being chosen for an original gift or bought as a souvenir.
The history of the craft
Since the end of the 18th century or from the middle of the 19th century (these data differ) in the small village of Polkhovsky Maidan, located on the bank of a river in the Nizhny Novgorod region, the amazing art of grinding dishes and figurines from soft linden and aspen wood was born (fortunately, many of them grew in nearby places). They were sold at fairs and served as an additional source of income for the peasants. Much later, in the 20s of the XX century, someone decided to decorate the crafts: first with a burnt drawing, then with a bright painting. On long winter evenings, the whole family got together and whiled away the time making unique items: men worked on wood, and women and children "revived" the toys that appeared with the help of paints. On the dishes, under the brush of each craftsman, lush bouquets of flowers bloomed.
The first craftsmen carved all products by hand. Later, when turning machines appeared, the process was greatly simplified, but this in no way affected the quality of the goods. Over time, the Polkhov-Maidan painting became more and more widespread and famous in different parts of Russia.
Crafts creation
The process of making souvenirs includes several stages. Turned well polished. Then the surface is impregnated 2-3 times with a solution of potato starch - this is a kind of primer. The processed workpiece is well dried, after which they begin to prepare for painting.
First, the contour of the desired pattern is applied with ink. Different pen sizes (use 11-13 numbers) allow you to make lines of different widths. The next stage is artistic paints, often aniline. When choosing them, preference is given to saturated red, green, blue, yellow shades. Moreover, when one tone of paint is applied over an already existing one (this is the tradition of painting), the drawing acquires a special brightness and iridescence.
The final touches are the coating of the product with colorless varnish in several layers (glaze technique), which makes the surface of the product shine. The Polkhov-Maidan painting is distinguished by its brightness and, as if radiated from within, shine.
Elements of the picture
The art critic N.V. Taranovskaya, speaking about the peculiarities of the craft, notes the special decorativeness, uniqueness and splendor of the drawings created by the masters.
What is so unusual about the Polkhov-Maidan painting? The pictures appearing on the products are distinguished by a variety of large and bright (usually red) flowers that have already blossomed or are still in the bud stage. At the same time, several types of drawing are distinguished: flowers with aiming - the black outline is clearly visible, flowers without aiming, variegation - paints are applied with light strokes. Typical is the image of fruits (especially apples) and berries, animals and birds. There is also an urban or rural landscape, characteristic feature which became a red dawn.
How to recognize the Maidan tararushka
The Polkhov-Maidan painting is usually well recognizable, since there are a number of signs that are characteristic only of it.
- The coloring is dominated by a combination of the following colors: yellow and dark blue or cold red and green.
- The most common flower is a rose in different variations, as well as poppy, rose hips, dahlia.
- The priority background for the image of floral ornament is yellow. The drawing usually has a well-defined black outline.
Polkhov-Maidan matryoshka
A special place among the handicrafts is occupied by the traditional Russian souvenir, in the design of which certain traditions have also developed. Polkhov-Maidan is in many ways unlike the usual nesting dolls from other regions of Russia. Instead of a sundress, she is wearing an oval apron decorated with a green branch with large bright flowers. On the head is not a scarf tied under the chin, but rather an original one, softly falling from under which curled curls are usually knocked out. This is a characteristic detail of the dress of local women. In addition to the peculiarities in coloring, such nesting dolls have a more elongated shape compared to others. They are more like cheerful Russian girls.
Art craft today
In modern conditions, an alternative to handicraft production has become a production and art association, opened on the basis of a toy factory in the regional center Voznesenskoye, under the name "Polkhov-Maidan painting". Here toys and household items are not grinded by hand, but on lathes and in much larger quantities. Basically, these are national souvenirs that are very popular with buyers and guests of the country, including unusual toys-tararushka (nesting dolls, triplets and single horses, whistles), Easter eggs, mushrooms, dishes (salt shakers, sugar bowls, plates, spoons), boxes , boxes. But manual painting is still traditional: the Polkhov-Maidan painting does not allow the use of machines in this matter. The drawings are thought over and applied by professional artists who have undergone special training. Naturally, such products are more unified and monotonous than the works of handicraftsmen, but they are also quite in demand by connoisseurs of folk art.
A special pride of the residents of the district - amazing exhibits are collected here: from single figurines symbolizing Russian rural girls to multi-seat nesting dolls, the largest of which includes a row that starts with a toy with a match head and ends with a meter doll.
In the villages of the Voznesensky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region: Polkhovsky Maidan, Voznesenskoye, Krutets - there are still family artels engaged in the manufacture of local attractions. Children are taught this from early childhood, and the Polkhov-Maidan painting continues to live on.
All painting is carried out along the contour clearly delineated with ink. The contour of the drawing is drawn with a school pen with a steel nib No. 11, 12, 13, which gives, depending on the pressure, a line of different thickness. For painting the background for painting, large squirrel brushes are used in the craft, for painting - small brushes No. 2-6 with a well-formed tip, which will allow you to draw strokes with even edges. The paint is applied in one step; you cannot brush over the same place twice.
When working with aniline dyes, both powders and solutions, it is necessary to protect clothes and hands, as the paint leaves hard-to-remove bright colored spots.
Half-Maidan masters work sitting on low benches behind low stoics, just like in the Khokhloma field. Aniline dyes used in painting are diluted in hot water at a temperature of 70-80C at the rate of 6-8 g of dye per liter of water. To increase the brightness of the colors, a few drops of alcohol are added to the solution. You can paint with more light-stable dyes of 6-10% concentration, diluted in water at a temperature of 60-80 C: active - bright yellow 53, bright red 5CX, bright purple , as well as acidic - red 2G, green F, bright blue, violet C. Their color corresponds to the traditional colors of the painting of the fishery.
Before painting, the surface of the product is carefully sanded and primed with starch paste so that water-soluble paints do not spread. The paste is applied to the surface with a swab or sponge. The product is primed in three passes: the first time with a more concentrated solution of the density of sour cream, followed by drying for 15-16 hours, the second and third with a thinner solution and each layer is dried for 4 hours at room temperature.
During the painting process, the product must be held by the pallet, since all fingerprints left on the primed surface will appear under the paint.
The outline of the ornament is applied freely in the worked out sequence. There are no patterns for painting. In the composition "Little Houses", the outline of the house is first drawn, near it the trunk and branches of trees, the banks of the river with silhouettes of birds and a boat. Then the craftswoman takes paints, and the river turns blue, its banks are green, the tree is covered with green-blue foliage and yellow-red fruits, the sun lights up over the house.
In the application of aniline paints to the surface to be painted, there is a certain order: first, yellow paint is applied to the desired areas, including those that should be red or green, then, overlapping it with scarlet, they get a bright red color, and laying over the yellow blue get bright green.
In floral painting, the outline of a large flower, the center of the composition, is first applied, then the stems and branches of branches slightly inclined towards them with small flowers, buds, leaves and berries. On the lid, they write a composition with a rose and a flowering twig curved in a circle.
Painted items are dried for 8-12 hours at room temperature and are lacquered twice with PF-231 or PF-283 pentaphthalic varnish. Add a little solvent to the varnish - for example, refined turpentine will do. You can apply varnish with a brush or spray gun. After varnishing, the product dries at room temperature in a draft-free and dust-free room. After the first varnishing, drying lasts 15 hours, after the second - a day.
In the home-based workshops of Polkhovsky Maidan, besides the graphic painting "flowers with a tip", there is a non-contour painting. All the elements here are performed with strokes-rays: converging to the center, a poked core, they form a flower that looks like a cornflower, and those coming from the stem and closing in a circle are an apple. The feathery leaves are also composed of a series of strokes extending from the stem. The compositions of this painting are very different, sometimes with large background gaps and light ornamentation, sometimes with a pattern that tightly fills the surface.
They write non-contour painting with aniline and synthetic water-soluble paints. But sometimes, on the lacquered surface, with some light oil or nitro paint, berries and simple flowers made with a poke are additionally applied. Such painting is called "under oil" or "under nitro".
In addition, there is another way to decorate the surface of products - "mottling". This is the development of the background and motives with various textured cuts.
Not all innovations give positive results, they often lead to an undesirable violation of the coloring of the painting and depersonalization of even interesting works.
Polkhov-Maidan painting
(Polkhov-Maidan)
The history of the emergence of the Polkhov-Maidan painting
The village of Polkhovsky Maidan is located on the Polkhovka river in the Voznesensky district of the Nizhny Novgorod region. Around only forest and ravines. It was to these lands that in 1667, after the suppression of the uprising under the leadership of Stepan Razin, exiles arrived, according to legend, from the Don for taking part in the peasant war, and they became the founders of the Polkhov Maidan. "Maidan" is an old word, meaning "a place of meetings, gatherings among the Cossacks; stanitsa circle", and the river was called "Polkhovka" (to blaze, to burn) because the settlers had to clear the banks for arable land, burning thickets and weeds. So it turned out - Polkhovsky Maidan.
The name of the famous trade - the Polkhov-Maidan painting - originated from the name of the village. When painting, the wooden base is covered with liquid potato starch, then with a metal pen and ink on a dry surface, the outline of the future pattern is drawn ("directed") and painted with aniline paints - pink, red, green, yellow, blue. But free brush painting can also be used. The brightness of the painting is achieved using the "glaze" technique (overlaying pure paints in layers one on top of the other) and a combination of contrasting colors (red - green, yellow - blue, etc.). The main elements are flowers (rose, poppy, chamomile, tulip, rosehip). Subject painting is most often represented by a rural landscape with a river, houses, a mill on the shore, and the sky is necessarily drawn.
Polkhov-Maidan painting is short-lived, but rather interesting story development. It arose at the beginning of the 20th century, on the basis of the turning industry, which, according to legend, has existed here since the end of the 18th century. Local peasants took over the lathe trade from the monks of the Sarov Monastery, who produced wooden dishes in their own workshops. The turning products of the craftsmen of this craft are usually divided into two types: First- these are children's toys, nesting dolls, mushrooms, Easter eggs (balls, scarecrows, rattles, whistle birds, horses, toy dishes, mushroom piggy banks, balalaikas, apple boxes); Second- these are traditional Russian dishes and boxes (salt shakers, cups, bowls, sugar bowls, supplies, samovars, boxes and boxes). All these items are generously decorated with rich ornamental and subject painting. The utilitarian principle is rather weakly expressed in them. Apparently that's why they were nicknamed "Tararushki", which in the popular sense means frivolous things, for fun.
Handicrafts have long been a family activity. As a rule, men made blanks - the so-called "linen", and women painted finished products.
So, in every family, where they have been engaged in this craft since ancient times, they claimed that it was their “grandparents” who were the first to paint tararushki, but there were no first toys, no documents, wherever they were mentioned ...
It is known for certain that in 1916 the peasant handicraftsman Paulin Pavel Nikitich brought a burning machine to the village. They began to burn drawings on the toys. From burning out in 1926 they switched to "cutting" with oil paints. Since 1933, the painting of toys in the Polkhovsky Maidan began to be made not with oil, but with alcohol (aniline) paints. Items painted with aniline dyes acquired extraordinary brightness and were very effective.
An example for the Polkhovites, obviously, was given little by little by the Zagorsk, the Semenovites, and the Merinovites, and more than one person transferred this art to the local soil. Someone liked nesting dolls; another managed to learn about starch lining and more comfortable alcohol paints; the third drew a rosehip flower; the fourth added a bull's-eye to it; the fifth took a set of flowers from the "phuket" ribbons; the sixth remembered the old heels and, having simplified, stylized the flower, as folk artists did it two or three hundred years ago.
Plots of Polkhov-Maidan painting
Basically, two types of painting are used, this is a landscape motive and a floral ornament.
Floral ornament very stable - this is the so-called "rose", which during the existence of the fishery has been somewhat simplified, now more complicated. And also an indispensable branch of apples and strawberries with alternating green and blue leaves.
V landscape motive most often "houses" are depicted - a landscape with houses, a church, a mill on the bank of a river, trees with huge apples on the branches and an almost obligatory pink dawn.
Basic techniques of Polkhov-Maidan painting
There are no templates for the Polkhov-Maidan fishery. The painting is applied freely, in the sequence worked out by the craftswomen. Before painting, the product undergoes special training. First of all, its surface is carefully sanded, and after that it is primed with starch paste so that the water-soluble paints do not spread.
There are only four main paints - blue and green, red and yellow... The painting is carried out mainly along the contour clearly delineated with ink. The drawing on the product is first applied with ink, and only then filled with color. Mandatory reception of Maidan painting - "tip-off"(outline drawings in black).
In the coloring of any ornament, be it bouquets, garlands of flowers or a landscape, there is a sequence verified by practice. First, the lightest yellow paint is applied to certain areas, including those where there will be red or green color. Overlapping it with bright red or scarlet, they get an intense red, and superimposing blue on top, get a bright green.
Painting nesting dolls:
The face is drawn conditionally and hastily - the lines and points of the eyes are drawn with a swipe, eyebrows and lips are marked with straight strokes, careless curls of hair are twisted in spirals, the hands are not written at all, as if hidden under an apron. And their outfit is unusual: there are no generally accepted outlines of a scarf with a descending corner at the back and ends tied under the chin, there are no usual lines of a sundress or a skirt, the back of the matryoshka is about two-thirds of the height locally painted in one color - red, scarlet, azure or green. The scarf is highlighted with a different color in relation to the bottom, and on it in the front, in the forehead area, a three-petal half-flower is drawn - a wild grouse rose. The painting of a conventional apron is enclosed in an oval, descending from a slightly flattened face. In an oval, against a light golden background of the natural color of wood, there is a twig with a large rose flower at the top, a berry, leaves and small flowers - forget-me-nots or daisies - on the sides.
Non-contour painting
Relatively recently, in the Polkhov-Maidan fishery appeared non-contour painting... A peculiar style has developed in her.
Light, with a slight swirl, the petals-rays diverging from the center in groups make the flower look like a cornflower. In the middle of the flower, stamens and a core are poked. Small apples are painted with the same strokes-rays, only coming from the stem and converging in a vicious circle.
The second variant of writing an apple is two arcs extending from the stem and converging in a circle, and inside them, also from the stem, approximately to the middle of the motif, short strokes of the same color are written.
The color of the non-contour painting is the same - crimson flowers with a yellow core and black stamens, crimson apples and black thin twigs with bright green or blue feathery herb leaves and black small berries are painted on the golden surface of the natural color of wood.
Compositions of non-contour painting can be light with large background gaps and rather dense, in which the background is almost invisible, and the entire surface is braided with a pattern of flowers, fruits and fluffy twigs with berries.
A kind of contour painting - painting "Under oil" or "Under nitro"... Here, on a colored - green or crimson - background, painted with aniline paints, black flowers and fluffy branches are painted with ink, and after varnishing, berries and simple inflorescences are applied with white or some light oil paint or nitro paint. Sometimes the painting is completely done with oil paint or nitro paint.
Landscape painting - "houses"
First, the craftswoman, with precise movements, draws the contours of the house, the trunk and bare branches of trees, the banks of the river and silhouettes of birds on its white surface. And here we get a cold winter landscape, it seems that nothing needs to be added to this, this graphic drawing looks so convincing in its completeness. But according to the tradition of the craft, the drawing should turn into an image of a colorful, joyful summer evening. The craftswoman takes the paints, and the walls of the house turn pink or blue, white swans float along the blue river, the meadow is covered with emerald ant, leaves, flowers or fruits - bushes and trees, the scarlet glow of the evening dawn breaks out. Nature comes to life, as it were, subject to the artist's hand. And among the landscapes painted during the day there are no two identical, similar to each other, in each image there is something new, different from the previous one.
In the mid-70s, rather large forms began to be introduced into the assortment of handicrafts, which contributed to the enlargement of the ornament and the complication of compositions. Large bright spots of flowers began to densely fill the central part of the painted surface, they were surrounded by large buds and leaves. The background in the painting was almost invisible, all the gaps between the main decorative spots were filled with small flowers and berries.
Elements and compositions of Polkhov-Maidan painting
|
|
|
|
|
Flowers
Complex flower
Buds
Fruits
Berries
Fruits and berries
Bouquets
Polkhov-Maidan painting technology
The production and painting of mainly decorative items, which rarely have a practical purpose, are characteristic of the Polkhov-Maidan fishery. These are products that have a decorative function. First of all, these are nesting dolls, as well as children's toys, sets of dishes, caskets, wooden eggs, etc.
This painting is done with aniline dyes. Previously, in this craft, products were painted using natural dyes, which were prepared by the craftsmen themselves. Since the process of preparing these dyes was laborious, they found a replacement.
Since aniline dyes have one drawback - they fade too quickly in the light, synthetic dyes are often used for painting - basic, acidic, straight, with which fabrics are also painted.
When painting, pure bright colors are used, for example, blue, red, yellow, which, when mixed and superimposed on each other, give no less bright and beautiful red, green and purple colors. The painting is carried out along a pre-made contour, which is applied with ink. Less commonly, oil paints or nitro paints are used for painting.
Before work, the product undergoes preparation, which boils down to priming. It is primed three times using starch paste. First, a paste with the consistency of sour cream is applied, after which the product is dried for 15-16 hours. Then the paste, already more liquid, is applied a second and third time, taking about 4 hours to dry after each priming. After that, you can start painting.
In the process of painting, you need to ensure that your fingers touch the primed surface as little as possible. The fact is that traces of touches can appear after the product is painted. For this, it is better to hold the product by the bottom.
The contour of the painting is applied to a dry product without templates. Therefore, experience is required to complete the painting. The contour is applied freely.
When painting, paints should be applied in one layer, avoiding multiple brush movements in the same place. To obtain color by applying paints, they are applied in the following sequence: first, the product is painted with lighter colors, then with darker colors. So to obtain a green color, the surface is first covered with yellow paint, and then blue.
After painting, the product is dried in natural conditions for 8-12 hours, and then varnished. In this case, varnishing is done in the same way as a primer - with the help of hands, which are coated with varnish. It is best to varnish the product with oil varnish. Instead of oil varnish, pentaphthalic varnishes are also used, which are applied by spraying. The product is varnished twice. After the first varnishing, the product is kept for 12 hours, after the second - 24 hours.
Nesting dolls are painted with minimal means of expression. The face of the matryoshka is drawn very schematically - the nose is depicted in the form of two dots, the contour of the eyes and eyebrows are applied in thin lines, and the lower and upper contours of the eyes on the sides do not close. The lips of the matryoshka are small, in width not exceeding the distance between the points of the nostrils. Two small circles are usually drawn on the cheeks - a blush. The hair is also depicted very schematically, in the form of two black fragments located next to the scarf.
The back of the matryoshka is painted in one color by about two-thirds. Hands are depicted by means of semicircles, and the hands are often hidden with an apron. Flowers are painted on an apron or scarf, more often roses, leaves and berries.
For decorating other wooden products, roses are most often used, which are connected with twigs with small flowers, leaves and berries to fill the space. Products with flat walls are decorated with landscape sketches, which can be landscapes with a dawn in the sky or small houses. At the same time, a characteristic feature of this painting is the image of houses under bushes, for example, strawberry, which gives the painting a spontaneity.
Figured compositions are also widespread. They consist of straight and zigzag lines, curls linked in one row, points. Sometimes figurative painting includes conventional images of leaves, berries and flowers. Such painting is usually used in the manufacture of cast iron, painting sugar bowls, powder boxes.
It might be useful to read:
- Production of cinder blocks as a profitable own business Business plan for opening cinder blocks;
- The history of the emergence and development of the franchising system in the world Beauty salon franchise;
- Greenhouse Manufacturing and Installation Business Automatic Greenhouse Manufacturing Line;
- Greenhouse equipment Automatic greenhouse production line;
- How the Japanese work: an Epson employee tells the length of the working day in Japan;
- Eikts network - free search for business partners in russia and abroad;
- Sell Antique Rug What Are The Benefits Of Handmade Carpets;
- Business plan writing plan (example);