Tailed amphibians. Presentation "Tailed" (6th grade) in biology - project, report Who are axolotls

Lesson topic

Manifold

and the importance of amphibians

The purpose of the lesson.

Show the diversity of modern amphibians, deepen and expand knowledge about the class; use various examples to show the features of adaptation of animals to their environment; determine the importance of amphibians in nature, human life and the need for their protection.

№

Judgments (questions)

Frogs cannot live without water

Sign

Frogs never drink water

Frogs and toads breathe only through their lungs

Frogs eat only algae

In spring, frogs return to the pond where they were born.

A frog immediately develops from a fertilized egg

Frogs must be destroyed because they are harmful.

For scientists, the common frog is of no interest

Amphibians evolved from fish-like ancestors

A tadpole is an amphibian larva

Toads are pests of gardens and vegetable gardens

Frogs occupy two habitats - water and land

Touching a toad causes warts

All amphibians are predators

« From ancient times to the present day no family of animals did not evoke such universal disgust in people, not a single one was persecuted so mercilessly, but also so unfairly, as the family of toads.” (Alfred Brehm)

“ All frogs lack is education, but they are capable of anything,” Mark Twain once jokingly remarked.

Class amphibians

Squad Tailed

Tailless Squad

Legless Squad

Yellow caecilian

Call stage

7. Who are axolotls?
8. What is neoteny?

Order caudate

Spotted salamander

Common newt

Ambystoma

Axolotl ambystoma mexicanis

Ambystoma and axolotl Mexican

Legless squad

Yellow caecilian

Ringed caecilian

Baby caecilians hatching from eggs

Order anurans

Pointy-faced frog

lake frog

green toad

Green tree frog

Tree frog triangular

Red-bellied Firebird

Orders of amphibians

Squad name

Characteristic signs

Anurans

Representatives

Tailed

Legless

Orders of amphibians

Squad name

Characteristic signs

Anurans

Representatives

They have hopping hind legs and lack a tail in adulthood.

Tailed

The body is elongated, the tail is retained throughout life, the front and rear limbs are approximately the same length

Tree frogs, toads, toads, frogs

Legless

Newts, salamanders, ambystomata, proteas.

The body is long, worm-shaped, legs and eyes are reduced

African and ringed caecilians

In the late 80s, one of the countries of Southeast Asia, Bangladesh, very successfully earned foreign currency by exporting frog legs. The total profit reached 10 million dollars a year. However, this state soon had to spend significantly larger sums to “mitigate” the very adverse environmental consequences of such a business. Why do you think?

Frog monuments

Monuments to the frog in Paris and Tokyo are a tribute to respect and recognition of the truly invaluable services of these animals in the development of science.

Monument to a frog near the building

Pasteur Institute in Paris.

The importance of amphibians in nature and human life

Amphibians destroy plant pests. They feed on a variety of organisms (insects, larvae, slugs, worms, etc.)
Amphibians serve as food for many animals (reptiles, birds, mammals, fish) and humans.
Mucus from skin secretions contains toxic substances. This is used by hunters, doctors, and housewives.
Serve as an object for science
In some countries, amphibians are eaten;
Many representatives of amphibians are kept in aquariums and terrariums - for beauty
They serve as indicators of the cleanliness of water bodies.
Bionics (the principle of operation of a frog's eye is used to create radar devices (capable of seeing only moving objects) retinatron device. Fins.

Amphibians of the Kursk region

In the Kursk region
Inhabits 12 species from orders
Tailed and Tailless

Order anurans

crested newt Triturus cristatus is the largest and most beautiful newt of our fauna - the total length can reach 12 cm. The crested newt has an amazing ability to regenerate - restore lost or damaged organs. Severed fingers, paws, tail, eyes and even jaws are restored completely and function well.

Common newt Triturus vulgaris is one of the smallest newts.

In males, during the mating season, the color of the body becomes brighter; a scalloped crest grows from the back of the head to the end of the tail, usually with an orange border and a blue stripe with a pearlescent sheen, which is not interrupted at the base of the tail.

Spends spring and early summer in shallow, usually stagnant and well-warmed bodies of water. On land, the newt leads a more secretive, predominantly nocturnal lifestyle, hiding in various shelters during the day. It winters on land in heaps of leaves, dead wood, in basements, cellars located near water bodies. Common newts usually hibernate in groups of several together, falling into deep torpor.

green toad- a southerner, she easily tolerates heat. She feels best at a temperature of + 33 * C. Her skin is less permeable to water than the skin of any other amphibians, but if circumstances are unfavorable, she easily tolerates a loss of water equal to 50% of her body weight. In the spring, waking up from a long hibernation, toads rush to reservoirs. There, in sunny shallow water, among thickets of reeds and cattails, the female wraps her three-to-five-meter cords with eggs embedded in them around the stems of plants. Green toads can have up to 12,000 of them. On the 45th day, lovely toads emerge from the water in droves and join in the work of their older relatives to destroy insects, slugs and other pests of green plants. They eat, of course, only small fry, which adult toads neglect, but their contribution to the protection of agricultural land is enormous. The green toad (70-75 mm) has tuberous skin, the body is colored on top in light green tones with large dark green spots, edged with a black border, and inside with red dots. The ventral side is plain without spots.

Quite common and found everywhere sharp-faced frog Rana arvalis, which belongs to the group of brown frogs. During the mating season, males develop a bright silver-blue color; they retain this color until the end of April. With the exception of the breeding season, the sharp-faced frog spends its entire life on land and winters there. They live in forests of various types - broad-leaved, mixed, preferring forest edges, clearings, clearings, inhabit birch groves, and forest shelterbelts, willow thickets, common in flooded meadows, gardens, and along roadsides.

Lake frog Rana ridibunda found in all areas, the largest species among the amphibians of our fauna. In the vicinity of the Zorinsky site in April 1998, the largest female lake frog ever caught was caught; it measured 33 cm from the tip of the muzzle to the tips of the fingers, this is the largest body length for this species in the Central Black Earth Region.

Spends its entire life in or near water. Active around the clock. The list of food eaten is very large: the main part is insects, occasionally it consumes chicks of small birds, voles, shrews, young of the year of other species of amphibians, small fish, and catches young snakes. Tadpoles eat various algae, as well as small aquatic invertebrates. Overwinters at the bottom of reservoirs.

The smallest representative of the group of green frogs pond frog Rana lessonae. The pond frog is the most heat-loving species among our amphibians. In spring and autumn it is active during the day, in summer during hot times - in the morning and evening. It feeds on insects, mainly beetles, and eats mollusks, earthworms, and crustaceans. The first individuals were noted in early April, the last meeting of pond frogs was at the end of November.

In almost every way edible frog Rana esculenta occupies an intermediate position between lake and pond frogs, which is due to its hybrid position. For a long time, pond frogs and edible frogs were considered as one species. According to modern data, an edible frog is a form formed as a result of the hybridization of lake and pond frogs and has existed in nature (Europe) for at least 5000 years. It lives in a wide variety of habitats suitable for both lake and pond frogs. However, it is most common in the “intermediate” spectrum of conditions. It overwinters either on land in populations with the pond frog, or in water with the lake frog.

GRASS FROG (Rana temporaria) in appearance is very similar to the sharp-faced one, but differs from it in its larger size (up to 100 mm), dark marble-like pattern on the belly, blunt muzzle and low internal calcaneal tubercle.

Where it is dry in summer, they stay near the water. In the rest of their habitat they prefer forest. They are nocturnal and hide during the day. They hunt in clearings and meadows. They feed on insects and some shellfish. They leave for the winter when regular night frosts begin, and sleep for a little over 5 months.

For wintering, a reservoir where the water does not freeze to the bottom is suitable for them. They gather for wintering places from afar, from a distance of 1-1.5 km, covering this path in one day

Red-bellied Firebird Bombina lives on average about 14 years. In captivity up to 29 years. A characteristic coloring feature of this species is a bright orange belly with bluish-black spots of irregular shape. Females of the red-bellied firebird are longer than males and equal in weight to them. The red-bellied firebird is a heat-loving species. They awaken from hibernation at the end of April - beginning of May. In the spring and summer, it lives in bodies of water, preferring ditches, oxbow lakes, small lakes, ponds, swamps with well-warmed water and a clay bottom, puddles and even ditches along roads with stagnant or low-flowing water.

They do not like sandy shores and currents. In case of danger

The fire-bellied toad takes a characteristic pose, falling over on its back, protruding its abdomen and twisting its limbs so that the bright coloring of the lower part of the body becomes noticeable; this coloring is considered a warning, scaring off predators. At the same time, the toad secretes a secretion in the form of white foam, which has a toxic effect. For humans, the poison of the red-bellied firebird does not pose a serious danger, however, this type of amphibian must be handled very carefully.

Common tree frog a miniature frog measuring 35-45 mm, painted bright green on top, with large expressive eyes. The tree frog leads an arboreal lifestyle, for which it has suction disks on its fingers, which firmly hold them on the smooth surface of leaves and trunks. In the Kursk region, these frogs are quite rare. They live near the water and are nocturnal. Tree frogs are vocal creatures. During the breeding season, males begin their concerts before dark and scream all night, inflating large resonators on their throats, while females descend into the reservoir when it is completely dark. If there is no large body of water, they spawn in any hole filled with water.

Amphibians of the Kursk region

anurans

caudate

Common newt

Lake frog

Crested newt

sharp-faced frog

pond frog

Edible frog

grass frog

Green toad

Gray toad

Common spadefoot

Red-bellied toad

Common tree frog

Amphibians of the Red Book

Ussuri clawed newt

Caucasian cross

Asia Minor newt

1. Who are caecilians? Where do they live?

2. Why do caecilians “incubate” their eggs?

3. Who are fire toads? Why don't predators touch fire-bellied toads?

4. How do tree frogs move along the branches and leaves of trees?

5. What kind of life do newts lead?

6. Why do newts have a large leathery crest along their back and tail?

7. Who are axolotls?

8. What is neoteny?

P think about it and answer . "How and Why"

How to distinguish a toad from a frog by appearance?
Is toad venom really dangerous for humans?
Why does a toad lay a large number of eggs?
Why did the frog get this name?
Why do they say that frogs have tongues “topsy-turvy”?
Why does the red-bellied firebird show off its bright abdomen when threatened?
Insects never bite frogs, although their skin is bare. Why?
Do you think warts will grow if you hold a toad in your hands?
Why, in villages where there is no refrigerator, do they put frogs in cans of milk?

reflection

Complete the sentences:

Today in class I learned (made a discovery for myself) for the first time...
“I think that...” (What are you thinking about?)
This training material is important to me because...
My attitude towards frogs has changed (why?)

Homework

Study paragraph 39, questions. Prepare a report about interesting facts from the life of amphibians.

Class Amphibians, or Amphibians

Class Amphibians, or Amphibians
pp. 189-196 (before development) -
fill out the table according to the textbook plan, messages if desired.

Amphibians and general ideas about them

We become acquainted with amphibians in early childhood. Many found small tailed and helpless newts, and everyone went through catching frogs, and this is not without reason. Primitive people ate them, and boys got them - these were their first hunting trophies. Frogs occupied such an important place in the diet of some primitive foragers that among the ancient Mayans, the hieroglyph depicting a frog meant good luck. Even now, many peoples, including Europeans, eat frogs. For almost all people, the frog is the first wild vertebrate they caught on their own. Even a child can catch brown frogs that live on land.

Representatives of amphibians

Goliath frog

Toad Yaga

Bullfrog

dart frog

Rhinoderma Darwin

Frog records

THE LARGEST

Goliath frog

Giant salamander

Bullfrog

Toad Yaga

Frog records

THE MOST POISONOUS
South American dart frogs

Amphibians appeared on Earth more than 350 million years ago. The path to land was paved by lobe-finned fish, but amphibians were pioneers in everything related to life in the air. And they had to adapt to a lot: living conditions in the aquatic and air environments are very different (this includes the density of the environment, the availability of oxygen, the temperature regime, the transparency of the environment, etc.).

External structure

Divisions: head, torso, tail and limbs (the frog does not have a tail, but tailed amphibians have one). Amphibians do not have necks. The body is flattened in the dorso-ventral plane and is movably connected to the head.

External structure

On the head there are two large bulging and very mobile eyes, protected by eyelids. The frog blinks frequently; at the same time, the moist skin of the eyelids moistens the surface of the eyes, protecting them from drying out. In front of the eyes there is a pair of nostrils equipped with valves. There is an eardrum, the outer part of the hearing organ - the middle ear.

Frog skeleton

The frog's skeleton consists of the same basic sections as those of other vertebrates. Amphibians have a lot of cartilage. The frog spine consists of 1 cervical, 7 trunk, 1 sacral vertebrae and a tail bone. Amphibians do not have ribs or a thorax. The skull is distinguished by the frontoparietal and occipital bones, orbits and jaw bones.

Limbs and methods of movement of tailless amphibians Central nervous system

The central nervous system of amphibians consists of the same sections as those of fish. The forebrain is more developed than in fish. In it you can distinguish two swellings - the cerebral hemispheres. The enlargement of the hemispheres reflects the greater volume and greater complexity of instinctive programs, memory and learning. Compared to fish, the cerebellum of amphibians is small, since both in water and on land their movements are quite monotonous, not requiring complex coordination.

Sense organs

Olfactory organ located in the nostrils. The frog uses its sense of smell to find a body of water. Frogs can find their way to a pond from afar.
Taste buds concentrated in the mouth. Using them, the frog quickly learns not to grab poisonous insects, and if it does grab it, it immediately spits it out.
Organ of touch - thin skin of a frog.

Eyes The frogs are very mobile, they allow them to follow the prey without moving their body. The frog can see far enough. She clearly sees a green insect crawling on a leaf of the same color.
Organ of balance - inner ear.
Hearing organ - the same inner ear. To enhance hearing in the air, it is supplemented with a new formation - the middle ear.

Circulatory system Respiratory system Digestive system Catching food

Frogs lie in wait for their prey, sitting motionless. Noticing a moving prey, the frog brings it to the required distance, and then turns sharply and accurately throws a wide Velcro tongue out of its mouth. Immediately the tongue with the attached insect returns to the mouth. When swallowing large prey, the frog helps itself with its forelimbs.

Reproductive organs

The female has paired ovaries, the male has testes. All amphibians are dioecious. Their eggs are constructed in the same way as those of fish, but they are larger due to large reserves of yolk. The female usually produces only hundreds of eggs, while few amphibian species produce thousands or tens of thousands. Fertilization is external or internal, but it is necessarily preceded by mating behavior and mating, without which the female cannot lay eggs.

Mating Behavior The Meaning of Mating

Without it, the frog cannot reproduce. During mating, the male controls the synchronization process with the help of calluses located on his fingers, affecting the female’s skin in strictly defined places.

Amphibians have few eggs, but they are very large, so it is important that as few of them as possible remain unfertilized. This is achieved by the fact that the male and female, firstly, take a standard, precisely coordinated position, and secondly, synchronize the release of eggs and sperm and do it slowly so that all the eggs are fertilized.

Development Development of a frog

The larva of a frog, a tadpole, resembles a fish. It swims near the bottom, pushing itself forward with its tail, framed by a fin, and breathes first with external gills protruding in tufts on the sides of its head, and later with internal gills. For the first days, the tadpole lives on yolk reserves, and then a mouth erupts from below, equipped with horny jaws, and it begins to eat algae, protozoa and small multicellular animals.
The tadpole has one circle of blood circulation, a two-chambered heart, and a lateral line. After some time, his hind legs begin to grow, and then his front legs. The tail gradually dissolves. After the lungs appear, it needs atmospheric oxygen, so it floats to the surface to swallow air. Finally, the tadpole comes ashore as a small frog. Before breeding, it grows for three years, and the frog lives for five to seven years.

Caring for offspring

Some amphibians take care of their offspring:
- the Surinamese pipa carries eggs in leather cells on its back until small frogs appear;
- the tree frog phyllomedusa builds a nest - a bath for eggs.

Frog records

THE MOST CARING

Rhinoderma Darwin

Australian frog

Write the name of an amphibian

I AM SHACK MEADOW
COLLECTION OF WILLOW STACK
YOUR HOW
ZHAR YAK LEN
SALTO KOL
TONE THREE

Amphibian Meaning:

1. they serve as food for many animals and humans;
2. they themselves feed on a variety of organisms (insects, their larvae, slugs, worms, they can even eat small chicks, etc.);
3. mucus from skin secretions contains toxic substances, which in some species can be deadly to other organisms; This is used by hunters, doctors, sorcerers, and housewives (for storing milk with frogs so that it does not go sour in a warm room);
4. serve as an object for science, a classic experimental animal;
5. Many representatives of amphibians are kept in aquariums and terrariums - for beauty.

The role of amphibians in nature and human life

In nature, amphibians play the role of small predators, regulating the number of invertebrate animals, but they themselves become objects of food for vertebrates. Nowadays, there are fewer amphibians due to the draining of swamps and pollution of water bodies. Toads and frogs especially suffer from toxic chemicals, living in fields, gardens and vegetable gardens.

The frog is the object of many laboratory experiments, for which a monument was erected to it at the Sorbonne University in Paris. Another frog monument is located in Tokyo. And recently, a monument to a frog appeared in St. Petersburg (in the picture).

Slide 1

Slide 2

Slide 3

Slide 4

Slide 5

Slide 6

The presentation on the topic “Tailed Animals” (6th grade) can be downloaded absolutely free on our website. Project subject: Biology. Colorful slides and illustrations will help you engage your classmates or audience. To view the content, use the player, or if you want to download the report, click on the corresponding text under the player. The presentation contains 6 slide(s).

Presentation slides

Slide 1

Slide 2

Habitat

The first representatives of the caudate order were found in deposits of the Cretaceous period. Fossil remains of all major families are numerous from the Eocene alone. However, the antiquity of tailed amphibians is well proven by their geographical distribution. Thus, among them there are numerous cases of broken propagation; for example, one species of Protea lives in Europe, and another in North America; cryptobranchs live in Japan and China, as well as in North America. In addition, many tailed animals have extremely narrow ranges; for example, the Caucasian salamander lives only in Western Transcaucasia, the Semirechensky frogtooth - in the Dzungarian Alatau, the clawed newt - only in the Ussuri region and adjacent areas to the south. A lot of tailed amphibians, with extremely small distribution areas, live in Southwestern China. Thus, tailed amphibians live in northern and temperate latitudes (especially mountainous regions), where there are relatively few tailless amphibians, while the majority of tailed amphibians have switched to an aquatic lifestyle for the second time.

Slide 3

There are relatively few tailed amphibians - about 340 species. All tailed amphibians are characterized by having an elongated body, which turns into a well-developed tail. The front legs have from 3 to 4, the hind legs from 2 to 5 toes. In some, the limbs have almost disappeared for the second time (amphiuma) or the back pair of them are completely absent (sirens). Most tailed animals crawl or swim, bending their bodies like snakes. Only a few terrestrial salamanders can run fast, like lizards, or even jump. When swimming, the limbs are pressed against the body and do not take part in the movement.

Structure

Slide 4

Suborders

Currently living tailed amphibians are united into 54 genera, 8 families and 5 suborders. The suborder Cryptobranchoidea contains the most primitive caudate amphibians, characterized by biconcave vertebrae, free angular bone, and external fertilization. This includes the families of cryptobranchidae (Cryptobranchidae) and angletooths (Hynobiidae). The suborder Meantes contains one family of sirens (Sirenidae), characterized by 3 pairs of gills in adult animals. The suborder Proteidea includes one family of proteas (Proteidae), which are neotenic larvae of unknown salamanders. The suborder Ambystomatoidea also contains one large family of Ambystomatidae, characterized by biconcave vertebrae and the absence of an angular bone. Neoteny is widely developed among Ambystomaceae. The suborder Salamanclroiclea is the largest and contains the family (Amphiumidae), lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae) and true salamanders (Salamandridae). For most representatives of the suborder, the vertebrae are posterior-concave and the angular bone is fused with the articular bone.

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Slide 2

Habitat The first representatives of the caudate order were found in the deposits of the Cretaceous period. Fossil remains of all major families are numerous from the Eocene alone. However, the antiquity of tailed amphibians is well proven by their geographical distribution. Thus, among them there are numerous cases of broken propagation; for example, one species of Protea lives in Europe, and another in North America; cryptobranchs live in Japan and China, as well as in North America. In addition, many tailed animals have extremely narrow ranges; for example, the Caucasian salamander lives only in Western Transcaucasia, the Semirechensky frogtooth - in the Dzungarian Alatau, the clawed newt - only in the Ussuri region and adjacent areas to the south. A lot of tailed amphibians, with extremely small distribution areas, live in Southwestern China. Thus, tailed amphibians live in northern and temperate latitudes (especially mountainous regions), where there are relatively few tailless amphibians, while the majority of tailed amphibians have switched to an aquatic lifestyle for the second time.

Slide 3

Slide 4

Suborders Currently living tailed amphibians are united in 54 genera, 8 families and 5 suborders. The suborder Cryptobranchoidea contains the most primitive caudate amphibians, characterized by biconcave vertebrae, free angular bone, and external fertilization. This includes the families of cryptobranchidae (Cryptobranchidae) and angletooths (Hynobiidae). The suborder Meantes contains one family of sirens (Sirenidae), characterized by 3 pairs of gills in adult animals. The suborder Proteidea includes one family of proteas (Proteidae), which are neotenic larvae of unknown salamanders. The suborder Ambystomatoidea also contains one large family of Ambystomatidae, characterized by biconcave vertebrae and the absence of an angular bone. Neoteny is widely developed among Ambystomaceae. The suborder Salamanclroiclea is the largest and contains the family (Amphiumidae), lungless salamanders (Plethodontidae) and true salamanders (Salamandridae). For most representatives of the suborder, the vertebrae are posterior-concave and the angular bone is fused with the articular bone.

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Structure There are relatively few tailed amphibians - about 340 species. All tailed amphibians are characterized by having an elongated body, which turns into a well-developed tail. The front legs have from 3 to 4, the hind legs from 2 to 5 toes. In some, the limbs have almost disappeared for the second time (amphiuma) or the back pair of them are completely absent (sirens). Most tailed animals crawl or swim, bending their bodies like snakes. Only a few terrestrial salamanders can run fast, like lizards, or even jump. When swimming, the limbs are pressed against the body and do not take part in the movement.