Where to start farming? Farm business plan. State program to support beginning farmers. How to open a peasant farm: step-by-step instructions Documents for opening a peasant farm

" In this article we will talk about the form of peasant farming and its self-registration.

KFK is the legal basis for people conducting joint farming. According to the law, a peasant farm can be opened by several people united by family ties. In other cases, a peasant farm may be registered from one to five people inclusive.

When registering a peasant farm, you do not acquire the status of a legal entity, similarly

After registration is assigned Head of the peasant farm.

The head of the peasant farm is an entrepreneur. Please note that if you are already registered as an individual entrepreneur, you cannot obtain the status of a peasant farm manager.

Registration of a peasant farm is done at the actual registration address of the person who will be the Head of the peasant farm. The procedure for registering a peasant farm is similar to registering an individual entrepreneur. Not only citizens of the Russian Federation, but also citizens of other countries living in the Russian Federation can organize their own business in the status of a peasant farm. The main condition is adulthood and legal capacity. Only people aged 18 years and older are allowed to register peasant farms.

Geographically, the area of activity of a registered peasant farm has no restrictions within the Russian Federation and is available throughout the country.

The number by which the peasant farm will be registered with the tax office will be the date of its official registration.

What is needed to register a peasant farm?

To register a peasant farm, you need to prepare the following documents:

Application form P21002 - 1 pc.;
Payment of state duty (receipt) - 1 pc.;
Photocopy of the passport of the applicant for peasant farm registration - 1 pc.;
Application for a special type of taxation - 1 pc.;
Agreement on the creation of a peasant farm (if there are several participants).

Let us now explain everything in order:

1. Application form P21002

The main document declaring your desire to formalize this form of ownership. Based on it, the peasant farm will be registered. Similar to other forms of ownership, in the case of personal submission of documents to the tax office, there is no need to certify the documents by a notary.

If it is necessary to submit the package for registration of a peasant farm through a proxy, you will need to have the application form P21002 certified by a notary + make a certified power of attorney for this person. Only after this will he be able to officially submit the package of documents to the tax office.

You can always download the necessary documents for registering a peasant farm from our server:

2. State duty

What would it be like without her? Everything here is the same as when registering an individual entrepreneur and you will have to pay eight hundred rubles. Make the payment only personally on your behalf and in the notes to the payment indicate the purpose of the payment - payment of the state fee for the creation of a peasant farm.

3. Copy of passport

To prepare documents for registration of a peasant farm, it is better to make copies of all pages of the passport of the Head of the peasant farm. Usually only the completed pages of the passport are required, but everything may be required; it is better to have them ready.

4. Application for a special type of taxation

Here you write a statement about your appearance. Typically, everyone who works with peasant farms in business uses the Unified Agricultural Tax type of taxation - a unified agricultural tax created specifically for this form of ownership.

5. Agreement on the establishment of peasant farms

If a peasant farm is created by a group of people, you need to prepare this document called “Agreement on the creation of a peasant farm.” There is a procedure for creating minutes of the general meeting. So this point is very similar to it. These documents spell out the shares of each of the founding members of the peasant farm and all the rules of interaction and settlement of issues between them in the process of the activities of this peasant farm.

Sample agreement on the establishment of a peasant farm - .

The tax office does not make its own marks in this document, so it will be possible to make changes in the future without additional requests to the inspectorate.

Many enterprising villagers sooner or later think about where to start farming. Profit from own or rented land can become a family business. To register a farm, it is first determined in which direction the activity will be carried out.

A competent adult has the right to form a peasant farm. He may have Russian citizenship, foreign citizenship, or not have it at all.
The peasant farm must be headed by its head.
A peasant farm can consist of all direct relatives, with a maximum of three families. For example, husband, daughter, sister, grandmother, grandson, etc.
Younger family members are accepted into farming after 16 years of age.
It is allowed to have people in the household who are not related to the head. There can be no more than 5 people.
The property of the farm belongs to all its participants. A person who leaves the farm is entitled to compensation, which is commensurate with his share.
Each member of the farm is obliged to personally take part in its activities.

Opening a peasant farm: step-by-step instructions

Peasant farms, like any farming in Russia, are engaged in the cultivation and processing of agricultural products. First you need to determine which field of activity you belong to - raising animals or plants. Later you can combine several directions at once, but at the initial stage they choose one.

A person who decides to open a peasant farm must have skills and experience in the chosen type of activity or any other agricultural field. If a person has an agricultural education, this will have a positive effect on farming.

The main condition for any peasant farm is the availability of land. Whether it is owned or rented does not matter. The site must be suitable for conducting the selected economic activity.

Drawing up an agreement

According to federal law, all interested persons must draw up and enter into an agreement before opening a CFC. If the farm is created by one person, then there is no need to draw up this document.

The agreement must describe the following information:

appointment of the head;
information about all members of the farm;
their rights and responsibilities;
the procedure for the formation and disposal of KFC property;
the procedure for admitting a new member to the farm;
the procedure for terminating an agreement with the farm of the person who left;
scheme of distribution of agricultural products.

What documents are required to open a peasant farm?

A farm begins to exist after registration with a government agency. To do this, you need to submit the collected documents to the Federal Tax Service, which relates to the place of registration of the head. Registration of a peasant farm is similar to registration of an individual entrepreneur. Preparing a package of documents usually does not require the assistance of a third party.

Documentation	Explanations
Agreement of this peasant farm	All members must sign on it. It will need to be accompanied by copies of documents that confirm the relationship of all participants. If there is only one member of the household, then a decision on the creation of a peasant farm, drawn up according to the model, is provided
Application for registration of peasant farms	Form P21002. It can be downloaded from the Internet or taken from the tax office
Receipt for payment of state duty	Its cost is 800 rubles. The fee is paid by the head of the peasant farm. If registration is refused, the cost of the fee will not be reimbursed. If you re-submit, payment will be made again.
Passport of the head of the peasant farm	Copy may be used

The head of a peasant farm has the opportunity to send documents to the tax service in several ways:

Personally.
Through the Federal Tax Service website.
Through a representative.
By mail with a description of the attachment.

If the package of documents will not be delivered in person, it will need to be certified by a notary. It is important to provide accurate information regarding the relationship of members to the tax authorities. If during the inspection it turns out that the information is false, the peasant farm will be liquidated within the prescribed time frame.

Peasant farm registration process

Accepted documents are reviewed by tax service specialists within 5 days. When the decision is made, the documents will be handed over in person or sent by mail. If the registration result is positive, the head of the peasant farm receives the following documents from the Federal Tax Service:

extract from the Unified State Register of Individual Entrepreneurs;
notification of registration with the Federal Tax Service;
certificate of state registration of the head of the peasant farm.

This is where the hassle with registration ends. After receiving the papers, members of the established farm can begin work. Peasant farms also need to register with statistical authorities, which usually inform about this themselves.

Tax regime

The most favorable taxation regime for farming is the Unified Agricultural Tax. The calculations take into account VAT, income tax and property tax.

Only those farms in which 70% of their activity is the production of agricultural products have the right to use this taxation system. There are also special benefits for them.

Attention! Without submitting an application to select the Unified Agricultural Tax, by default the peasant farm is listed on the OSNO. It is recommended to write an application for choosing this taxation system immediately when submitting papers to the Federal Tax Service. Otherwise, an existing peasant farm on OSNO, which has submitted an application for Unified Agricultural Tax, will be able to switch to it only from next year.

State support for KFC

The Russian Ministry of Agriculture supports beginning farmers through various programs. To determine the type of support that a particular farm in a particular region can count on, you need to contact the local agricultural authorities. They will advise you on existing programs, requirements and how to arrange everything correctly.

What the state can finance:

subsidy for the purchase of fuels and lubricants;
special tax regime with a five-year deferment;
government order;
information and advisory assistance;
regulation of tariffs and prices.

Small businesses and peasant farms can count on the following support from the regional administration:

repurchase of leasing special equipment;
assistance in the implementation of projects important for the region.

There is a whole program to support rural areas, which involves employing young specialists to work in agriculture on favorable terms. To do this, they can be provided with housing, etc.

Where to get a plot of land for a peasant farm

The land on which farming is proposed must be designated for agricultural use. The land plot is registered as a property or leased.

The head of a peasant farm will have several options for choosing a land plot:

Rent from the municipality.
Rent from the owner.
Purchase of agricultural land.
Free receipt of land for peasant farms.

In the first case, an application for a desire to rent a plot of land is submitted to local government authorities. But here you will have to face some bureaucratic nuances. If you want to avoid them, you can rent land from a private person. In this case, the owner of the plot has the right to independently set the value of the land, often overestimating it. When the parties agree, a lease agreement is drawn up.

If you want to become the owner of the land yourself, then it is worth conducting a thorough check of the documents from the seller. It is recommended that you read the extract from the Unified State Register to find out about the actions that the owner performed with the site. When purchasing agricultural land, there is one caveat: if government agencies want to buy the same plot, the advantage is on their side.

A plot of land can be obtained completely free of charge for 6 years. This right is described in subsection. 6 paragraph 2 art. 39.10 Land Code. The only requirement is that the purpose of use must be to run a peasant farm. The state transfers ownership of this plot after 5 years, if all this time it has been used according to the established purposes.

What to do

Any peasant farm will have to engage in livestock or crop production. It is allowed to additionally carry out activities to process their own products or those purchased from neighboring farms.

The larger and more multifunctional the farm, the more specializations it will be able to cover. This will make it more resilient to any market situation. Such enterprises guarantee their participants a stable income, but at the initial stage and subsequently they will need to invest large amounts of money.

Crop production

The climate for growing a particular crop may vary, so you will have to choose a crop that will grow well in a given climate and soil. Installing a greenhouse will be a salvation for cold climates.

Cereals	Legumes	Vegetables	Fruits	Berries	Greenery	Mushrooms
Wheat	Beans	Tomatoes	Apples	Strawberry	Parsley	Champignon
Oats	Lentils	Radish	Pears	Raspberries	Dill	Oyster mushrooms
Barley	Peas	Potato	Peaches	Cherries	Sorrel	Honey mushrooms
Buckwheat	Chickpeas	Beet	Plums	Grape	Basil	Chanterelles
Sunflower	Soybeans	Carrot	Quince	Currant	Cilantro	Shiitake

Breeding animals, fish and insects

If the climate is not suitable or your soul is in other pursuits, then you can head towards breeding all kinds of living creatures.

Additional profit

A peasant farm can have additional income from processing and processing grown products. For example, farms that grow different crops may:

package cereals;
grind flour;
bake baked goods;
preserve;
make ice cream, etc.

Pig farms may offer raw meat for sale or produce sausage products. Peasant farms raising cows earn good money from selling dairy products.

Opening a peasant farm for a village resident becomes an excellent alternative to any kind of employment. But for a city dweller such a business will be too difficult.

Before you open a peasant farm, you need to understand that you will have to work independently and a lot. The head of the household does not become a director, but works equally with everyone else.

Many people are of the opinion that life in the village and farming are irrelevant. But think about it - after all, every day on store shelves we see the products of small private farms. In rural conditions, it is sometimes easier to earn money than in the city. By combining different types of agricultural production, you can get by with relatively low costs.

How to become a farmer? This business is not limited to simply raising pigs, chickens and cows and growing vegetables. It's a whole system. It implies the presence of a business plan for a farm with official registration of activities. In addition, there is a well-thought-out system for regulating expenses and income.

Farming from scratch: how to start?

As you know, a business always starts with an idea - regardless of the scale. Anyone who has decided to open their own farm must, first of all, decide on a suitable direction. On a farmstead you can engage in both crop production and livestock farming. The main thing is to think through everything correctly and create a successful combination.

That is why a thorough study of the characteristics of the production of various crops and raising animals will be required. Before becoming a farmer, you should learn about the incompatibility of individual areas. In particular, the cultivation of certain fruit crops is strictly contraindicated near areas where cattle are kept.

Having decided where to start farming, you will need to think about the material and monetary resources that the future business will require. Everything should be provided for - from initial financial investments to the arrangement of premises for keeping animals, the organization of the farm territory, the purchase of feed and fertilizers. In addition, future farming will require mandatory registration. Most often, such activities are carried out in the form of individual entrepreneurs.

Farming: types of activities

If you decide to open a livestock farm, the farm will provide you with meat, milk, eggs and leather. In addition, no one will prohibit combining raising animals, crop farming, fish farming or beekeeping. The main thing is to remember that all animals will require care of the proper quality and adherence to sanitary standards.

Let's take a little closer look at exactly what directions can take place for an individual entrepreneur in a peasant farm.

We breed piglets

Pork is always in demand on the market and costs a lot. This business is quite profitable, because if you take this area seriously, you can, with good care, get up to 30 piglets from one sow within a year. Each adult pig is about 200 kilos of meat and lard.

For breeding, piglets are usually purchased at one month of age. They are less susceptible to disease and adapt well to new conditions. The room for them (pig sty) should be kept clean, insulated in winter and be sure to be equipped with vents. Crowding is contraindicated for animals. They are fed according to a schedule, with pauses not exceeding eight hours.

The food is greens (in large quantities), meat and dairy products and special feed for pigs. One pig can be purchased for an amount from 3,500 to 5,000 rubles. It depends on its breed, age and area of animal husbandry. You can breed pigs by starting with purchasing a pair of healthy piglets.

Goats, cows, horses and sheep

In summer they are all able to feed on grass. For the winter they will need good quality soft hay. For feeding, horses are given oats, and cows are given mixed feed.

The yield of a good dairy cow is up to 30 liters of milk daily. From one goat you can get from 5 to 8 liters, and the cost of goat milk is higher, since it is considered a delicacy.

Horses are most often used as draft power. Sheep are bred for their meat, which is also considered a delicacy. As for sheep, their wool has long been considered the most valuable material. Breeding both goats and sheep is one of the most popular and profitable types of business in agriculture.

Rabbits

Both fur and meat are obtained from them. At the same time, the animals are quite unpretentious in terms of keeping and breeding. A rabbit farm is a system of enclosures, cages, pits or sheds. The choice of premises for keeping is a personal matter for the farmer. However, certain conditions must be adhered to:

Protect animals from direct sunlight and drafts.
Provide adequate feeding.
Don't forget about timely vaccination.
Maintain cleanliness in the cages and provide the animals with high-quality drinking water on time.
Remember the optimal temperature regime.

The diet for rabbits combines a large amount of fresh fruits and vegetables in season with concentrated dry food. Hay and grass are quite suitable for feeding them.

Fish farming

These days this business is one of the most profitable. But doing it requires certain knowledge, as well as considerable investment. Agricultural enterprises such as fisheries are most often set up on the basis of artificial ponds, which can be of different types. It depends on the volume of production and preferred types. Due to the need for a large area to construct a pond, the costs of this business may be prohibitive for a beginning farmer.

Who can you most often meet in an artificial pond? Carp, crucian carp, pike perch, silver carp, carp and tench. Although pond fish are able to provide themselves with food, they still cannot do without feeding. Bran, cake, and mixed feed are used as it.

Starting around May, the fish are fed on “feeding tables”, which are heavy square-shaped wooden trays measuring approximately 50 x 50 cm. Each hectare of pond will require at least four of these “feeding tables” for fish.

Beekeeping

With the right approach, the profit from an apiary can be quite good. In addition, bees pollinate fruit plants. How are such agricultural enterprises organized? The location for the apiary is selected based on the principle of being deserted and remote from roads, close to the areas where honey plants are grown.

Then it is necessary to install hives with 12-24 frames, as well as an omshanik (winter hive). The beekeeper can buy hives or make them himself. To do this, the beekeeper will need a workbench, hand or power tools. Bees can be purchased both in bee packages and in full families.

Poultry breeding

It can be the most common - in the form of chickens, geese, turkeys and ducks. Or quite exotic for our area. We are talking about breeding partridges, pheasants, guinea fowl, peacocks and even ostriches. The choice of breeds depends on the market in which the farmer wants to establish himself.

Where to start farming if you decide to start poultry farming? The most unpretentious option is the usual raising of chickens. These birds are inexpensive and unpretentious. From them you can get environmentally friendly eggs and high-quality chicken meat. There is somewhat less demand for ducks, geese and turkeys, but their cost is several times higher.

If you are thinking about breeding guinea fowl, pheasants and peacocks, then know that this is quite an expensive activity, and you will most likely have to sell them to private buyers or restaurants.

To raise poultry, you will need to acquire an incubator, special winter-insulated enclosures, feeders, trays, as well as a certain space for walking. Most often, farmers purchase couples for divorce, or a certain number of young offspring, which are subsequently raised. Another option is to purchase eggs and put them in an incubator. Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.

To feed young chicks you will need cereals, boiled eggs, greens, cottage cheese, insects, as well as special feed mixtures. The diet of adults is almost the same. Their menu is dominated by grain - wheat, barley, oats. Vitamins and minerals should be added to the feed mixture.

Growing plants

Crop farming has always been and remains one of the current areas of rural business. After all, vegetables, fruits and berries are an irreplaceable component in the diet of any person. In addition, it is quite possible to grow flowers in farm conditions. The flower business has high profitability (from 70% to 300%).

The approximate amount of initial investment is from half a million rubles. With them you can rent land, purchase cuttings, incandescent lamps for greenhouses, which must maintain a constant microclimate and have well-fertilized soil.

Returning to the cultivation of herbs and vegetables, it is worth noting that their choice for farming is very diverse. Unpretentious species, such as potatoes, beets, carrots, radishes, etc., do not require any special conditions. If you plan to grow greens, cucumbers, eggplants, peppers, tomatoes and zucchini, you cannot do without greenhouses during the cold season.

Their construction, along with renting land, will require quite serious investments. The cost of seeds will be relatively small. In addition, in subsequent years you will provide them for yourself. The payback period for vegetable growing is quite fast. Already this year you can get your first serious harvest. If you can’t decide where to start farming, vegetable growing may be the best option.

We grow mushrooms, berries and fruits

For mushroom farming, the most unpretentious (albeit expensive) are truffles. And the most common are champignons and oyster mushrooms. Mushrooms are bred in a special room where an even microclimate is maintained, in bags filled with mycelium and straw. You will spend from one and a half to two thousand rubles on truffle seedlings. Much cheaper you can buy a base for growing champignons and oyster mushrooms.

If you are going to grow strawberries, you cannot do without greenhouses. A number of varieties are also grown in open ground. Such a business will require starting capital of about 100,000 rubles. Add another quarter of that for monthly expenses.

Raspberries are grown according to a different principle. Seedlings are purchased for it and the site is prepared. It is practiced in the summer season; in the winter, the bushes are buried in order to protect them from frost.

Cherries, sea buckthorn or apples are grown in specially designated garden plots. You will need to purchase seedlings and a special film for covering for the winter. You will expect a harvest from young trees next year at best. The fruit and berry business is profitable at a level of about 60-100%.

How to register your activity

Where to start farming legally? Every business needs registration, and agricultural is no exception. The stages of the procedure consist of paying the state fee, notarizing the corresponding application, preparing and submitting a package of documents to the Federal Tax Service. Next, you should wait for the finished documents to be issued, go through the registration procedure with the necessary funds and receive a letter from Rosstat containing statistics codes. Of course, you should also take care of opening a bank account.

We rent land

Rent of a land plot can be arranged before the legal registration procedure. The rental application is submitted to the local administration. After the case is reviewed, you will receive information about where the proposed site is located. You will need to call representatives of the land management organization there. They will conduct land surveying and determine the exact boundaries of the site. Then the land is registered in the cadastral register and a corresponding passport is issued.

After this, the documents are again sent to the administration, which issues a decision on the transfer of the site. In addition, registration of the lease agreement will be required.

The state will help us

In recent years, helping young farmers has been a priority for the state. Now it is easy to get a grant for the development of such a business, the amount of which can range from one to four million rubles. It may be intended specifically for the creation of a farm or have a lump sum payment for a household device.

This money is purposefully given to a beginning farmer to rent or purchase land, develop a project, purchase the necessary equipment, carry out the required utilities, as well as purchase materials for planting, animals, feed and fertilizers.

Who can claim such a payment?

Money is paid to citizens of the Russian Federation of working age, heads of farms and peasant farms whose registration period is less than 24 months. In this case, it is necessary to have education and at least three years of experience in the field of agriculture.

The package of documents that needs to be prepared consists of a business plan for the farm, a breakdown of expenses with prices. The amount of your own funds that will need to be invested in this case must be at least 10% of the grant amount. The recipient is required to create three or more jobs and spend the funds issued within 12 months from the date of issue.

Grants are issued based on the results of competitions, during which young entrepreneurs must prove the profitability and relevance of their future business. Such support can be considered an excellent way to solve the problem of initial capital investment. If payment is refused, there are other options for assistance from the state - in particular, in the form of a farm loan. In addition, various government subsidy options are possible.

Summing up

Modern business in the field of agriculture is not at all the same as the idea of which is firmly rooted in the heads of many (a hard and dirty job, low-income and thankless). These days, farms are equipped with the most advanced equipment. The most advanced technologies are used in raising animals and plants. It is quite possible to maintain cleanliness and the desired microclimate in premises for breeding birds and livestock. Most operations can be automated, which will greatly facilitate farm work.

Financial support from the state is especially important in the current crisis. It allows farmers to develop their business. In addition, due to the widespread development of a network of cafes, restaurants and numerous private shops, as a rule, there are no problems with the sale of finished products.

Many novice businessmen are confident that there is nothing simpler and more profitable than agriculture: in their opinion, it is enough to plant several hectares of land with any popular crop to make a huge profit. In fact, in terms of the complexity of organizing and coordinating production processes, a medium-sized farm is close to an industrial enterprise, and their planning is a necessary condition for successful operation.

Therefore, it is very difficult to draw up a full-fledged business plan for a farm: in fact, the entrepreneur must develop a separate project for each type of agricultural activity, and then link these documents together and harmonize them with each other. Moreover, in the process of work, he will have to take into account such unpredictable values as average yield, animal productivity, survival of young animals and daily feed consumption. Therefore, experienced farmers recommend calculating several scenarios to ensure that the enterprise will have a sufficient margin of safety for a negative set of circumstances.

Business Features

Urban residents most often imagine a farming business as an enlarged version of a subsidiary farm, in which all possible types of poultry run around the yard, goats, sheep, cows and pigs graze in the meadow at the same time, and any vegetables grow in the beds, from potatoes to eggplants . This opinion is only partly true: indeed, mixed-type farms are more viable and resistant to changes in the market situation, but their creation requires the involvement of a huge amount of financial and human resources.

Therefore, entrepreneurs starting a farming business from scratch limit themselves to one or two popular areas, concentrating all their efforts on them. The remaining types of activities are of a non-core nature and are intended rather to satisfy personal needs or form a food supply than to make a profit.

However, even in this case, farming work cannot be called easy: animals and plants require constant, sometimes round-the-clock care without holidays, vacations and weekends. Since it is almost impossible to cope with so many tasks alone, entrepreneurs have to look for voluntary or hired help. For this reason, a small farming business is considered a family enterprise: a person who is personally interested in the productivity of his work will work much more efficiently than an outside specialist.

Beginners who have no experience in agricultural activities often believe that growing plants, like raising animals, are industries that, in principle, cannot be unprofitable. However, in reality, these types of activities are accompanied by many risks and difficulties - for example, before starting a farming business from scratch, you need to consider that:

Work processes have a pronounced seasonal nature, and the first income cannot be expected earlier than in 8–9 months;
Yields, market saturation and the level of competition are affected by unpredictable weather factors;
The demand for certain types of products is dictated by fashion trends;
It is impossible to predict an increase or decrease in the level of prices for raw materials, seeds, fuels and lubricants, feed and fertilizers.

It should be understood that it is impossible to form an objective picture of the agro-industrial sector based on shortcomings and risks alone. Therefore, when developing a business plan for the development of a farm, it is also necessary to take into account the presence of the following positive factors:

There are many programs to support the agricultural industry, providing tax breaks, payment of subsidies and grants, free allocation of land, compensation for the costs of setting up peasant farms and purchasing seed;
As market prices for products increase, the income of the enterprise also increases;
Hundreds of different directions are available to a beginning entrepreneur, and in some you can open a farming business with minimal investment;
Peasant farm products are considered essential goods and are in constant market demand.

Registration of activities

Studying, it can be noted that a peasant farm is an analogue of an individual entrepreneur or LLC, which is created by one or more able-bodied citizens for the purpose of producing, processing and selling any agricultural products. Taking into account the family format of the enterprise stipulated by law, it is allowed to include:

Spouses, their parents or children, brothers and sisters, as well as grandchildren, grandparents from a maximum of three families;
Other able-bodied citizens who are not relatives of the founders of peasant farms, up to a maximum of five people.

Future members of the farm must hold a meeting of founders, agree on the charter of the enterprise and elect its leader, and also form the authorized capital of the peasant farm by contributing monetary or material assets totaling 10,000 rubles. The result of such a meeting of all participants is the conclusion of an agreement on the creation of a farm, containing such information as:

Passport details of farm members;
Decision on choosing the head of the peasant farm;
Distribution of rights, duties and powers between its members;
The procedure for the formation of common property, the rules of ownership and disposal of it;
The procedure for joining and leaving the association;
Principles of distribution of farm income.

A peasant farm can be created even by one person, who automatically becomes its head. In this case, the procedure is significantly simplified: due to the absence of other co-owners, there is no need to form an authorized capital and enter into an agreement.

How to start a business: a farm is considered legitimate by the fact of carrying out not only the specified activities, but also the state registration of the SPD. This procedure includes paying the state fee, submitting the agreed package of documents to the Federal Tax Service, registering with the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation and opening a current account.

Choosing a direction

When looking for an idea for a farming business, the state does not limit the entrepreneur in any way - it is enough to remember that the main features of agriculture are the natural nature of production and the possibility of reusing the resulting product in the technological process. Simply put, the cultivation of cucumbers belongs to this category, but their processing and canning no longer does. within the framework of a peasant farm:

Growing crops. When choosing specific types of plants, you need to take into account the climatic characteristics of the region, the nature of the soil and the presence of demand in the local market. Peasant farms are most often cultivated:

Cereals and grains - corn, millet, wheat, rye and barley, sunflower;
Vegetables - tomatoes, cucumbers, beets, cabbage, carrots, potatoes;
Fruits - pears and apples, plums, apricots and peaches, strawberries, melons;
Greens - celery, onion, garlic, lettuce, sorrel, dill, parsley;
Mushrooms - white mushrooms, oyster mushrooms, champignons, honey mushrooms.

Livestock and poultry farming. The popularity of the data is due to the demand for meat, milk, eggs, fluff, wool and skins. A farm can breed:

Birds - chickens, turkeys, ducks, quails, exotic ostriches and peacocks;
Ungulates - cows, pigs, goats, bulls, sheep, horses;
Fur-bearing animals - rabbits, nutria, minks, chinchillas;
Fish and crustaceans;
Bees, worms or insects for food.

Related business. When raising cows, farmers receive additional income from processing milk into cottage cheese, sour cream or butter, and raising animals for meat allows them to diversify their product range with smoked meats, sausages and semi-finished products. You can also consider a business option such as a farm products store: having your own outlet will help create an audience of regular customers and increase demand. The main condition for maintaining the status of a peasant farm in this case is a structural limitation on profits: the share of income from additional activities should be no more than 30% of the total amount.

To simplify organizational processes, a novice entrepreneur can use one of the ready-made business plans for farms or order its development from one of the specialized companies. At the same time, the following areas are considered the most accessible and in demand among beginners:

Poultry farming. First of all, we are talking about meat, the meat of which, at an affordable price, is one of the best in taste, and eggs are used in 80% of recipes for meat dishes and desserts. In addition, to raise 500–1000 birds, large premises are not needed, and feed consumption does not exceed 100 g per day for each adult;
Pig farming. With intensive methods, after 7–8 months the animals reach a marketable weight of 110–120 kg: a small farm of 100–200 animals in this case pays for itself after selling only two or three offspring. At the same time, growing grain and vegetables yourself allows you to additionally save on the purchase of feed and increase the profitability of the enterprise;
. This type of business is easy to start with keeping a small herd and gradually increase the number, offering customers such popular products as milk, cheese and wool. Thanks to the small size and unpretentiousness of animals, you can save on building a farm, and the omnivorous nature of animals allows the use of any food supply;
Sheep breeding. involves making a profit from the sale of wool, lamb, fur and healthy sheep's milk. A significant disadvantage of this type of activity is the need to allocate sufficiently large areas for pastures;
Cattle breeding. Even a small herd of 5-6 heads allows you to earn up to 30,000 rubles monthly from the sale of milk and dairy products. Bulls are successfully raised for meat: already at the age of 12 months, an animal weighing up to 400 kg can be sold for 25–35 thousand rubles;
Vegetable growing. Entrepreneurs who have invested in the construction of heated greenhouse complexes receive three harvests annually and recoup millions of dollars in investments in less than two years. However, even by growing garlic in open ground you can earn about 900 thousand rubles in a year.

Search for a site

The process of creating an agricultural enterprise begins with the search for a fertile land plot, the size and type of which depend on the chosen type of activity. For example, it does not involve the use of large production areas, while growing wheat or potatoes is unprofitable on a scale of one or two hectares. To choose the right location for a farm, you need to take into account the following factors:

If it is necessary to deliver over long distances, the cost of production increases significantly, so it is better to look for a site near large cities;
If possible, you should avoid proximity to industrial enterprises and look for land in areas with good environmental conditions;
A prerequisite is that the site must be able to connect to electrical networks and water supply;
The livestock farm must have hay meadows and areas for planting grain, which will allow creating its own food supply;
The required pasture area is calculated based on grazing standards for certain types of domestic animals;
The presence of natural reservoirs on the site allows you to additionally engage in raising geese or fish farming;
When adding an apiary to the farm, it is advisable to locate the hives close to the main growing areas of honey plants.

The cost of acquiring land is limited only by the financial capabilities of the entrepreneur - for example, a business plan for a farm may include the following options for obtaining a plot:

Purchase (land cost starts from 7,500 rubles per hectare);
Long-term lease (average rate - from 400 rubles per hectare per year);
Free use of municipal lands with subsequent transfer of ownership if certain conditions are met.

Premises and equipment

The next step in setting up a farm is preparing production facilities. Of course, sometimes there are plots of land with ready-made buildings on sale, but their cost is usually frankly overpriced, so an entrepreneur, as part of a business plan for a peasant farm, most often has to include the costs of setting up a farm from scratch. When listing the composition and purpose of the main structures, the following should be mentioned:

Granaries and vegetable storages;
Silos and sheds for storing hay;
Manure pits;
Premises and enclosures for animals and birds;
Utility rooms, repair shops;
Premises for slaughter and cutting of livestock and poultry;
Greenhouse complexes.

The specifics of agricultural work require the use of certain equipment, which is conventionally divided into two groups: equipment that helps mechanize labor-intensive production processes, and devices used to provide comfortable conditions for keeping plants and animals. It should be noted that you cannot do without equipment at all: even such a simple business as one requires the purchase of incubators, brooders and cage batteries for chicks. In general, the following can be used on a farm:

Tractor with a full set of attachments;
Freight car;
Diesel power station;
Irrigation system with pumps;
Special lighting devices;
Heating system with gas or solid fuel stoves;
Ventilation systems for farms and greenhouses;
Refrigeration chambers for vegetables, fruits and meat;
Drinkers, feeders, water tanks;
Devices for preparing feed - grain crushers, feed cutters;
Standard agricultural tools.

Heavy equipment can be rented at the initial stage, and as the business develops, you can gradually acquire ownership of potato and grain harvesters, harrows, mowers, and cultivators.

Staff

Most novice entrepreneurs at the start prefer to make do on their own and with the help of family members. However, as the enterprise develops, the volume of current tasks increases significantly, as a result of which there is a need to attract not only qualified specialists, but also working personnel. For example, a business plan for a peasant farm specializing in livestock and crop production should include searching for and hiring:

Agricultural technology, whose responsibilities include planning sowing and harvesting, monitoring compliance with plant growing technology;
Zootechnics, which compiles the diet and feeding standards for animals, controls the conditions of their keeping and breeding;
Veterinarian to monitor the health of animals and birds, vaccination and treatment, as well as to issue accompanying documents for products;
A butcher involved in slaughtering livestock and cutting up carcasses;
An accountant who conducts financial transactions at an enterprise;
Drivers, combine operators, field workers, milkmaids.

Marketing methods

After harvesting, the farmer has to solve a less difficult task: look for quick and profitable ways to sell his products, which, given the short shelf life, sometimes turns into a real problem.

Depending on the production volumes of peasant farms, you can choose retail or wholesale distribution channels. The first include:

Weekend fairs. Special events, the fashion for which has emerged in the capital, attract a huge number of citizens and entrepreneurs. Here you can sell any agricultural products, with the exception of homemade meat and dairy products;
Food markets. Many buyers are confident that markets sell better quality and natural products than supermarkets. With small and medium production volumes, farmers rent one or several points here, hire distributors and deliver fresh goods daily;
Own retail outlets. The presence of a large city within reach makes you think about the feasibility of developing a business plan for a farm produce store and consider the possibility of opening your own vegetable pavilion or butcher shop here. In such retail outlets you can sell not only your own goods, but also the products of other peasant farms.

Selling meat, milk or vegetables in bulk is much easier, since in this case the farmer does not have to spend time and resources on such non-core activities as finding a place to sell, obtaining permits and selecting sellers. The only drawback of this method is the pricing policy of buyers: in order to interest contractors, the entrepreneur is forced to provide them with a discount of 25–35%, which is not always justified for farms with low profitability.

The main wholesale clients of peasant farms are resellers, retail chains, supermarkets and catering establishments. In addition, you can regularly sell fairly large volumes of products using such sales channels as:

Specialized exhibitions. Such events are often attended by intermediaries, representatives of wholesale companies and processing enterprises in search of new partners, so a high-quality presentation of their products and farming capabilities will allow them to conclude profitable long-term contracts;
Government and commercial tenders. State, educational and medical institutions, as well as processing enterprises, are searching for suppliers on a competitive basis. To win the tender, the entrepreneur must guarantee regular supplies of the agreed quantity of products of the required quality at a competitive price;
Wholesale markets. You can also find clients at wholesale food markets and vegetable stores. Some farmers rent their own warehouse here, others hand over their goods for sale to local resellers;
Electronic platforms. There are many trading platforms on the Internet where not only farmers, but also suppliers of fertilizers, seed, and equipment post their offers. Such electronic exchanges allow you to quickly find counterparties with the best offers.

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Investments and income

All other things being equal, mixed farms have certain advantages over specialized ones: even if the demand for one type of product falls, they avoid significant losses by selling other goods. However, creating such a large enterprise will require no less large investments, so for beginning entrepreneurs, the optimal path of development will be the implementation of two or three of the most popular business ideas with a step-by-step coverage of related areas in the future.

In the process of designing an agricultural enterprise and determining the scale of investment, it is also necessary to take into account that the farmer will receive his first profit in 5–10 months at best. Thus, he will have to not only purchase equipment, seed and young stock, but also constantly purchase additional fertilizers, feed, fuel, and pay for utilities throughout the entire season. Summarizing the above, we can make a list of farming expenses:

Acquisition of land and construction work;
Purchase of equipment and agricultural machinery;
Ordering seed or young stock;
Payment for supplies of feed, fuel and fertilizers;
Staff salaries;
Rent of heavy equipment (if necessary);
Payment of utility services;
Tax payments;
Marketing expenses;
Product certification.

Thus, the cost of creating a medium-sized peasant farm from scratch reaches 7–10 million rubles. To reduce this amount, some entrepreneurs start by purchasing a small plot of 25–40 acres in the countryside, on which residential and utility buildings have already been erected. Using this area, you can open the following types of business:

Types of agricultural business

Direction	Investments, rub.	Profit, rub.	Payback period
Beekeeping	350000	600,000 per year	8 months
Pig breeding	600000	450,000 per year	18 months
Breeding crayfish	550000	450,000 per year	15 months
Rabbit breeding	1800000	500,000 per year	36 months
Nutria breeding	200000	250,000 per year	12 months
Geese breeding	380000	600,000 per year	12 months
Chicken breeding	650000	450,000 per year	18 months
Guinea fowl breeding	300000	270,000 per year	12 months
Quail breeding	450000	75000 per month	6 months
Turkey breeding	550000	600,000 per year	12 months
Growing cucumbers	1200000	600,000 per year	24 months
Growing champignons	850000	75000 per month	11 months
Growing oyster mushrooms	250000	30000 per month	9 months
Growing Garlic	150000	900,000 per year	12 months
Growing vegetables	400000	510000 per year	12 months
Growing green onions	280000	150000 per year	24 months
Growing Potatoes	700000	350,000 per year	36 months

Conclusion

Many enterprising people try their hand at areas close to agriculture: some are engaged in agriculture, others set up a greenhouse in their own apartment and sell indoor plants, others purchase summer cottages and plant garlic or herbs there. In such a situation, a gradual transition to full-time farming is logical.

However, you cannot rush in this matter: despite the high profitability, such a business is sensitive to the mistakes and miscalculations of beginners: it is enough to purchase seed of questionable quality or use the wrong fertilizers to lose the entire harvest. Therefore, only a combination of theoretical knowledge and practical experience will help an entrepreneur create a successful farm.

Organizing a peasant farm begins with developing a clear business plan. Working on land is a very expensive business. And in order to become one of those who make a profit from the land, you need considerable starting capital. The future landowner must have good knowledge in his chosen field. It is imperative to be confident in your abilities, and to regard difficulties in the first steps as temporary. If the goal is to succeed and make his business successful in the village, he must know what awaits him and what obstacles lie in wait on the path to prosperity.

Many people consider farming to be a profitable business. In principle, this may be true. But only if you put in a lot of effort and investment.

First of all, you need to choose what the future farm will do and develop a clear business plan. Agriculture and cattle breeding are different industries. But with a rational approach they can be combined.

Where to start farming, what you need to know

If the ownership is based on agriculture, it is worth taking care of the availability of a sufficient amount of land. Technology also plays an important role. If the owner has the required amount, it can be purchased. If not, there are special companies that provide equipment for rent.

Raising livestock also requires a large area of land. If we are talking about cattle, you will need an area for grazing. Of course, rabbits and laying hens can also be housed in a small area. Everything depends solely on the plans and requests of the farmer.

If you have initial capital, it is easier to set up production. But what about the ordinary, average resident of the country who simply decided for himself “I want to become a farmer” and dreams of organizing a small farm from scratch.

Where to start farming in Russia, when state farms and collective farms have collapsed, and new companies are not created very often. The only way is to use government support. The authorities are trying in every possible way to support those who want to create a personal farm. Entire programs and tax incentives have been created to help beginners in this area get on their feet.

LPH or peasant farm?

If you already have a small plot of land, then it is better to start from private subsidiary plots - personal subsidiary plots. It does not require registration as an individual entrepreneur, the tax code provides benefits, there is no need to submit regular reports and tax payments are not as high as for entrepreneurs. But this is provided that the farmer owns no more than 2.5 hectares of land. The disadvantage of private household plots is that their sales markets are limited, since the issuance of certificates and declarations of conformity is not provided.

If a farmer plans to actively develop his activities, then it is better to register a peasant farm (peasant farm). It involves the use of land in large quantities and expands possible sales markets. You can take out a loan from almost any bank for your development. While banks are not particularly willing to work with private household plots. Another advantage is that you can officially provide jobs to both your family members and employees. Tax benefits are also provided for peasant farms: during the first five years, income is not subject to taxation, and from the sixth year you can use patents, unified agricultural tax, and simplified taxation system.

Branches for breeding

If we talk about livestock farming, the most popular today are pig farms. Breeding cattle, goats, rabbits, and horses is also considered a profitable business. It is important to remember that animals have their own distinctive features and characteristics of their content. Pasture is provided for cows and goats, rabbits need careful care and a variety of green feed, and horse breeding requires a large area for walking. A pig farm can be located on a relatively small plot of land. There is no need for large reserves of hay and straw, since modern technology has gone much further than it was in the last century.

If you organize a pig farm correctly and rationally, you can make a profit in the first years of your operation.

Another promising industry is fish farming. It has its own specifics, since breeding the most popular fish, such as carp, sturgeon, silver carp, pike, and catfish, requires the presence of several reservoirs. Reservoirs can be officially leased from the state, or purchased if there is such a financial opportunity.

Poultry farming can also be classified as a promising area. Laying hens are raised for their large number of eggs. Broiler chickens are popular due to their rapid growth and large amount of meat, which can be obtained in a fairly short time. Ducks, geese, and turkeys take much longer to grow, but their meat is more valuable and nutritious and is also in demand among consumers. For exotic lovers, breeding ostriches and pheasants will be interesting. Their meat is not very popular among the general population, as it is beyond the affordable price category. However, these birds are designed for wealthy consumers.

Another industry that has always been and will be popular is beekeeping. It does not require a lot of land and labor. A few workers are enough to service more than 100 bee colonies.

Each animal has its own specific content. It is important to study complete information about the proper care of animals, fish or bees. What are the living conditions for them, what food needs to be prepared, study possible diseases and their prevention. Only a responsible approach guarantees a positive result and business prosperity.

What can you grow?

There are quite a lot of crops that are suitable for growing on an agricultural plot. When choosing them, it is worth starting from what latitude the crops are planned to be grown in, what conditions of care and watering they require.

If the owner has a small amount of land, the following crops are suitable:

Potato
Carrot
Cabbage
Tomatoes
cucumbers

Growing parsley, dill, and garlic also does not require large plots of land. Onions can be grown both for their greens and until they are fully ripe.

Growing grain crops is advisable if the property has more than one hectare of land, and you also have your own equipment for processing, or the finances to hire it. Wheat, barley, corn, sunflower, buckwheat, and millet are very popular. Particular attention should be paid to the seeds that will be used for sowing.

What type of activity can you choose additionally?

Each main type of activity provides unlimited opportunities in choosing another source of income. Livestock farming makes it possible to engage in the production of prepared meat products: stewed meat, sausages, and prepared meat products. Cows and goats provide not only meat products, but also dairy products.

Farming allows you to open the production of flour, cereals, and even a bakery.

If the agricultural estate has additional resources, then over time it is possible to combine livestock farming, for example, raising pigs, and growing grain crops, or beets, pumpkins. This will provide the animals with food and save on its purchase.

Registration of business activities

The main law that determines the creation of a farm “On Peasant (Farm) Farming” No. 74-FZ of June 11, 2003 (as amended on December 28, 2010 N 420-FZ). This is what everyone who has decided to create their own farm and is looking for where to start should focus on.

According to the laws of the Russian Federation, any capable citizen of the country can create a peasant farm. Members may be relatives of the owner, as well as other persons, but the total number should not exceed five people. If a farm ownership is created by several people, Article 4 of this law provides for the conclusion of an agreement on joint activities.

The procedure for registering peasant farms is described in detail in Article 5 of this law.

How to become a farmer and where to start? To do this, you have to go through a number of mandatory procedures:

Pay the state fee
Visit a notary and have him certify the registration application
Provide a complete package of documents to the Federal Tax Service. The specific government agency will tell you which ones are required.
After the registration documents are in the hands of the owner, you need to register with the Funds and receive a letter from Rosstat with statistics codes.

The final step is to open an official bank account.

Start-up capital and investments

When a person has the question “I want to start farming, where should I start?”, the first thing we advise is to worry about where to get money for development.

There are several sources for obtaining start-up capital:

Loan from the state
Loan from private banks
Become a member of the agro-industrial complex development program to receive a loan from the state.
Own finances

To become a member of the AIC program, you need to go through a rather tedious procedure to obtain documents and provide guarantors. It is easier to get a loan from a bank, but the interest may be much higher than if help was sought from government agencies. If you have your own savings, this greatly simplifies the whole process. But unfortunately, not everyone who is inspired to create a personal business in a rural area can boast of a large bank account.

Another source of additional finance can be called investments. The main thing is to prove your prospects and solvency to potential investors.

Sales markets

If a small farm is organized from scratch, you need to carefully study consumer needs and the areas where the product can subsequently be sold. Since products generally deteriorate quickly, a very important role is assigned to finding a regular consumer.

The agricultural market has a big drawback - high competition. You can sell products on it yourself, but in small quantities. But for those who do not want to stop there, this option is not entirely suitable.

In order to arrange supplies to large retail outlets, such as restaurants, supermarkets, and specialized retail outlets, it is imperative to have quality certificates for each product.

Small farmers often sell their products to resellers, which has a detrimental effect on their profits, since the price in this case is much lower than that of a direct buyer. But only farmers with extensive experience in this industry can find direct access to a large buyer.

Another way to sell your own product is to unite several farms in order to sell your goods abroad. Prices in this market are much higher than in the domestic market, but it is often quite difficult for an ordinary manufacturer to get there.

From this we can conclude that it is not enough to organize a business in a village; it is important to find a regular client and buyer for the goods produced. Only in this case can you achieve profit and not be disappointed in your own endeavors.

Advantages and disadvantages of farming business

Farming business, like any other, has its advantages and pitfalls. It is better to familiarize yourself with the estimated risk initially than to invest money and not get the desired profit. If you have the desire, you can reach heights.

Benefits of farming:

little competition. More and more people are choosing to look for a way to improve their lives in the city. The village is not popular.
environmentally friendly products. The producer himself knows what he grows and what he invests in his production.

Important criteria to consider:

knowledge and experience are mandatory components for starting your own business
large financial costs at the first stage
risk associated with force majeure (crop failure, pestilence among livestock)
hard physical labor

We wish good luck to all aspiring farmers!

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