Accidents at the roo. An accident for which the project defines the initial and final events is called Land lease and project documentation







Design basis accident

  • Design basis accident – an accident for which the design defines the initial events and final states and provides safety systems that, taking into account the principle of a single failure of safety systems or one personnel error independent of the initial event, limit its consequences to the limits established for such accidents.

  • Beyond design basis accident – an accident caused by initiating events not taken into account for design basis accidents or accompanied by additional failures of safety systems in comparison with design basis accidents in excess of a single failure, or the implementation of erroneous decisions of personnel.

  • Severe beyond design basis accident – a beyond design basis accident with damage to fuel elements above the maximum design limit, in which the maximum permissible emergency release of radioactive substances into the environment can be achieved.









  • Rice. 1. Schematic diagram of PHRS PG and PHRS ZO

  • 1 – emergency heat removal tanks; 2 - steam lines; 3 – condensate pipelines; 4 – SG PHRS valves; 5 – heat exchangers-condensers SPOT-ZO; 6 – steam generators; 7 – shut-off valves




  • 1 - reactor; 2 – melt localization device; 3 – fuel pool; 4 – shaft for inspection of internal devices; 5 – pit tanks; 6 – pipeline for supplying water to the surface of the melt; 7 – water supply pipeline to the ULR heat exchanger


Under design basis accident is understood as an accident for which the initial events of emergency processes characteristic of a particular facility are defined in the project.

Maximum design basis accidents are characterized by the most severe initiating events that cause the occurrence of an emergency process at a given facility.

Under beyond design basis (hypothetical) accident refers to an accident that is caused by initiating events that are not taken into account for design basis accidents and is accompanied by additional failures of safety systems compared to design basis accidents.

66. Features and advantages of ru brest:

    natural radiation safety

    long-term provision of fuel resources through the efficient use of natural uranium;

    eliminating the production of weapons-grade plutonium

    environmentally friendly energy production and waste disposal

    economic competitiveness due to the natural safety of nuclear power plants and fuel cycle technologies, abandonment of complex engineering safety systems

67. Environmental consequences of nuclear power plant operation

The main environmental problems of nuclear power plant operation. Compared to fresh fuel, its composition contains less uranium-235 (since it burns out), but plutonium isotopes, other transuranium elements, as well as fragments or fission products - medium-mass nuclei - accumulate. Over time, the physical characteristics of the structural materials of fuel assemblies also change.

Dismantling of a nuclear power plant upon completion of its normal operation.

68. Main radionuclides generated during the operation of nuclear power plants and their effects on the body

Tritium − can enter the human body through inhalation, as well as through the skin. In the presence of tritium, the entire human body is exposed to β-radiation with a maximum energy of 18 keV.

Carbon-14− The effect of ionizing radiation on humans is mainly due to the consumption of food (milk, vegetables, meat).

Krypton− The radiological impact of 85 Kr on humans occurs mainly due to irradiation of the skin.

Strontium− 90 Sr enters the human body with food (milk, vegetables, fish, meat, drinking water). Like calcium, 90 Sr is deposited mainly in bone tissues, which contain vital hematopoietic organs.

Cesium− The radiological impact of cesium, like 90 Sr, on humans is associated with its penetration into the human body along with food. In living organisms, cesium can largely replace potassium and, like the latter, spread throughout the body in the form of highly soluble compounds.

69. SNF− irradiated nuclear fuel, spent fuel elements (fuel elements) of nuclear reactors of nuclear power plants removed from the active zone.

RAO− substances in any state of aggregation in which the content of radionuclides exceeds levels not intended for further use.

70. Features of handling spent fuel:

    Nuclear hazard (criticality);

    Radiation safety;

    Residual heat release.

    Ensuring subcriticality throughout the entire operation time;

    Prevention of physical damage to the fuel assembly and/or fuel rods;

    Ensuring reliable heat supply;

    Maintaining the level of radiation exposure and release of radioactive substances when handling irradiated fuel at a reasonably achievable level.

72. The list of technological operations for SNF management may include:

    Interim storage of spent fuel assemblies in the spent fuel pool;

    Transportation of spent fuel to a reprocessing plant, temporary storage facility or repository;

    Interim storage before processing or disposal;

    Reprocessing or preparation of spent fuel assemblies for temporary storage or disposal;

    Temporary storage or burial.

73. Radioactive waste management

The typical sequence of waste management operations is collection, separation, characterization, treatment, conditioning, transportation, storage and disposal.

74. Characteristics of radioactive waste used for their classification+75. RW classification

There are a number of criteria by which radioactive waste is classified.

By activity and heat levels, with the definition of quantitative characteristics:

    High level waste; long rao

    Intermediate level waste;

    Low level waste; briefly rao

    Very low level waste.

By half-life of radionuclides, which determines the time of their potential danger:

    Very short-lived;

    Short-lived;

    Medium-living;

    Long-lived.

According to the nature of the prevailing radiation:

    α-emitters;

    β-emitters;

    Lecture No. 17

    Topic 35. RADIATION HAZARDOUS OBJECTS

    A radiation hazardous facility (RHO) means any facility, including a nuclear reactor, a plant using nuclear fuel or processing nuclear material, as well as a storage site for nuclear material and a vehicle transporting nuclear material or a source of ionizing radiation, in the event of an accident at which or its destruction may result in irradiation or radioactive contamination of people, farm animals and plants, as well as the environment.

    Such facilities include nuclear power plants for various purposes, for example:

    NPP - a nuclear power plant designed to produce electrical energy;

    ATPP - nuclear combined heat and power plant - a nuclear power plant designed for the production of thermal and electrical energy;

    ACT is a nuclear heat supply plant designed to produce thermal energy for domestic purposes, etc.

    RPOs also include various research reactors, installations using sources of ionizing radiation, storage facilities for waste from nuclear reactors for peaceful and military purposes, etc.

    The greatest danger to the RPO personnel and the population nearby, and as the Chernobyl tragedy showed, and not only to the nearby populated area, is a radiation accident associated with the release of radioactive products and the release of ionizing radiation beyond the boundaries provided for by the design for the normal operation of the RPO in quantities exceeding the established operating safety limits object. This danger depends on a very large number of factors, such as the amount of radioactive material released, the duration of its release, the time of changing fuel elements (fuel elements) at the nuclear power plant, weather conditions, etc.

    Depending on the ability to foresee the occurrence of an accident in advance and implement the necessary preparatory measures, accidents can be divided into design basis and beyond design basis.

    Design basis accident- an accident for which the design defines the initiating events and the final post-accident controlled states of elements and systems, and also provides measures and technical safety systems to ensure that the consequences of accidents are limited to established limits.

    Beyond design basis accident- an accident caused by initiating events not taken into account for design basis accidents and accompanied by additional failures of safety systems in comparison with design basis accidents beyond a single failure and erroneous actions of personnel, which ultimately leads to serious consequences, including melting of the reactor core.


    According to the International Scale of Events at NPPs, 7 event (accident) levels are distinguished.

    7th level- global accident. There has been a release into the environment of most of the radioactive products accumulated in the core, as a result of which the dose limits for beyond design basis accidents will be exceeded (the dose limit for beyond design basis accidents means not exceeding the external dose, human exposure of 10 rem in the first hour after the accident, and the internal exposure dose thyroid gland of children 30 rem due to inhalation at a distance of 25 km from the station, which is ensured if the emergency release into the atmosphere does not exceed 30 thousand Ku for iodine and 3 thousand Ku for Cesium-137).

    Level 6- serious accident. The release into the environment of a significant amount of products accumulated in the core, as a result of which the dose limits of design basis accidents (for design basis accidents, the dose at the boundary
    sanitary protection zone and beyond it should not exceed 10 rem per
    the whole body for the first year after the accident and 30 rem for the child’s thyroid gland for
    inhalation account) will be exceeded, for those beyond the design - not. For decreasing
    serious impact on public health, it is necessary to introduce action plans to protect personnel and the population in the event of accidents in an area with a radius of 25
    km, including the evacuation of the population.

    Level 5- an accident with a risk to the environment. The release into the environment of such a quantity of fission products that leads to a slight excess of dose limits for design basis accidents and is radiation equivalent to the release of hundreds of terabecquerels (10 12) of iodine. Destruction of most of the reactor core caused by mechanical stress or melting beyond the maximum design damage to the fuel rods.

    In some cases, partial implementation of plans for the protection of personnel and the public in the event of accidents (i.e., local iodine prophylaxis and/or evacuation) is required to reduce the impact of exposure on public health.

    4th level- accidents within the nuclear power plant. Release of radioactive products into the environment in quantities exceeding the value for level 3, but as a result of which dose limits for the population during design basis accidents will not be exceeded. Such damage to the core, in which the limit of safe operation of damage to fuel rods is violated, the maximum design limit is not.

    Irradiation of workers with a dose (1 Sv), causing acute radiation effects.

    3rd level- a serious incident. The release of radioactive products into the environment is higher than the permissible daily release, but not exceeding 5 times the permissible daily release of gaseous volatile radioactive products and aerosols and (or) 1/10 of the annual permissible discharge with waste water. High levels of radiation and (or) large contamination of surfaces at nuclear power plants due to equipment failure or operational errors. Events resulting in minor overexposure of workers (dose of 50 mlSv).

    The release in question does not require protective measures to be taken outside the nuclear power plant. This includes incidents in which further failures in safety systems will lead to accidents or situations where safety systems will not be able to prevent an accident.

    2nd level- incidents not of moderate severity. Equipment failures or
    Deviations from normal operation that, although not directly affecting the safety of the situation, can lead to a significant overestimation of safety measures.

    1st level- minor incident. Functional and control abnormalities that do not pose any risk but indicate safety deficiencies. These deviations may occur due to equipment failure, plant personnel errors, or deficiencies in the operating manual. Such events must be distinguished from deviations without exceeding safe operating limits, in which control is carried out in accordance with established requirements. These deviations are generally considered to be “out of scale”.

    Level 0- below the scale level. Incident not significant to safety.

    So, a radiation accident is a loss of control over a source of ionizing radiation caused by equipment malfunction, improper actions of workers (personnel), natural disasters or other reasons that could lead or have led to people being exposed to radiation above established standards or to radioactive contamination of the environment.

    TEST TASKS FOR PREPARATION FOR GIA IN THE DISCIPLINE “RADIATION HYGIENE”

    Choose one correct answer:

    1. The main measures to ensure radiation safety include:

    1) legal, epidemiological, sanitary and hygienic

    2) legal, organizational, sanitary and hygienic

    3) economic, organizational, epidemiological

    4) operational, organizational, sanitary and hygienic

    5) legal, organizational, epidemiological

    2. Reducing the radiation exposure of patients during radiography is ensured by:

    1) serviceability of the device

    2) compliance of the device with technical standards

    3) correct choice of picture mode

    4) filtration of the primary beam

    5) all of the above are true

    3. Weighting coefficients for certain types of ionizing radiation are used when calculating:

    1) exposure dose

    2) absorbed dose

    3) equivalent dose

    4) effective dose

    5) radiation output

    A copy of the employee’s radiation dose card must be kept in the medical organization after his dismissal for ______ years

    5. The main contribution to public exposure comes from the following sources:

    1) global radioactive fallout

    2) accidents at nuclear power plants

    3) natural background radiation, technologically modified

    natural background radiation, x-ray and radiological

    diagnostics in medicine

    4) nuclear power plants under normal operating conditions

    5) everything is true

    6. Irradiation of patients during X-ray diagnostics is regulated by:

    1) Radiation safety standards (NRB-99/2009)

    2) Basic sanitary rules for ensuring radiation safety (OSPORB-2010)

    3) SanPiN 2.6.1. 1192-03 “Hygienic requirements for the design and operation of X-ray rooms, devices and the conduct of X-ray examinations”

    4) Federal Law “On Radiation Safety of the Population”

    5) everything is correct

    Planned radiation monitoring at enterprises,

    using sources of ionizing radiation, includes:

    1) determination of natural background radiation levels

    2) assessment of the duration of technological processes

    3) assessment of dose rates at workplaces, determination of the content of radionuclides in the air of the work area, medical monitoring of personnel

    4) determination of levels of technologically altered natural background radiation

    6) everything is correct

    8. Radiation monitoring devices are divided into:

    1) individual

    2) wearable

    3) portable

    4) stationary

    5) everything is correct

    Sanitary dosimetric control in medical institutions

    includes:

    1) measurement of external radiation dose rate

    2) individual dosimetric control

    3) determination of concentrations of radioactive gases and aerosols in

    4) control over the collection, storage and disposal of radioactive waste

    5) everything is true

    10. The level of radioactive contamination of surfaces is expressed in:

    3) Frequency/cm 2 /min

    4) microR/hour

    11. Weighting factors for tissues and organs are used when calculating:

    1) exposure dose

    2) absorbed dose

    3) equivalent dose

    4) effective dose

    5) ambient equivalent dose

    12. The principle of optimizing radiation safety when conducting x-ray studies assumes:

    1) organization of a single radiology department for hospitals and clinics

    2) conducting x-ray examinations as directed by the attending physician

    3) establishment of control levels of radiation for different types of procedures and rejection of unjustified studies

    4) maintaining radiation doses to patients as low as possible while maintaining the quality of their examination and treatment

    5) compliance with radiation safety standards

    Solid radioactive waste is treated before disposal

    methods:

    1) burning

    2) vitrification, bituminization, cementation of vitrification,

    cementing

    3) grinding

    4) pressing

    5) everything is true

    14. The activity of a radioactive substance is:

    1) absorbed energy calculated per unit mass

    2) the amount of radiation emitted by radioactive atoms

    3) the number of radioactive decays of atomic nuclei per unit time

    4) time of removal of radionuclides from the body

    5) dose created per unit of time

    15. Radiation monitoring at personnel workplaces, adjacent rooms and areas adjacent to the X-ray room must be carried out at least once every:

    16. The highest concentration of radon is observed:

    1) in the ground layer of air in winter

    2) in the ground layer of air in summer

    3) in the air over the ocean

    4) in soil air

    5) in the upper atmosphere

    17. Observation and control of the radiation situation beyond the sanitary protective dose is carried out by:

    1) radiation control groups of the enterprise itself

    2) organizations licensed to carry out such work

    3) territorial offices of Rospotrebnadzor

    4) regional bodies of Rostechnadzor

    5) public organizations

    An accident for which the project defines the initial and final events is called:

    2) design

    3) actual

    4) technical

    5) hypothetical

    19. The biological effect of radiation depends on:

    1) dose received

    2) body reactivity

    3) irradiation time, intervals between irradiations

    4) dimensions and localization of the irradiated surface

    5) all of the above are true

    20. Radioactive waste in medical institutions includes:

    1) radioactive aerosols removed from fume hoods and

    2) liquid radioactive waste resulting from

    equipment decontamination

    3) radioactive waste released with the excrement of patients

    4) used tools, overalls, personal protective equipment from open source departments

    Design-basis accident

    an accident, the possibility of which is provided for by the current regulatory and technical documentation of a given nuclear installation and for which the technical design provides for ensuring the radiation safety of personnel and the population.

    • Civil protection. Conceptual and terminological dictionary

    • - an industrial accident for which the design defines the initial and final states and provides safety systems to ensure that the consequences of the accident are limited to established limits...
    • - Design basis accident with the most severe consequences. Source: GOST R 12.3...

      Glossary of emergency terms

    • - An accident for which the provision of a given level of safety is guaranteed by the safety systems provided for in the design of the industrial enterprise. Source: GOST R 12.3...

      Glossary of emergency terms

    • Glossary of emergency terms

    • - see Industrial design accident...

      Glossary of emergency terms

    • - see Design-based radiation accident...

      Glossary of emergency terms

    • - an accident for which the design defines the initial and final states of the radiation situation and provides safety systems...

      Nuclear energy terms

    • - Design-basis accident is an accident, the possibility of which is provided for by the current regulatory and technical documentation of a given nuclear installation and for which the technical design provides for the provision of radiation...

      Nuclear energy terms

    • - 1. temporary organizational structure formed to achieve a specific, clearly defined goal 2. permanent organization developing construction, organizational, technical and technological projects...

      Large economic dictionary

    • - see PROJECT source: Terminological dictionary for construction for 12...

      Construction dictionary

    • - a line depicting the position of the edge of the roadbed on the longitudinal profile...

      Construction dictionary

    • - the capacity provided for by the design of a given production, workshop, unit, installation...

      Dictionary of business terms

    • - production capacity provided for by the approved design of the commissioned enterprise, workshop, unit, installation. During the development of P.m. determined taking into account the standard deadlines for its development...

      Large economic dictionary

    • - "...1. - an accident for which the design defines the initial and final states of the radiation situation and provides safety systems..." Source: "SP 2.6.1.799-99. OSPORB-99. 2.6.1...

      Official terminology

    "Design-design accident" in books

    Project Democracy

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    5.3. Project group

    From the book Investment projects: from modeling to implementation author Volkov Alexey Sergeevich

    5.3. Project team The project team can consist of people involved on a temporary or permanent basis. Many project team members may combine this activity with some other activity. The project group is the core of the project; it includes all the key elements for the project.

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    From the book Organization Theory: Cheat Sheet author author unknown

    31. PROJECT STRUCTURE OF AN ORGANIZATION Project structure is used in cases where a decision is made to concentrate the maximum amount of the organization's resources on a specific project within a specific period. Any process is considered a project

    Project group

    From the book HR in the fight for competitive advantage by Brockbank Wayne

    Project team Create a project team that includes key stakeholders - line managers, HR employees from corporate services and departments, specialists, and, if necessary, external consultants. Give the group a task: create a model

    Research project activities

    author Veraksa Nikolay Evgenievich

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    Creative project activity

    From the book Project activities for preschoolers. A manual for preschool teachers author Veraksa Nikolay Evgenievich

    Creative project activity In the course of creative project activity, a new creative product is created. If research project activity, as a rule, is individual in nature, then a creative project is more often carried out collectively or

    Regulatory project activities

    From the book Project activities for preschoolers. A manual for preschool teachers author Veraksa Nikolay Evgenievich

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    From the book Ark // No. 1 [Almanac of the “Alternative Models of Development” (ALMOR) direction of the “Essence of Time” movement] author Kurginyan Sergey Ervandovich

    RUSSIAN DESIGN ALTERNATIVENESS – YESTERDAY, TODAY,

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    From the book Modern technologies for teaching history at school author Studenikin Mikhail Timofeevich

    Project activities Nowadays, it is important to turn to project activities, when high school students create and defend their projects, just like university students do their coursework and dissertations. A project is a prototype, a prototype of any type of activity, object,

    Project documentation

    From the book How to Test at Google author Whittaker James

    Project Documentation Every project at Google has a master project document. This is a living document, it develops along with the project. First, this document describes the purpose of the project, the prerequisites for its creation, the expected list of participants and architectural solutions. On

    2.5. PROJECT PROCEDURE FOR SETTING THE PROGRAM DEVELOPMENT TASK

    From the book Programming Technologies author Kamaev V A

    2.5. DESIGN PROCEDURE FOR SETTING THE PROBLEM DEVELOPMENT OF A PROGRAM The design procedure is based on mastery of a systems approach in relation to the analysis of software systems. Initially, a system is considered - a person (people), a computer, a program, other objects, for example

    Russian aircraft (project activities)

    From the book Geometric mosaic in integrated classes. Lesson notes for children aged 5-9 years author Novikova Valentina Pavlovna

    Russian aircraft (project activities) Goal. Develop children's horizons, the ability to independently acquire knowledge, work with sources, convincingly substantiate what is planned during the presentation of the project, work independently and in a team. Material. Big set

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    From the book Literary Newspaper 6305 (No. 4 2011) author Literary Newspaper

    Design capacity of Pushkin Literature Design capacity of Pushkin STUDIES Marina KUDIMOVA Man, whether he is the king of nature or not, is distinguished from other biological species by many things. Too much. Including the desire for project activities. Design is inherent in

    Land lease and project documentation

    From the book Your Own Business. Everything aspiring entrepreneurs need to know author Malitikov Pavel Nikolaevich

    Land lease and design documentation After you select a site for a parking lot, you should obtain the right to rent it. This is a rather difficult issue, the solution of which will require a number of approvals, documents and considerable funds. If

    55. Project documentation

    From the book Instrumentation author Babaev M A

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