Wooden art. Wooden art - gadsclub. Wood products

Wood Art August 11th, 2014

Wood is one of the warmest and noblest materials. An affordable, renewable and environmentally friendly resource. And if you have a fantasy and vacation home and free time, do not be lazy ... buy a woodcarving tool, a burner, varnish and paint and go to create real hand-made masterpieces!

And we will show you some extraordinary wooden products for interior decoration.

A silhouette of a deer, carved from old wooden pallets - a panel for the hallway.

Panel in the form of a plank heart covered with different colors.

Vases made from ordinary cans and wooden boards, covered with paint and artificially aged.

Set up a real bar made of wooden planks. Double racked shelves: bottles of your favorite drinks and glasses are securely placed on the wall.

Do you have a wooden barrel? Just perfect! A hose, a mixer, a simple sink and voila - an unusual sink for a summer residence is ready.

Remember the children's sledges? Remember how fun it was to slide down the ice slide? Use slats like this to create a colorful, hand-made garden rug.

A romantic swing that will perfectly fit into the interior of a country house or a blooming garden.

And the most ordinary-looking log can be turned into a creative candlestick without much hassle. The main thing is to place a small glass glass inside each hole, where you will put Finnish candles in the future. And remember that a fire, even such a small one, cannot be left unattended!

Woodworking crafts (DR) - developed at the dawn of the formation of human society and together with the emergence of primitive tools. For many centuries, people have widely used this natural material, gradually studied a variety of tree species, their properties, acquired practical skills, developed skill.
Wood products were first processed with stone tools. At the turn of the III-IV millennium BC. e. with the development of bronze, and later iron (end of the 2nd millennium BC)
prerequisites were created for the improvement of tools and the development of carpentry
Such types of woodworking as sharpening, cutting, splitting, weaving, burning, drilling, turning, gouging have been known since the Paleolithic. Simultaneously with the development of technology for processing wood for everyday needs, people learned to decorate products.
The wood has a beautiful natural color and a variety of texture patterns, good thermal insulation, water resistance, ease of processing, low density and a number of other useful properties. Living quarters and outbuildings, city walls and fortifications, temples and bridges were built from wood; made dishes (bowls and cups, buckets, tubs, spoons, ladles, salt shakers); boats and ships, plows, carts, carriages and sleighs, tools for agriculture and household work (spindles, spinning wheels) and much more.
In our time, there are almost no genuine ancient monuments of artistic woodworking, information about some of them has been preserved in literary sources, chronicles, folklore, images in painting and miniature. Many monuments of folk art of a later period have retained their ancient forms due to persistent everyday and artistic, socio-economic factors. With the development of art and architecture, the types of artistic woodworking were further developed.
In areas rich in forests, woodworking crafts developed, their own traditions were laid. Each nation showed its own approach to woodworking, its own preferences in the manufacture of wooden products, and its own decoration techniques.

Ancient Egypt considered the birthplace of woodworking crafts. It is to Egypt that humanity should be grateful for the creation of basic pieces of furniture: caskets, beds, chests, wardrobes, stools, chairs and tables. The Egyptians developed the technology for processing wood and the basic techniques for decorating it.

There was not much of its own timber in Egypt. For the manufacture of furniture and household products, the Egyptians used the wood of palm trees, secimora, plane trees growing along the banks of the Nile. For the manufacture of large boats used pine trunks from neighboring countries - Phenicia, Nubia, Lebanon. “The pharaoh had a monopoly on this trade.

Burial boat from the tomb of Amenhotep II. Wood. Cairo, Egyptian Museum

Ebony was obtained from southern countries, various boxes and luxurious luxury furniture were made from it. Egyptian craftsmen owned a large set of tools - saws, axes, drills and adzes. Archival documents indicate that as early as 1500 BC, the Egyptians used a primitive lathe for cutting and turning cylinder shapes of various configurations.

IN Ancient Greece as a result of the division of labor, independent professions of carpenter, furniture maker, and joiner were organized. Carpenters successfully used a plane and a lathe. In the manuscripts of a scientist and statesman of the 1st century AD. Pliny the Elder provides application information lathe more close to modern.

Drawing of a lathe by the Greek master Theodore, 6th century BC

The invention of the plane also favored the development of joinery and woodworking. The furniture manufacturing technology was at a fairly high level. The Greeks were familiar with frame-panel knitting, bending wood with steam, they began to develop a technique for making veneer.

Ancient Rome distinguished by the significant development of carpentry, cabinetmakers worked with valuable types of wood. A large number of wooden products were found in Herculaneum, charred from hot ash during the eruption of Vesuvius in 49 AD. BC: a bed with a raised wall near the head, a lari, a small cabinet decorated with carvings, and other items made mainly by local craftsmen. Artists and artisans were renowned for their skill in making furniture. Much attention was paid to rich, often grandiose decoration. Various techniques were used to decorate the furniture: engraving, carving, painting, veneering, inlay.
Have scandinavian peoples the most common type artistic creation there was wood carving. It was used not only in decorating household items, but also in architecture. At the beginning of the 20th century, a large burial was discovered in Oseberg, near Oslo, Norway. The artifacts found in this burial demonstrate the high skill of the Scandinavians in artistic carving. In a burial, presumably the Norse queen Osa, dating from the 9th century, was found big ship, on which utensils, fabrics, and most importantly, several sledges and a carved cart have been preserved. In the ornamentation of wooden objects, the leading motif is the ribbons of intertwining animals. Wooden figures with fantastic animal heads were also found here; they were installed on the bow of the ship to scare away the dark forces.

Artifacts found in a burial at Oseberg, near Oslo, Norway.

Medieval Europe. The way of life in the early Middle Ages in Europe was not conducive to creating conditions for the emergence of a comfortable home. The master could demonstrate his creativity and his abilities by creating furniture for churches: benches, music stands, wardrobes, chests, etc. A chest was a universal piece of furniture; it simultaneously served as a bed, furniture for sitting, a suitcase for storing things. The first chests, like those of primitive peoples, were hollowed out of tree trunks.
In the XV century. the furniture of urban dwellings is finished no less carefully than the church furniture: it is abundantly decorated with Gothic ornaments. The side walls of the chests are covered with rich carvings that convey the patterns of Gothic windows and other details of the architectural decoration of buildings.

It is impossible to imagine a medieval cathedral in Europe without carved altars, iconostases, and bas-reliefs. In the early Gothic era, carvings adorned building facades, columns and arches, and cathedrals. In the culture of the peoples of France, England, Italy and Scandinavia, artistic woodcarving was closely associated with religion and the Gothic style in architecture. In France, the custom of decorating doors with elaborate carvings was widespread during the reign of Kings Louis IV and Louis XV. One of the oldest doors in England, Westminster Abbey, was made in 1050 until the 16th century. With the advent of the Renaissance, the Gothic style lost its relevance, and with it, artistic carving ceased to be in demand for a while.

Russian art, which arose on the basis of folk art, created works of art of world significance. Its beginning refers to the work of the ancient Slavs who settled along the banks of the Dnieper, Don, Lake Ilmen, Volga in the 1st millennium. The Russian people were excellent builders, masterly mastered the skills of artistic woodworking, they mastered various methods of making wooden products and their decor. All were made of wood - temples, huts, mansions of the nobility, religious buildings, and beautiful household utensils.

Church of the Transfiguration House carving

Lord's (1714) Kizhi Island.

Turners from soft wood turned cups, bowls-staves, casks from oak planks-rivets collected barrels, jugs. Exquisite spoons were cut out of maple, boxes for dowry were bent from bast.

Spinning wheels and wooden utensils, the forms of which appeared in ancient times and developed by many generations of masters, have reached high artistic perfection, are remarkable types of Russian decorative applied art.

The Russian North was famous for its birch bark crafts. In the XVII - XVIII centuries. the art of artistic woodcarving was developed in the design of iconostases, palace interiors, and furniture. Products made from burl growth, an amazing material called wooden malachite by craftsmen, were in great demand in Russia.

Burl box Birch bark products.

Ukraine exceptionally rich in wooden architecture. In total, about 3000 wooden religious buildings are known throughout the country. The pearl of wooden temple architecture is the Holy Trinity Cathedral in Novomoskovsk, built in 1778.

Holy Trinity Cathedral in Novomoskovsk

The very fabulous nature with its enchanting landscapes has been a source of inspiration for many generations. folk craftsmenwho carried their magical original work through the centuries. Special achievements in woodworking were achieved by craftsmen in Polesie and in forest-steppe regions. The simplest and, obviously, the most ancient, preserved in the 19th and early 20th centuries. wood processing techniques were burning and hollowing out (cutting) from a single piece of wood.
Sledges, carts, boats, benches, chests ("screensaver"), shelves for bowls - "misniks", weaving looms, barrels, troughs ("night"), buckets, bowls, barrels for bacon (bodni), spoons , shovels, buckets, rocker arms, beehives. On the basis of the use of wood materials, such crafts as turning, carpentry, carpentry, cooper work, "stelmash" (making carts), etc. developed.

Exhibits of the Museum of Ethnography and Folklore of the Prof. Lyceum

novograd - Volynsky in Zhytomyr region of Ukraine, XIX century.

The artistic expressiveness and completeness of the products was greatly enhanced by the logical use of the appropriate decoration: carving, inlay, mosaic, burning, painting, etc.

Chest, tree, Lviv region, ХІХ century.

The weaving of wares from vines, straw and bark has become widespread. Baskets, boxes, hats (diamonds), pieces of furniture, etc. were made of these materials.

Royal gates from the village of Voronilovichi (Brest region of the 16th century)

Belarus can also be proud of its successes in the woodworking industries. The life of the Belarusian peasant was closely connected with the forest, he lived in it and used its gifts. Residential and utility rooms were built from wood, coal and tar were burned. From the bark, bast and ropes, bast for boxes, bast for weaving bast shoes and baskets were mined. A variety of household items, furniture, dishes and vehicles were made from wood. The assortment of wooden products includes many things of an applied nature: carved and painted mugs, carved spoons, mortars, ladles, painted kitchen boards, boxes for various purposes, etc. In the XVII century. the “Belarusian carving” has gained immense popularity. An excellent example of early Belarusian church carving is the Tsar's gate from the village of Voronilovichi (Brest region Xvi in.) In Belarus, there was a unique technique of wood carving: Gomel filigree - the creation of complex lace patterns from shavings different breeds wood.

Baltics. Wood processing for the Baltic peoples has always been a traditional occupation. But the most common types of woodworking crafts are manufacturing vehicle: sleighs and carts, furniture, household items: tubs, barrels, boxes, baskets. Wedding sleighs and furniture (wardrobes, chairs, chests, towel racks), as well as ceremonial and ritual objects were decorated with carvings and paintings. Boxes for wedding gifts and dowry for Estonians, beer mugs, spinning wheels were colorfully decorated. With great skill, rural craftsmen made pendant chandeliers and festive table candlesticks.

The art of wooden sculpture has become a national tradition in Lithuania. Unusual crosses, humble Madonnas, stooped figures of saints and various characters of Lithuanian history are quite common in different parts of the country: in the museum and in the forest, in the park and in the cemetery, on the side of the road. The art of sculptural carving is very ancient, but due to the fragility of wood, sculptures have survived to this day only from the 18th century.

IN Central Asia the number of woodworking crafts was limited by the shortage, and, consequently, by the high cost of wood. In connection with the birth of a son, the inhabitants of the oases traditionally planted a tree, which in the future served as a building material for an adult man to build his own house. To decorate the wooden parts of a stationary dwelling: internal support posts, doors, shutters for windows, columns of covered terraces (ayvans), they used an elegant thread. The skill of woodworkers was in demand in the manufacture of dishes, cradles, tools, vehicles (carts, saddles,), etc. For nomads, wood served as a frame for a yurt, wood was used to make its interior items - chests, cabinets, stands for household goods. The main type of decoration of these things was carving, often in combination with painting, and the Kazakhs used bone inlay for decoration.

Ornamental woodwork is one of the ancient types of applied art in Uzbekistan, which was passed by craftsmen from generation to generation. The recognized centers of woodcarving in Uzbekistan were and remain Khiva, Bukhara, Samarkand, Tashkent, Fergana. Each school differs in its own carving technique and patterns.

Ornamental decoration of support pillars (Carving). Uzbekistan

Lauch - sliding wooden stand for books

Dagdgans, Armenia, 9th century

Caucasus. Wood carving is widespread among the peoples of the Caucasus. Georgian craftsmen have long used walnut, oak, yew, boxwood, elm. Ornaments decorate furniture, folk musical instruments, traditional vessels for beer and wine, small household items.

In Armenia, woodcarving is used in architecture. The original drawing is preserved on the capitals of the Sevan Monastery of the 9th century. Ancient wooden Armenian talismans-amulets (dagdgans), various in outlines and internal patterns, are decorated with triangular-grooved carvings.

Since ancient times, wood in the life of the mountaineers occupied a more significant place than stone. In Dagestan, not only the architectural details of the facade and interior of the dwelling, but also furniture and dishes were made of wood. In mountain Avaria there are auls even now, where women carry water in tall wooden vessels, in the form of an elongated truncated cone.

IN India the tradition of wood carving is lost in antiquity. Early wooden temples with magnificent carvings in the states of Himachal Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh have survived to this day.

The state of Kashmir is home to magnificent wood-clad houses, geometric patterns on ceilings, and pindjara lattice windows. Khankah Shah-i-Hamadan, the oldest Sufi mosque in Srinagar ( Kashmir), founded in 1395 on the banks of the Jhelam River and reconstructed in 1731.

Khankah Shah-i-Hamadan - the oldest mosque in Srinagar

In this country, each region is distinguished by its own particular style of carving, developed in accordance with local traditions and taking into account the type of wood. Wooden dolls, toys, religious paraphernalia and carvings are examples of Indian folk art.
Sankhead is a renowned center for lacquered furniture. Lacquering, ebony, mother-of-pearl, ivory (Bombay mosaic) inlay, ivory carving, and later openwork carving were used to decorate the furniture.
China. Wood carving in China dates back to the Stone Age. The golden period in the development of the production of ancient Chinese furniture in China is considered the era of the Ming Dynasty (1368 - 1644) When wood was abundant. Walls, carved pillars, wood paintings have survived to this day and represent a significant part of the cultural heritage of China.

Magnificent wood carvings are found in imperial palaces in Beijing, Suzhou, Hangzhou and Anhui. During the reign of the Qing dynasty emperor Qianlong (1711-1799), about 400 craftsmen gathered in the capital to decorate the palaces. Their woodcarving works are still kept in Gugong, the imperial palace in Beijing.

Lacquer furniture was very popular in ancient China. The technique of its manufacture was known to the Chinese as early as 2,500 years. Later, such Chinese furniture served as a model for the manufacture of similar European furniture. The technique of lacquer carving was also used. Another popular technique that made China famous was intarsia (inlay). The inserts protruded above the surface of the object and were made of ivory, mother of pearl, precious stones, tortoise shell, metal, etc.
Japan. Monuments of ancient Japanese wooden architecture are masterpieces of folk carpentry art. The tradition of building temples from wood has survived to our time.

A huge wooden reliquary temple (Daibutsuden) was built in the 8th century, its area is 73 x 50 sq.m and a height of 48 m. In 1705-1709. the building was rebuilt and reduced by almost 30%. But even in its modern appearance, the temple remains the largest wooden structure in the world.

Daibutsuden Reliquary Temple

In the XVII-XVIII centuries. Japanese craftsmen demonstrate the high art of ornamental wood carving. Carvings adorned the palaces and residences of shoguns, temple buildings, was widely used in the manufacture of small household items of townspeople. Also, carvers showed special skill in the manufacture of heads for puppets of the Dzeruri theater and masks for the no.
America. Despite the primitive tools of labor, the American Indians also demonstrate a special skill in woodworking, which is unparalleled on the American continent. From huge cedars, with the help of stone axes, the Indians gouged boats, built dams. By splitting logs into thick boards, they erected walls and roofs. Thick pillars, dug into the ground, are supports for the gable roof and portals, and skillfully carved on them depicted the ancestral totems of the inhabitants of the house. The houses of the Haida Indians stand out especially. Totem poles with beautiful ornamentation were placed near each house, giving the Indian villages a unique flavor. Boat production was an important type of woodworking among the Indians, and boatmen were highly respected by the community. The boats were hollowed out from one trunk of a large cedar, they were light and fast.
Various household items were made of wood: ladles, dishes, ladles, spoons; chests covered with paintings or carvings inlaid with sea otter teeth and shells depicting totem animals, waterproof boxes for storing food and cooking food.
In accordance with the peculiarities of handicraft techniques and the range of products, among woodworking crafts, trades were distinguished: carpentry, carpentry, cooper work, the art of making carts, sleighs, turning, making hollowed-out dishes, wood carving, production of roofing materials, making bast and wicker containers.

Many different types of trees grow in the vast Russian expanses. The tree has been used by man in everyday life since ancient times. Houses were built from it, vehicles were built, dwellings were heated with it ...

Wood products

Thanks to archaeological research, we learned that wood products were in use in Russia back in the 9th century.

The pieces of furniture made of natural wood have survived to our times: pine, oak, larch. Nowadays, old wooden products are considered antiques and are very expensive. Nice and solid tables, armchairs, dressers, etc. can be seen in museum exhibitions. Looking at them, you realize in what environment our not too distant ancestors lived.

For a while, modern man-made materials pushed natural wood products out of the stalls and out of our lives. But they, possessing an undoubted advantage, began to return to our daily life.

Despite the high cost, natural wood furniture is in demand. It gives warmth and comfort to any room. Country houses are mostly made of wood. How gorgeous buildings from rounded logs look! Not at home, but real towers!

Wood carving

Wood is a very malleable material. This property was noticed not only by our compatriots. Craftsmen all over the world have processed wood products. IN different countries formed their own addictions, their own woodcarving. Some preferred to cut geometric shapes, others floral motifs.

Wooden carvings were used to decorate both houses and household items: furniture, dishes, children's toys.

Experts have divided the art of wood carving into several conventional types. The first includes those in which the drawing is on a plane, without through cuts. This type is called "blind thread". Accordingly, "through carving" was the name of the type where through cuts and cutouts of the processed material were made when creating an ornament. There is also a third type - sculptural carving.

The so-called "house carving" includes all listed types... On the shutters, as a rule, there was a blind carving, on the platbands - through, and on the roof there was a figurine - a sculpture.

Almost forgotten art is being revived. This is good news. Wooden patterns are pleasing to the eye, make you smile, and, therefore, make us kinder.

Wood processing history

Throughout the history of crafts and art, works made by masters of any profile and direction have been and are valuable, precisely because they are made by the hands of the creator, as a result of his imagination, experience, skill, talent and understanding of the subtleties and nuances of specific criteria and requirements.

Among the many types of applied art, we want to focus on some types of products self made made of wood.

One of the first materials from which in the distant past our ancestors began to make various objects was precisely wood, because, in comparison with other materials, it is easier to process, beautiful, easy and affordable. From the very inception of human civilization, wood has played a special role: you just need to remember about fire - one of the main factors in the formation and development of man. For many peoples, the tree is about "an act of worship, there are even ancient religions associated with the deification of trees, and for all of us it is obvious why: this is construction material, and a roof over your head, and warmth, and furniture, and much, much more.

And among the many "virtues" due to which mankind values \u200b\u200bwood, an art form stands out - artistic wood carving. Have different nations there are essentially different principles, methods, methods and objects of processing wood products. Among the many objects of artistic carving and woodworking, the most famous are statuettes, boxes, icons, various souvenirs, dishes, frames for paintings, photographs and tapestries. individual components of furniture and other interior items, etc., etc.

Since ancient times, woodcarving and its processing, like all other types of crafts and arts, has improved over time: if at the very beginning the wood was processed using simple stones or the pieces of wood themselves, then later it was processed with metal or abrasive materials, at first primitive, and then more advanced and more capable of performing specific purposes.

In our time, wooden products, in the overwhelming majority of cases, are manufactured using all kinds of woodworking machines, units and other technical devices. This helps the population of our planet to make more affordable the necessary wood products for everyday life, interior furnishing, industrial needs, etc., and is caused by the greatest demand for such items, and also greatly reduces their cost, which is also very important.

While highly appreciating the work of woodworking enterprises, we want to present to your attention wood products made exclusively by hand, without the use of modern types of equipment, and with the help of special hand tools, where the most important thing is the hands and skills of craftsmen, as well as traditional ones, passed from generation to generation of ways of processing and carving wood.

It might be useful to read: