Tourism industry composition and structure. Structure of the tourism industry. Formation and implementation of tours

The tourism industry is multifaceted. Many enterprises, firms and organizations are involved in serving tourists. The emergence of the tourism business is due to the intensive development of regional and international tourist exchanges and the strong disconnection of the consumer and producer of tourism services (hotels, restaurants, etc.) both in time (advance booking and sale of tours) and in space (different countries, even travel continents) .

5.1. Tourist market and promotion of tourism products

The tourism services market is the possibilities of supply and demand for tourism services. The concept of “offers on the tourism services market” includes both the material base of tourism and tourism services, goods, the high-quality and complete provision of which is possible only with sufficient development of the recreation infrastructure. Tourist market -1 economic system of interaction of four main elements:

1) tourist demand;
2) offers of a tourist product;
3) prices;
4) competition.

The modern tourist market is quite developed. Like any other market, the tourist market at one time underwent development from the seller's market, when the manufacturer decides what product, in what quantity to produce and where to sell, to the buyer's market, when the buyer determines what, in what volume and at what price to produce to the manufacturer.

The tourism industry is quite differentiated and provides a variety of opportunities for specialized travel. Almost any tourist request can be satisfied: a summer cruise to the cold Arctic expanses, where polar bears rule; catamaran descent along the African Zambezi River among vainly waiting hippos and crocodiles; a week visiting a Western American ranch with horse riding and cowboy training; a mountain bike trek along the rough roads of Nepal or a jeep safari through the Bolivian Andes, where every mile of the path passes at an altitude of more than 2500 meters, etc.

The formation of a tourism product consists of the services of many enterprises that are directly related to serving people on vacation and while traveling. These include transport companies, catering establishments, hotels, excursion and educational organizations, gambling establishments, sports and resort organizations, etc.

The process of promoting tourism services to the final consumer is not a direct process, often not providing for their direct connection. In the process of promotion, tourist services are packaged into a so-called tourist product (through a tour operator) and through a distribution system (through travel agencies) they are brought to the consumer. This is shown schematically in Fig. 5.1.

Service Providers

Consumers

Rice. 5.1. Scheme for promoting tourism services from service providers to consumers

5.2. Differentiation of the tourist market

All types of offers in the tourism market should be focused on a specific consumer, his wishes, tastes and travel goals.

People's tastes can vary. This depends on their financial situation, lifestyle, age, family composition and many other factors. The goals of travel for different people are also different: some go to relax by the water, some want to do sports or study English in their spare time, some are interested in excursions and museums, while others only want entertainment.

The goal of differentiating the tourism market is to create tourism services that are appropriate in theme, level and composition. At the same time, of course, it is important to have an idea of the national tastes and habits of visiting tourists and take this into account when serving (say, when drawing up a menu, etc.).

The modern tourist offer is very diverse. There are rare offers, such as a trip through the treetops, advertised by one of the French travel companies. However, specific types of services largely depend on the capabilities of a particular region, country, etc. We can distinguish a number of segments of tourist services that are characteristic of most tourist regions and markets. They are included in the scheme of initial differentiation of the tourist market, presented in Fig. 5.2.

Rice. 5.2. Scheme of initial differentiation of the tourism market

5.3. Types of entrepreneurship in tourism

Tourism is a huge industry that includes various types of business. Many enterprises, organizations and firms find their application in the field of tourism services. From the point of view of statistics of tourism enterprises, types of entrepreneurship in tourism can be presented in the form of the following diagram (Fig. 5.3).

Rice. 5.3. Entrepreneurship system in tourism

According to experts, the greatest influence on the development of tourism is exerted by: the hotel business, transport, travel agencies, tour operators and global computer booking and reservation systems (GCS).

Hotel enterprises are like the base of any tourism product. Accommodation is always included in the package (set) of services, no matter what the trip or vacation. This is how a person is designed that he must rest once a day and must have an overnight stay at his place of stay. These basic services are provided by hotel enterprises of various types and levels of service. Therefore, the presence of hotel enterprises in a particular region or tourist center significantly affects the possibilities of receiving tourists. In addition, the level and standards of hotel service greatly influence the standards of service for tourists in general.

Transport is also an integral part of any travel, as it involves moving in space. Transport greatly facilitates and helps these movements. Modern transport gives tourists enormous opportunities to move while traveling over any, even the longest distances, in a fairly short time. Transport is necessary both for excursion purposes and for transfer. Transport capabilities, both in terms of accessibility of regions and frequency of flights, level and quality of service, influence the development of tourist flows.

Tour operating is actually a tourism enterprise, which aims to form a tourist product and promote it to consumers. The possibilities of wholesale tour ratings influence the distribution of tourist offer, the possibilities of its choice, and the competitive standards of quality of tourist service.

Travel agencies - enterprises selling tourist products, tourist shops. The choice of consumers, and therefore the sales opportunities of all other participants in the tourism market, largely depend on their capabilities, competence and reliability.

GCS - global computer networks (booking and reservation systems) began to be introduced into the tourism market en masse since the early 90s. XX century They can largely become an alternative sales channel for tourism products. There are already studies by tourism experts predicting that such networks will conquer a significant part of the market of tour operators and travel agents. However, the same experts believe that tour operators and travel agents will find their niche and remain in the market as specialized enterprises and consulting sales points. At the same time, the undoubted contribution of computer systems to tourism is the acceleration of information flows and the expansion of choice and booking options.

5.4. The international nature of the modern tourist market

Tourism at the end of the 20th century. became completely international and international. This is facilitated by two interdependent factors: on the one hand, in order to get greater benefits and increase the profitability of a tourism enterprise, companies are expanding the geography of travel around the world; on the other hand, in order to be profitable, a tourism business must be invested internationally.

A good example of the interdependence of these two factors is the cruise business. Cruises take place across seas and oceans, i.e. between countries, and are international trips. The geography of cruise tours is expanding (Alaska, the Philippines and Malaysia, the Pacific Ocean, etc.). At the same time, in order to stay in this type of business, the company must be international and have a material base in various countries and regions. For example, large cruise tour operators "P&O" and "Royal Caribbean" are just such companies (Royal Caribbean even owns one of the islands in the Caribbean Sea, using it for cruise stops).

The same examples can be given in the field of hotel corporations and in the agency and operator business (Holiday Inn, Nur-Touristik, etc.).

In a regional sense, the tourism market is developing unevenly. Typically, the following tourist regions are distinguished: Europe, America, East Asia and the Pacific, Africa, the Middle East, South Asia. Why is there such a disproportionate division of the world into regions? The unequal territories of the allocated areas do not allow for a comparative description. This goal is not pursued, since it is impossible to compare regions so different in resources and development. One can only compare the development of the tourist movement. Regions that are significant in terms of tourist reception and growth of tourist traffic are highlighted in a separate line. For example, in the last 10 years, regions such as the Middle East and South Asia have consistently and with great success shown an increase in tourist arrivals and tourism growth. Despite their relatively small territory, they have quite a significant volume of tourism services, which arouses the interest of statisticians, tourism specialists, marketers and entrepreneurs.

Historically, the tourism industry originated in Europe. It is still one of the most visited regions today. In addition to historical prerequisites, this is also facilitated by the fact that the socio-economic conditions for the development of Europe are much ahead of conditions in countries of other regions. But it is known that the massive development of tourism is possible only when society reaches a certain level of socio-economic development, both in technology and technology, and in terms of the standard of living of the population.

Currently, other tourist regions are also developing quite actively and show high growth rates of tourist traffic.

According to statistics from the World Tourism Organization, over the past decades there has been a constant increase in the volume of international tourism. On average, the global tourism business is growing by 3-4% per year, despite the global and regional crises that occur from time to time.

In general, the development and growth of tourism in the world at the end of the 20th century. and the beginning of the 21st century. can be considered stable. And although in 1997-1998. There has been a slight decline in the growth of tourist traffic, due to a number of economic crises that have occurred in the Asian region, however, the number of traveling tourists is increasing by an average of 4% per year.

In recent years, there have been rapid growth rates of tourism in regions such as Africa (9% in 1999), the Middle East (17.5%), East Asia and the Pacific (8.5%), with rather low growth rates in Europe (1% in 1999). At the same time, Europe retains its leadership in the number of visitors (385.9 million people in 1999).

This trend creates objective conditions for interregional competition, which has become increasingly evident in recent years, when the emergence of new resorts with high service standards forces old tourist regions to raise their standards and look for new high-quality ways to compete for the arrival of tourists to the region. Thus, new resorts are emerging, and service standards are constantly rising.

In order to attract additional flows of tourists, each region, the resort tries to create for tourists the best conditions for recreation and travel, so that tourists feel “at home.” An important role here is played by the availability of information for tourists both in catalogs and in places of recreation and travel (stands, signs, designations of objects, etc.).

5.5. Unification of information and service requirements in modern tourism

The World Tourism Organization has repeatedly approached the problem of unifying tourism information. Back in the mid-80s. XX century International tourism experts have come to the conclusion that in order to facilitate the perception of route, service and other information by tourists, as well as tourism workers in different countries, it is necessary to create a system of standard, unified recording of this information. And in 1986, the Council of Ministers of the European Community adopted the Standardized Information System for hotels. It consists of a fairly large number of pictograms (stylized drawings) used in European countries and some countries in other regions. This system is convenient and has a number of advantages. It is objective, informative, easy to administer and controllable through the use of existing consumer protection legislation that does not allow for misleading interpretations.

This system is widely used in European countries to facilitate the stay of guests in Europe in hotel lobbies, restaurant foyers, and on the streets. The system has also found its application in catalogs of the European Union and some other countries.

However, this system is not the only one. The International Federation of Youth Camp Sites has also developed and uses its own system of symbols to simplify and make information accessible, which differs from the previous one. There are other systems, such as corporate information graphics systems.

The World Tourism Organization has attempted to create a single world unified graphic information system for tourism. But to date, such a system has not been created, since it turned out that in different countries of the world the same objects are usually designated by different symbols. But still, in most cases, the icons of many information systems are understandable to everyone, especially if they are given brief explanations in two or three languages.

The use of information systems in tourism is a common practice. All systems and icons help overcome language problems: with the help of these systems, it is much easier for a guest to find the required information and understand it, regardless of which country he is visiting; The systems help tourism entrepreneurs find a common language with their foreign partners. The main thing is to pay attention and inform the tourist about the presence of a certain system of signs in a particular country and explain their basic meaning.

After almost a quarter of a century of fruitful activity, the WTO has only just come to the point of unifying some of the main issues in international tourism. Also, there is not and cannot yet be a worldwide universal classification of hotels by stars or other categories.

The founder of the star hotel classification system is France, which was the first to adopt a national star classification system (by the way, in France there is no “5 star” hotel category, there are hotels from 1 to 4 stars, and the highest category is “4 plus”). Many countries, including Russia, have national star classification systems. In some others, for example in Greece, the letter designation of the national classification of hotels (A, B, C). In India there is a point system.

Corporate classification systems operating within a single hotel corporation are also widely used (for example, Holiday Inn, Marriott, etc.). Many of them are stellar, but have different standards and requirements for hotel categories (although they are largely similar).

The World Tourism Organization, the International Hotel Association and the Committee of the Hotel and Restaurant Industry of the European Union recommend only the introduction of a star classification of world hotels according to certain characteristics: location of the hotel; the size of the rooms, their layout, convenience and equipment; set of services provided; availability of other premises and halls for leisure, sports, etc.

5.6. Social and humanitarian nature of modern tourism

The international tourist community is increasingly concerned about the development of tourism in a social and humanitarian direction. For these purposes, at the 13th session of the WTO, held in Santiago at the end of September 1999, a new international Code of Ethics for Tourism was adopted. Its goal is to guide the development of the tourism industry in the right direction in the new, 21st century and contribute to an increase in tourist flows.

The Code is advisory in nature and consists of 10 articles relating to various aspects of tourism activities. It is intended not only for specialists in the tourism business, but also for government agencies, the media, as well as for tourists themselves.

The Code was adopted on the basis of a pre-existing (adopted 15 years earlier) Code of Ethics and is a synthesis of various previously published international tourism documents and declarations. It particularly emphasizes the strict prohibition of the sexual exploitation of children and minors.

The Code notes that, first of all, the development of tourism infrastructure should contribute to the economic, social and cultural prosperity of the local population. The development of the tourism industry and the construction of tourist facilities should not have a negative impact on the environment. Government agencies, for their part, must ensure the safety of tourists and take strict measures against any aggression against travelers, threats and possible abductions.

“Tourism has long played a serious role in the development of society as a whole. In the coming years, its influence may increase significantly,” said WTO President Francesco Frangialli at the 13th WTO session. However, according to the WTO, the rapid development of this industry can have both positive and negative consequences. Creating additional jobs and promoting the sale of handicraft products are real achievements in the tourism industry. At the same time, the rapid development of tourism infrastructure can negatively affect the environment, and the desire of host countries to make foreign tourists feel “at home” abroad can lead to the standardization of cultures.

The Code specifically states that it is recommended not to allow standardization of handicraft and souvenir products. Tourists should be interested. New places mean new discoveries. And standard souvenirs can negatively neutralize the process of impressions and knowledge.

5.7. Forecasts for the development of the tourism industry

According to the forecasts of the Travel & Tourism Intelligence Unit (the largest British tourism publishing house, Tourism, Leisure and Health Industry. No. 1(10), 1999), the growth rate of international tourism in the period until 2010 will decrease slightly. If at the level of 1999 and 2000. While global growth rates are just over 5%, in the next five years they are expected to decline to 4.4% by 2005 and to 4.3% by 2010.

The growth of outbound tourism from Europe and the Mediterranean will slow down markedly, while the growth rate of outbound travel in Southeast Asia will remain quite high, despite economic difficulties in the region.

Major changes are also predicted in the structure of departures. The share of long-distance interregional trips is growing: in 1995 it was 15%, and by 2010 it will increase to 25%. This trend is explained not only by the fact that people are traveling more and more and becoming more adventurous, but also by the fact that the modern tourism industry can offer tourists a variety of travel opportunities with a fairly high level of safety guarantees.

Major changes in demand are expected in many leading tourist supply markets. According to WTO forecasts, China will become the world's leading tourist destination by 2020. The next most popular destinations will be the USA, Spain and Hong Kong (as a separate destination from China).

According to the WTO forecast, by 2020 the number of international tourist arrivals will reach 1.6 billion people. and will be three times higher than in 1995.

The WTO also predicts rapid development of outbound tourism. The largest source countries for tourists in 2020 will be: Germany (about 163 million trips), Japan (141 million), USA (123 million), China (100 million) and Great Britain (96 million trips). Russia, whose residents received the opportunity for mass trips abroad only in 1991, will supply about 30 million tourists to the international travel market by 2020.

The forecast for the development of tourist destinations made by the WTO and presented in the study “Tourism: 2020 Vision” identifies the most promising directions and types of tourism of the 21st century. The most popular types of tourism by 2020 will be: adventure, environmental, cultural and educational, thematic (including visits to theme parks), as well as cruises.

The WTO predicts that the amount of time people spend on leisure will decline, especially in major tourist supply markets. According to research, travelers of the 21st century. will be “rich in money, but poor in time.” As a result, they will look for a tourism product that includes maximum pleasure in a minimum period of time. Theme parks and cruise travel will flourish as people can visit multiple destinations in a short period of time. Short holidays and weekend trips will become popular, and the main vacation of the year for many people will be shortened.

There are many people who need a vacation with complete disconnection from everyday worries and worries, this explains the growing popularity of all-inclusive resorts.

Over the next ten years, tourism will remain the largest source of new job creation in European countries and in a number of countries in other regions.

Further differentiation of the tourism product offer is predicted, with the goal of increasingly reaching consumers with diverse capabilities and needs.

A further process of concentration of capital and the creation of large international companies and corporations are also predicted.

The trend of integration processes in the tourism sector will continue both horizontally (for example, travel agency systems, hotel franchise companies) and vertically (for example, the system “operator - agency - hotel, aviation transport enterprise”).

Tourism industry – an intersectoral complex of organizations producing goods and services for tourism.

Also, the tourism industry can be defined as an economic system consisting of a complex of industries and divisions, the functions of which are to satisfy the diverse and increasingly complex demand for various types of recreation and entertainment. The tourism industry is characterized by the following specific properties: resource orientation, seasonal and cyclical nature of production, and the need for significant investments in tourism infrastructure.

The tourism industry includes the production and sale of goods and services from various sectors of the national economy, which in this case act as tourism industries. The complexity and diversity of market relations in the tourism industry determines the mutual multiplier effect of the development of both tourism industries and other sectors of social production. The specificity of the tourism industry lies in the diversity and complexity of direct and (or) indirect interaction in this segment of various sectors of social production, most of which are industries selling non-productive types of services.

There are two structures within the tourism industry:

1. Organizations providing facilities (funds) for accommodation and temporary accommodation, organized meals and transport services.

2. Organizations engaged in tourism activities, excursion services, and services for foreign tourists.

The objective need to form a complex of tourist services in order to most fully satisfy the needs of tourists has given rise to a special role of tour organizers in the tourism market in the tourism economy - tour operators and travel agents .

Tour operator activities – this is an activity to create a tourism product, including various services to promote this product to the market and its sale. Tour operator companies develop and sell tourism products mainly on a wholesale basis.

Travel agency activities - This is a continuation of the activities of a tour operator, but in the retail market. On behalf of the tour operator, the travel agent completes a market transaction for the purchase and sale of a tourist product. Travel agent firms act as sellers of the tourism product generated by tour operators.

The main areas of specialization of tour operator activities are the following:

1. Specialization in receiving and servicing foreign tourists. Travel agencies engaged in this activity are called inbound tour operators. To perform their functions they must:

It is good to know the tourist resources available in the country and be able to use them, have information about the features of tourist travel in your country;

Possess information about the material and technical base of tourism in your country, have close business contacts with tourism service enterprises and the ability to use them to serve foreign tourists;

Have the right (reference) for visa support for foreign tourists purchasing tours to travel to the country represented by the travel agency;

Have access to channels for promoting and selling your tourism product in foreign tourism markets.

2. Specialization in organizing tourist trips for citizens of their country abroad. Travel agencies that do this are called destination tour operators. To perform their functions they must:

Have a good position in the outbound tourism market in your country, the ability to promote and sell tourist travel abroad to your fellow citizens;

Have close business relationships with international carriers (air and road transport, railway and water transport) to ensure the passage of their tourists on international flights;

Have reliable partnerships with foreign tour operators for reception, capable of providing visa support and quality service for received foreign tourists;

Possess the necessary information about the conditions of tourist travel to different countries.

In practice, each tourism company chooses for itself one or more of the most accessible and profitable segments of market demand, for which it forms its tourism product, sets prices, and uses appropriate promotion and sales channels. Thus, specialization of tourism firms arises.

Travel agents usually receive a 10% commission on the sale price of a travel package, but when selling tickets and booking hotels, even lower commissions of 8-9% are considered normal, and when selling traveler's checks or foreign currency they take no more than 2% commission. Only in rare cases, depending on the purpose of trading, this figure can reach 2.5%. Insurance provides travel agencies with about 30% commission, and car rental - about 10%.

Currently, travel agencies can have access to information about all air carriers and companies that distribute their products through the Global Distribution System (GDS) network. It is an essential tool in international tourism marketing. GDS was introduced and developed by large airlines in the USA in the early 70s, and later in Europe and Asia.

Travel agents can also connect to unified computer reservation systems created by the world's largest air carriers (for example, Galileo International, Sabre, Abacus).

In addition to tour operators and travel agents, the tourism industry includes :

Firms producing tourism services (hospitals, sanatoriums, health resorts, recreation centers, business consultations, etc.);

Specialized companies providing accommodation services (boarding houses, holiday homes, motels, hotels, etc.);

Specialized catering establishments (restaurants, bars, cafes, canteens, etc.);

Specialized transport enterprises (aviation enterprises, automobile enterprises, railway departments, sea and river transport enterprises, etc.);

Trade enterprises and trading companies specializing in goods for tourists;

Leisure tourism enterprises (cinema and concert halls, slot machine halls, etc.);

State enterprises (national, regional, municipal enterprises of a unitary or joint-stock nature, engaged in tourism on a commercial or social basis).

Rice. 2.1. Structure of the tourism industry

Primary - intended directly for serving tourists (sanatoriums, boarding houses, tourist centers, etc.);

Secondary - designed to serve primarily tourists, although their services can also be used by local residents (catering establishments, cultural institutions, etc.);

Tertiary – as a rule, they are intended to serve local residents, but tourists can also use their services to meet their needs (public transport, post office, etc.).

A feature of the tourism industry is the technical and economic specificity of its constituent tourism industries, which excludes the possibility of combining all or most of its material and technical base within one industry, therefore the tourism industry can be considered as a market for services and goods of tourism industries.

Tourism industry– a branch of social production, consisting of enterprises producing goods or services intended for sale in the tourism segment of the market.

Features of tourism industry enterprises are:

1) predominantly non-productive nature of the activity;

2) the specificity of consumers, who are mostly tourists and travelers, the absence of which would significantly reduce (restaurants, cafes, souvenir shops) or make completely impossible the existence of certain types of enterprises (hotels, ticket agencies, resorts) in a given area.

The structure of the tourism industry can be represented as follows:

1) the entertainment industry, the activities of tour operators and travel agents, transport, organization of excursion and educational events (the tourism industry itself);
2) the hospitality industry, consisting of the service industry, the accommodation industry, and the food industry;
3) global computer networks (GCN).

Hotel enterprises are the basis of any tourism product. Accommodation is always included in the service package. Transport is also an integral part of any journey, since real travel without moving in space is impossible. Tour operators are tourism enterprises that develop tours.

Tour operators are usually divided into proactive and receptive. Initiative tour operators- these are operators sending tourists abroad. Reception tour operator is developing a program for receiving tourists within the country. A list of professional tour operators in popular destinations of the Russian outbound tourism market is given in Appendix 1.

The development of tourism programs, or tour rating, distinguishes tour operators from travel agencies. Travel agents - retail chain enterprises selling tours developed by tour operators.

Global computer networks are reservation systems that may in the future become an alternative (in relation to tour operators and travel agents) channel for the sale of tourism products.

The use of the Internet in recent years has been an effective way of advertising tourism products in the media plan implemented by travel agencies.

Under media plan refers to the budget of a travel company allocated for advertising tourism products. The first and one of the most important steps here is to create a travel agency website. The most popular is the online reservation system, when right on the website a registered agent can instantly view information about the availability of seats for certain dates and quickly book a tour.

Information technologies in tourism have long been used abroad. The world's largest airlines have developed and implemented reservation systems: Amadeus, Galileo, Saber (63). For example, reservation of air tickets by Aeroflot is carried out through the Gabriel inventory system, owned by the American corporation SITA.

The economic reforms carried out in Russia have made it possible to eliminate the state monopoly on many types of activities, including international tourism. There are opportunities to create your own travel company.

As already noted, there are two types of travel agencies operating in the tourism market - tour operators and travel agents. Therefore, an entrepreneur must decide for himself which type of business to prefer. Tour operator activities are usually more complex and responsible than the activities of a travel agent. In addition to the ability to independently develop tourist routes, it requires the ability to communicate with foreign travel agencies, guides and hotels, and have the necessary connections, business contacts and acquaintances. The tasks of travel agents are more modest - the sale of a tour operator's tour package for a commission, usually amounting to 10% of the tour cost.

If you are active, are not afraid to create something new and enter the market with it, receiving a monopoly excess profit, you are a born tour operator. If you want to work quietly for a small commission, protecting yourself from the elements of the market, you are a born travel agent.

The responsibilities of a tour operator include purchasing air tickets, booking hotels, organizing excursions, and calculating the cost of tours, taking into account all risks. The travel agent is not responsible for the quality of the tourist product. Its main task, as a rule, comes down to providing tourists with complete and reliable information about the tour. A tour operator has much more complex tasks and a much more responsible mission than a travel agent. Therefore, appropriate amendments have been made to the legislation regarding the activities of tour operators.

Carrying out tour operator activities on the territory of the Russian Federation is permitted by a legal entity registered in accordance with the Federal Law “On State Registration of Legal Entities and Individual Entrepreneurs” dated August 8, 2001 No. 129-FZ. In accordance with the Federal Law “On Amendments to the Federal Law “06 Fundamentals of Tourism Activities in the Russian Federation” dated February 5, 2007 No. 12-FZ, the implementation of tour operator activities is possible with financial guarantees, which provides grounds for including a legal entity in a single Federal register of tour operators, the formation and maintenance of which is carried out by the Federal Agency for Tourism.

After the entrepreneur decides who he should be - a tour operator or a travel agent, he must go through business registration procedure, i.e. organize a legal entity. The registration procedure usually takes two to three months. The cost of registering a travel agency includes the costs of opening and registering a legal entity, a GOST certificate, a set of contracts with tour operators, and a layout of the BSO TOUR-1.

Registration of a tour operator in connection with amendments to legislation related to the provision of financial guarantees will require additional execution of a tour operator liability insurance contract. This agreement must be concluded either with an insurance company or with a bank, which will agree to take on financial guarantees for tourism activities. In addition, the tour operator will have to enter into agreements with insurance companies to insure its own clients. It is also necessary to obtain an extract from the Unified Federal Register of Tour Operators to submit it to the relevant consular services and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs when obtaining visas. It is also important to draw up a legally competent agreement “tour operator - travel agent” when carrying out intermediary activities.

The minimum team of a travel company, as a rule, includes a director, an accountant, and, if necessary, a lawyer, as well as two or three managers and a courier.

For a novice entrepreneur engaged in international tourism activities, seasonal changes in demand can present difficulties. To smooth out the seasonality factor, it is advisable to develop several directions at once. In summer, for example, you can send tourists to Greece and Turkey, and in winter - to Austria and Egypt.

A serious problem is finding qualified personnel. A qualified sales manager is the best advertisement for any travel agency. And his main enemy is a dissatisfied client.

Fig. 1.2 Structure of the tourism industry according to J. Walker

Despite some differences in reference points, the Federal Law describes objects, and J. Walker proceeds from the main types of activity assumed by tourism, but does not include tourism organizations themselves in the structure - both schemes show an expansive understanding

e of the tourism industry, almost identical to the understanding of the industry

hospitality according to J. Dittmer and J. Griffin. According to these authors, the structure of the hospitality industry includes hospitality itself, as well as travel and tourism (Fig. 1.3).

Fig. 1.3 Structure of the hospitality industry according to J. Dittmer and J. Griffin

Hospitality itself (hospitality in the narrow sense of the word) includes the food and accommodation sectors. Travel and tourism, in turn, involve entertainment and recreation, transport, agencies and tour operator companies. In contrast to the presented points of view, J. Torkildsen proposes to consider the listed components as units of the structure of the leisure industry. However, the author takes as a basis the criterion of the provider - the service provider. Accordingly, commercial and non-commercial types of leisure are distinguished. A detailed diagram of the leisure industry is presented in Figure 1.4.

Fig. 1.4 Structure of the leisure industry according to J. Torkildsen AAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAAA

It is easy to notice the repetition of the same components in all the above diagrams. How can we differentiate these concepts, clearly separate the tourism industry from the hospitality industry, and the leisure industry from the tourism industry? We find a solution in the approach of V. Freyer, who distinguishes: a) the tourism industry in the narrow sense - enterprises producing

typical travel services; b) the tourism industry in a broad sense - atypical enterprises producing typical travel services; c) peripheral tourism industry - enterprises producing goods and services that are not related to a typical tourism product (Fig. 1.5).

Fig. 1.5 Structure of the tourism industry according to V. Freier

In the works of V.I. Azara, V.A. Kvartalnov and V.M. Kozyrev, the tourism industry (tourism industry) is defined as "... an economic system consisting of a complex of industries and divisions, the functions of which are to satisfy the diverse and increasingly complex demand for various types of recreation and entertainment." The tourism industry is characterized by the following specific properties: resource orientation, seasonal and cyclical nature of production, and the need for significant investments in tourism infrastructure.

The tourism industry includes the production and sale of goods and services from various sectors of the national economy, which in this case act as tourism industries. The complexity and diversity of market relations in the tourism industry determines the mutual multiplier effect of the development of both tourism industries and other sectors of social production. The specificity of the tourism industry lies in the diversity and complexity of direct and (or) indirect interaction in this segment of various branches of social production, most of which are industries selling non-productive types of services.

If we consider the tourism industry in a broader sense, then it is an independent national economic complex, since in addition to the listed entities that are directly related to tourism, it also includes various specialized enterprises that do not have a pronounced tourist character. Such industries include passenger transport (air, water, road, rail) with its extensive network of technical services, transport engineering and automotive industry, fuel industry, capital and road construction, souvenir production, food industry, many branches of agriculture, etc. , as well as the scope of services used by tourists.

A feature of the tourism industry is the technical and economic specificity of its constituent tourism industries, which excludes the possibility of combining within one industry all or most of its material and technical base, therefore the tourism industry can be considered as a market for services and goods of tourism industries.

The tourism industry is a branch of social production, consisting of enterprises producing goods or services intended for sale in the tourism segment of the market.

The peculiarities of enterprises in the tourism industry are: firstly, the predominantly non-productive nature of the activity and, secondly, the specificity of consumers, mostly tourists and travelers, the absence of which would significantly reduce (restaurants, cafes, souvenir shops) or make completely impossible the existence of certain types of businesses (hotels, ticket agencies, resorts) in the area.

On the basis of the tourism industry, tourism business is developing, which can be represented as the activities of tourism industry enterprises, based on the use of tourism resources and aimed at making a profit by meeting the needs of tourists (tourist needs). A characteristic feature of the tourism business is that the result of work in the tourism business is the satisfaction of tourist needs.

The structure of the industries included in the tourism industry and the tourism industry are the same. Both in the tourism industry and in the tourism business, it is quite clearly possible to distinguish between a kind of core activity on the one hand, and infrastructure on the other. The differences between the tourism industry and the tourism business are formal: the tourism industry is simply a collection of industries and enterprises,

tourism business is the same totality, but with the mandatory inclusion of activities of individual managers, and with a clearly expressed target orientation of this activity.

Tourism is an industry that includes many types of activities. All segments of the tourism industry are interconnected and dependent on each other. For example, the success of a ski resort depends on the delivery of skiers to the slopes, the level of accommodation, food and other services offered to tourists during their holiday at the resort. Small businesses connected to ski resorts act as independent businesses, but in reality they are dependent on each other. This dependence requires joint efforts.

The term “hospitality” deserves special attention, as well as its accompanying business sector - the hospitality industry. As R. Brymer believes, hospitality is the secret of any thoughtful service. The care shown towards the guest, the ability to feel the client’s needs, elusive but so obvious features in

employee behavior. According to R. Brymer, the hospitality industry is a collective concept for numerous and diverse forms of business that specialize in the market for services related to receiving and serving guests.

There are several points of view regarding the composition of the tourism industry. European tourism experts divide the entire system of entrepreneurship in tourism into two parts: the tourism industry and the hospitality industry.

Tourism industry, According to this point of view, it includes the entertainment industry, tour operating, travel agencies, transport, excursion and educational organizations.

Hospitality industry includes the service industry, the accommodation industry and the food industry.

The tourism entrepreneurship system should include:

1. The main entrepreneurial core of tourism is tour operators and travel agents as a lever that activates other factors of production in tourism.
2. Transport sector, accommodation and catering sector, entertainment sector.

The structure of the tourism industry can be represented as follows:

1. Entertainment industry, activities of tour operators and travel agents, transport, organization of excursion and educational events
2. Hospitality industry, consisting of the service, accommodation and food industries
3. Global computer networks (GCN)

Hotel enterprises are like the base of any tourism product. Accommodation is always included in the service package. Transport is also an integral part of any journey, as it involves moving in space.

Tour operators are tourism enterprises that develop tours. They are usually distinguished into proactive and receptive. Initiative tour operators are those that send tourists abroad. A reception tour operator is developing a program for receiving tourists within the country.

Travel agents are enterprises that sell tours developed by tour operators to retail chains. Tour operators are distinguished from travel agents by tour rating. Tour operating is the development of tourism programs, i.e. tours. Global computer networks - booking and reservation systems, which may in the future become an alternative (in relation to tour operators and travel agents) channel for the sale of tourism products.

Tourist product - 1. this is the right to a tour intended for sale. tourist

2. economic category, including: a) tours combined by their expediency (educational and recreational); b) tourist and excursion services (accommodation, meals, transportation services); c) tourist and souvenir goods (maps, postcards, souvenirs)

A tourist, selling his own money in exchange for a tourist product, satisfies his needs for material and spiritual benefits.

A tourism product is any service that satisfies the needs of tourists during travel and is subject to payment from the outside. What does a tourist actually buy? In fact, he does not acquire the product as such, which has a certain set of properties, but its ability to satisfy a certain need. Consequently, for a tourism enterprise, it is of great importance to provide and distribute not the properties of its product, but the real benefits and benefits from it for its client.

The tourism business is one of the fastest growing sectors of the world economy. According to some estimates. international tourism is one of the three largest export industries, behind the oil industry and the automobile industry. The World Travel and Tourism Council, an industry group headquartered in London, estimates travel and tourism economic activity in 2004 at $4.6 trillion. Dollars, that is, approximately 11% of the gross world product, making it the largest industry in the world economy. Modern tourism revenues are estimated at trillions of US dollars, which is comparable to the GDP of the “great” powers.

The tourism market in relation to the economy of any country is characterized by two cycles. This is expressed in the fact that a highly developed tourist market leads to the wealth of the state, and an imperfect and underdeveloped tourist market characterizes its poverty.

The developing tourism economy does not have the capacity to satisfy all the needs and desires of tourists. The abundance of tourism resources presupposes the creation of a rather complex and diverse material and technical base for tourism. With increasing economic returns from the tourism industry, one part of the income is used to satisfy new tourism needs, and the other can be directed to the development of other areas of the economy.

Tourism cannot be developed one-sidedly. Its rapid rise requires the harmonious development of all sectors of the country's economy and a simultaneous increase in their economic activity.

In the tourism market there is a continuous movement of flows of money and tourism products, which move towards each other, thereby creating a tourist circulation.

Tourist circulation is a system of economic and legal (civil) relations that arises between a tourist and a tourism company and shows the directions of movement of flows of tourism products, investments in tourism development and cash receipts to the budget from income from tourism activities.

The functioning of the tourism market is subject to sharp seasonal fluctuations in demand for the tourism product.

The production and service process of tourism has a pronounced dependence on seasonal fluctuations.

The study of seasonality in tourism allows us to: determine the degree of influence of natural and climatic conditions on the formation of tourist flows; set the duration of the tourist season; reveal the factors that determine seasonality in tourism; determine the economic consequences of seasonality at the level of the region and the tourism company; develop a set of measures to reduce seasonal unevenness in serving tourists.

The seasonality of tourism leads to the seasonal nature of employment of tourism industry workers. This has its positive and negative sides.

On the one hand, tourism generates an uneven distribution of working time (overtime during the tourist season and insufficient workload of workers in the off-season) and, as a consequence, a significant proportion of underemployed workers and staff turnover.

On the other hand, the seasonality of tourism stimulates the multidisciplinary nature of jobs, when the same worker performs different functions depending on seasonal characteristics. In addition, seasonal work is beneficial for many categories of the population as a source of additional income.

Currently, in the tourism market of economically developed countries, there is a tendency to reduce seasonal unevenness in tourism services due to the rapid development of supply relative to demand.

The extension of the main tourist season has a strong impact on the efficiency of a tourism company.

The volume of tourism services sold has a clearly seasonal nature, which is determined by many factors (time of year, vacation period, holidays, etc.). Therefore, in the process of analyzing and planning the volume of sold services of a travel company, it is necessary to take into account the pattern of deviations of the indicators of individual months from the average annual indicators. These calculations are made based on seasonality factors.

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