"Economy of Japan". Japan Plan: Natural Resources. Agriculture. Economy of Japan. Industry of Japan. Automotive industry in Japan. Agriculture in Japan - presentation Agriculture in Japan - presentation. Japanese economy

Japan is one of the most developed economies in the world. In terms of GDP and industrial production, Japan ranks third among countries in the world, second only to the United States and China.

High technologies (electronics and robotics) are developed. Transport engineering is also developed, including automotive and shipbuilding, and machine tool manufacturing. The fishing fleet makes up 15% of the world's. Agriculture is subsidized by the state, but 55% of food (calorie equivalent) is imported. There is a network of Shinkansen and expressways.

Banking, insurance, real estate, retail, transportation and telecommunications are the main sectors of the Japanese economy. Japan has great manufacturing potential and is home to some of the world's largest and most technologically advanced manufacturers of automobiles, electronic equipment, machine tools, steel and non-ferrous metals, ships, chemicals, textiles and food. Construction has long been one of Japan's largest industries, driven by multibillion-dollar government contracts to the private sector. japan industrial economy

Japan has high economic freedom, close government cooperation with manufacturers for economic growth, an emphasis on science and technology, and a strong work ethic. All this contributes to the development of the Japanese economy. The Japanese economy is characterized by the clustering of manufacturers, suppliers, distributors and banks into tight groups called "keiretsu" and relatively weak international competition in domestic markets. There are also many social rather than industrial arrangements, such as guarantees of lifetime employment in large corporations. Recently, Japanese politicians approved reforms that allowed companies to deviate from certain regulations in an attempt to increase profits.

Japan is a country with a predominance of private enterprise and low taxes. The total amount of taxes is lower than in other large Western countries, in 2007 it was 26.4% of GDP. Only some Japanese employers pay income taxes, VAT is very low at 5%, while corporate taxes are high.

The largest Japanese companies include Toyota Motor, NTT DoCoMo, Canon, Honda, Takeda Pharmaceutical, Sony. Sony), Nippon Steel, Tepco, Mitsubishi Estate, and Seven & I Holding. It is home to the largest bank in the world by assets, Japan Post Bank ($3.2 trillion), as well as other banks such as Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group (1 .2 trillion US dollars), Mizuho Financial Group ($1.4 trillion) and Sumitomo Mitsui Financial Group ($1.3 trillion). As of December 2006, the Tokyo Stock Exchange, with a market capitalization of over ¥549.7 trillion, is the second largest in the world.

The tiny agricultural sector is heavily subsidized and protected, so Japan's yields are the highest in the world. Japan is self-sufficient in rice, but imports approximately 60% of its food (measured by calorie intake). Japan's agricultural land makes up about 13% of its territory. More than half of these lands are flooded fields used for rice growing.

Japan has one of the world's largest fishing fleets, accounting for almost 15% of the world's catch.

Government spending boosted the economy and helped Japan recover from the crisis in late 2009 and into 2010. The government proposed opening up the agricultural and service sectors to more foreign competition and encouraged exports through free trade agreements. At the same time, discussions continue in Japanese society on the issue of restructuring the economy and financing new programs to stimulate the economy in the face of the country's difficult financial situation. Japan's huge public debt, which exceeds 200% of GDP, persistent deflation, instability of exports to stimulate economic growth, and an aging and declining population are the main long-term problems for the Japanese economy.

Although the national economy is primarily based on industry, agriculture occupies an important place in it, providing the country with most of the food consumed. Largely due to limited land resources and post-war agrarian reform, the village is dominated by small landowners. The average farm size is less than 1.1 hectares. The importance of agricultural production as a potential job opportunity declined sharply after World War II.

Japan is one of the largest importing countries of agricultural products in the world. With only 15% of the country's land available for agriculture and a population of 130 million, Japan is heavily dependent on agricultural and food processing exports. The country imports large volumes of soybeans, wheat, corn, meat and meat products, other food products, vegetables, and fruits. It fully satisfies its own needs only for seafood, some of which it exports.

On average, one farm accounts for 1.47 hectares or 14,700 m2. Japanese farms are relatively small, but Japanese farmers work hard to make the most of their limited acreage, so the land is farmed very efficiently.

Japanese farmers use tractors, pickup trucks, electric cultivators, rice planters and combines to help them increase their productivity. Using intensive farming methods, fertilizers, sophisticated machinery and carefully refined technology, farmers are able to produce half of all the fruits and vegetables consumed in Japan, while still maintaining some of the farm's acreage for livestock. So Japanese agriculture provides a significant portion of the food consumed.

Modern technology has made new farming methods possible. Part of the crop in Japan is grown hydroponically, that is, without soil - just in water. The use of genetic engineering makes it possible to obtain harvests that are richer and safer for human health.

Japanese farmers grow a variety of plant crops, as well as livestock and poultry. These are grains - rice and wheat; vegetables - potatoes, radishes and cabbage; fruits - tangerines, oranges, melons and pears; Livestock products - beef, poultry, pork, milk and eggs.

Most of the non-arable land is forested - about 68%. So, forestry is an important part of the Japanese economy. Japan is an island country and must carefully use its natural resources: 41% of its forests are new forests.

For many centuries, logging has been an important business activity in Japan. Already starting from the 8th century, wooden palaces and temples were built in Kyoto and other cities. But today the demand for wood is so great, not only for construction, but also for the production of paper, furniture and other consumer goods, that Japan imports 76.4% of wood.

Rice is grown throughout Japan, with the exception of the north of Hokkaido, mainly on irrigated lands. Rice yield reaches 50 centners/hectare. The gross rice harvest reaches 10 million tons. In addition to rice, wheat, barley, and corn are grown from grain crops, but in small quantities. Vegetable growing, especially suburban farming, has become widespread in Japan. Common industrial crops include tea, tobacco, sugar beets, and in the south - sugar cane.

Livestock farming is poorly developed because the Japanese consume little meat and dairy products. Recently, the nutritional structure of the Japanese has been changing, which is leading to an increase in demand for livestock products. Livestock farming is actively developing. Meat production is about 4 million tons, and milk production is 8 million tons. A characteristic feature of Japanese livestock farming is the lack of its own food supply. A significant portion of feed is imported. Our own production provides no more than 1/3 of livestock feed needs. Japan's agriculture provides only 3/4 of the country's food supply.

Japan is firmly ranked first in the world in seafood production. This became possible thanks to the balanced management of ocean, sea and coastal fisheries, and intensive fish farming in fresh water bodies.

Ocean and sea fish catches in Japan remain at the level of 8 million tons. Coastal fisheries produce 2 million tons of fish annually. Another over 200 thousand tons. annually obtained from fish farming in inland waters.

Seafood is the main product that satisfies the population's protein needs, although its share in the diet has decreased due to an increase in the share of meat. Japanese imports of fish and seafood in recent years range from 2.0 to 2.4 million tons. The bulk of imports are made up of valuable, high-tasting fish species.

Coastal fishing is carried out by residents of coastal villages; distant - large monopolies with a technically advanced fishing fleet. The northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean is the main region of world fishing; fish and seafood are produced here by Japan, China, Russia, the Republic of Korea, and some other countries.

Agriculture in Japan is one of the main sectors of the economy. This area employs 6.6% of the working population. The most developed are agriculture and fishing, while livestock farming is considered a more underdeveloped industry.

Agriculture

The basis of Japanese agriculture is farming. The Japanese have been growing rice in large quantities for a very long time, but they also pay attention to other grain crops, as well as legumes and tea.

The cultivated area of the country is 5.4 million hectares, and the sown area exceeds it due to the fact that in a number of areas 2-3 crops are harvested per year.

More than half of the total area is allocated for grain crops, about 25% for vegetables, the rest of the land is occupied by forage grasses, industrial crops and mulberry trees. However, the main cultivated crop is still rice. Rice cultivation is one of the key areas of Japanese agriculture.

Vegetables are grown, as a rule, in the suburbs, in large greenhouses, which allows residents of the country to have them on their table all year round.

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Sugar beets are cultivated in Hokkaido, and sugar cane in the south.

More than half of the agricultural land is occupied by flooded fields, which are used for rice growing.

Rice. 1. Rice fields in Japan.

Livestock

The center of livestock farming is the north of the country - the island of Hokkaido, where special farms and cooperatives have been created.

Rice. 2. Hokkaido Island.

Most of the feed has to be purchased from other countries. Especially a lot of corn is imported. Livestock farming in Japan is not as well developed as agriculture, but in the second half of the 20th century it received an impetus for development. This was caused by the increasing demand for meat and dairy products. If previously the main food products of the Japanese were rice and fish, then gradually the country gradually switched to the Western way of consumption, when the content of grain crops, potatoes and meat products in the human diet increased. Pig farming is developed in the southern regions of the country, and poultry farming plays an important role in the suburbs.

Meat production is 4 million tons per year, and milk production is 8 million tons.

Fishing

For Japanese residents, fish comes in second place after rice. These two products have always been part of the daily diet of the average Japanese. This fact, in turn, contributed to the development of fishing.

At the moment, large companies are engaged in growing and catching fish. Seaweed, shellfish and pearl fishing are also harvested here. Japan's fishing fleet numbers several hundred thousand vessels, but mostly they are all very small.

Aquaculture has become widespread - artificial breeding of fish in lagoons, mountain lakes and rice fields. In addition, there are farms in Japan that breed pearl mussels.

Rice. 3. Aquaculture in Japan.

What have we learned?

Japanese agriculture is diversified. Agriculture is developed here, in which the main cultivated crop is rice. In the field of livestock farming, pig farming, cattle breeding and poultry farming are developed. An important part of agriculture is fishing.

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Japan (Nihon, or Nippon) is one of the leading economic powers. It is among the leaders along with the USA and China. It accounts for 70% of East Asia's total product.

Japan's industry has reached a high level of development, especially in the areas of science and education. Among the leaders of the world economy are Toyota Motors, Sony Corporation, Fujitsu, Honda Motors, Toshiba and others.

Current state

Japan is poor in mineral resources - only reserves of coal, copper and lead-zinc ores are important. Recently, the processing of the resources of the World Ocean has also become relevant - the extraction of uranium from sea water, the extraction of manganese nodules.

In terms of the global economy, the Land of the Rising Sun accounts for approximately 12% of total production. Japan's leading industries are iron and steel and mechanical engineering (especially automotive, robotics and electronics), chemical and food industries.

Industrial zoning

There are three largest regions within the state:

Tokyo-Yokohama, which includes Keihin, Eastern Japan, Tokyo, Kanagawa prefectures, and the Kanto region.
Nagoya, Tyuke belongs to him.
Osaka-Kobsky (Han-shin).

In addition to the above, there are also smaller areas:

Northern Kyushu (Kita-Kyushu).
Kanto.
Eastern Maritime Industrial District (Tokai).
Tokyo-Chiba (this includes Keiyo, Eastern Japan, the Kanto region and Chiba Prefecture).
Japan Inland Maritime Region (Seto-Nikai).
Industrial area of the northern lands (Hokuriku).
Kashima region (this includes Eastern Japan, Kashima, the Kanto region and Ibaraki Prefecture).

More than 50% of manufacturing industry revenues come from Yokohama, Osaka, Kobe and Nagoya, as well as the city of Kitakyushu in the north of Kyushu Island.

The most active and stable element of the market in this country is small and medium-sized businesses. 99% of all Japanese companies belong to this area. However, this is not true for the textile industry. Japan's light industry (of which the above-mentioned industry is the leading element) is based on large, well-equipped enterprises.

Agro-industry

The country's agricultural land covers approximately 13% of its territory. Moreover, half of these lands are flooded fields used for growing rice. At its core, agriculture here is diversified, and it is based on agriculture, and more precisely, the cultivation of rice, industrial and tea.

However, this is not all that Japan can boast of. Industry and agriculture in this country are actively developing and supported by the government, which pays a lot of attention to them and invests a lot of money in their development. Horticulture and vegetable growing, sericulture, animal husbandry, forestry and marine industries also play a significant role.

Rice occupies an important place in the agricultural sector. Vegetable growing is developed mainly in the suburbs; about a quarter of agricultural land is allocated for it. The rest of the area is occupied by industrial crops, forage grasses and mulberry trees.

About 25 million hectares are covered with forests, in most cases the owners are peasants. Small owners own plots of approximately 1 hectare. Among the large owners are members of the imperial family, monasteries and temples.

Livestock breeding

Livestock farming in the Land of the Rising Sun began to actively develop only after the Second World War. It has one peculiarity - it is based on imported feed (corn). Japan's own economy can provide no more than a third of all needs.

The center of livestock farming is the island. Hokkaido. Pig farming is developed in the northern regions. In general, the livestock reaches 5 million individuals, and about half of them are dairy cows.

Fishing

The sea is one of the advantages that Japan can enjoy. Industry and agriculture receive multiple benefits from the country's island location: this is an additional route for the delivery of goods, support for the tourism sector, and a variety of food products.

However, despite the sea, the country has to import a certain amount of products (according to international law, the production of marine life is allowed only within the boundaries of territorial waters).

The main fishing objects are herring, flounder, cod, salmon, halibut, saury, etc. About a third of the catch comes from waters in the area. Japan has not been spared the achievements of modern scientific thought: aquaculture is actively developing here (pearl mussels, fish are grown in lagoons and on

Transport

In 1924, the country's passenger car fleet numbered only about 17.9 thousand units. At the same time, there were an impressive number of rickshaws, cyclists and carts, which were propelled by oxen or horses.

20 years later, the demand for trucks has increased, mainly due to the growing needs of the army. In 1941, 46,706 cars were produced in the country, of which only 1,065 were passenger cars.

The Japanese automobile industry began to develop only after World War II, the impetus for which was the Korean War. More favorable conditions were provided by the Americans to those companies that took on military orders.

In the second half of the 50s, the demand for passenger cars also grew rapidly. By 1980, Japan had overtaken the United States to become the world's top exporter. In 2008, this country was recognized as the largest automaker in the world.

Shipbuilding

This is one of the leading industries, employing more than 400 thousand people, including those working directly at factories and in auxiliary enterprises.

The available capacities make it possible to build ships of all types and purposes, while as many as 8 docks are designed to produce supertankers with a displacement of 400 thousand tons. The activities of the industry are coordinated by ASKYA, which includes 75 national shipbuilding companies, which together produce about 80% of the total volume of ships produced in Japan.

The development of Japanese industry in this area began after World War II, when a planned shipbuilding program began to operate in 1947. In accordance with it, companies received very profitable preferential loans from the government, which grew every year as the budget increased.

By 1972, the 28th program provided (with state assistance) for the construction of ships with a total displacement of 3,304 thousand gross tons. The oil crisis greatly reduced the scale, but the foundation laid by this program in the post-war years served as a stable and successful growth for the industry.

By the end of 2011, the order book for the Japanese amounted to 61 million dW. (36 million brt.). Market share remained stable at 17% by deadweight, with the bulk of orders being for bulk carriers (specialized ships, a type of bulk carrier for carrying goods such as grain, cement, bulk coal) and a smaller portion for tankers.

At the moment, Japan is still number one in the field of shipbuilding in the world, despite serious competition from South Korean companies. Industry specialization and government support have created a foundation that keeps serious companies afloat even in the current situation.

Metallurgy

The country has few resources, and therefore a strategy for the development of the metallurgical complex was developed, aimed at energy and resource conservation. Innovative solutions and technologies allowed enterprises to reduce electricity consumption by more than a third, and innovations were applied both at the level of individual companies and throughout the entire industry.

Metallurgy, like other branches of Japanese industry, received active development after the war. However, if other states sought to modernize and update their existing technologies, the government of this country took a different path. The main efforts (and money) were aimed at equipping enterprises with the most advanced technologies at that time.

The industry's rapid development continued for about two decades and peaked in 1973, when Japan alone accounted for 17.27% of the world's steel production. Moreover, from the point of view of quality, it claims to be a leader. This was stimulated, among other things, by the import of metallurgical raw materials. After all, more than 600 million tons of coke and 110 million tons of iron ore products are imported annually.

By the mid-90s, Chinese and Korean metallurgical enterprises competed with the Japanese, and the country began to lose its leadership position. In 2011, the situation worsened due to a natural disaster and the Fukushima-1 disaster, but according to rough estimates, the overall decrease in production rates did not exceed 2%.

Chemical and petrochemical industry

The Japanese chemical industry produced products worth 40.14 trillion yen in 2012. The country is one of the three world leaders together with the USA and China, having about 5.5 thousand enterprises in the relevant field and providing jobs to 880 thousand people.

Within the country itself, the industry ranks second (its share is 14% of the total), second only to mechanical engineering. The government is developing it as one of the key areas, paying great attention to the development of environmentally friendly, energy- and

Manufactured products are sold within Japan and exported: 75% to Asian countries, about 10.2% to the EU, 9.8% to North America, etc. The basis of exports is rubber, photographic products and aromatic hydrocarbons, organic and inorganic compounds, etc.

The Land of the Rising Sun also imports products (the volume imported in 2012 was about 6.1 trillion yen), mainly from the EU, Asia and the USA.

Japan's chemical industry is a leader in the production of materials for the electronics industry, in particular, about 70% of the world market for semiconductors and 65% for liquid crystal displays belongs to companies in this island country.

In modern conditions, much attention is paid to the development of the production of carbon fibers and composite materials for the nuclear and aviation industries.

Electronics

Much attention is paid to the development of the information and telecommunications sector. The role of “the main locomotive of the industry” is 3D image transmission technologies, robotics, fiber-optic and wireless networks of the new generation, smart networks, and cloud computing.

In terms of infrastructure, Japan is catching up with China and the United States and is among the top three. In 2012, the total number of Internet users in the country reached 80% of the total population. Efforts and funds are directed toward the creation of supercomputers, the development of effective energy management systems and energy-saving technologies.

Energy

Japan was forced to meet approximately 80% of its energy needs through imports. Initially, this role was played by fuel, especially oil, from the Middle East. In order to reduce dependence on supplies, a number of measures have been taken in the Land of the Rising Sun, in particular with regard to the “peaceful atom”.

Japan began research programs in the field of nuclear energy in 1954. Several laws have been passed and organizations created to carry out the government's goals in this area. The first commercial nuclear reactor was imported from Great Britain, starting operation in 1966.

A few years later, the countries purchased the drawings from the Americans and, together with local companies, built facilities based on them. Japanese companies Toshiba Co., Ltd., Hitachi Co., Ltd. and others began to design and build light water reactors themselves.

In 1975, due to problems with existing stations, an improvement program was initiated. In accordance with it, the Japanese nuclear industry had to go through three stages by 1985: the first two involved changing existing designs in order to improve their operation and maintenance, while the third required increasing power to 1300-1400 MW and making fundamental changes to the reactors.

This policy resulted in Japan having 53 operating reactors in 2011, supplying more than 30% of the country's electricity needs.

After Fukushima

In 2011, Japan's energy industry took a major hit. As a result of the strongest earthquake in the history of the country and the subsequent tsunami, an accident occurred at the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant. After a subsequent major leak of radioactive elements, 3% of the country's territory was contaminated, and the population of the area around the station (approximately 80 thousand people) became displaced.

This event forced many countries to think about how acceptable and safe the operation of the atom is.

There was a wave of protest inside Japan demanding that they abandon nuclear energy. By 2012, most of the country's stations were switched off. The characteristics of Japan's industry in recent years can be summed up in one sentence: "This country is striving to become green."

Now it actually no longer uses nuclear power; the main alternative is natural gas. Much attention is also paid to renewable energy: solar, water and wind.

Japan is an archipelago country located in the center of the Asia-Pacific region, spread over the four large islands of Honshu, Hokaido, Kyushu and Shikoku. In addition to them, the territory of the state also includes about 4 thousand small islands, which stretch for three and a half thousand kilometers from the northeast to the southwest. The shores are formed by bays and a large number of bays. All the seas and oceans that wash the archipelago play a huge role for Japan, as they are the main sources of its resources.

Population

In terms of population, the Land of the Rising Sun is in the top ten in the world. The Japanese boast the world's longest life expectancy (76 years for men and 82 for women).

The national composition is characterized by relative homogeneity. The Japanese form almost ninety-nine percent of the country's total population. Among other peoples living in Japan there are quite a lot of Koreans, as well as Chinese. The vast majority profess Shintoism or Buddhism. The most densely populated are the shores of the Pacific Ocean. Almost eighty percent of the Japanese live in large cities, eleven of which are cities with over a million people.

Industry of Japan

(On the assembly line, robots have practically replaced humans)

Japanese industry is almost entirely dependent on imported resources. Recently, the country has been forced to reduce the growth of energy-intensive and metal-intensive production, which depends on imported raw materials, focusing on the knowledge-intensive industry. However, both ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, automobile and shipbuilding, construction industry, energy, chemical and petrochemical, food and pulp and paper industries are well developed in Japan.

And, of course, Japan is one of the few countries where almost everywhere they are trying to replace people on assembly lines with industrial robots.

(Industrial plant in Japan)

The largest metallurgical centers, operating almost entirely on imported raw materials, are plants located in Osaka, Tokyo and Fuji. The scale of primary smelting of non-ferrous metals in Japan is gradually declining, but most of the plants located in the largest industrial centers still operate today.

The light and food industries play an important role. The electric power industry predominantly uses imported raw materials. The predominant components in the Japanese raw material base are oil and natural gas; with the share of coal decreasing, the role of hydro and nuclear energy is increasing. In the field of energy, sixty percent of its capacity comes from thermal power plants, and twenty-eight percent comes from nuclear energy. Hydroelectric power stations are located in cascades on mountain rivers.

(Robots are busy assembling at a car factory)

Mechanical engineering is well developed in Japan. The leading sub-sectors are electrical engineering and electronics, the radio industry is very well developed, and transport engineering is growing rapidly. The country is a leader in the volume of construction of tankers and dry cargo ships. The main shipyards are located in the ports of Yokohama, Nagasaki, Kobe. Japan is also a consistent leader in automotive construction. Thirteen million cars roll off the assembly lines of Japanese factories every year.

(The city of Tokyo is partially powered by solar panels)

In recent years, the country has begun to actively implement the so-called “Sunlight” program, which consists of the development of non-traditional energy sources. Among economically developed countries, Japan also ranks first in terms of the share of expenditures on the development of science and biotechnology.

Agriculture in Japan

(Unusual drawings in rice fields in Japan)

Agriculture contributes approximately two percent of the country's gross national product and remains one of the most important sectors of its economy. Six and a half percent of the population works in this area. Japanese agricultural production is mainly concentrated on food products. Japan provides seventy percent of its own food needs. Thirteen percent of the territory is allocated for agriculture. The leading role belongs to crop production, in particular the cultivation of rice and vegetables; gardening is widespread. Livestock farming is also developing at an intensive pace. Thus, in Japan, cattle and poultry are raised, and pig farming is developed.

(Fishing boat near the port of the Sea of Japan)

The exceptionally favorable location determines the abundance of fish and seafood dishes in the diet of every Japanese. Fishing is carried out in almost all areas of the World Ocean. Japan has an extensive fishing fleet of more than four hundred thousand vessels. In addition, the country owns over three thousand fishing ports.

Natural resources Japan is a country rich in forests and cares about its ecological condition, so their forests are well-groomed and cut down very carefully and in volumes controlled by science. Over 2/3 of Japan's territory is occupied by forests and shrubs; a significant part of the forests, over 1/3 - artificial plantings. Coniferous species account for 50% of the total timber reserves and 37% of the total forest area. In total, the flora of Japan contains over 700 species of trees and shrubs and about 300 species of herbs. Numerous representatives of the ancient pre-Quaternary flora have been preserved - ferns, horsetails, etc. Coniferous forests of spruce and fir predominate on the island of Hokkaido. In the southern regions of Japan, coniferous forests are gradually being replaced by deciduous broad-leaved forests of oak, maple, ash, linden, chestnut, etc.

Cultivable land, 13% of the country's total area, is mainly devoted to rice and some crops - from potatoes in the north to sugarcane in the south. Japan's natural conditions are generally favorable for agriculture. The soil cover of Japan is very diverse: in the south, red soils and yellow soils predominate; on the island of Honshu, the slopes of local low mountains are covered with developed podzolic and brown forest soils, with sufficient fertilization of which, the coastal plains with their fertile alluvial soils have long been developed by farmers. In the lowlands there are swampy soils.

Japan's soil resources are very limited, with more than one-third of its soils classified as poor. Nevertheless, the total area of cultivated land is 16% of the entire territory. Japan is one of the few countries in the world that has fully developed its land resources. Virgin land remains only on the island of Hokkaido; on the remaining islands, the Japanese are expanding the territories of cities and suburban farms, draining swampy shores and river deltas, filling up lagoons and shallow areas of the seas; this is how, for example, the Tokyo airport was built. Over 3/4 of the territory is occupied by hills and mountains; The Kanto and Tokyo lowlands are located in separate sections along the coast. On the island of Hokkaido, the main ridges are a continuation of the mountain ranges of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands, stretching from north to south and northeast to southwest.

The country has a dense network of short, full-flowing predominantly mountain rivers (large: Shinano, Tone, Ishikori). The rivers of the Sea of Japan basin have winter-spring floods, and the rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin have summer floods; There are floods, especially as a result of typhoons. The waters of many rivers are used for irrigation; there are thousands of small and large reservoirs in the country. Flat areas of large rivers are accessible to shallow-draft vessels; the largest is Lake Biwa, with an area of 716 sq. km. Japan has a typical coastal landscape with bays and islands, beautiful shores covered with vegetation.

The fauna of Japan is characterized by some interesting features, caused primarily by island isolation. Southern Ryukyu Islands - tropical fauna is relatively poor in mammals, dominated by animals leading an arboreal lifestyle. There are many monkeys: macaques, gibbons, thin-bodied monkeys. Unusually many bats. Martens are common, there are many squirrels and flying squirrels, sixwings, Japanese deer, black hare, and bluebirds. The central islands of the Japanese archipelago are much richer in fauna. Mainland animals are found here: wolf, fox, raccoon dog, badger, squirrel, deer, gigantic salamander, Japanese macaques, Japanese black bear... But I note that the central islands are poor in rodents, there are few songbirds and there are no representatives of the cat family. Northern island of Hokkaido - northern forms predominate here: brown bear, ermine, weasel, Siberian sable, various insects. There are 270 species of mammals, about 800 species of birds, 110 species of reptiles in the country; in the seas washing Japan there are more than 600 species of fish, over 1000 species of mollusks, among birds in Japan there are storks, woodpeckers, owls, blackbirds, tits, swallows, Japanese crane, starling hawk... There are many seabirds off the sea coast: cormorant, guillemot , skua

As one of the main importers of raw materials, Japan has its own mineral resources; they are quite diverse, but the deposits are mostly small and difficult to develop. Despite the fact that deposits of coal, sulfur and natural gas are relatively large, the high capital intensity of development makes imports quite cheap, much more profitable, as evidenced by the gradual closure of mines in the country.

Achievements of Japanese engineers: robot chef. The Japanese have long been known for their desire to robotize literally everything and everyone. No one in the country can be surprised by a robot-nurse, a robot-teacher, or even a robot-driver. Now there's a new addition - the Fua-Men robot chef.

Agriculture. Japan's agricultural specialization differs markedly from other developed countries: the share of crop production is twice as large as the share of livestock production. But despite this, the country does not have enough of its own grain; Japan is forced to import grain crops from its closest neighbors: China, Korea. The Japanese organization of agriculture is known all over the world as quite backward, this is caused by a number of reasons: the predominance of dwarf peasant farms of small-scale commercial type, limited capital investments aimed at improving land, the weakness of the agricultural technical base, and the enslaving debt of peasants. Recently, land productivity has decreased slightly.

Japan's fishing fleet numbers tens of thousands of vessels, and its fishing ports number hundreds and even thousands. Among the exotic crafts, I would like to mention pearl mining on the southern coast of Honshu; more than 500 million pearl shells are mined here every year. Previously, shells removed from the bottom were used to search for natural pearls, which, of course, were very rare. Now they are used for artificial cultivation of pearls on special plantations. Over time, there have been trends toward a depletion of national fish resources; therefore, artificial breeding of marine animals has become widespread (in 1980, 32 species of fish, 15 species of crustaceans, 21 species of mollusks, etc., etc.) were raised here. Japan holds first place in world using aquaculture technology that originated in the 8th century. The most diverse types of aquaculture have been developed here, and artificial spawning grounds and fish pastures have been created.

Industry of Japan. Recently, a course has been taken towards the preferential development of knowledge-intensive industries, with some restraint on energy-intensive and material-intensive industries. New industries include electronic, precision and complex instrument making, optics, production of cameras, medicines, and scientific and laboratory equipment. For quite a long time, the country's energy base was coal, water, and wood. Fuel imports played an additional role. Thermal power plants are the basis of the Japanese electric power industry.

Japan's fuel and energy base is very limited. Its own coal resources provide no more than 1/2 of its needs; there are very few good coking coals. The amount of oil produced in a year is equivalent to that in the USA in half a day; there are few iron and manganese ores, no bauxite and many other types of mineral raw materials. Despite the fact that 4/5 of the energy is produced from imported raw materials, the country has a highly developed energy economy. The petroleum refining and petrochemical industry has grown from oil production, with plants located in many cities in the urbanized belt of the islands of Honshu and Kyushu.

Automotive industry. After the First World War, the automotive industry in Japan was mainly occupied with copying American designs and technologies. By the mid-30s. A law was passed in the country according to which all enterprises located in Japan became the property of Japan. As a result, American companies were forced to curtail their activities in Japan. Japan's automobile industry was falling further and further behind the global level. The technological gap widened sharply during the war years, when foreign experience became completely unavailable.

After the defeat of Japan in the Second World War, during the years of occupation, the development of the automobile industry was artificially slowed down by the introduction of various kinds of prohibitions and restrictions, in particular on production, by the headquarters of the occupation forces. And although in 1949 they were removed, and automobile industry enterprises were removed from the list of those subject to dismantling and removal for reparations, nevertheless, the end of the 40s. is regarded as a period of struggle for the survival of the Japanese automobile industry. In addition, the import of foreign cars caused considerable damage to the industry at that time. It was officially banned until 1949, but cars were imported by Americans.

In the first six months of 2009, 273 companies related to the automotive industry, such as those involved in supplying parts or selling cars, went bankrupt in Japan. This is a 50% increase compared to the same period in 2009. The volume of debts of bankrupt Japanese companies doubled and amounted to $1.1 billion. In almost half of the cases, we were talking about companies that operated in the retail and wholesale car sales market. They were unable to obtain loans to finance further activities. The largest number of bankruptcies were registered in those prefectures where Toyota Motor, Suzuki and large auto parts manufacturers are located. At the same time, the Japanese automobile market began to gradually recover from the crisis, but has not yet fully recovered.

In terms of agricultural specialization, Japan differs markedly from other developed countries: the share of crop production is twice as large as the share of livestock production. But despite this, the country does not have enough of its own grain; Japan is forced to import grain crops from its closest neighbors: China, Korea.

The Japanese organization of agriculture is known all over the world as quite backward, this is caused by a number of reasons: the predominance of dwarf peasant farms of small-scale commercial type, limited capital investments aimed at improving land, the weakness of the agricultural technical base, and the enslaving debt of peasants. Recently, land productivity has decreased slightly.

Pasture lands make up only 1.6% of the total area, although the reason for such a small size of pastures is not the poor climate of the country. The existing small pasture plots are gradually going out of use as imports of cheap meat and dairy products increase. In cities, abandoned arable lands are overgrown with forest. These wild forests are growing more and more, because... The timber industry is losing out in competition with cheap timber imports.

The structure of agriculture has changed over the past decades, and although preference is given to the cultivation of rice - Japanese bread, which accounts for about 50% of cultivated land, cattle breeding, vegetable gardening, and horticulture have also developed.

Japanese agriculture also includes marine fishing and forestry. Fishing is developed in Japan; this is the traditional occupation of the Japanese; Japan ranks first in the world (12 million tons). The main part of it is provided by sea and ocean fishing, but aquaculture plays a very significant role - over 1 million tons. Before the Second World War, the Japanese practically did not eat meat, so the only source of animal proteins was fish, and rice was the only source of carbohydrates.

Over time, there have been trends toward a depletion of national fish resources; therefore, artificial breeding of marine animals has become widespread (in 1980, 32 species of fish, 15 species of crustaceans, 21 species of mollusks, etc., etc.) were raised here. Japan holds first place in world using aquaculture technology that originated in the 8th century. The most diverse types of aquaculture have been developed here, and artificial spawning grounds and fish pastures have been created.

OBJECTIVES: - to get acquainted with the features of the industry and
territorial structure of the Japanese economy;
-continue skills development
independent work with the text of the textbook, with
maps and additional literature;
- to educate geographical culture,
broaden the horizons of students;
-continue the formation of communicative
culture.

Form of government and government structure

Japan is a constitutional monarchy. Before
the adoption of the 1947 Constitution was
An absolute monarchy. Currently
Emperor of the country Akihito - symbol
state and unity of the nation. By
government structure of Japan -
unitary state consisting of 46
prefectures and provinces.

Inheritance of title.

He has no heir. But there is a daughter
therefore, it is now being considered in Japan
question of inheritance through the female line.
All trends point to the fact that the issue will be resolved
positively. Majority in Parliament
and the Cabinet of Ministers speak out in favor
changing laws in favor of the princess

Main industries: p.244-245

- mechanical engineering.
- ferrous metallurgy.
- chemical industry.
Share of ferrous metallurgy and chemical
industry begins to decline, so
How did environmental problems arise?
There is a decrease in the import of raw materials.
There has been a shift towards knowledge-intensive
industries.

Electric power industry of Japan

NPP location

Fuel and energy complex

Fuel and energy
industry is characterized
development of nuclear energy,
increasing the share of coal in thermal power plants. NPP – 30
%, hydroelectric power station - 60% of all electricity.
Big role – non-traditional
energy sources and uses
Hydroelectric power station.

Mechanical engineering is a leading industry. In terms of the share of mechanical engineering products in exports, Japan ranks first in

world (64%)
Automotive, shipbuilding, machine tools, robotics, household
electronics, watch production. For the production of automobiles, industrial
robots and sea vessels Japan ranks first in the world.

Agriculture

Agriculture
Japanese Agriculture Is Different
high intensity. In structure
agriculture predominates
crop production Main crop
is fig. Gardening and
horticulture. Received development
Breeding cattle,
pig and poultry farming.

An important industry is fishing. Japan ranks first in terms of fish catch. There are more than three thousand fishing ports in the country.

Intensive
the use of sea resources has led to the development
mariculture

transport

The transport system is characterized by high
level of development. Developed in Japan
almost all types of transport, for
with the exception of river and pipeline. By
Japan surpasses countries in terms of transportation volumes
Western Europe. Feature of transport
is the high level of its technical
equipment: automated system
transport control, wide application
find high-speed monorails
roads.

Shinkansen - New Line

Its length is about 1100 km. average speed
trains - 200 km per hour or more. Distance
Tokyo-Osaka (515 km.) Hikari Express
passes in 2 hours 15 minutes.

The Seto-Ohashi Bridge connects the islands of Honshu and Shikoku.

International economic relations

Japan's share in the world economy exceeds 1/10.
Japan's total exports
ranks 3rd in the world after the USA and Germany.
Industrial goods account for 98%, machinery and
equipment – 75%. Car exports – 5.7 million, mainly
The market was and remains the USA. Rest of exports
heading to Western Europe.
Recently, the share of fuel and raw materials has decreased, but increased
share of machinery and equipment.
The country is increasingly reoriented with
export of goods for the export of capital.
Japanese direct investment is directed to
North America, Europe and Asian countries.

Why did Japan become a leader in the world economy?

-Insignificant costs for weapons.
-Purchase of patents, licenses, their rapid implementation
into production.
-Use of high technology.
-State regulation of the economy.
-Highly qualified workers.
-Features of the Japanese mentality are hard work and
enthusiasm.
-Export orientation of the economy.
-Unique control system.

Why is Japan called "the country with two faces"? (p.248 p.4)

Front side – Pacific belt. This
socio-economic core of the country –
main industrial areas of Tokyo, Osaka,
Nagoya, Kitakyushu, most thermal power plants, nuclear power plants,
industrial enterprises.
The back side is the peripheral zone. This
Hokkaido and mountain forest areas of Honshu –
harvesting of timber, minerals,
hydropower, livestock farming.

The economic power of the state after Hiroshima and Nagasaki, after the devastating earthquake in 2011, did not decrease in this

amazing
country,
where people are in defiance of nature, which has not given
they have no minerals or land
reached such economic heights. But
The Japanese way of life remains
the same. The same is important
rituals and traditions as they were before.

Natural resources of Japan

Japan is a country rich in forests and cares about its ecological condition, so their forests are well-groomed and cut down very carefully and in volumes controlled by science.

Over 2/3 of Japan's territory is occupied by forests and shrubs; a significant part of the forests, over 1/3 - artificial plantings. Coniferous species account for 50% of the total timber reserves and 37% of the total forest area. In total, the flora of Japan contains over 700 species of trees and shrubs and about 300 species of herbs. The island of Hokkaido is dominated by coniferous forests of spruce and fir. In the southern regions of Japan, coniferous forests are gradually being replaced by deciduous broad-leaved forests of oak, maple, ash, linden, chestnut, etc.

The soil cover of Japan is very diverse: in the south, red soils and yellow soils predominate; on the island of Honshu, the slopes of local low mountains are covered with developed podzolic and brown forest soils, with sufficient fertilization of which, the coastal plains with their fertile alluvial soils have long been developed by farmers. In the lowlands there are swampy soils.

Cultivable land, 13% of the country's total area, is mainly devoted to rice and some crops - from potatoes in the north to sugarcane in the south. Japan's natural conditions are generally favorable for agriculture

The country has a dense network of short, full-flowing predominantly mountain rivers (large ones: Shinano, Tone, Ishikori). The rivers of the Sea of Japan basin have winter-spring floods, and the rivers of the Pacific Ocean basin have summer floods; There are floods, especially as a result of typhoons. The waters of many rivers are used for irrigation; there are thousands of small and large reservoirs in the country. Flat areas of large rivers are accessible to shallow-draft vessels; the largest is Lake Biwa, with an area of 716 sq. km.
Japan has a typical coastal landscape with bays and islands, beautiful shores covered with vegetation.

The fauna of Japan is characterized by some interesting features, caused primarily by island isolation. Southern Ryukyu Islands - tropical fauna is relatively poor in mammals, dominated by animals leading an arboreal lifestyle. There are many monkeys: macaques, gibbons, thin-bodied monkeys. Unusually many bats. Martens are common, there are many squirrels and flying squirrels, sixwings, Japanese deer, black hare, and bluebirds. The central islands of the Japanese archipelago are much richer in fauna. Mainland animals are found here: wolf, fox, raccoon dog, badger, squirrel, deer, gigantic salamander, Japanese macaques, Japanese black bear... But I note that the central islands are poor in rodents, there are few songbirds and there are no representatives of the cat family. Northern island of Hokkaido - northern forms predominate here: brown bear, ermine, weasel, Siberian sable, various insects. There are 270 species of mammals, about 800 species of birds, 110 species of reptiles in the country; in the seas washing Japan there are more than 600 species of fish, over 1000 species of mollusks, among birds in Japan there are storks, woodpeckers, owls, blackbirds, tits, swallows, Japanese crane, starling hawk... There are many seabirds off the sea coast: cormorant, guillemot , skua

Achievements of Japanese engineers - robot chef.

The Japanese have long been known for their desire to robotize literally everything and everyone. No one in the country can be surprised by a robot-nurse, a robot-teacher or even a robot-driver. Now there's a new addition - the robot chef Fua-Men

Japan's agricultural specialization differs markedly from other developed countries: the share of crop production is twice as large as the share of livestock production. But despite this, the country does not have enough of its own grain; Japan is forced to import grain crops from its closest neighbors: China, Korea.
The Japanese organization of agriculture is known all over the world as quite backward, this is caused by a number of reasons: the predominance of dwarf peasant farms of small-scale commercial type, limited capital investments aimed at improving land, the weakness of the agricultural technical base, and the enslaving debt of peasants. Land productivity has decreased slightly in recent years

Japan's fishing fleet numbers tens of thousands of vessels, and its fishing ports number hundreds and even thousands. Among the exotic crafts, I would like to mention pearl mining on the southern coast of Honshu; more than 500 million pearl shells are mined here every year. Previously, shells removed from the bottom were used to search for natural pearls, which, of course, were very rare. Now they are used for artificial cultivation of pearls on special plantations.
Coastal fishing is carried out by residents of coastal villages; distant - large monopolies with a technically advanced fishing fleet. The northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean is the main region of world fishing; fish and seafood are produced here by Japan, China, Russia, the Republic of Korea, and some other countries.

Recently, a course has been taken towards the preferential development of knowledge-intensive industries, with some restraint on energy-intensive and material-intensive industries. New industries include electronic, precision and complex instrument making, optics, production of cameras, medicines, and scientific and laboratory equipment. For quite a long time, the country's energy base was coal, water, and wood.
Fuel imports played an additional role. Thermal power plants are the basis of the Japanese electric power industry.

Japan's fuel and energy base is very limited. Its own coal resources provide no more than 1/2 of its needs; there are very few good coking coals. The amount of oil produced in a year is equivalent to that in the USA in half a day; there are few iron and manganese ores, no bauxite and many other types of mineral raw materials.

Despite the fact that 4/5 of the energy is produced from imported raw materials, the country has a highly developed energy economy. The oil refining and petrochemical industry has grown in oil production, with enterprises located in many cities in the urbanized zone of the islands of Honshu and Kyushu

Automotive industry .

The Japanese automobile industry is one of the most famous industries in the world. It is home to a number of large companies producing cars, construction vehicles, motorcycles, ATVs, engines, etc. Japanese automobile manufacturers include Toyota, Honda, Daihatsu, Nissan, Suzuki, Mazda, Mitsubishi, Subaru, Isuzu, Kawasaki, Yamaha, and Mitsuoka.
Japan was the world's largest automaker in 2008, but lost one position in 2009 to current leader China.

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