How are abstracts written? What are theses and how not to make mistakes when writing them? How to formulate a thesis How to formulate a thesis

REMINDER

"How to write a FINAL WORKS"

PLAN OF THE FINAL WORK

The essay consists of three main parts:

I. Introduction (lyrical digression on a given topic).

II. Main part:

Thesis (own opinion on the proposed topic).

Argument (confirmation by a literary example).

III. Conclusion.

Note. In terms of volume, the main part should be larger than the introduction and conclusion combined. There can be only one thesis supported by an argument. The optimal amount is 2. Each thesis has its own argument!

INTRODUCTION

So how do you get started writing? Remember that the introduction must include a theme. You should not go into arguments that are far from her.

TRADITIONAL INTRODUCTION

The introduction consists of several elements: keywords of the topic, general discussions about the significance of these concepts in human life, the main question of the topic.

Intro elements

(the introductory elements listed below are arranged sequentially one after another)

Examples of

Topic keywords

Parents and children …

General reasoning about the subject of speech

A child, being born, first of all feels care and love from the people closest to him - his parents. This is his family. Thanks to his family, he feels safe, with their help he learns the world. Of course, wanting only the best for their child, parents give him their advice, teach, educate.

Question (s) (we ask the main question of the topic, which we answer in the main part).

What is the role of parental guidance in a person's life?

MAIN PART

The main body consists of one or more theses, supported by arguments on a literary basis. Each pair "thesis + argument" is highlighted in a separate paragraph.

FORMULATION OF THESIS TRADITIONAL

The thesis is the most important thing in the essay, because the disclosure of the topic depends on it.

NUMBER OF ABSTRACTS IN THE SUMMARY
There can be only one thesis. However, it is not always possible to expand the reasoning on one thesis per 350 words. Therefore, we can formulate two or more theses. In addition, some topics already presuppose the presence of at least two theses (for example, the topic "War - there is no more sad word. / War - there is no holier word ...").

When formulating a thesis, two aspects must be taken into account:
connection of thesis and topic,
features of the formulation of the thesis itself.

THEME AND THESIS
The wording of the thesis, of course, directly depends on the specifics of the topic. Let's look at some examples.
Topic-question
If the topic is a question, then an immediate answer is required. As a rule, it is with this question that the introductory part of the essay ends.

"What events and impressions of life help a person to grow up?" A person grows up when faced with grief, tragedy, ordeals that are not childish, for example, in wartime.

Growing up occurs when a child learns responsibility for his actions.

Taking care of loved ones helps a person to grow up.

Subject-statement (including quote)
In this case, it is required to substantiate an already existing statement. We ended the introductory part by asking why this is so and not otherwise. In the thesis part, you need to explain why this is so.
Topic Abstracts
"War - there is no more sad word. / War - no more holy word ..." (A. T. Tvardovsky)

(In the introductory part, we ask questions: why is "war" the saddest word, why is this a holy word?) "War is no more sad word", because it brings death, pain, grief.

“War is no more holy word”, because in the years of difficult trials a person stands up for the defense of the Fatherland, shows courage, selflessness, heroism.

Topic - nominative proposal (keywords)
The introductory part ends with questions about each of the key concepts. We need to formulate our judgment about each of them, to give answers to the questions posed.

"Harmony of nature and human imperfection."
(In the introductory part, we ask the questions: What is the harmony of nature? What is human imperfection? How are they interrelated? Nature is an example of harmony, beauty, perfection. Everything is reasonable and proportional in it. Man, on the contrary, is imperfect, has many vices : cruelty, selfishness, greed Moreover, due to the dark sides of his nature, he can harm nature.

METHODS FOR FORMULATING THE THESIS

The standard formulation of the thesis involves the direct expression of thought.
Direct expression of the main idea:
All people understand that it is necessary to protect nature, to preserve the world around us for posterity.

Original formulation of the thesis
As for the claim to originality, there are several possible ways.
So, you can talk about a case from life (if this technique was not used already in the introduction).
The most convenient and easy way is a question-and-answer course, when we ask ourselves a question and answer it ourselves. This method is convenient in that it allows you not to get lost in thought.
You can use the method of analogy - comparison with the natural world.

Real life example
The Great Patriotic War touched every family in our country, brought grief and suffering to every home. My family is no exception. Having learned that my grandmother was a partisan, the Nazis came to her mother's house and tortured her to find out where the partisan detachment was. The great-grandmother did not tell them anything, and then the Germans executed her. May 9 in our family is not just a holiday, it is a reminder of the suffering endured by the older generation.
Question-answer move
What helps a person to overcome difficulties? Probably everyone will answer this question in their own way. It seems to me that the support of loved ones plays an important role.
Analogy (comparison with the natural world)
In my opinion, it is love that helps to cope with difficulties. Love gives a person wings, with the help of which it becomes easier for him to overcome obstacles on the way.
Note. It is important that all the theses being formulated correspond to the given topic, do not deviate from it.

ARGUMENT

NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS
It is quite enough to bring one literary argument to one thesis; it is inappropriate to bring several analogous ones to one thesis. Important: if there are several theses, then each of them has its own argument!

STRUCTURE OF THE ARGUMENT
The argument consists of several elements and includes:
1) an appeal to a literary work: we name the author and the title of the work, its genre (if we know; if we don’t know, then we write it - "work");
2) his interpretation: here we refer to the plot of a work or a specific episode, characterize the hero (s). It is advisable to mention the author several times, using speech clichés such as "the author describes", "the writer reasons", "the poet shows", "the author considers", etc. Why can't you just write: "the hero went there, did this and that"? But because it will no longer be an analysis, but a simple retelling;
3) an intermediate conclusion (it is intermediate because it completes only one of the micro-themes, and not the entire essay as a whole; it is needed for the consistency and coherence of the text): in this part, we, as a rule, formulate the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe entire work mentioned or the author's position on a specific problem. We use clichés like “the writer wants to convey to the reader the idea of \u200b\u200b...” and so on. Important: the intermediate conclusion of the argument should be directly related to the thesis to which we have led this argument.
All these elements are sequentially located one after another.

Referring to the work
The problem of ecology worries many writers, who in their works warn humanity about danger. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to reconsider one's attitude to nature is expressed in the novel by G. Troepolsky "White Bim, Black Ear".

Fragment interpretation (it is advisable to mention the author at least 3 times)
The author recalls the installation of the leadership of the society of hunters on the destruction of forty as harmful birds, which was allegedly based on the observation of biologists. Then hawks were exterminated, then wolves. And then it turned out that they were all useful, and they were forbidden to kill. Banned after almost completely destroyed. The writer talks about a new directive - to destroy the crows. He addresses the reader with an appeal: "Save the gray crow!" The author draws our attention to the fact that this bird is also needed, because it plays the role of an orderly.

Intermediate output at the end of an argument
The writer wants to convey to us the idea of \u200b\u200bthe importance of all living things in nature. A person should not mindlessly destroy them and catch up when it is too late.

IS IT POSSIBLE TO PROVIDE ARGUMENTS ON THE BASIS OF FOREIGN LITERATURE?
Yes, yes and yes again !!! 08/31/2015 in the program "Opinion" ( ) attended by Minister of Education and Science D. Livanov, Chairman of the Council for School Writings of the Ministry of Education and Science N. Solzhenitsyn. They agreed that it was unacceptable to prohibit arguments based on works of world literature.

LINKS BETWEEN PAPERS (MICROTHEMES)

For the text to be coherent, it is necessary to pay attention to the smooth transition from one micro theme (thesis and argument) to another.

Bundle options

Examples of

Summarize the content of the previous paragraph in one sentence, then formulate a new thought.

Indeed, nature provides us with everything we need for life. And how do we treat it?

It is easy to see that a person often destroys everything that surrounds him. Fortunately, people are already aware of their mistakes and are thinking about how to preserve nature for posterity.

CONCLUSION

How to write a conclusion?

The conclusion, like other compositional parts of the essay, can be either standard or original.

CONCLUSION TRADITIONAL
There are several standard ways to complete an essay:
Output... It is usually customary to end an essay with a conclusion from all of the above. This is probably the most common way to finish an essay. However, at the same time it is also the most difficult way, because it is difficult, on the one hand, not to duplicate in the conclusion what has already been said, and, on the other hand, not to deviate from the topic of the essay.
Appeal.
This is another fairly common ending. Here it is advisable NOT to use 2 person verbs like “take care”, “respect”, “remember”. Why? Yes, everything is very simple: each essay has an addressee - someone who will read it and to whom calls will be made. In our case, this is the teacher who will check the work. It turns out that it is precisely him that we call to protect, remember, etc. Honestly, it's not very ethical. Therefore, it is better to use the word “let's”: “let's protect nature”, “let's remember about veterans”, etc.
An expression of hope .
This is one of the most winning options for the final part, because avoids duplication of thought, ethical and logical mistakes. Important: you need to express hope for something positive. To write: “I would like to hope that nature will avenge itself and all people will die” is not worth it, you understand.

Conclusion options
Output
So, what are people alive? I think love. People are alive with love for their relatives and friends, love for their native land and nature. They are led through life by a dream, hope for the best, faith in their own strength. And good feelings help to go through life: sympathy, mercy, sensitivity, responsiveness. This is what our life is inconceivable without.
Appeal
In conclusion, I would like to urge people not to forget that nature is our mother, which gives us everything we need for life. Without her, we could not exist. And therefore it is our duty to answer her with good for good. Let's take care of its preservation, take care of everything that surrounds us.
An expression of hope
Summing up what has been said, I would like to express the hope that harmony and mutual understanding will reign in every family. I would like to believe that love, care, sensitivity will become the main ones in relations between generations.

ORIGINAL CONCLUSION
A quote that fits the meaning. You can stock up on quotes in advance on all thematic areas, it may happen that some will come up. Important: the meaning of the quote must necessarily correspond to the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe composition. You cannot use a quote just because it contains a key word (for example, in an essay on nature, a quote with the word "nature") and not take into account its general meaning.

Sketch that leads back to the intro.
I look at the illuminated windows of houses and think about how nice it would be if there was no loneliness behind them, if everyone who lives there was surrounded by care.
Looking through old letters from the front, I dream that there will never be more wars in the world that separate families.

Quote
Thus, friendship is of the utmost importance in a person's life. No wonder Cicero stated: “There is nothing better and more pleasant in the world than friendship; excluding friendship from life is like depriving the world of sunshine. "

HOW TO ACHIEVE ORIGINALITY

ORIGINAL INTRODUCTION if it contains a story about a certain incident from life, which has led to reflections on this problem.

THE FORMULATION OF THE THESIS IS ORIGINAL, if you

They gave an example from life;

Or used a question-and-answer course;

Or they drew an analogy (comparison with the natural world).

THE CONCLUSION IS ORIGINAL, if it isis a kind of sketch that returns to the introduction or contains a generalized quote.

Unfortunately, Russian schools do not teach such a useful thing as writing theses. The only oratorical effort, the report that we read to the class, is the abstract - that is, an overview of the views existing in the scientific world on this topic. But now we grow up and become students. And then the supervisor puzzles us with the task: to write abstracts for the course work. Or for a student conference. But the leader does not specify how the theses are written. As if we should know about this a priori. Well, let's study. Moreover, these two or three pages of text create your portrait as a scientific researcher and predetermine the success of your work.

and how to write them

Inexperienced students assume an entire coursework or a large scientific article. Others consider the abstract as a recorded lecture at a conference. Still others - a simple list of key points. All these students are both right and wrong at the same time. Theses are small but self-contained articles. It includes the main points of your scientific research, while it is written in simple and clear language and is a short summary of all the great work. There are certain requirements on how to write abstracts for an article, for a conference, for the defense of a dissertation, but, in principle, the essence of such an essay is the same: to make it clear to the reader what the work is about, what is its novelty and uniqueness, what postulates you defend and what is your evidence base ... At the same time, the course of your logical reasoning should be clearly traced in the work.

The structure of the abstracts. Topic

As we already mentioned, these are 2-3 pages of text written with 12 crucibles in the "Word". Or 10 minutes of reading slowly. The report is usually given about 15 minutes, so you can mention in it what you could not fit into the abstracts. This short article should have a clear build structure. Let's start with the topic. She should be as specific as possible and really get to the point of the article. In addition, it should correspond to the topic of the conference. And it is desirable that it touches on novelty. The topic should not be too long - maximum one and a half lines. There are two approaches to how abstracts are written. The first is that first they choose the topic they want to cover, and then, without deviating from it, create a small article. And the second method is writing abstracts, for which they come up with a name. You can do as you like. Students are often deprived of choice, as the topic is set by the supervisor.

Introduction. Novelty

A small volume of the article excludes all spills of thought along the tree. No lyrical deviations and departure from the topic are generally allowed. Therefore, the very first sentence should contain valuable information. It answers two questions at once: "What will I write about?" and "Why is what I am talking about here important?" From this, listeners or readers understand whether there is any novelty in yours, or if this is just a school essay listing well-known facts. This is how experienced speakers write theses. They begin their text with the following words: "In this work we will consider ..." or "Our article is devoted to the problem ...". And the next sentence: "Despite the popular belief that ...", "I will try to prove ...". The introduction is usually devoted to one paragraph.

Main text. Examples and evidence base

An aspiring presenter is torn between trying to provide concrete examples to prove his case and presenting global conclusions. It is important to stick to the golden mean here. A simple statement of facts will lose all meaning, and unconfirmed conclusions will seem like an unfounded statement. Structured thinking can help you write good writing. There are several techniques for making abstracts. The most common is the analysis of the logic of the development of your thoughts. Why did you come to these conclusions and not different ones? What facts did you start from? How did you analyze them? In doing so, try to avoid logical gaps. It doesn't matter if you first structure your thoughts into points: 1, 2, 3. Then it will be convenient to create a presentation from this draft, or But the points themselves are best told in lively but clear language. There should be one or two examples to prove your case for each position.

Conclusion

This part of the thesis summarizes all of the above. It repeats the introduction, only reformulated in the past tense. “Thus, we justified ...” is the most common beginning of a phrase for conclusions. It would not hurt to remind the audience again about the novelty and uniqueness of your work. But if in the introduction it is appropriate to ask the question: "Is it really the case, so am I justifying it now?", Then in the conclusions you need to be completely categorical. How do you write abstracts with bibliography? It would be stupid to cite all the sources that you use for your dissertation in a three-page text. Suffice it to mention four or five works that are either authoritative in this area, or are cited in theses.

Conference report

At scientific symposia, speakers are invited to write their abstracts in advance. Sometimes these articles are published in collections. But regardless of whether this text of yours will go to print, it has its own specifics. How to write conference abstracts? Such a text can be more concise, because you will have time to fully reveal the topic in the report. Usually conference abstracts are limited to two pages. Or even one. This is necessary in order to educate a potential listener about what your article will be about. Sometimes the work is carried out in sections, and a program with abstracts of speeches will allow those interested in this topic to find a speaker. In such articles, you can do without tables, diagrams and diagrams - all this can be presented in handouts or beautifully covered in a presentation. You also need to prepare for the fact that after the report you may be asked questions. Think in advance where the weaknesses in the evidence base are so you don't get screwed up. The report at the conference should definitely be larger and more extensive than the theses. Otherwise, why did you go to the podium at all, if you read from a piece of paper what is in the hands of the audience? But even exceeding the regulations in scientific circles is a sign of bad taste. Compose your speech and practice - your recitation should be done in fifteen minutes.

The most common mistake when writing an essay is trying to "start over."

In class, I often see my new students, having received a topic, put the pen shaft in the upper right corner of the page and freeze. After 10-20 minutes they write one sentence and again fall into deep thoughts. Some people write an essay quickly, but as a result they have to redo everything, because the conclusion does not quite match the conclusion.

A pre-written and written plan will not allow you to go astray, or at least save valuable time.

Plan structure:

Thesis
Argument
Output

Thesis in the essay - this is your own position (opinion) regarding the topic of the essay.

Important! A thesis is a clearly formulated and beautifully designed thought that fits into ONE sentence. It is this statement that must be reasoned in the main part. The thesis should be written at the end of the introduction.

Example:

I believe that love does not always fill a person's heart with happiness, sometimes it can destroy a person's life. (arguments "Garnet Bracelet", "Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District").
Willpower, in my opinion, is our main ally in the fight against our own weaknesses. (arguments "Love for Life", "Oblomov").

Argument in the essay substantiates the thesis, proves that your thought is correct. By the way, all arguments can be conventionally divided into two categories. The whole plot of the work can serve as an argument. For example, "Love of Life" by Jack London, as an example of iron will. Using this work as an argument, it is enough to systematically convey the content of the entire story.

If we turn to larger works, then a specific episode (or several) will act as an argument. For example, talking about honor and dishonor, we can cite as an argument the dialogue between Pugachev and Grinev (the Captain's daughter), where Peter, at the risk of being executed, refuses to swear allegiance to the "great sovereign." That is, all other points can be omitted. In this case, in order to formulate the argument correctly, it is necessary to briefly (3-4 sentences) outline the plot of the work, and then describe the scene in paints (the character or action of the character, some situation, etc.), which in fact is the argument ...

Output -summing up, logical conclusion. You need to be especially careful here, because you can get away from the topic. To write a conclusion correctly, you need to confirm that your position was correct, or to continue your thought (thesis), it will be especially good if the conclusion sounds like a parting word (recommendation) to the reader of your essay.

Example:

I believe that love does not always fill a person's heart with happiness, sometimes it can destroy a person's life. Output: love can really hurt, so it's important to remember one more feeling - self-respect.

Thus, if the thesis, argument and conclusion are connected with the help of introductory words, the outline of the essay turns into a short, but complete and meaningful text. If you succeed, you can be sure that you are guaranteed a credit for the first two criteria (K1 and K2).

Composition plan:

I think that love does not always fill a person's heart with happiness, sometimes it can destroy a person's life.
For example, Katerina (Lady Macbeth), having fallen in love with her employee Sergei, did not notice the selfish intentions of this person and was ready for anything for him. She killed her own husband and his nephew, ended up in hard labor through the fault of her chosen one, but continued to love him. Sergei did not reciprocate. Unable to withstand Sergey's bullying, Katerina committed suicide.
Thus, love can really hurt, so it's important to remember one more feeling - self-respect.

Now it remains to paint each point in more detail and your ideal essay is ready.

And finally. The easiest way to formulate a beautiful thesis is to go from the opposite, that is, choose an argument and draw a conclusion from it, which will serve as the thesis.

Tell about a life incident.

An analogy image.

Question-answer form (perhaps the most convenient and easy way: we ask ourselves a question and answer it ourselves, this helps us not to get away from the topic).

|| Be sure to check the relevance of the topic and thesis first. ||

In any case, my advice to you: if you have read, re-read your essay and could not say with certainty that the arguments you have given prove exactly the thought that you put forward as a thesis, then you probably need to change the thesis (it's just that sometimes easier to do than gleaning new arguments). You can also check if these arguments really suit you by looking at the micro-output that you write at the end of each argument. Such a check must be done in order for the thesis-argument correspondence to be complete.

Main part

Argumentation

So, the thesis is formulated, now you need to bring an argument from literary sources. The main part, as we recall, consists of one or more arguments on a literary basis, supporting the thesis. Each argument is highlighted in a separate paragraph. There should be a micro lead at the end of each paragraph.
You can bring one literary argument to one thesis, but it is better to have two arguments.

If there are several theses, then each of them has its own argument!

That is, if you answer a question on a topic, for example: “What brings people love: suffering or happiness?”, Answer that, from your point of view, love can both make a person happy and make him unhappy, then you need to give two arguments , in one of which love helps a person to find happiness,
feel the fullness of life, and in another it brings sadness and suffering. And then, in this case, the thesis will be proven, and completely.

Argument structure

The argument consists of several elements and includes:

Referring to a literary work: we name the author and the work, his genre (if we know; if we don’t know, then we write it - “work” to avoid factual errors).

His interpretation: here we refer to the plot of a work or a specific episode, characterize the hero (s). It is advisable to mention the author several times, using speech clichés such as "the author narrates", "the author describes", "the writer reasoned", "the poet shows", "the author considers", etc. Why can't you just write: “the hero went there, did this and that”? And because it will no longer be an analysis, but a simple retelling.

Micro conclusion (it completes only one of the micro themes, and not the entire essay as a whole; it is needed for the consistency and coherence of the text): in this part, we, as a rule, formulate the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe entire work mentioned or the author's position on a specific problem. We use clichés like "the writer comes to a conclusion ..." and so on.

The micro-inference from the argument should correspond to the thesis that you gave at the beginning of the essay, and not just be a conclusion from the argument!

All elements of the argument are sequentially located one after another.

For example, the topic: "What path can be called the road to nowhere?"

Approximate introduction

Each of us has his own path, and there is not a single person in the world who would not make mistakes while walking along this path. It seems to me that this is quite natural. During our life path, we all the time have to make one or another choice in order to reach a goal. It often happens that a person realizes that he is committing meaningless actions and deeds. And still he stubbornly walks along this road. Often, stubbornness makes you go down the wrong path. But the roads may not get you where you want to go. They may not lead anywhere at all if you yourself do nothing in order to move forward.

Thesis

The road to nowhere can be called the path that will not bring any significant results.

Now about the arguments.

Elements of 1st argument	Example
Referring to the work	In my opinion, the answer to the question about the road to nowhere can be found in the work of I.A. Goncharova "Oblomov".
Interpretation of the fragment (it is advisable to mention the author at least 2 - 3 times)	Ilya Ilyich Oblomov is a middle-class landowner, "... with dark gray eyes, but the absence of any definite idea, any concentration in facial features." In my opinion, the problem is that he doesn't set goals for himself. I.N. Goncharov draws our attention to the fact that communication with Olga is a kind of last manifestation of Oblomov's personality, like the last take-off, the last happy time for him, and behind all this there is only a fall and a hopeless existence ... Oblomov's soft nature unable to merge with the false, cruel outside world, because it is too difficult for him. The author regrets that Ilya Ilyich decides to plunge into apathy in Agafya Matveyevna's country house, where he finds his "peace"
Micro conclusion	The road along which Oblomov goes can be called the path to nowhere, because he cannot do anything to achieve his goal due to his own laziness and unwillingness to move forward
Elements of the 2nd argument	Example
Referring to the work	Now let's turn to the remarkable work of F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment"
Interpretation of the fragment (it is advisable to mention the author at least three times)	The life path of Rodion Raskolnikov did not lead him to anything good. In the novel F. Dostoevsky depicts the collision of the theory invented by the hero with real life. Rodion wants to help all people and at the same time find out: "I am a trembling creature or I have the right ...". Raskolnikov had long been hatching his terrible plan, but for the time being, all this remained only a dark fantasy. In my opinion, as soon as Raskolnikov's thoughts turned to murder, he had to rethink his theory and choose a different path in life. Didn't he know what such a crime could lead to? Sometimes you need to think about the consequences of what is said or done in advance.
Micro conclusion	I can also call this path the road to nowhere, because killing a person is the greatest sin that cannot be justified by anything, not even the theory of the whole life.

Links between paragraphs (micro themes)

To avoid logical mistakes, do not forget about the "bundles", "bridges" between the arguments. Everything should be consistent and logical. For example, you cannot start the paragraph of the second argument with the word “also”, since “the same” as the author mentioned in the previous argument, the new author cannot reveal the same problem in his work: another author, another work - therefore everything is not "the same", but quite different. Arguments should be not just a heap of episodes from works, but precisely examples logically connected with the thesis.

Note. In the final essay, it is allowed to give arguments based on foreign literature. This was repeatedly discussed in programs with the participation of the Minister of Education and Science D.V. Livanov and Chairman of the Council for School Writings of the Ministry of Education and Science N.D. Solzhenitsyna. They agreed that it was unacceptable to prohibit arguments based on works of world literature.

Conclusion

So we got to the final part of our final essay.

There are several ways to complete an essay:

Output.It is usually customary to end an essay with a conclusion from all of the above. This is probably the most common way to finish an essay. Sometimes it is very difficult to write a conclusion, since you cannot repeat those micro-conclusions that were already made in the essay after the arguments. In any case, the thought is the same, it is simply expressed in different words! The main thing is not to deviate from the topic of the composition.

Conclusion-appeal. This is another fairly common ending. Of course, these should not be pretentious slogans "Take care of our Earth!" It is better not to use the 2nd person verbs: "take care", "respect", "remember". Limit yourself to the forms "need", "important", "let's", etc. Then no one can reproach you with an unethical attitude towards the addressee (after all, the teacher will be your first reader).

Conclusion is an expression of hope. This is one of the most advantageous options for the final part, as it avoids duplication of thought, ethical and logical mistakes. You need to express hope for something positive. You cannot write, for example, that "nature will avenge itself for future generations."

Conclusion options	Examples of
Output	Summing up the above, we can conclude that the problem of assessing talent is still very relevant. People need to look for talents, not let them die out, because it is they, these talented people, who are the engines of progress and society as a whole.
Appeal	Summing up, I would like to believe that everyone should set high and noble goals for themselves. You always need to think about whether I need it at all? You cannot stay idle, because this is called the road to nowhere. There is no need to be afraid of mistakes along the way, because, as one sage said, "since you have gone astray, it means that you have a path, a person who does not go anywhere cannot get lost"
An expression of hope	I would like to hope that the problem of the true concept of the word "beauty" should really be very relevant in our time. And if we pay as much attention to this issue as possible, do not forget about such important concepts as nobility, kindness, courage, then our world will become a little better and more beautiful!

The end of the story about the case that made you think about the topic (if such a story was given as an introduction).

A quote that fits the meaning. You can pick up quotes in advance on all thematic areas, maybe some will do.

For instance:

“War is one of the greatest sacrileges against man and nature” (A. Pushkin).

“The defense of the Motherland is also the defense of one's dignity” (N. Roerich).

“Nature is the creator of all creators” (J.W. Goethe).

"You are forever responsible for those you have tamed" (Antoine de Saint-Exupery)

"Love for parents is the basis of all virtues" (Cicero).

“It is not difficult to despise people's judgment, it is impossible to despise your own judgment ...” (AS Pushkin).

"True love purifies and elevates every person, completely transforming him" (NG Chernyshevsky).

“To live is to feel, think, suffer ...” (VG Belinsky).

"Man is the whole world ..." (FM Dostoevsky).

“Happiness is achieved by the one who seeks to make others happy and is able, at least for a while, to forget about his interests, about himself” (DS Likhachev).

"Blessed be love that is stronger than death!" (D.S.Merezhkovsky).

"There is no happiness in inaction ..." (FM Dostoevsky).

“Russia can do without each of us, but none of us can do without it” (IS Turgenev).

It is important that the quotation be sure to correspond to the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe composition. You cannot use a quotation just because it contains a key word (for example, in an essay about nature, a quotation with the word “nature”), and not take into account its general meaning.

Editing text

Before you rewrite an essay from a draft into a special form, you must carefully check and edit it. How to do it?

We read the text in parts.

First, introductory and concluding parts. We make sure that they correspond, firstly, to the given topic, and secondly, to each other, they say the same thing. It's good if in the introduction you ask a question, and in the conclusion there is an answer to it.

Abstracts. They should be compactly presented logical answers to the question that you ask in the introductory part of the essay. It is desirable that the last phrase of the thesis be the very main answer, for the proof of which you will give arguments.

We read pairs "thesis + argument". We make sure that the example corresponds to the main idea, the thesis, and not just tells about something close to the topic of the essay.

"Bridges", "ligaments". We read the end of each paragraph and the beginning of the next. We make sure that the transition from one micro theme to another is smooth, there are no logical errors.

Only after we have made sure that the essay is written in accordance with the topic and does not contain logical errors, we proceed to check the speech design, i.e. detection of speech, grammatical, punctuation, spelling errors. There will also be several stages here.

We read the text for individual sentences. We find grammatical foundations, we ask questions to all secondary members. Long and boring? But it will allow you to check the compatibility of words and their grammatical relationship. We determine whether the sentence is simple or complex, what is complicated. At the same time, pay attention to the punctuation marks. If you doubt the need for a particular sign, change the design. After all, this is an essay, not a dictation! Don't be afraid to change sentences, change words. Here you can and should change the text.

We read each word by syllable. So you will better assimilate what you heard - different types of perception (auditory, visual) will be activated immediately. Moreover, it is better to read the text not from the first sentence, but from the end. Or simply not from the beginning of a sentence, but from the last word in it, then you will pay attention not to the meaning, but to the spelling. This is how you can find spelling errors. It is famous
method of checking "from the end".

After that, it is advisable to count the number of words. All words are taken into account, including prepositions, conjunctions and particles. Numbers such as the year (1978) and hyphenated words are treated as one. If it turns out less than 250 words, you will have to increase the volume to the required minimum, otherwise the work will not be counted. There are times when a couple of words are not enough, then it is very offensive to get "bad" for good in general
content and literacy essay. But there are assessment rules, criteria that must be taken into account.

If the essay lacks a few words, then you can add introductory words such as "of course", "certainly", "undoubtedly", "undoubtedly", etc., as well as adverbs to verbs and adjectives to nouns, to the thesis. For example, instead of “it is important to take care of our parents” write “of course, it is very important to take care of our parents,” and so on.

If a significant number of words are missing, then you can, firstly, add a commentary to the arguments (just do not retell the episode). Secondly, you can add your comment on the topic to the introduction.

In any case, do not despair, you will succeed!

Formulation of the main thesis of speech.

Rebuilding speech for a specific audience

As you design your speech for your intended audience, it is important to keep in mind three possible ways of speaking. The first of them can be called potential. This is the audience for which my presentation is intended.

Speech thesis

For semantic content, constantly keep the thesis in mind. Mixing the categories of topic and thesis of speech is not allowed. The thesis is most closely related to the task of speech. As a rule, the thesis is one of the possible answers to the question contained in the problem, i.e. the answer the speaker offers to the audience. The absence of a clearly set task leads to the fact that there is no clearly expressed main idea in the speech - the thesis that unites the entire text.

Thesis - the main point that the speaker is going to prove or defend. The thesis is not a question, but a concise definite answer to the main question. The abstracts DO NOT include: logical evidence, facts that illustrate the main point of speech.

When we consider someone else's speech:

1. Careful reading of the text and highlighting the main semantic parts

2. Formulation of the main idea in each part

3. Formulation of the main idea of \u200b\u200bthe entire text, uniting all semantic parts into a whole statement

Important:

Do not distort the meaning of the speaker's speech

Convey his views and beliefs

Use words as needed the author himself.

The wording of the thesis should not be too cumbersome.

When we compose speech ourselves:

1. Determine the purpose of speech (persuasive)

2. Defining the goal of the goal (what I want to convince the audience)

3. Define the thesis (why?)

4. Dividing the thesis into semantic parts

When analyzing campaign speeches, this sequence of actions must be followed. This allows you to more accurately penetrate the idea of \u200b\u200bthe speaker.

When creating a statement, it is not necessary that the thesis was formulated in one place of speech and presented to the audience in its entirety.

When proposing his answer to the problem question, the speaker can go in 2 ways:

1. Conservative - confirms what the audience wants or expects to hear - generates orthodox thesis

2. Creative - known facts are rethought, a new way of solving the problem is proposed - generates paradoxical thesis - only it is possible in persuading speech. It must necessarily contain a new information or controversial idea, which the speaker will prove.

The wording of the thesis should clearly show the problem that the speaker is going to solve. Only those problems that are really subject to proof can be considered, and not those that can be solved by observation. Those. thesis shouldn't be a trivial thought... Audience interest arises when a person perceives a message as important and new for himself personally. The interest of the audience consists of the personal interests of each listener. It is better to offer not a completely new idea - but a new perspective on any problem.

Thesisis a complete judgment, i.e. full sentence with subject and predicate. When creating a speech thesis, it is necessary to monitor the accuracy and literacy of the wording - there should be no ambiguity, polysemy, the thought should be expressed clearly and consistently.

Forms of evasion from the thesis

There should be only one thesis in each speech. This rule has been known since antiquity as the rule of unity of compositions (do not make many of 1 composition).

The law of the unity of speech - the unity and integrity of speech are necessary for presentation. All the reasoning that the speaker introduces into speech should work for the proof of one thought.

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